51
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Luan H, Horng T. Dynamic changes in macrophage metabolism modulate induction and suppression of Type I inflammatory responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 73:9-15. [PMID: 34399114 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During microbial infection, macrophages link recognition of microbial stimuli to the induction of Type I inflammatory responses. Such inflammatory responses coordinate host defense and pathogen elimination but induce significant tissue damage if sustained, so macrophages are initially activated to induce inflammatory responses but then shift to a tolerant state to suppress inflammatory responses. Macrophage tolerance is regulated by induction of negative regulators of TLR signaling, but its metabolic basis was not known. Here, we review recent studies that indicate that macrophage metabolism changes dynamically over the course of microbial exposure to influence a shift in the inflammatory response. In particular, an initial increase in oxidative metabolism boosts the induction of inflammatory responses, but is followed by a shutdown of oxidative metabolism that contributes to suppression of inflammatory responses. We propose a unifying model for how dynamic changes to oxidative metabolism influences regulation of macrophage inflammatory responses during microbial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Luan
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiffany Horng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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52
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He A, Dean JM, Lodhi IJ. Peroxisomes as cellular adaptors to metabolic and environmental stress. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:656-670. [PMID: 33674166 PMCID: PMC8566112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in multiple metabolic processes, including fatty acid oxidation, ether lipid synthesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. Recent studies suggest that peroxisomes are critical mediators of cellular responses to various forms of stress, including oxidative stress, hypoxia, starvation, cold exposure, and noise. As dynamic organelles, peroxisomes can modulate their proliferation, morphology, and movement within cells, and engage in crosstalk with other organelles in response to external cues. Although peroxisome-derived hydrogen peroxide has a key role in cellular signaling related to stress, emerging studies suggest that other products of peroxisomal metabolism, such as acetyl-CoA and ether lipids, are also important for metabolic adaptation to stress. Here, we review molecular mechanisms through which peroxisomes regulate metabolic and environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyuan He
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - John M Dean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Irfan J Lodhi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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53
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Long SY, Wang L, Jiang HQ, Shi Y, Zhang WY, Xiong JS, Sun PW, Chen YQ, Mei YM, Pan C, Ge G, Wang ZZ, Wu ZW, Yu MW, Wang HS. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Leprosy Risk and Clinical Phenotypes Among Chinese Population. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:813-821. [PMID: 34285550 PMCID: PMC8285297 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s314861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified some immune-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be associated with leprosy. Methods This study investigated the association of 17 SNPs based on previously published GWAS studies with susceptibility to leprosy, different polar forms and immune states of leprosy in a case–control study from southwestern China, including 1344 leprosy patients and 2732 household contacts (HHCs) (1908 relatives and 824 genetically unrelated contact individuals). The differences of allele distributions were analyzed using chi-squared analysis and logistic regression. Results After adjusting covariate factors, rs780668 and rs3764147 polymorphisms influenced susceptibilities to genetically related or unrelated leprosy contact individuals. rs142179458 was associated with onset early cases, rs73058713 A allele and rs3764147 A allele increased the risk of reversal reaction, while rs3764147 G allele had higher risk to present lepromatous leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that genetic variants in the LACC1, HIF1A, SLC29A3 and CDH18 genes were positively correlated with the occurrence of leprosy and leprosy clinical phenotypes, providing new insights into the immunogenetics of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Long
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Qin Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yue Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Shu Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Wen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Ming Mei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Gai Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Wei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Wen Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, People's Republic of China.,National Centre for Leprosy Control, China CDC, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Centre for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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54
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Li D, Yang S, Xing Y, Pan L, Zhao R, Zhao Y, Liu L, Wu M. Novel Insights and Current Evidence for Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis: Mitochondrial Dynamics as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:673839. [PMID: 34307357 PMCID: PMC8293691 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.673839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is the underlying pathological basis of CVD. Mitochondrial homeostasis is maintained through the dynamic processes of fusion and fission. Mitochondria are involved in many cellular processes, such as steroid biosynthesis, calcium homeostasis, immune cell activation, redox signaling, apoptosis, and inflammation, among others. Under stress conditions, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial cristae remodeling, and mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) production increase, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decreases, calcium homeostasis is imbalanced, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore open (mPTP) and release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are activated. mtDNA recognized by TLR9 can lead to NF-κB pathway activation and pro-inflammatory factor expression. At the same time, TLR9 can also activate NLRP3 inflammasomes and release interleukin, an event that eventually leads to tissue damage and inflammatory responses. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction may amplify the activation of NLRP3 through the production of mitochondrial ROS, which together aggravate accumulating mitochondrial damage. In addition, mtDNA defects or gene mutation can lead to mitochondrial oxidative stress. Finally, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and aging are risk factors for the progression of CVD, which are closely related to mitochondrial dynamics. Mitochondrial dynamics may represent a new target in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Antioxidants, mitochondrial inhibitors, and various new therapies to correct mitochondrial dysfunction represent a few directions for future research on therapeutic intervention and amelioration of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Pan
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yixi Zhao
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Longtao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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55
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Oliveira MF, Medeiros RCA, Mietto BS, Calvo TL, Mendonça APM, Rosa TLSA, Silva DSD, Vasconcelos KGDCD, Pereira AMR, de Macedo CS, Pereira GMB, Moreira MDBP, Pessolani MCV, Moraes MO, Lara FA. Reduction of host cell mitochondrial activity as Mycobacterium leprae's strategy to evade host innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:193-208. [PMID: 33913182 PMCID: PMC10084840 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a much-feared incapacitating infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae or M lepromatosis, annually affecting roughly 200,000 people worldwide. During host-pathogen interaction, M leprae subverts the immune response, leading to development of disease. Throughout the last few decades, the impact of energy metabolism on the control of intracellular pathogens and leukocytic differentiation has become more evident. Mitochondria play a key role in regulating newly-discovered immune signaling pathways by controlling redox metabolism and the flow of energy besides activating inflammasome, xenophagy, and apoptosis. Likewise, this organelle, whose origin is probably an alphaproteobacterium, directly controls the intracellular pathogens attempting to invade its niche, a feature conquered at the expense of billions of years of coevolution. In the present review, we discuss the role of reduced host cell mitochondrial activity during M leprae infection and the consequential fates of M leprae and host innate immunity. Conceivably, inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism emerges as an overlooked and novel mechanism developed by M leprae to evade xenophagy and the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Fernandes Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Siqueira Mietto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thyago Leal Calvo
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Miranda Mendonça
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Cristiana Santos de Macedo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - F A Lara
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Celular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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56
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Leal-Calvo T, Martins BL, Bertoluci DF, Rosa PS, de Camargo RM, Germano GV, Brito de Souza VN, Pereira Latini AC, Moraes MO. Large-Scale Gene Expression Signatures Reveal a Microbicidal Pattern of Activation in Mycobacterium leprae-Infected Monocyte-Derived Macrophages With Low Multiplicity of Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647832. [PMID: 33936067 PMCID: PMC8085500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease with a clinical spectrum of presentations that is also manifested in diverse histological features. At one pole, lepromatous lesions (L-pole) have phagocytic foamy macrophages heavily parasitized with freely multiplying intracellular Mycobacterium leprae. At the other pole, the presence of epithelioid giant cells and granulomatous formation in tuberculoid lesions (T-pole) lead to the control of M. leprae replication and the containment of its spread. The mechanism that triggers this polarization is unknown, but macrophages are central in this process. Over the past few years, leprosy has been studied using large scale techniques to shed light on the basic pathways that, upon infection, rewire the host cellular metabolism and gene expression. M. leprae is particularly peculiar as it invades Schwann cells in the nerves, reprogramming their gene expression leading to a stem-like cell phenotype. This modulatory behavior exerted by M. leprae is also observed in skin macrophages. Here, we used live M. leprae to infect (10:1 multiplicity of infection) monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) for 48 h and analyzed the whole gene expression profile using microarrays. In this model, we observe an intense upregulation of genes consistent with a cellular immune response, with enriched pathways including peptide and protein secretion, leukocyte activation, inflammation, and cellular divalent inorganic cation homeostasis. Among the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are CCL5/RANTES and CYP27B1, and several members of the metallothionein and metalloproteinase families. This is consistent with a proinflammatory state that would resemble macrophage rewiring toward granulomatous formation observed at the T-pole. Furthermore, a comparison with a dataset retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus of M. leprae-infected Schwann cells (MOI 100:1) showed that the patterns among the DEGs are highly distinct, as the Schwann cells under these conditions had a scavenging and phagocytic gene profile similar to M2-like macrophages, with enriched pathways rearrangements in the cytoskeleton, lipid and cholesterol metabolism and upregulated genes including MVK, MSMO1, and LACC1/FAMIN. In summary, macrophages may have a central role in defining the paradigmatic cellular (T-pole) vs. humoral (L-pole) responses and it is likely that the multiplicity of infection and genetic polymorphisms in key genes are gearing this polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Leticia Martins
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil.,Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Daniele Ferreira Bertoluci
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil.,Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Mendes de Camargo
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil.,Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Vale Germano
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil.,Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Vania Nieto Brito de Souza
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil.,Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Pereira Latini
- Divisão de Pesquisa e Ensino, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, Brazil.,Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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57
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Ugel S, Canè S, De Sanctis F, Bronte V. Monocytes in the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:93-122. [PMID: 33497262 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment over the past decade. Nonetheless, prolonged survival is limited to relatively few patients. Cancers enforce a multifaceted immune-suppressive network whose nature is progressively shaped by systemic and local cues during tumor development. Monocytes bridge innate and adaptive immune responses and can affect the tumor microenvironment through various mechanisms that induce immune tolerance, angiogenesis, and increased dissemination of tumor cells. Yet monocytes can also give rise to antitumor effectors and activate antigen-presenting cells. This yin-yang activity relies on the plasticity of monocytes in response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the ontogeny, heterogeneity, and functions of monocytes and monocyte-derived cells in cancer, pinpointing the main pathways that are important for modeling the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ugel
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
| | - Stefania Canè
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
| | - Francesco De Sanctis
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Bronte
- Section of Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy;
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58
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Patrick KL, Watson RO. Mitochondria: Powering the Innate Immune Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e00687-20. [PMID: 33558322 PMCID: PMC8090963 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00687-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, we have learned that damaged mitochondria activate many of the same innate immune pathways that evolved to sense and respond to intracellular pathogens. These shared responses include cytosolic nucleic acid sensing and type I interferon (IFN) expression, inflammasome activation that leads to pyroptosis, and selective autophagy (called mitophagy when mitochondria are the cargo). Because mitochondria were once bacteria, parallels between how cells respond to mitochondrial and bacterial ligands are not altogether surprising. However, the potential for cross talk or synergy between bacterium- and mitochondrion-driven innate immune responses during infection remains poorly understood. This interplay is particularly striking, and intriguing, in the context of infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Multiple studies point to a role for Mtb infection and/or specific Mtb virulence factors in disrupting the mitochondrial network in macrophages, leading to metabolic changes and triggering potent innate immune responses. Research from our laboratories and others argues that mutations in mitochondrial genes can exacerbate mycobacterial disease severity by hyperactivating innate responses or activating them at the wrong time. Indeed, growing evidence supports a model whereby different mitochondrial defects or mutations alter Mtb infection outcomes in distinct ways. By synthesizing the current literature in this minireview, we hope to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms driving, and consequences of, mitochondrion-dependent immune polarization so that we might better predict tuberculosis patient outcomes and develop host-directed therapeutics designed to correct these imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
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59
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Omarjee O, Mathieu AL, Quiniou G, Moreews M, Ainouze M, Frachette C, Melki I, Dumaine C, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Duquesne A, Kallinich T, Tahir Turanli E, Malcus C, Viel S, Pescarmona R, Georgin-Lavialle S, Jamilloux Y, Larbre JP, Sarrabay G, Magnotti F, Rice GI, Bleicher F, Reboulet J, Merabet S, Henry T, Crow YJ, Faure M, Walzer T, Belot A. LACC1 deficiency links juvenile arthritis with autophagy and metabolism in macrophages. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211815. [PMID: 33606008 PMCID: PMC7901146 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most common chronic rheumatic disease in children, and its etiology remains poorly understood. Here, we explored four families with early-onset arthritis carrying homozygous loss-of-expression mutations in LACC1. To understand the link between LACC1 and inflammation, we performed a functional study of LACC1 in human immune cells. We showed that LACC1 was primarily expressed in macrophages upon mTOR signaling. We found that LACC1 deficiency had no obvious impact on inflammasome activation, type I interferon response, or NF-κB regulation. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and biochemical assays, we showed that autophagy-inducing proteins, RACK1 and AMPK, interacted with LACC1. Autophagy blockade in macrophages was associated with LACC1 cleavage and degradation. Moreover, LACC1 deficiency reduced autophagy flux in primary macrophages. This was associated with a defect in the accumulation of lipid droplets and mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that LACC1-dependent autophagy fuels macrophage bioenergetics metabolism. Altogether, LACC1 deficiency defines a novel form of genetically inherited juvenile arthritis associated with impaired autophagy in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ommar Omarjee
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France
| | - Anne-Laure Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France
| | - Gaëlle Quiniou
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Marion Moreews
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Michelle Ainouze
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Frachette
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Isabelle Melki
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine Department, Hôpital Robert Debre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Dumaine
- General Pediatrics, Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine Department, Hôpital Robert Debre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Agnès Duquesne
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Tilmann Kallinich
- Pediatric Pneumology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Medicine Berlin, German Rheumatism Research Center, Leibniz Association, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eda Tahir Turanli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christophe Malcus
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,Immunology Department, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Viel
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,Immunology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Rémi Pescarmona
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,Immunology Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Service de Médecine Interne, Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et des Amyloses d'Origine Inflammatoire, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Trousseau, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie-Paris 6, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMRS 933, Paris, France
| | - Yvan Jamilloux
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Internal Medicine, Croix Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Larbre
- National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,Rheumatology Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Guillaume Sarrabay
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Laboratory of Rare and Autoinflammatory Genetic Diseases and Centre de Référence des Maladies Auto-Inflammatoires et des Amyloses d'Origine Inflammatoire, Montpellier, France
| | - Flora Magnotti
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Gillian I Rice
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Francoise Bleicher
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Reboulet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Samir Merabet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathias Faure
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Walzer
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Belot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie/International Center for Infectiology Research, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Lyon, France.,National Referee Centre for Rheumatic and Autoimmune Diseases in Children, RAISE, Paris and Lyon, France.,Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology Department, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
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Aviel YB, Ofir A, Ben-Izhak O, Vlodavsky E, Karbian N, Brik R, Mevorach D, Magen D. A novel loss-of-function mutation in LACC1 underlies hereditary juvenile arthritis with extended intra-familial phenotypic heterogeneity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:4888-4898. [PMID: 33493343 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate phenotypic and molecular characteristics of a consanguineous family with autosomal-recessive, polyarticular, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) with extra-articular manifestations, including renal amyloidosis and Crohn's disease, associated with a novel homozygous truncating variant in LACC1. METHODS Whole exome sequencing (WES) or targeted Sanger verification were performed in 15 participants. LACC1 expression and cytokine array were analyzed in patient-derived and CRISPR/Cas9-generated LACC1-knockout macrophages (Mϕ). RESULTS A homozygous truncating variant (p.Glu348Ter) in LACC1 was identified in three affected and one asymptomatic family member, and predicted harmful by causing premature stop of the LACC1 protein sequences, and by absence from ethnically-matched controls and public variation databases. Expression studies in patient-derived macrophages (Mϕ) showed no endogenous p. Glu348Ter-LACC1 RNA transcription or protein expression, compatible with nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. WES analysis in the asymptomatic homozygous subject for p. Glu348Ter-LACC1 detected an exclusive heterozygous variant (p.Arg928Gln) in complement component C5. Further complement activity analysis suggested a protective role for the p. Arg928Gln-C5 variant as a phenotypic modifier of LACC1-associated disease. Finally, cytokine profile analysis indicated increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LACC1-disrupted as compared with wild-type Mϕ. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reinforce the role of LACC1 disruption in autosomal-recessive JIA, extend the clinical spectrum and intra-familial heterogeneity of the disease-associated phenotype, indicate a modulatory effect of complement factor C5 on phenotypic severity, and suggest an inhibitory role for wild-type LACC1 on pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonatan Butbul Aviel
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology Service, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ayala Ofir
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Ben-Izhak
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Euvgeni Vlodavsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Netanel Karbian
- Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Riva Brik
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Rheumatology Service, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology Research Center, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniella Magen
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Pediatric Nephrology Institute, Ruth Children's Hospital, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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61
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Su SB, Qin SY, Xian XL, Huang FF, Huang QL, ZhangDi HJ, Jiang HX. Interleukin-22 regulating Kupffer cell polarization through STAT3/Erk/Akt crosstalk pathways to extenuate liver fibrosis. Life Sci 2021; 264:118677. [PMID: 33129875 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin (IL)-22 activates multiple signaling pathways to exert anti-inflammatory effects, but few studies have examined whether and how IL-22 may shift macrophage polarization between M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) states and thereby influence the progression of hepatic fibrosis. MAIN METHODS Utilized CCl4 to induce liver fibrosis in mice, detected the role of IL-22 in inhibiting liver fibrosis by regulating Kupffer cells (KCs) polarization in vivo and in vitro. U937 cells were used to confirm the mechanism of IL-22 regulating macrophage polarization via the STAT3/Erk/Akt pathways. Human liver specimens were collected to verify the correlation between the levels of IL-22 and KCs during liver fibrogenesis. KEY FINDINGS During CCl4-induced liver fibrosis progression in mice, adding exogenous IL-22 significantly inhibited pro-fibrogenic and macrophage phenotype-altering factors secreted by M1-KCs, and it increased the number of M2-KCs. In co-cultures of hepatic stellate cells and KCs from mice treated with IL-22, a high M2/M1-KCs ratio inhibited collagen production and stellate cell activation. These results suggest that IL-22 can increase the ratio of M2-KCs to M1-KCs and thereby attenuate the progression of liver fibrosis. Mechanistic studies in vitro showed that IL-22 promoted polarization of lipopolysaccharide-treated U937 macrophages from M1 to M2. The cytokine exerted these effects by activating the STAT3 pathway while suppressing Erk1/2 and Akt pathways. Furthermore, immunofluorescent staining in human liver specimens confirmed that IL-22 levels positively correlated with the number of M2-KCs during liver fibrogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE IL-22 regulates the STAT3/Erk/Akt to increase the M2/M1-KCs ratio and thereby slow liver fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Biao Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Shan-Yu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xian
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Fei-Fei Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Qiu-Lan Huang
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Han-Jing ZhangDi
- Graduate School of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Xing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi Province, China.
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62
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Garde S, Chodisetti PK, Reddy M. Peptidoglycan: Structure, Synthesis, and Regulation. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP-0010-2020. [PMID: 33470191 PMCID: PMC11168573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0010-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is a defining feature of the bacterial cell wall. Initially identified as a target of the revolutionary beta-lactam antibiotics, peptidoglycan has become a subject of much interest for its biology, its potential for the discovery of novel antibiotic targets, and its role in infection. Peptidoglycan is a large polymer that forms a mesh-like scaffold around the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Peptidoglycan synthesis is vital at several stages of the bacterial cell cycle: for expansion of the scaffold during cell elongation and for formation of a septum during cell division. It is a complex multifactorial process that includes formation of monomeric precursors in the cytoplasm, their transport to the periplasm, and polymerization to form a functional peptidoglycan sacculus. These processes require spatio-temporal regulation for successful assembly of a robust sacculus to protect the cell from turgor and determine cell shape. A century of research has uncovered the fundamentals of peptidoglycan biology, and recent studies employing advanced technologies have shed new light on the molecular interactions that govern peptidoglycan synthesis. Here, we describe the peptidoglycan structure, synthesis, and regulation in rod-shaped bacteria, particularly Escherichia coli, with a few examples from Salmonella and other diverse organisms. We focus on the pathway of peptidoglycan sacculus elongation, with special emphasis on discoveries of the past decade that have shaped our understanding of peptidoglycan biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Garde
- These authors contributed equally
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India 500007
| | - Pavan Kumar Chodisetti
- These authors contributed equally
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India 500007
| | - Manjula Reddy
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India 500007
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63
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Lipid Metabolism in Regulation of Macrophage Functions. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:979-989. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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64
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Yang CA, Chiang BL. Inflammasomes and Childhood Autoimmune Diseases: A Review of Current Knowledge. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 61:156-170. [PMID: 33236284 PMCID: PMC7685913 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes capable of sensing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and cellular perturbations. Upon stimulation, the inflammasomes activate the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and induce gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis. Dysregulated inflammasome signaling could lead to hyperinflammation in response to environmental triggers, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of childhood autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases. In this review, we group childhood rheumatic diseases into the autoinflammation to autoimmunity spectrum and discuss about the involvement of inflammasomes in disease mechanisms. Genetic mutations in inflammasome components cause monogenic autoinflammatory diseases, while inflammasome-related genetic variants have been implicated in polygenic childhood rheumatic diseases. We highlight the reported associations of inflammasome signaling-related genetic polymorphisms/protein levels with pediatric autoimmune disease susceptibility and disease course. Furthermore, we discuss about the use of IL-1 receptor antagonist as an adjunctive therapy in several childhood autoimmune diseases, including macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) related to COVID-19. A comprehensive multi-cohort comparison on inflammasome gene expression profile in different pediatric rheumatic diseases is needed to identify patient subsets that might benefit from the adjunctive therapy of IL-1β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-An Yang
- Division of Laboratory Medicine and Division of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hsinchu Hospital, Jubei, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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65
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The Multi-Omics Architecture of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102301. [PMID: 33076506 PMCID: PMC7602566 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is highly heterogeneous in terms of etiology and clinical presentation with ambiguity in JIA classification. The advance of high-throughput omics technologies in recent years has gained us significant knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of JIA. Besides a minor proportion of JIA cases as monogenic, most JIA cases are polygenic disease caused by autoimmune mechanisms. A number of HLA alleles (including both HLA class I and class II genes), and 23 non-HLA genetic loci have been identified of association with different JIA subtypes. Omics technologies, i.e., transcriptome profiling and epigenomic analysis, contributed significant knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of JIA in addition to the genetic approach. New molecular knowledge on different JIA subtypes enables us to reconsider the JIA classification, but also highlights novel therapeutic targets to develop a cure for the devastating JIA.
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66
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Li Q, Qin Z, Chen B, An Y, Nie F, Yang X, Pan B, Bi H. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Morphological Abnormality in Keloid Fibroblasts. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zelian Qin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fangfei Nie
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bailin Pan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongsen Bi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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67
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Huang C, Hedl M, Ranjan K, Abraham C. LACC1 Required for NOD2-Induced, ER Stress-Mediated Innate Immune Outcomes in Human Macrophages and LACC1 Risk Variants Modulate These Outcomes. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4525-4539.e4. [PMID: 31875558 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LACC1 genetic variants are associated with multiple immune-mediated diseases. However, laccase domain containing-1 (LACC1) functions are incompletely defined. We find that upon stimulation of the pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) NOD2, LACC1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and forms a complex with ER-stress sensors. All three ER-stress branches, PERK, IRE1α, and ATF6, are required for NOD2-induced signaling, cytokines, and antimicrobial pathways in human macrophages. LACC1, and its localization to the ER, is required for these outcomes. Relative to wild-type (WT) LACC1, transfection of the common Val254 and rare Arg284 immune-mediated disease-risk LACC1 variants into HeLa cells and macrophages, as well as macrophages from LACC1 Val254 carriers, shows reduced NOD2-induced ER stress-associated outcomes; these downstream outcomes are restored by rescuing ER stress. Therefore, we identify ER stress to be essential in PRR-induced outcomes in macrophages, define a critical role for LACC1 in these ER stress-dependent events, and elucidate how LACC1 disease-risk variants mediate these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matija Hedl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kishu Ranjan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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68
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Kang JW, Yan J, Ranjan K, Zhang X, Turner JR, Abraham C. Myeloid Cell Expression of LACC1 Is Required for Bacterial Clearance and Control of Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1051-1067. [PMID: 32693188 PMCID: PMC8139320 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Loss-of-function variants in the laccase domain containing 1 (LACC1) gene are associated with immune-mediated diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. It is not clear how LACC1 balances defenses against intestinal bacteria vs intestinal inflammation or what cells are responsible for this balance in humans or mice. METHODS Lacc1-/- mice and mice with myeloid-specific disruption of Lacc1 (Lacc1Δmye) were given oral Salmonella Typhimurium or dextran sodium sulfate. CD45RBhiCD4+T cells were transferred to Lacc1-/-Rag2-/- mice to induce colitis. Organs were collected and analyzed by histology and protein expression. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells, lamina propria macrophages, and mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells were examined. We performed assays to measure intestinal permeability, cell subsets, bacterial uptake and clearance, reactive oxygen species, nitrite production, autophagy, signaling, messenger RNA, and cytokine levels. RESULTS Lacc1-/- mice developed more severe T-cell transfer colitis than wild-type mice and had an increased burden of bacteria in intestinal lymphoid organs, which expressed lower levels of T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cytokines and higher levels of Th2 cytokines. Intestinal lymphoid organs from mice with deletion of LACC1 had an increased burden of bacteria after oral administration of S Typhimurium and after administration of dextran sodium sulfate compared with wild-type mice. In macrophages, expression of LACC1 was required for toll-like receptor-induced uptake of bacteria, which required PDK1, and of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)- and nuclear factor κB-dependent induction of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and autophagy. Expression of LACC1 by dendritic cells was required for increasing expression of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and reducing expression of Th2 cytokines upon coculture with CD4+ T cells. Mice with LACC1-deficient myeloid cells had an increased burden of bacteria and altered T-cell cytokines in intestinal lymphoid organs, similar to Lacc1-/- mice. Complementation of cytokines produced by myeloid cells to cocultures of LACC1-deficient myeloid cells and wild-type CD4+ T cells restored T-cell cytokine regulation. When S Typhimurium-infected Lacc1Δmye mice were injected with these myeloid cell-derived cytokines, intestinal tissues increased production of Th1 and Th17 cytokines, and bacteria were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of Lacc1 in mice increases the burden of bacteria in intestinal lymphoid organs and intestinal inflammation after induction of chronic colitis. LACC1 expression by myeloid cells in mice is required to clear bacteria and to regulate adaptive T-cell responses against microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Kishu Ranjan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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69
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Cbl Negatively Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation through GLUT1-Dependent Glycolysis Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145104. [PMID: 32707731 PMCID: PMC7404051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the nod-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes is crucial for immune defense, but improper and excessive activation causes inflammatory diseases. We previously reported that Cbl plays a pivotal role in suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting Pyk2-mediated apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) oligomerization. Here, we showed that Cbl dampened NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting glycolysis, as demonstrated with Cbl knockout cells and treatment with the Cbl inhibitor hydrocotarnine. We revealed that the inhibition of Cbl promoted caspase-1 cleavage and interleukin (IL)-1β secretion through a glycolysis-dependent mechanism. Inhibiting Cbl increased cellular glucose uptake, glycolytic capacity, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity. Upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inhibiting Cbl increased glycolysis-dependent activation of mitochondrial respiration and increased the production of reactive oxygen species, which contributes to NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion. Mechanistically, inhibiting Cbl increased surface expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) protein through post-transcriptional regulation, which increased cellular glucose uptake and consequently raised glycolytic capacity, and in turn enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Together, our findings provide new insights into the role of Cbl in NLRP3 inflammasome regulation through GLUT1 downregulation. We also show that a novel Cbl inhibitor, hydrocortanine, increased NLRP3 inflammasome activity via its effect on glycolysis.
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70
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Cader MZ, de Almeida Rodrigues RP, West JA, Sewell GW, Md-Ibrahim MN, Reikine S, Sirago G, Unger LW, Iglesias-Romero AB, Ramshorn K, Haag LM, Saveljeva S, Ebel JF, Rosenstiel P, Kaneider NC, Lee JC, Lawley TD, Bradley A, Dougan G, Modis Y, Griffin JL, Kaser A. FAMIN Is a Multifunctional Purine Enzyme Enabling the Purine Nucleotide Cycle. Cell 2020; 180:278-295.e23. [PMID: 31978345 PMCID: PMC6978800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in FAMIN cause arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease in early childhood, and a common genetic variant increases the risk for Crohn's disease and leprosy. We developed an unbiased liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry screen for enzymatic activity of this orphan protein. We report that FAMIN phosphorolytically cleaves adenosine into adenine and ribose-1-phosphate. Such activity was considered absent from eukaryotic metabolism. FAMIN and its prokaryotic orthologs additionally have adenosine deaminase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, and S-methyl-5′-thioadenosine phosphorylase activity, hence, combine activities of the namesake enzymes of central purine metabolism. FAMIN enables in macrophages a purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) between adenosine and inosine monophosphate and adenylosuccinate, which consumes aspartate and releases fumarate in a manner involving fatty acid oxidation and ATP-citrate lyase activity. This macrophage PNC synchronizes mitochondrial activity with glycolysis by balancing electron transfer to mitochondria, thereby supporting glycolytic activity and promoting oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial H+ and phosphate recycling. An unbiased LC-MS screen reveals FAMIN as a purine nucleoside enzyme FAMIN combines adenosine phosphorylase with ADA-, PNP-, and MTAP-like activities FAMIN enables a purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) preventing cytoplasmic acidification The FAMIN-dependent PNC balances the glycolysis-mitochondrial redox interface
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zaeem Cader
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rodrigo Pereira de Almeida Rodrigues
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James A West
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Gavin W Sewell
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Muhammad N Md-Ibrahim
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephanie Reikine
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Giuseppe Sirago
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lukas W Unger
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ana Belén Iglesias-Romero
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Katharina Ramshorn
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lea-Maxie Haag
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jana-Fabienne Ebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicole C Kaneider
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James C Lee
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Allan Bradley
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Yorgo Modis
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Maller J, Fox E, Park KT, Paul SS, Baszis K, Borocco C, Prahalad S, Quartier P, Reinhardt A, Schonenberg-Meinema D, Shipman-Duensing L, Terreri MT, Simard J, Lavi I, Chalom E, Hsu J, Zisman D, Mellins ED. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children With Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. J Rheumatol 2020; 48:567-574. [PMID: 32541073 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.200230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is higher than in the general pediatric population. However, reports of IBD in the systemic JIA (sJIA) subtype are limited. We sought to characterize sJIA patients diagnosed with IBD and to identify potential contributing risk factors. METHODS Using an internationally distributed survey, we identified 16 patients with sJIA who were subsequently diagnosed with IBD (sJIA-IBD cohort). Five hundred twenty-two sJIA patients without IBD were identified from the CARRA Legacy Registry and served as the sJIA-only cohort for comparison. Differences in demographic, clinical characteristics, and therapy were assessed using chi-square test, Fisher exact test, t-test, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression, as appropriate. RESULTS Of the patients with sJIA-IBD, 75% had a persistent sJIA course and 25% had a history of macrophage activation syndrome. sJIA-IBD subjects were older at sJIA diagnosis, more often non-White, had a higher rate of IBD family history, and were more frequently treated with etanercept or canakinumab compared to sJIA-only subjects. Sixty-nine percent of sJIA-IBD patients successfully discontinued sJIA medications following IBD diagnosis, and sJIA symptoms resolved in 9 of 12 patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors. CONCLUSION IBD in the setting of sJIA is a rare occurrence. The favorable response of sJIA symptoms to therapeutic TNF-α inhibition suggests that the sJIA-IBD cohort may represent a mechanistically distinct sJIA subgroup. Our study highlights the importance of maintaining a high level of suspicion for IBD when gastrointestinal involvement occurs in patients with sJIA and the likely broad benefit of TNF-α inhibition in those cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Maller
- J. Maller, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Emily Fox
- E. Fox, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - K T Park
- K.T. Park, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Sarah Sertial Paul
- S. Sertial Paul, DO, Department of Pediatrics, Goryeb Children's Hospital, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | - Kevin Baszis
- K. Baszis, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charlotte Borocco
- C. Borocco, MD, Paris University, Imagine Institute and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sampath Prahalad
- S. Prahalad, MD, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Pierre Quartier
- P. Quartier, MD, Paris University, Imagine Institute, RAISE Reference Centre and Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Adam Reinhardt
- A. Reinhardt, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Dieneke Schonenberg-Meinema
- D. Schonenberg-Meinema, MD, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lauren Shipman-Duensing
- L. Shipman-Duensing, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Terreri
- M.T. Terreri, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Simard
- J. Simard, ScD, Department of Health Research & Policy, Division of Epidemiology, and Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Idit Lavi
- I. Lavi, MA, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elizabeth Chalom
- E. Chalom, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joyce Hsu
- J. Hsu, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Devy Zisman
- D. Zisman, MD, Carmel Medical Center, Rheumatology Unit, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elizabeth D Mellins
- E.D. Mellins, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Gene Therapy, Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Implications of juvenile idiopathic arthritis genetic risk variants for disease pathogenesis and classification. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2020; 31:401-410. [PMID: 31169548 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We assess the implications of recent advances in the genetics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) for the evolving understanding of inflammatory arthritis in children. RECENT FINDINGS JIA exhibits prominent genetic associations with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, extending perhaps surprisingly even to the hyperinflammatory systemic JIA category. Some HLA associations resemble those for adult-onset inflammatory arthritides, providing evidence for pathogenic continuity across the age spectrum. Genome-wide association studies have defined an increasing number of JIA-linked non-HLA loci, many again shared with adult-onset arthritis. As most risk loci contain only noncoding variants, new experimental methods such as SNP-seq and innovative big-data strategies help identify responsible causative mutations, termed functional SNPs (fSNPs). Alternately, gene hunting in multiplex families implicates new genes in monogenic childhood arthritis, including MYD88 and the intriguing innate immune gene LACC1. SUMMARY Genetic data indicate a continuity between JIA and adult arthritis poorly reflected in current nomenclature. Advancing methodologies will help to identify new pathogenic mechanisms that inform the understanding of biologic subdivisions within JIA. Resulting insights will facilitate the application of lessons learned across the age spectrum to the treatment of arthritis in children and adults.
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Gzara C, Dallmann-Sauer M, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Thai VH, Fava VM, Bihoreau MT, Boland A, Abel L, Alcaïs A, Schurr E, Cobat A. Family-based genome-wide association study of leprosy in Vietnam. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008565. [PMID: 32421744 PMCID: PMC7259797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and peripheral nerves with a strong genetic predisposition. Recent genome-wide approaches have identified numerous common variants associated with leprosy, almost all in the Chinese population. We conducted the first family-based genome-wide association study of leprosy in 622 affected offspring from Vietnam, followed by replication in an independent sample of 1181 leprosy cases and 668 controls of the same ethnic origin. The most significant results were observed within the HLA region, in which six SNPs displayed genome-wide significant associations, all of which were replicated in the independent case/control sample. We investigated the signal in the HLA region in more detail, by conducting a multivariate analysis on the case/control sample of 319 GWAS-suggestive HLA hits for which evidence for replication was obtained. We identified three independently associated SNPs, two located in the HLA class I region (rs1265048: OR = 0.69 [0.58-0.80], combined p-value = 5.53x10-11; and rs114598080: OR = 1.47 [1.46-1.48], combined p-value = 8.77x10-13), and one located in the HLA class II region (rs3187964 (OR = 1.67 [1.55-1.80], combined p-value = 8.35x10-16). We also validated two previously identified risk factors for leprosy: the missense variant rs3764147 in the LACC1 gene (OR = 1.52 [1.41-1.63], combined p-value = 5.06x10-14), and the intergenic variant rs6871626 located close to the IL12B gene (OR = 0.73 [0.61-0.84], combined p-value = 6.44x10-8). These results shed new light on the genetic control of leprosy, by dissecting the influence of HLA SNPs, and validating the independent role of two additional variants in a large Vietnamese sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Gzara
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Monica Dallmann-Sauer
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marianna Orlova
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nguyen Van Thuc
- Hospital for Dermato-Venereology, District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vu Hong Thai
- Hospital for Dermato-Venereology, District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vinicius M. Fava
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Thérèse Bihoreau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Anne Boland
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, Evry, France
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Alcaïs
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Schurr
- McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cobat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Sipe LM, Chaib M, Pingili AK, Pierre JF, Makowski L. Microbiome, bile acids, and obesity: How microbially modified metabolites shape anti-tumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:220-239. [PMID: 32320071 PMCID: PMC7841960 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are known facilitators of nutrient absorption but recent paradigm shifts now recognize BAs as signaling molecules regulating both innate and adaptive immunity. Bile acids are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver with subsequent microbial modification and fermentation adding complexity to pool composition. Bile acids act on several receptors such as Farnesoid X Receptor and the G protein-coupled BA receptor 1 (TGR5). Interestingly, BA receptors (BARs) are expressed on immune cells and activation either by BAs or BAR agonists modulates innate and adaptive immune cell populations skewing their polarization toward a more tolerogenic anti-inflammatory phenotype. Intriguingly, recent evidence also suggests that BAs promote anti-tumor immune response through activation and recruitment of tumoricidal immune cells such as natural killer T cells. These exciting findings have redefined BA signaling in health and disease wherein they may suppress inflammation on the one hand, yet promote anti-tumor immunity on the other hand. In this review, we provide our readers with the most recent understanding of the interaction of BAs with the host microbiome, their effect on innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease with a special focus on obesity, bariatric surgery-induced weight loss, and immune checkpoint blockade in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Sipe
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mehdi Chaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ajeeth K. Pingili
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joseph F. Pierre
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Abstract
A striking change has happened in the field of immunology whereby specific metabolic processes have been shown to be a critical determinant of immune cell activation. Multiple immune receptor types rewire metabolic pathways as a key part of how they promote effector functions. Perhaps surprisingly for immunologists, the Krebs cycle has emerged as the central immunometabolic hub of the macrophage. During proinflammatory macrophage activation, there is an accumulation of the Krebs cycle intermediates succinate and citrate, and the Krebs cycle–derived metabolite itaconate. These metabolites have distinct nonmetabolic signaling roles that influence inflammatory gene expression. A key bioenergetic target for the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain, also becomes altered, generating reactive oxygen species from Complexes I and III. Similarly, alternatively activated macrophages require α-ketoglutarate-dependent epigenetic reprogramming to elicit anti-inflammatory gene expression. In this review, we discuss these advances and speculate on the possibility of targeting these events therapeutically for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G. Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Luke A.J. O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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76
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Márquez-Ropero M, Benito E, Plaza-Zabala A, Sierra A. Microglial Corpse Clearance: Lessons From Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:506. [PMID: 32292406 PMCID: PMC7135884 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. To prevent garbage buildup, the brain is equipped with efficient phagocytes: the microglia. Microglia are similar, but not identical to other tissue macrophages, and in this review, we will first summarize the differences in the origin, lineage and population maintenance of microglia and macrophages. Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. We will then describe that resulting from engulfment and degradation of apoptotic cargo, phagocytes undergo an epigenetic, transcriptional and metabolic rewiring that leads to trained immunity, and discuss its relevance for microglia and brain function. In summary, we will show that neuroimmunologists can learn many lessons from the well-developed field of macrophage phagocytosis biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Márquez-Ropero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Eva Benito
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
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Wallace M, Metallo CM. Tracing insights into de novo lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 108:65-71. [PMID: 32201132 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play important roles in biology that include structural compartmentation as membranes, energy storage, and regulatory functions as signaling molecules. These molecules can be obtained via the surrounding environment (e.g. diet) or synthesized de novo. Fatty acid synthesis is an energetically demanding process and must therefore be tightly regulated to balance fatty acid availability with the functional and energetic needs of cells and tissues. Here we review key aspects of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in mammalian systems. We highlight key nodes in the pathway that are used for quantitation of lipogenic fluxes and regulation of fatty acid diversity across tissues. Next, we discuss key aspects of DNL function in the major lipogenic tissues of mammals: liver, white adipose tissue (WAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT), highlighting recent molecular discoveries that suggest potential roles for tissue specific DNL. Finally, we propose critical questions that will be important to address using the advanced approaches for DNL quantitation described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wallace
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Christian M Metallo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Cohen M, Lamparello AJ, Schimunek L, El-Dehaibi F, Namas RA, Xu Y, Kaynar AM, Billiar TR, Vodovotz Y. Quality Control Measures and Validation in Gene Association Studies: Lessons for Acute Illness. Shock 2020; 53:256-268. [PMID: 31365490 PMCID: PMC6989353 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute illness is a complex constellation of responses involving dysregulated inflammatory and immune responses, which are ultimately associated with multiple organ dysfunction. Gene association studies have associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with clinical and pharmacological outcomes in a variety of disease states, including acute illness. With approximately 4 to 5 million SNPs in the human genome and recent studies suggesting that a large portion of SNP studies are not reproducible, we suggest that the ultimate clinical utility of SNPs in acute illness depends on validation and quality control measures. To investigate this issue, in December 2018 and January 2019 we searched the literature for peer-reviewed studies reporting data on associations between SNPs and clinical outcomes and between SNPs and pharmaceuticals (i.e., pharmacogenomics) published between January 2011 to February 2019. We review key methodologies and results from a variety of clinical and pharmacological gene association studies, including trauma and sepsis studies, as illustrative examples on current SNP association studies. In this review article, we have found three key points which strengthen the potential accuracy of SNP association studies in acute illness and other diseases: providing evidence of following a protocol quality control method such as the one in Nature Protocols or the OncoArray QC Guidelines; enrolling enough patients to have large cohort groups; and validating the SNPs using an independent technique such as a second study using the same SNPs with new patient cohorts. Our survey suggests the need to standardize validation methods and SNP quality control measures in medicine in general, and specifically in the context of complex disease states such as acute illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | | | - Lukas Schimunek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Fayten El-Dehaibi
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Rami A. Namas
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - A Murat Kaynar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
- Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Laboratory, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA 15261
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| | - Yoram Vodovotz
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
- Center for Inflammation and Regenerative Modeling, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
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Infantino V, Pierri CL, Iacobazzi V. Metabolic Routes in Inflammation: The Citrate Pathway and its Potential as Therapeutic Target. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:7104-7116. [PMID: 29745322 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180510124558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significant metabolic changes occur in inflammation to respond to the new energetic needs of cells. Mitochondria are addressed not only to produce ATP, but also to supply substrates, such citrate, to produce pro-inflammatory molecules. In this context, most of the citrate is diverted from Krebs cycle and channeled into the "citrate pathway" leading to the increase in the export of citrate into cytosol by the Mitochondrial Citrate Carrier (CIC) followed by its cleavage into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate by ATP Citrate Lyase (ACLY). Acetyl- CoA is used to produce PGE2 and oxaloacetate to make NADPH needed for NO and ROS production. In addition, cytosolic citrate also provides precursors for itaconate synthesis. Citrate- derived itaconate acts as a negative regulator of inflammation by modulating the synthesis of the inflammatory mediators. Inhibition of CIC or ACLY by different synthetic and natural molecules results in the reduction of NO, ROS and PGE2 levels suggesting that the citrate pathway can be a new target to be addressed in inflammation. Beneficial effects can be obtained also in the oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions observed in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciro Leonardo Pierri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Iacobazzi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Graham DB, Xavier RJ. Pathway paradigms revealed from the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2020; 578:527-539. [PMID: 32103191 PMCID: PMC7871366 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex genetic disease that is instigated and amplified by the confluence of multiple genetic and environmental variables that perturb the immune-microbiome axis. The challenge of dissecting pathological mechanisms underlying IBD has led to the development of transformative approaches in human genetics and functional genomics. Here we describe IBD as a model disease in the context of leveraging human genetics to dissect interactions in cellular and molecular pathways that regulate homeostasis of the mucosal immune system. Finally, we synthesize emerging insights from multiple experimental approaches into pathway paradigms and discuss future prospects for disease-subtype classification and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Graham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Microbiome Informatics and Therapeutics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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81
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Fatty acid metabolism in the progression and resolution of CNS disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:198-213. [PMID: 31987838 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in lipidomics and metabolomics have unveiled the complexity of fatty acid metabolism and the fatty acid lipidome in health and disease. A growing body of evidence indicates that imbalances in the metabolism and level of fatty acids drive the initiation and progression of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Here, we provide an in-depth overview on the impact of the β-oxidation, synthesis, desaturation, elongation, and peroxidation of fatty acids on the pathophysiology of these and other neurological disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of individual fatty acids species, acquired through the diet or endogenously synthesized in mammals, on neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and CNS repair. The findings discussed in this review highlight the therapeutic potential of modulators of fatty acid metabolism and the fatty acid lipidome in CNS disorders, and underscore the diagnostic value of lipidome signatures in these diseases.
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Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and peripheral nerves that presents a strong link with the host genetic background. Different approaches in genetic studies have been applied to leprosy and today leprosy is among the infectious diseases with the greatest number of genetic risk variants identified. Several leprosy genes have been implicated in host immune response to pathogens and point to specific pathways that are relevant for host defense to infection. In addition, host genetic factors are also involved in the heterogeneity of leprosy clinical manifestations and in excessive inflammatory responses that occur in some leprosy patients. Finally, genetic studies in leprosy have provided strong evidence of pleiotropic effects between leprosy and other complex diseases, such as immune-mediated or neurodegenerative diseases. These findings not only impact on the field of leprosy and infectious diseases but also make leprosy a good model for the study of complex immune-mediated diseases. Here, we summarize recent genetic findings in leprosy susceptibility and discuss the overlap of the genetic control in leprosy with Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, some limitations, challenges, and potential new avenues for future genetics studies of leprosy are also discussed in this review.
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83
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Acosta-Herrera M, Strauss M, Casares-Marfil D, Martín J. Genomic medicine in Chagas disease. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105062. [PMID: 31201776 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic approaches have been proposed for improving the understanding of the causes of differential susceptibility to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and Chagas disease outcome. Polymorphisms in genes involved in the immune/inflammatory response are being studied in order to clarify their possible role in the occurrence or severity of the cardiac and/or gastrointestinal complications. However still today, the number of significant associated genes is limited and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this condition are unknown. This article review the information currently available from the published scientific literature regarding the genetic variants of molecules of the immune system and other variants that can contribute to the clinical presentation of the disease. Genomic medicine will improve our knowledge about the molecular basis of Chagas disease, will open new avenues for developing biomarkers of disease progression, new therapeutic strategies to suit the requirements of individual patients, and will contribute to the control of one of the infections with the greatest socio-economic impact in the Americas.
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84
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Parkes M. IBD BioResource: an open-access platform of 25 000 patients to accelerate research in Crohn's and Colitis. Gut 2019; 68:1537-1540. [PMID: 31270165 PMCID: PMC6709775 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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85
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Feist E, Mitrovic S, Fautrel B. Mechanisms, biomarkers and targets for adult-onset Still's disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 14:603-618. [PMID: 30218025 PMCID: PMC7097309 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adult-onset Still’s disease (AoSD) is a rare but clinically well-known, polygenic, systemic autoinflammatory disease. Owing to its sporadic appearance in all adult age groups with potentially severe inflammatory onset accompanied by a broad spectrum of disease manifestation and complications, AoSD is an unsolved challenge for clinicians with limited therapeutic options. This Review provides a comprehensive insight into the complex and heterogeneous nature of AoSD, describing biomarkers of the disease and its progression and the cytokine signalling pathways that contribute to disease. The efficacy and safety of biologic therapeutic options are also discussed, and guidance for treatment decisions is provided. Improving the approach to AoSD in the future will require much closer cooperation between paediatric and adult rheumatologists to establish common diagnostic strategies, treatment targets and goals. Adult-onset Still’s disease (AoSD) is not easily diagnosed, and treatment options are limited. This Review provides an overview of the disease and its pathogenesis, clinical trial results, therapeutic options and a plan to diagnose and clinically manage these patients. Similar to systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult-onset Still’s disease (AoSD) is a rare systemic autoinflammatory disease with potentially severe inflammatory onset accompanied by a broad spectrum of disease manifestation and complications. AoSD should be considered in patients with persistent fever, and the diagnosis is based on the combination of clinical and laboratory findings as well as the exclusion of other inflammatory conditions. Central to the pathogenesis of AoSD is the intense activation of innate immune cells and overproduction of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6 and IL-18. Two IL-1 antagonists have been approved for treatment of AoSD, and growing evidence suggests that other biologic agents are therapeutic options, such as anti-IL-6 and anti-IL-18 therapeutics. As a reliable prediction of response and outcome is not possible, therapeutic decisions have to be made on the basis of clinical, biological or imaging characteristics of disease. A close cooperation between paediatric and adult rheumatologists is required to establish common diagnostic strategies, treatment targets and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugen Feist
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité- Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stéphane Mitrovic
- Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France.
| | - Bruno Fautrel
- Department of Rheumatology, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, GRC 08, Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Paris, France
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86
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Di Cara F, Andreoletti P, Trompier D, Vejux A, Bülow MH, Sellin J, Lizard G, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Savary S. Peroxisomes in Immune Response and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163877. [PMID: 31398943 PMCID: PMC6721249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is essential to protect organisms from infection and an altered self. An organism’s overall metabolic status is now recognized as an important and long-overlooked mediator of immunity and has spurred new explorations of immune-related metabolic abnormalities. Peroxisomes are essential metabolic organelles with a central role in the synthesis and turnover of complex lipids and reactive species. Peroxisomes have recently been identified as pivotal regulators of immune functions and inflammation in the development and during infection, defining a new branch of immunometabolism. This review summarizes the current evidence that has helped to identify peroxisomes as central regulators of immunity and highlights the peroxisomal proteins and metabolites that have acquired relevance in human pathologies for their link to the development of inflammation, neuropathies, aging and cancer. This review then describes how peroxisomes govern immune signaling strategies such as phagocytosis and cytokine production and their relevance in fighting bacterial and viral infections. The mechanisms by which peroxisomes either control the activation of the immune response or trigger cellular metabolic changes that activate and resolve immune responses are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Pierre Andreoletti
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Doriane Trompier
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anne Vejux
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Margret H Bülow
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Sellin
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gérard Lizard
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mustapha Cherkaoui-Malki
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Savary
- Lab. Bio-PeroxIL EA7270, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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87
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Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome: update on pathogenesis and treatment. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2019; 30:514-520. [PMID: 29870499 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The past decade has seen substantial progress in defining the cause and pathogenesis of the chronic childhood arthropathy systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and its related complication macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). The purpose of this review is to describe and synthesize advances in this field, particularly since 2016, with the potential to transform clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Newly developed MAS classification criteria have been further studied and validated in other diseases and populations, as well as a recently proposed score to distinguish MAS from familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. There has also been substantial progress toward understanding the genetic underpinnings of SJIA and MAS, both through targeted study of specific genes and the results of a large genome-wide association study. The immunopathogenesis of SJIA has been further elucidated through several studies regarding the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-18, interferon (IFN)γ, and how their interplay impacts emergence of MAS. Finally, big data studies integrating genomic information with immunophenotypes have potential to provide novel insights into disease mechanisms in SJIA. SUMMARY Collectively, these research advances have significant implications regarding the classification and diagnosis of SJIA and MAS, and support a next generation of biologic treatments including kinase inhibitors and targeted interleukin-18 or IFNγ blockade.
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88
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Szymanski AM, Ombrello MJ. Using genes to triangulate the pathophysiology of granulomatous autoinflammatory disease: NOD2, PLCG2 and LACC1. Int Immunol 2019. [PMID: 29538758 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intersection of granulomatosis and autoinflammatory disease is a rare occurrence that can be generally subdivided into purely granulomatous phenotypes and disease spectra that are inclusive of granulomatous features. NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2)-related disease, which includes Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis, is the prototypic example of granulomatous inflammation in the context of monogenic autoinflammation. Granulomatous inflammation has also been observed in two related autoinflammatory diseases caused by mutations in PLCG2 (phospholipase Cγ2). More recently, mutations in LACC1 (laccase domain-containing protein 1) have been identified as the cause of a monogenic form of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, which does not itself manifest granulomatous inflammation, but the same LACC1 mutations have also been shown to cause an early-onset, familial form of a well-known granulomatous condition, Crohn's disease (CD). Rare genetic variants of PLCG2 have also been shown to cause a monogenic form of CD, and moreover common variants of all three of these genes have been implicated in polygenic forms of CD. Additionally, common variants of NOD2 and LACC1 have been implicated in susceptibility to leprosy, a granulomatous infection. Although no specific mechanistic link exists between these three genes, they form an intriguing web of susceptibility to both monogenic and polygenic autoinflammatory and granulomatous phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Marie Szymanski
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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89
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Biallelic loss-of-function LACC1/FAMIN Mutations Presenting as Rheumatoid Factor-Negative Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4579. [PMID: 30872671 PMCID: PMC6418186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a complex rheumatic disease with both autoimmune and autoinflammatory components. Recently, familial cases of systemic-onset JIA have been attributed to mutations in LACC1/FAMIN. We describe three affected siblings from a Moroccan consanguineous family with an early-onset chronic, symmetric and erosive arthritis previously diagnosed as rheumatoid factor (RF)-negative polyarticular JIA. Autozygosity mapping identified four homozygous regions shared by all patients, located in chromosomes 3, 6 (n:2) and 13, containing over 330 genes. Subsequent whole exome sequencing identified two potential candidate variants within these regions (in FARS2 and LACC1/FAMIN). Genotyping of a cohort of healthy Moroccan individuals (n: 352) and bioinformatics analyses finally supported the frameshift c.128_129delGT mutation in the LACC1/FAMIN gene, leading to a truncated protein (p.Cys43Tyrfs*6), as the most probable causative gene defect. Additional targeted sequencing studies performed in patients with systemic-onset JIA (n:23) and RF-negative polyarticular JIA (n: 44) revealed no pathogenic LACC1/FAMIN mutations. Our findings support the homozygous genotype in the LACC1/FAMIN gene as the defect underlying the family here described with a recessively inherited severe inflammatory joint disease. Our evidences provide further support to the involvement of LACC1/FAMIN deficiency in different types of JIA in addition to the initially described systemic-onset JIA.
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90
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Freemerman AJ, Zhao L, Pingili AK, Teng B, Cozzo AJ, Fuller AM, Johnson AR, Milner JJ, Lim MF, Galanko JA, Beck MA, Bear JE, Rotty JD, Bezavada L, Smallwood HS, Puchowicz MA, Liu J, Locasale JW, Lee DP, Bennett BJ, Abel ED, Rathmell JC, Makowski L. Myeloid Slc2a1-Deficient Murine Model Revealed Macrophage Activation and Metabolic Phenotype Are Fueled by GLUT1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:1265-1286. [PMID: 30659108 PMCID: PMC6360258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) are heterogeneous and metabolically flexible, with metabolism strongly affecting immune activation. A classic response to proinflammatory activation is increased flux through glycolysis with a downregulation of oxidative metabolism, whereas alternative activation is primarily oxidative, which begs the question of whether targeting glucose metabolism is a viable approach to control MΦ activation. We created a murine model of myeloid-specific glucose transporter GLUT1 (Slc2a1) deletion. Bone marrow-derived MΦs (BMDM) from Slc2a1M-/- mice failed to uptake glucose and demonstrated reduced glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway activity. Activated BMDMs displayed elevated metabolism of oleate and glutamine, yet maximal respiratory capacity was blunted in MΦ lacking GLUT1, demonstrating an incomplete metabolic reprogramming. Slc2a1M-/- BMDMs displayed a mixed inflammatory phenotype with reductions of the classically activated pro- and anti-inflammatory markers, yet less oxidative stress. Slc2a1M-/- BMDMs had reduced proinflammatory metabolites, whereas metabolites indicative of alternative activation-such as ornithine and polyamines-were greatly elevated in the absence of GLUT1. Adipose tissue MΦs of lean Slc2a1M-/- mice had increased alternative M2-like activation marker mannose receptor CD206, yet lack of GLUT1 was not a critical mediator in the development of obesity-associated metabolic dysregulation. However, Ldlr-/- mice lacking myeloid GLUT1 developed unstable atherosclerotic lesions. Defective phagocytic capacity in Slc2a1M-/- BMDMs may have contributed to unstable atheroma formation. Together, our findings suggest that although lack of GLUT1 blunted glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway, MΦ were metabolically flexible enough that inflammatory cytokine release was not dramatically regulated, yet phagocytic defects hindered MΦ function in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Freemerman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Liyang Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Ajeeth K Pingili
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Bin Teng
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Alyssa J Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Ashley M Fuller
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amy R Johnson
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - J Justin Milner
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Maili F Lim
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - Joseph A Galanko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Melinda A Beck
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799
| | - James E Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jeremy D Rotty
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lavanya Bezavada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Heather S Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jason W Locasale
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Brian J Bennett
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616
| | - E Dale Abel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Jeff C Rathmell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 25799;
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
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91
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Wu Z, Koh B, Lawrence LM, Kanamala M, Pool B, Svirskis D, Dalbeth N, Astin JW, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Hall CJ. Liposome-Mediated Drug Delivery in Larval Zebrafish to Manipulate Macrophage Function. Zebrafish 2019; 16:171-181. [PMID: 30724716 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2018.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical interventions are regularly used to examine and manipulate macrophage function in larval zebrafish. Given chemicals are typically administered by simple immersion or injection, it is not possible to resolve whether their impact on macrophage function is direct or indirect. Liposomes provide an attractive strategy to target drugs to specific cellular compartments, including macrophages. As an example, injecting liposomal clodronate into animal models, including zebrafish, is routinely used to deliver toxic levels of clodronate specifically to macrophages for targeted cell ablation. Here we show that liposomes can also target the delivery of drugs to zebrafish macrophages to selectively manipulate their function. We utilized the drugs etomoxir (a fatty acid oxidation inhibitor) and MitoTEMPO (a scavenger of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species [mROS]), that we have previously shown, through free drug delivery, suppress monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-driven macrophage activation. We generated poloxamer 188 modified liposomes that were readily phagocytosed by macrophages, but not by neutrophils. Loading these liposomes with etomoxir or MitoTEMPO and injecting into larvae suppressed macrophage activation in response to MSU crystals, as evidenced by proinflammatory cytokine expression and macrophage-driven neutrophil recruitment. This work reveals the utility of packaging drugs into liposomes as a strategy to selectively manipulate macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Wu
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Koh
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lisa M Lawrence
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Manju Kanamala
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bregina Pool
- 3 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- 1 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- 3 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan W Astin
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E Crosier
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip S Crosier
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Hall
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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92
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Drobin K, Assadi G, Hong MG, Andersson E, Fredolini C, Forsström B, Reznichenko A, Akhter T, Ek WE, Bonfiglio F, Hansen MB, Sandberg K, Greco D, Repsilber D, Schwenk JM, D’Amato M, Halfvarson J. Targeted Analysis of Serum Proteins Encoded at Known Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk Loci. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:306-316. [PMID: 30358838 PMCID: PMC6327232 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have investigated the blood proteome of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We characterized the serum abundance of proteins encoded at 163 known IBD risk loci and tested these proteins for their biomarker discovery potential. METHODS Based on the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) antibody availability, 218 proteins from genes mapping at 163 IBD risk loci were selected. Targeted serum protein profiles from 49 Crohn's disease (CD) patients, 51 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients, and 50 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals were obtained using multiplexed antibody suspension bead array assays. Differences in relative serum abundance levels between disease groups and controls were examined. Replication was attempted for CD-UC comparisons (including disease subtypes) by including 64 additional patients (33 CD and 31 UC). Antibodies targeting a potentially novel risk protein were validated by paired antibodies, Western blot, immuno-capture mass spectrometry, and epitope mapping. RESULTS By univariate analysis, 13 proteins mostly related to neutrophil, T-cell, and B-cell activation and function were differentially expressed in IBD patients vs healthy controls, 3 in CD patients vs healthy controls and 2 in UC patients vs healthy controls (q < 0.01). Multivariate analyses further differentiated disease groups from healthy controls and CD subtypes from UC (P < 0.05). Extended characterization of an antibody targeting a novel, discriminative serum marker, the laccase (multicopper oxidoreductase) domain containing 1 (LACC1) protein, provided evidence for antibody on-target specificity. CONCLUSIONS Using affinity proteomics, we identified a set of IBD-associated serum proteins encoded at IBD risk loci. These candidate proteins hold the potential to be exploited as diagnostic biomarkers of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimi Drobin
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ghazaleh Assadi
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mun-Gwan Hong
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eni Andersson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Forsström
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Reznichenko
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tahmina Akhter
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weronica E Ek
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mark Berner Hansen
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Innovative and Global Medicines, Mölndal, Sweden
- Digestive Disease Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Sandberg
- Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery & Development Platform & Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dario Greco
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dirk Repsilber
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mauro D’Amato
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- BioDonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jonas Halfvarson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Address correspondence to: Jonas Halfvarson, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE 70182, Örebro, Sweden ()
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93
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Beck DB, Aksentijevich I. Biochemistry of Autoinflammatory Diseases: Catalyzing Monogenic Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30766537 PMCID: PMC6365650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogenic autoinflammatory disorders are a group of conditions defined by systemic or localized inflammation without identifiable causes, such as infection. In contrast to classical primary immunodeficiencies that manifest with impaired immune responses, these disorders are due to defects in genes that regulate innate immunity leading to constitutive activation of pro-inflammatory signaling. Through studying patients with rare autoinflammatory conditions, novel mechanisms of inflammation have been identified that bare on our understanding not only of basic signaling in inflammatory cells, but also of the pathogenesis of more common inflammatory diseases and have guided treatment modalities. Autoinflammation has further been implicated as an important component of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic syndromes. In this review, we will focus on a subset of inherited enzymatic deficiencies that lead to constitutive inflammation, and how these rare diseases have provided insights into diverse areas of cell biology not restricted to immune cells. In this way, Mendelian disorders of the innate immune system, and in particular loss of catalytic activity of enzymes in distinct pathways, have expanded our understanding of the interplay between many seemingly disparate cellular processes. We also explore the overlap between autoinflammation, autoimmunity, and immunodeficiency, which has been increasingly recognized in patients with dysregulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Beck
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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94
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Jung J, Zeng H, Horng T. Metabolism as a guiding force for immunity. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:85-93. [PMID: 30602764 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that cellular metabolism plays a key role in supporting immune cell maintenance and development. Here, we review how metabolism guides immune cell activation and differentiation to distinct cellular states, and how differential regulation of metabolism allows for context-dependent support during activation and lineage commitment. We discuss emerging principles of metabolic support of immune cell function in physiology and disease, as well as their general relevance to the field of cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Jung
- Department of Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hu Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Tiffany Horng
- Department of Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. .,ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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95
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Skon-Hegg C, Zhang J, Wu X, Sagolla M, Ota N, Wuster A, Tom J, Doran E, Ramamoorthi N, Caplazi P, Monroe J, Lee WP, Behrens TW. LACC1 Regulates TNF and IL-17 in Mouse Models of Arthritis and Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:183-193. [PMID: 30510070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both common and rare genetic variants of laccase domain-containing 1 (LACC1, previously C13orf31) are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, leprosy, Behcet disease, and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. However, the functional relevance of these variants is unclear. In this study, we use LACC1-deficient mice to gain insight into the role of LACC1 in regulating inflammation. Following oral administration of Citrobacter rodentium, LACC1 knockout (KO) mice had more severe colon lesions compared with wildtype (WT) controls. Immunization with collagen II, a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model, resulted in an accelerated onset of arthritis and significantly worse arthritis and inflammation in LACC1 KO mice. Similar results were obtained in a mannan-induced arthritis model. Serum and local TNF in CIA paws and C. rodentium colons were significantly increased in LACC1 KO mice compared with WT controls. The percentage of IL-17A-producing CD4+ T cells was elevated in LACC1 KO mice undergoing CIA as well as aged mice compared with WT controls. Neutralization of IL-17, but not TNF, prevented enhanced mannan-induced arthritis in LACC1 KO mice. These data provide new mechanistic insight into the function of LACC1 in regulating TNF and IL-17 during inflammatory responses. We hypothesize that these effects contribute to immune-driven pathologies observed in individuals carrying LACC1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Skon-Hegg
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; .,Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Xiumin Wu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Meredith Sagolla
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Naruhisa Ota
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Arthur Wuster
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080; and
| | - Jennifer Tom
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Emma Doran
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nandhini Ramamoorthi
- Department of Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - John Monroe
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Timothy W Behrens
- Department of Human Genetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
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96
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Impact of Genetic Polymorphisms on Human Immune Cell Gene Expression. Cell 2018; 175:1701-1715.e16. [PMID: 30449622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While many genetic variants have been associated with risk for human diseases, how these variants affect gene expression in various cell types remains largely unknown. To address this gap, the DICE (database of immune cell expression, expression quantitative trait loci [eQTLs], and epigenomics) project was established. Considering all human immune cell types and conditions studied, we identified cis-eQTLs for a total of 12,254 unique genes, which represent 61% of all protein-coding genes expressed in these cell types. Strikingly, a large fraction (41%) of these genes showed a strong cis-association with genotype only in a single cell type. We also found that biological sex is associated with major differences in immune cell gene expression in a highly cell-specific manner. These datasets will help reveal the effects of disease risk-associated genetic polymorphisms on specific immune cell types, providing mechanistic insights into how they might influence pathogenesis (https://dice-database.org).
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97
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Leong JY, Guan YJ, Albani S, Arkachaisri T. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis and their potential clinical implications. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:933-944. [PMID: 30269617 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1529757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) comprises systemic and non-systemic forms of chronic childhood arthritis diagnosed prior to age 16. Significant improvement in treatment outcomes has been witnessed since the introduction of biologics. In particular, advances in research in the area of multidimensional interrogation and network analysis have facilitated understanding of the complex cacophony of components orchestrating disease immunopathogenesis. Areas covered: In this review, we will examine the scientific advances that have augmented our understanding of JIA pathogenesis, focusing on the progress made in systemic, poly, and oligo JIA in four major aspects: (a) unraveling the pathogenic mechanisms, (b) disease classification, (c) therapeutic selection, and (d) decision for withdrawal of medications after achieving remission. Expert commentary: Dysregulation of innate immune cell physiology and function in sJIA will be highlighted. MicroRNAs contribute to monocyte/macrophage polarization with resulting consequences on macrophage activation syndrome development. The involvement of neutrophils, a major source of S100A8/9/12, in the active inflammatory phase of sJIA is compelling. In non-sJIA, circulating CD4 subsets in T effector and regulatory compartments possessing a strong synovial T-cell receptor coverage and disease activity correlation, acted as an accessible reservoir of pathogenic cells exploitable for clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yao Leong
- a Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre , Singapore
| | - Yeo Joo Guan
- a Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre , Singapore.,b Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties , KK Women's and Children's Hospital , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Salvatore Albani
- a Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre , Singapore.,b Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties , KK Women's and Children's Hospital , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
| | - Thaschawee Arkachaisri
- b Rheumatology and Immunology Service, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties , KK Women's and Children's Hospital , Singapore.,c Duke-NUS Medical School , Singapore
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98
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Cambri G, Mira MT. Genetic Susceptibility to Leprosy-From Classic Immune-Related Candidate Genes to Hypothesis-Free, Whole Genome Approaches. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1674. [PMID: 30079069 PMCID: PMC6062607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetics plays a crucial role in controlling susceptibility to infectious diseases by modulating the interplay between humans and pathogens. This is particularly evident in leprosy, since the etiological agent, Mycobacterium leprae, displays semiclonal characteristics not compatible with the wide spectrum of disease phenotypes. Over the past decades, genetic studies have unraveled several gene variants as risk factors for leprosy per se, disease clinical forms and the occurrence of leprosy reactions. As expected, several of these genes are immune-related; yet, hypothesis-free approaches have led to genes not classically linked to immune response. The PARK2, originally described as a Parkinson's disease gene, illustrates the case: Parkin-the protein coded by PARK2-was defined as an important player regulating innate and adaptive immune responses only years after its description as a leprosy susceptibility gene. Interestingly, even with the use of powerful hypothesis-free study designs such as genome-wide association studies, most of the major gene effect controlling leprosy susceptibility remains elusive. One hypothesis to explain this "hidden heritability" is that rare variants not captured by classic association studies are of critical importance. To address this question, massively parallel sequencing of large segments of the human genome-even whole exomes/genomes-is an alternative to properly identify rare, disease-causing mutations. These mutations may then be investigated through sophisticated approaches such as cell reprogramming and genome editing applied to create in vitro models for functional leprosy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geison Cambri
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Távora Mira
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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99
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Ratter JM, Tack CJ, Netea MG, Stienstra R. Environmental Signals Influencing Myeloid Cell Metabolism and Function in Diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:468-480. [PMID: 29789206 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The environment induces metabolic reprogramming of immune cells via specific signaling pathways. Recent studies have revealed that changes in cell metabolism affect key immune cell functions including cytokine production and migration. In diabetes, these functions are either insufficiently or excessively activated, translating into diabetes-associated complications, including increased susceptibility to infection and accelerated cardiovascular disease. Diabetes alters the abundance of environmental signals, including glucose, insulin, and lipids. Subsequently, changes in environmental signals drive metabolic reprogramming, impair immune cell function, and ultimately contribute to diabetes-associated complications. We review here recent studies on changes in innate immune cell metabolism, especially in myeloid cells, that are driven by environmental signals relevant to diabetes, and discuss therapeutic perspectives of targeting metabolism of immune cells in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Ratter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J Tack
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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100
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Wu P, Du L, Hou S, Su G, Yang L, Hu J, Deng J, Cao Q, Yuan G, Zhou C, Kijlstra A, Yang P. Association of LACC1, CEBPB- PTPN1, RIPK2 and ADO-EGR2 with ocular Behcet's disease in a Chinese Han population. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 102:1308-1314. [PMID: 29907633 PMCID: PMC6104672 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background An Immunochip study recently identified the association of a number of new genetic loci with Behcet’s disease (BD). Objective To confirm the association between new genetic loci reported in an Immunochip study and BD in a Han Chinese population. Methods A two-stage association study was carried out in 1238 patients with BD and 1458 healthy controls. Twenty-two candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for genotyping by iPLEXGold genotyping or TaqMan SNP assays and a meta-analysis was performed for significantly associated markers. Results The results showed that four SNPs (LACC1/rs9316059, CEBPB-PTPN1/rs913678, ADO-EGR2/rs224127 and RIPK2/rs10094579) were associated with BD in an allelic association test (rs9316059 T allele: pc=4.95×10−8, OR=0.687; rs913678 C allele: pc=3.01×10−4, OR=1.297; rs224127 A allele: pc=3.77×10−4, OR=1.274; rs10094579 A allele: pc=6.93×10−4, OR=1.302). For four SNPs tested by meta-analysis, the association with BD was strengthened and all exceeded genome-wide significance (rs9316059: p=2.96×10−16; rs913678: p=2.09×10−16; rs224127: p=5.28×10−13; rs10094579: p=9.21×10−11). Conclusions Our findings confirmed the association of four loci (LACC1, CEBPB-PTPN1, ADO-EGR2 and RIPK2) in Chinese Han patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.,Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liping Du
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.,Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiayue Hu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.,Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingfeng Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Gangxiang Yuan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
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