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Wang Y, Zhang X. FAAH inhibition produces antidepressant-like efforts of mice to acute stress via synaptic long-term depression. Behav Brain Res 2017; 324:138-145. [PMID: 28193523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major degradative enzyme of the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA), produced antidepressant behavioral responses, but its underlying mechanism is not clear. Here we find that a systemic administration of the FAAH inhibitor PF3845 or an intra-CA1 application of AEA elicits an in vivo long-term depression (LTD) at excitatory glutamatergic CA3-CA1 synapses of the hippocampus. The PF3845- and/or AEA-elicited LTD are abolished by the LTD-blocking peptide Tat-GluR2. PF3845 significantly decreases passive behavioral coping of naïve mice to acute inescapable stress, which is also abolished by Tat-GluR2 peptide. However, PF3845 does not significantly affect sucrose assumption ratio of mice receiving chronic administration of corticosterone. These results suggest that FAAH inhibitors are able to produce antidepressant effects in naïve animals in response to acute stress through LTD at hippocampal glutamatergic CA3-CA1 synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Ottawa K1Z 7K4 Canada.
| | - Xia Zhang
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at the Royal, Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Ottawa K1Z 7K4 Canada
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Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors produce pro- or antidepressant responses via hippocampal CA1 GABAergic synapses. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:215-226. [PMID: 27001616 PMCID: PMC5285470 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The probability of suffering the mood disorder depression is up to 30% in women and 15% in men during their life span. Pharmacological options for depression are limited: conventional antidepressants have low efficacy and a delayed onset of action (several weeks). Here we investigate the antidepressant actions of inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the major degradative enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. A low-dose of MAGL inhibitors produces antidepressant effects on acute stress-exposed mice, through glutamatergic synaptic long-term depression (LTD), without significant effects on chronic corticosterone-exposed mice. In contrast, a high-dose of MAGL inhibitors produces pro- or antidepressant effects on acute stress- or chronic corticosterone-exposed mice, respectively, through GABAergic synaptic disinhibition. In the hippocampus, in vivo inhibition of MAGL induces a CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R)-dependent suppression of inhibitory GABAergic synapses and an in vivo LTD of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. LTD induction requires CB1R in astroglial cells (but not in GABAergic or glutamatergic neurons) and postsynaptic glutamate receptors. The conventional antidepressant fluoxetine produces rapid or delayed antidepressant effects in acute stress- or chronic corticosterone-exposed mice, respectively. We propose that depression-like behavior of animals in response to acute stress is the normal behavioral response, and thus, MAGL inhibitors, which produce antidepressant effects in chronic corticosterone-exposed animals through GABAergic synaptic disinhibition, represent a new class of rapidly-acting and long-lasting antidepressants.
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URB597 and the Cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 Reduce Behavioral and Neurochemical Deficits Induced by MPTP in Mice: Possible Role of Redox Modulation and NMDA Receptors. Neurotox Res 2017; 31:532-544. [PMID: 28092019 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several physiological events in the brain are regulated by the endocannabinoid system (ECS). While synthetic cannabinoid receptor (CBr) agonists such as WIN55,212-2 act directly on CBr, agents like URB597, a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, induce a more "physiological" activation of CBr by increasing the endogenous levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). Herein, we compared the pre- and post-treatment efficacy of URB597 and WIN55,212-2 on different endpoints evaluated in the toxic model produced by the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in mice. MPTP (40 mg/kg, s.c., single injection) decreased locomotor activity, depleted the striatal and nigral levels of dopamine (DA), augmented the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in both regions, decreased the striatal protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, and increased the striatal protein content of the subunit 1 (NR1) of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr). Both URB597 (0.3 mg/kg, i.p., once a day) and WIN55,212-2 (10 μg/kg, i.p., twice a day), administered for five consecutive days, either before or after the MPTP injection, prevented the alterations elicited by MPTP and downregulated NMDAr. Our results support a modulatory role of the ECS on the toxic profile exerted by MPTP in mice via the stimulation of antioxidant activity and the induction of NMDAr downregulation and hypofunction, and favor the stimulation of CBr as an effective experimental therapeutic strategy.
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Kantae V, Ogino S, Noga M, Harms AC, van Dongen RM, Onderwater GLJ, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM, van der Stelt M, Ferrari MD, Hankemeier T. Quantitative profiling of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines in human CSF using nano LC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:615-624. [PMID: 27999147 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, a class of lipid messengers, have emerged as crucial regulators of synaptic communication in the CNS. Dysregulation of these compounds has been implicated in many brain disorders. Although some studies have identified and quantified a limited number of target compounds, a method that provides comprehensive quantitative information on endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is currently lacking, as measurements are challenging due to low concentrations under normal physiological conditions. Here we developed and validated a high-throughput nano LC-ESI-MS/MS platform for the simultaneous quantification of endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), ten related NAEs, and eight additional putatively annotated NAEs in human CSF. Requiring only 200 μl of CSF, our method has limits of detection from 0.28 to 61.2 pM with precisions of relative SD <15% for most compounds. We applied our method to CSF from 45 healthy humans and demonstrated potential age and gender effects on concentrations of endocannabinoids and NAEs. Notably, our results show that docosahexaenoylethanolamide concentrations increase with age in males. Our method may offer new opportunities to gain insight into regulatory functions of endocannabinoids in the context of (ab)normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudev Kantae
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shinji Ogino
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Noga
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amy C Harms
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robin M van Dongen
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arn M J M van den Maagdenberg
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michel D Ferrari
- Departments of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mecha M, Carrillo-Salinas F, Feliú A, Mestre L, Guaza C. Microglia activation states and cannabinoid system: Therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 166:40-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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56
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Staiano RI, Loffredo S, Borriello F, Iannotti FA, Piscitelli F, Orlando P, Secondo A, Granata F, Lepore MT, Fiorelli A, Varricchi G, Santini M, Triggiani M, Di Marzo V, Marone G. Human lung-resident macrophages express CB1 and CB2 receptors whose activation inhibits the release of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:531-40. [PMID: 26467187 PMCID: PMC4787289 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi1214-584r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are pivotal effector cells in immune responses and tissue remodeling by producing a wide spectrum of mediators, including angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. Activation of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2 has been suggested as a new strategy to modulate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether human lung-resident macrophages express a complete endocannabinoid system by assessing their production of endocannabinoids and expression of cannabinoid receptors. Unstimulated human lung macrophage produce 2-arachidonoylglycerol,N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine,N-palmitoyl-ethanolamine, and N-oleoyl-ethanolamine. On LPS stimulation, human lung macrophages selectively synthesize 2-arachidonoylglycerol in a calcium-dependent manner. Human lung macrophages express cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2, and their activation induces ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species generation. Cannabinoid receptor activation by the specific synthetic agonists ACEA and JWH-133 (but not the endogenous agonist 2-arachidonoylglycerol) markedly inhibits LPS-induced production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, vascular endothelial growth factor-C, and angiopoietins and modestly affects IL-6 secretion. No significant modulation of TNF-α or IL-8/CXCL8 release was observed. The production of vascular endothelial growth factor-A by human monocyte-derived macrophages is not modulated by activation of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2. Given the prominent role of macrophage-assisted vascular remodeling in many tumors, we identified the expression of cannabinoid receptors in lung cancer-associated macrophages. Our results demonstrate that cannabinoid receptor activation selectively inhibits the release of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors from human lung macrophage but not from monocyte-derived macrophages. Activation of cannabinoid receptors on tissue-resident macrophages might be a novel strategy to modulate macrophage-assisted vascular remodeling in cancer and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria I Staiano
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Orlando
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Santini
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Triggiani
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Departments of *Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research and Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Protein Biochemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy; Thoracic Surgery Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy; and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore," Naples, Italy
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57
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Iannotti FA, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related mediators: Targets, metabolism and role in neurological disorders. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 62:107-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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58
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Chupak LS, Zheng X, Hu S, Huang Y, Ding M, Lewis MA, Westphal RS, Blat Y, McClure A, Gentles RG. Structure activity relationship studies on chemically non-reactive glycine sulfonamide inhibitors of diacylglycerol lipase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1455-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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59
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Lu C, Shi L, Sun B, Zhang Y, Hou B, Sun Y, Ma Z, Gu X. A Single Intrathecal or Intraperitoneal Injection of CB2 Receptor Agonist Attenuates Bone Cancer Pain and Induces a Time-Dependent Modification of GRK2. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:101-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0349-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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60
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Zhang L, Kolaj M, Renaud LP. Endocannabinoid 2-AG and intracellular cannabinoid receptors modulate a low-threshold calcium spike-induced slow depolarizing afterpotential in rat thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons. Neuroscience 2016; 322:308-19. [PMID: 26924019 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In rat paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT) neurons, activation of low-threshold calcium (Ca(2+)) channels triggers a low-threshold spike (LTS) which may be followed by slow afterpotentials that can dramatically influence action potential patterning. Using gluconate-based internal recording solutions, we investigated the properties of a LTS-induced slow afterdepolarization (sADP) observed in a subpopulation of PVT neurons recorded in brain slice preparations. This LTS-induced sADP required T-type Ca(2+) channel opening, exhibited variable magnitudes between neurons and a voltage dependency with a maximum near -50 mV. The area under the sADP remained stable during control monitoring, but displayed gradual suppression in media where strontium replaced Ca(2+). The sADP was suppressed following bath application of 2-APB or ML204, suggesting engagement of transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-like channels. Further investigation revealed a reversible suppression during bath applications of membrane permeable cannabinoid receptor (CBR) blockers rimonabant, AM630 or SR144528 suggesting the presence of both CB1Rs and CB2Rs. Similar results were achieved by intracellular, but not bath application of the membrane impermeant CB1R blocker hemopressin, suggesting an intracellular localization of CB1Rs. Data from pharmacologic manipulation of endocannabinoid biosynthetic pathways suggested 2-arachidonlyglycerol (2-AG) as the endogenous cannabinoid ligand, derived via hydrolysis of diacylglycerol (DAG), with the latter formed from the pathway involving phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D and phosphatic acid phosphohydrolase. The sADP suppression observed during recordings with pipettes containing LY294002, a PI3-kinase inhibitor, suggested a role for PI3kinase in the translocation of these TRPC-like channels to the plasma membrane. Drug-induced attenuation of the availability of 2-AG influences the number of action potentials that surmount the LTS evoked in PVT neurons, implying an ongoing intracellular CBR modulation of neuronal excitability during LTS-induced bursting behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhang
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - M Kolaj
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - L P Renaud
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4E9, Canada.
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61
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Pastor A, Fernández-Aranda F, Fitó M, Jiménez-Murcia S, Botella C, Fernández-Real JM, Frühbeck G, Tinahones FJ, Fagundo AB, Rodriguez J, Agüera Z, Langohr K, Casanueva FF, de la Torre R. A Lower Olfactory Capacity Is Related to Higher Circulating Concentrations of Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and Higher Body Mass Index in Women. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148734. [PMID: 26849214 PMCID: PMC4746072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) system can promote food intake by increasing odor detection in mice. The eCB system is over-active in human obesity. Our aim is to measure circulating eCB concentrations and olfactory capacity in a human sample that includes people with obesity and explore the possible interaction between olfaction, obesity and the eCB system. The study sample was made up of 161 females with five groups of body mass index sub-categories ranging from under-weight to morbidly obese. We assessed olfactory capacity with the "Sniffin´Sticks" test, which measures olfactory threshold-discrimination-identification (TDI) capacity. We measured plasma concentrations of the eCBs 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoylethanolamine or anandamide (AEA), and several eCB-related compounds, 2-acylglycerols and N-acylethanolamines. 2-AG and other 2-acylglycerols fasting plasma circulating plasma concentrations were higher in obese and morbidly obese subjects. AEA and other N-acylethanolamine circulating concentrations were lower in under-weight subjects. Olfactory TDI scores were lower in obese and morbidly obese subjects. Lower TDI scores were independently associated with higher 2-AG fasting plasma circulating concentrations, higher %body fat, and higher body mass index, after controlling for age, smoking, menstruation, and use of contraceptives. Our results show that obese subjects have a lower olfactory capacity than non-obese ones and that elevated fasting plasma circulating 2-AG concentrations in obesity are linked to a lower olfactory capacity. In agreement with previous studies we show that eCBs AEA and 2-AG, and their respective congeners have a distinct profile in relation to body mass index. The present report is the first study in humans in which olfactory capacity and circulating eCB concentrations have been measured in the same subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Pastor
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Botella
- Department of Basic Psychology, Clinic and Psychobiology, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdlBGi), Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Tinahones
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de Victoria, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Fagundo
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Rodriguez
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zaida Agüera
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klaus Langohr
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Endocrine Division, Complejo Hospitalario U. de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael de la Torre
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital de Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Kiritoshi T, Ji G, Neugebauer V. Rescue of Impaired mGluR5-Driven Endocannabinoid Signaling Restores Prefrontal Cortical Output to Inhibit Pain in Arthritic Rats. J Neurosci 2016; 36:837-50. [PMID: 26791214 PMCID: PMC4719019 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4047-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serves executive functions that are impaired in neuropsychiatric disorders and pain. Underlying mechanisms remain to be determined. Here we advance the novel concept that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) fails to engage endocannabinoid (2-AG) signaling to overcome abnormal synaptic inhibition in pain, but restoring endocannabinoid signaling allows mGluR5 to increase mPFC output hence inhibit pain behaviors and mitigate cognitive deficits. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from layer V pyramidal cells in the infralimbic mPFC in rat brain slices. Electrical and optogenetic stimulations were used to analyze amygdala-driven mPFC activity. A selective mGluR5 activator (VU0360172) increased pyramidal output through an endocannabinoid-dependent mechanism because intracellular inhibition of the major 2-AG synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol lipase or blockade of CB1 receptors abolished the facilitatory effect of VU0360172. In an arthritis pain model mGluR5 activation failed to overcome abnormal synaptic inhibition and increase pyramidal output. mGluR5 function was rescued by restoring 2-AG-CB1 signaling with a CB1 agonist (ACEA) or inhibitors of postsynaptic 2-AG hydrolyzing enzyme ABHD6 (intracellular WWL70) and monoacylglycerol lipase MGL (JZL184) or by blocking GABAergic inhibition with intracellular picrotoxin. CB1-mediated depolarization-induced suppression of synaptic inhibition (DSI) was also impaired in the pain model but could be restored by coapplication of VU0360172 and ACEA. Stereotaxic coadministration of VU0360172 and ACEA into the infralimbic, but not anterior cingulate, cortex mitigated decision-making deficits and pain behaviors of arthritic animals. The results suggest that rescue of impaired endocannabinoid-dependent mGluR5 function in the mPFC can restore mPFC output and cognitive functions and inhibit pain. Significance statement: Dysfunctions in prefrontal cortical interactions with subcortical brain regions, such as the amygdala, are emerging as important players in neuropsychiatric disorders and pain. This study identifies a novel mechanism and rescue strategy for impaired medial prefrontal cortical function in an animal model of arthritis pain. Specifically, an integrative approach of optogenetics, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and behavior is used to advance the novel concept that a breakdown of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR5 and endocannabinoid signaling in infralimbic pyramidal cells fails to control abnormal amygdala-driven synaptic inhibition in the arthritis pain model. Restoring endocannabinoid signaling allows mGluR5 activation to increase infralimbic output hence inhibit pain behaviors and mitigate pain-related cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker Neugebauer
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Medicine, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6592
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63
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Cairns EA, Baldridge WH, Kelly MEM. The Endocannabinoid System as a Therapeutic Target in Glaucoma. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:9364091. [PMID: 26881140 PMCID: PMC4737462 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9364091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible blinding eye disease which produces progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only modifiable risk factor, and lowering IOP results in reduced risk of progression of the disorder. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has attracted considerable attention as a potential target for the treatment of glaucoma, largely due to the observed IOP lowering effects seen after administration of exogenous cannabinoids. However, recent evidence has suggested that modulation of the ECS may also be neuroprotective. This paper will review the use of cannabinoids in glaucoma, presenting pertinent information regarding the pathophysiology of glaucoma and how alterations in cannabinoid signalling may contribute to glaucoma pathology. Additionally, the mechanisms and potential for the use of cannabinoids and other novel agents that target the endocannabinoid system in the treatment of glaucoma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Cairns
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - William H. Baldridge
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Melanie E. M. Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
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64
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Chen B, Ge SS, Zhao YC, Chen C, Yang S. Activity-based protein profiling: an efficient approach to study serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the identification of serine hydrolases and their inhibitors in mammals and microbes with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Sha-Sha Ge
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Yuan-Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering
- Ministry of Education
- Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University
- Guiyang
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65
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Lee TTY, Hill MN, Lee FS. Developmental regulation of fear learning and anxiety behavior by endocannabinoids. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:108-24. [PMID: 26419643 PMCID: PMC4713313 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The developing brain undergoes substantial maturation into adulthood and the development of specific neural structures occurs on differing timelines. Transient imbalances between developmental trajectories of corticolimbic structures, which are known to contribute to regulation over fear learning and anxiety, can leave an individual susceptible to mental illness, particularly anxiety disorders. There is a substantial body of literature indicating that the endocannabinoid (eCB) system critically regulates stress responsivity and emotional behavior throughout the life span, making this system a novel therapeutic target for stress- and anxiety-related disorders. During early life and adolescence, corticolimbic eCB signaling changes dynamically and coincides with different sensitive periods of fear learning, suggesting that eCB signaling underlies age-specific fear learning responses. Moreover, perturbations to these normative fluctuations in corticolimbic eCB signaling, such as stress or cannabinoid exposure, could serve as a neural substrate contributing to alterations to the normative developmental trajectory of neural structures governing emotional behavior and fear learning. In this review, we first introduce the components of the eCB system and discuss clinical and rodent models showing eCB regulation of fear learning and anxiety in adulthood. Next, we highlight distinct fear learning and regulation profiles throughout development and discuss the ontogeny of the eCB system in the central nervous system, and models of pharmacological augmentation of eCB signaling during development in the context of fear learning and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T.-Y. Lee
- Dept. of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Matthew N. Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Mathison Center for Mental Health Research and Education, Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy & Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada T2N4N1
| | - Francis S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
- Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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66
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Abstract
The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are not only metabolized by serine hydrolases, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase, monoacylglycerol lipase, and α,β-hydrolases 6 and 12, but they also serve as substrates for cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases. These enzymes oxygenate the 1Z,4Z-pentadiene system of the arachidonic acid backbone of endocannabinoids, thereby giving rise to an entirely new array of bioactive lipids. Hereby, a protocol is provided for the enzymatic synthesis, purification, and characterization of various oxygenated metabolites of anandamide generated by lipoxygenases, which enables the biological study and detection of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus van Zadelhoff
- Cellular Protein Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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67
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Janssen FJ, Baggelaar MP, Hummel JJA, Overkleeft HS, Cravatt BF, Boger DL, van der Stelt M. Comprehensive Analysis of Structure-Activity Relationships of α-Ketoheterocycles as sn-1-Diacylglycerol Lipase α Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9742-53. [PMID: 26584396 PMCID: PMC4690813 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) is responsible for the formation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the central nervous system. DAGLα inhibitors are required to study the physiological role of 2-AG. Previously, we identified the α-ketoheterocycles as potent and highly selective DAGLα inhibitors. Here, we present the first comprehensive structure-activity relationship study of α-ketoheterocycles as DAGLα inhibitors. Our findings indicate that the active site of DAGLα is remarkably sensitive to the type of heterocyclic scaffold with oxazolo-4N-pyridines as the most active framework. We uncovered a fundamental substituent effect in which electron-withdrawing meta-oxazole substituents increased inhibitor potency. (C6-C9)-acyl chains with a distal phenyl group proved to be the most potent inhibitors. The integrated SAR data was consistent with the proposed binding pose in a DAGLα homology model. Altogether, our results may guide the design of future DAGLα inhibitors as leads for molecular therapies to treat neuroinflammation, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freek J. Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marc P. Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jessica J. A. Hummel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands
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68
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Trautmann SM, Sharkey KA. The Endocannabinoid System and Its Role in Regulating the Intrinsic Neural Circuitry of the Gastrointestinal Tract. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:85-126. [PMID: 26638765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are important neuromodulators in the central nervous system. They regulate central transmission through pre- and postsynaptic actions on neurons and indirectly through effects on glial cells. Cannabinoids (CBs) also regulate neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The ENS consists of intrinsic primary afferent neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons arranged in two ganglionated plexuses which control all the functions of the gut. Increasing evidence suggests that endocannabinoids are potent neuromodulators in the ENS. In this review, we will highlight key observations on the localization of CB receptors and molecules involved in the synthesis and degradation of endocannabinoids in the ENS. We will discuss endocannabinoid signaling mechanisms, endocannabinoid tone and concepts of CB receptor metaplasticity in the ENS. We will also touch on some examples of enteric neural signaling in relation neuromuscular, secretomotor, and enteroendocrine transmission in the ENS. Finally, we will briefly discuss some key future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Trautmann
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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69
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Lee TTY, Gorzalka BB. Evidence for a Role of Adolescent Endocannabinoid Signaling in Regulating HPA Axis Stress Responsivity and Emotional Behavior Development. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 125:49-84. [PMID: 26638764 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period characterized by many distinct physical, behavioral, and neural changes during the transition from child- to adulthood. In particular, adolescent neural changes often confer greater plasticity and flexibility, yet with this comes the potential for heightened vulnerability to external perturbations such as stress exposure or recreational drug use. There is substantial evidence to suggest that factors such as adolescent stress exposure have longer lasting and sometimes more deleterious effects on an organism than stress exposure during adulthood. Moreover, the adolescent neuroendocrine response to stress exposure is different from that of adults, suggesting that further maturation of the adolescent hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is required. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is a potential candidate underlying these age-dependent differences given that it is an important regulator of the adult HPA axis and neuronal development. Therefore, this review will focus on (1) the functionality of the adolescent HPA axis, (2) eCB regulation of the adult HPA axis, (3) dynamic changes in eCB signaling during the adolescent period, (4) the effects of adolescent stress exposure on the eCB system, and (5) modulation of HPA axis activity and emotional behavior by adolescent cannabinoid treatment. Collectively, the emerging picture suggests that the eCB system mediates interactions between HPA axis stress responsivity, emotionality, and maturational stage. These findings may be particularly relevant to our understanding of the development of affective disorders and the risks of adolescent cannabis consumption on emotional health and stress responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany T-Y Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Boris B Gorzalka
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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70
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Carey CE, Agrawal A, Zhang B, Conley ED, Degenhardt L, Heath AC, Li D, Lynskey MT, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Wang T, Bierut LJ, Hariri AR, Nelson EC, Bogdan R. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL) polymorphism rs604300 interacts with childhood adversity to predict cannabis dependence symptoms and amygdala habituation: Evidence from an endocannabinoid system-level analysis. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 124:860-77. [PMID: 26595473 PMCID: PMC4700831 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for heritable variation in cannabis involvement and the discovery of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, no consistent patterns have emerged from candidate endocannabinoid (eCB) genetic association studies of cannabis involvement. Given interactions between eCB and stress systems and associations between childhood stress and cannabis involvement, it may be important to consider childhood adversity in the context of eCB-related genetic variation. We employed a system-level gene-based analysis of data from the Comorbidity and Trauma Study (N = 1,558) to examine whether genetic variation in six eCB genes (anabolism: DAGLA, DAGLB, NAPEPLD; catabolism: MGLL, FAAH; binding: CNR1; SNPs N = 65) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) predict cannabis dependence symptoms. Significant interactions with CSA emerged for MGLL at the gene level (p = .009), and for rs604300 within MGLL (ΔR2 = .007, p < .001), the latter of which survived SNP-level Bonferroni correction and was significant in an additional sample with similar directional effects (N = 859; ΔR2 = .005, p = .026). Furthermore, in a third sample (N = 312), there was evidence that rs604300 genotype interacts with early life adversity to predict threat-related basolateral amygdala habituation, a neural phenotype linked to the eCB system and addiction (ΔR2 = .013, p = .047). Rs604300 may be related to epigenetic modulation of MGLL expression. These results are consistent with rodent models implicating 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous cannabinoid metabolized by the enzyme encoded by MGLL, in the etiology of stress adaptation related to cannabis dependence, but require further replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Carey
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Daofeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | | | - Ting Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Ahmad R Hariri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Ryan Bogdan
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis
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71
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Mazier W, Saucisse N, Gatta-Cherifi B, Cota D. The Endocannabinoid System: Pivotal Orchestrator of Obesity and Metabolic Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:524-537. [PMID: 26412154 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) functions to adjust behavior and metabolism according to environmental changes in food availability. Its actions range from the regulation of sensory responses to the development of preference for the consumption of calorically-rich food and control of its metabolic handling. ECS activity is beneficial when access to food is scarce or unpredictable. However, when food is plentiful, the ECS favors obesity and metabolic disease. We review recent advances in understanding the roles of the ECS in energy balance, and discuss newly identified mechanisms of action that, after the withdrawal of first generation cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor antagonists for the treatment of obesity, have made the ECS once again an attractive target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfrid Mazier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicolas Saucisse
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Blandine Gatta-Cherifi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Endocrinology Department, Haut-Lévêque Hospital, 33604 Pessac, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, Unité 862, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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72
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Polypharmacology Shakes Hands with Complex Aetiopathology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:802-821. [PMID: 26434643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are due to deviations of fundamental physiological systems, with different pathologies being characterised by similar malfunctioning biological networks. The ensuing compensatory mechanisms may weaken the body's dynamic ability to respond to further insults and reduce the efficacy of conventional single target treatments. The multitarget, systemic, and prohomeostatic actions emerging for plant cannabinoids exemplify what might be needed for future medicines. Indeed, two combined cannabis extracts were approved as a single medicine (Sativex(®)), while pure cannabidiol, a multitarget cannabinoid, is emerging as a treatment for paediatric drug-resistant epilepsy. Using emerging cannabinoid medicines as an example, we revisit the concept of polypharmacology and describe a new empirical model, the 'therapeutic handshake', to predict efficacy/safety of compound combinations of either natural or synthetic origin.
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73
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Mecha M, Feliú A, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Rueda-Zubiaurre A, Ortega-Gutiérrez S, de Sola RG, Guaza C. Endocannabinoids drive the acquisition of an alternative phenotype in microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 49:233-45. [PMID: 26086345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of microglia to acquire diverse states of activation, or phenotypes, reflects different features that are determinant for their contribution to homeostasis in the adult CNS, and their activity in neuroinflammation, repair or immunomodulation. Despite the widely reported immunomodulatory effects of cannabinoids in both the peripheral immune system and the CNS, less is known about how the endocannabinoid signaling system (eCBSS) influence the microglial phenotype. The general aim of the present study was to investigate the role of endocannabinoids in microglia polarization by using microglia cell cultures. We show that alternative microglia (M2a) and acquired deactivated microglia (M2c) exhibit changes in the eCB machinery that favor the selective synthesis of 2-AG and AEA, respectively. Once released, these eCBs might be able to act through CB1 and/or CB2 receptors in order to influence the acquisition of an M2 phenotype. We present three lines of evidence that the eCBSS is critical for the acquisition of the M2 phenotype: (i) M2 polarization occurs on exposure to the two main endocannabinoids 2-AG and AEA in microglia cultures; (ii) cannabinoid receptor antagonists block M2 polarization; and (iii) M2 polarization is dampened in microglia from CB2 receptor knockout mice. Taken together, these results indicate the interest of eCBSS for the regulation of microglial activation in normal and pathological conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/metabolism
- Cell Polarity
- Cells, Cultured
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Glycerides/metabolism
- Lipoprotein Lipase/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microglia/metabolism
- Microglia/physiology
- Phenotype
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mecha
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - A Feliú
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - F J Carrillo-Salinas
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Rueda-Zubiaurre
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | - S Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry Faculty, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain
| | - R García de Sola
- Clinical Neurophysiology Service, Hospital Universitario la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Guaza
- Department of Functional and Systems Neurobiology, Neuroimmunology Group, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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74
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Age-related changes in the endocannabinoid system in the mouse hippocampus. Mech Ageing Dev 2015; 150:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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76
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Llorente-Berzal A, Terzian ALB, di Marzo V, Micale V, Viveros MP, Wotjak CT. 2-AG promotes the expression of conditioned fear via cannabinoid receptor type 1 on GABAergic neurons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:2811-25. [PMID: 25814137 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The contribution of two major endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), in the regulation of fear expression is still unknown. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the role of different players of the endocannabinoid system on the expression of a strong auditory-cued fear memory in male mice by pharmacological means. RESULTS The cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonist SR141716 (3 mg/kg) caused an increase in conditioned freezing upon repeated tone presentation on three consecutive days. The cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) antagonist AM630 (3 mg/kg), in contrast, had opposite effects during the first tone presentation, with no effects of the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor type 1 (TRPV1) antagonist SB366791 (1 and 3 mg/kg). Administration of the CB2 agonist JWH133 (3 mg/kg) failed to affect the acute freezing response, whereas the CB1 agonist CP55,940 (50 μg/kg) augmented it. The endocannabinoid uptake inhibitor AM404 (3 mg/kg), but not VDM11 (3 mg/kg), reduced the acute freezing response. Its co-administration with SR141716 or SB366791 confirmed an involvement of CB1 and TRPV1. AEA degradation inhibition by URB597 (1 mg/kg) decreased, while 2-AG degradation inhibition by JZL184 (4 and 8 mg/kg) increased freezing response. As revealed in conditional CB1-deficient mutants, CB1 on cortical glutamatergic neurons alleviates whereas CB1 on GABAergic neurons slightly enhances fear expression. Moreover, 2-AG fear-promoting effects depended on CB1 signaling in GABAergic neurons, while an involvement of glutamatergic neurons remained inconclusive due to the high freezing shown by vehicle-treated Glu-CB1-KO. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased AEA levels mediate acute fear relief, whereas increased 2-AG levels promote the expression of conditioned fear primarily via CB1 on GABAergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Llorente-Berzal
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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77
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Krug RG, Clark KJ. Elucidating cannabinoid biology in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gene 2015; 570:168-79. [PMID: 26192460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The number of annual cannabinoid users exceeds 100,000,000 globally and an estimated 9% of these individuals will suffer from dependency. Although exogenous cannabinoids, like those contained in marijuana, are known to exert their effects by disrupting the endocannabinoid system, a dearth of knowledge exists about the potential toxicological consequences on public health. Conversely, the endocannabinoid system represents a promising therapeutic target for a plethora of disorders because it functions to endogenously regulate a vast repertoire of physiological functions. Accordingly, the rapidly expanding field of cannabinoid biology has sought to leverage model organisms in order to provide both toxicological and therapeutic insights about altered endocannabinoid signaling. The primary goal of this manuscript is to review the existing field of cannabinoid research in the genetically tractable zebrafish model-focusing on the cannabinoid receptor genes, cnr1 and cnr2, and the genes that produce enzymes for synthesis and degradation of the cognate ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. Consideration is also given to research that has studied the effects of exposure to exogenous phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids that are known to interact with cannabinoid receptors. These results are considered in the context of either endocannabinoid gene expression or endocannabinoid gene function, and are integrated with findings from rodent studies. This provides the framework for a discussion of how zebrafish may be leveraged in the future to provide novel toxicological and therapeutic insights in the field of cannabinoid biology, which has become increasingly significant given recent trends in cannabis legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall G Krug
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Graduate School, Neurobiology of Disease Track, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karl J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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78
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BDNF interacts with endocannabinoids to regulate cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity in mouse midbrain dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4469-81. [PMID: 25762688 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2924-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and endocannabinoids (eCBs) have been individually implicated in behavioral effects of cocaine. The present study examined how BDNF-eCB interaction regulates cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity in the ventral tegmental area and behavioral effects. We report that BDNF and selective tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) activated the TrkB receptor to facilitate two forms of eCB-mediated synaptic depression, depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), and long-term depression (I-LTD) of IPSCs in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in mouse midbrain slices. The facilitation appears to be mediated by an increase in eCB production via phospholipase Cγ pathway, but not by an increase in CB1 receptor responsiveness or a decrease in eCB hydrolysis. Using Cre-loxP technology to specifically delete BDNF in dopamine neurons, we showed that eCB-mediated I-LTD, cocaine-induced reduction of GABAergic inhibition, and potentiation of glutamatergic excitation remained intact in wild-type control mice, but were impaired in BDNF conditional knock-out mice. We also showed that cocaine-induced conditioned place preference was attenuated in BDNF conditional knock-out mice, in vivo pretreatments with DHF before place conditioning restored cocaine conditioned place preference in these mice, and the behavioral effect of DHF was blocked by a CB₁ receptor antagonist. Together, these results suggest that BDNF in dopamine neurons regulates eCB responses, cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity, and associative learning.
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79
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Bashashati M, Nasser Y, Keenan CM, Ho W, Piscitelli F, Nalli M, Mackie K, Storr MA, Di Marzo V, Sharkey KA. Inhibiting endocannabinoid biosynthesis: a novel approach to the treatment of constipation. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3099-111. [PMID: 25684407 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endocannabinoids are a family of lipid mediators involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. The expression, localization and function of their biosynthetic enzymes in the GI tract are not well understood. Here, we examined the expression, localization and function of the enzyme diacylglycerol lipase-α (DAGLα), which is involved in biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cannabinoid CB1 receptor-deficient, wild-type control and C3H/HeJ mice, a genetically constipated strain, were used. The distribution of DAGLα in the enteric nervous system was examined by immunohistochemistry. Effects of the DAGL inhibitors, orlistat and OMDM-188 on pharmacologically induced GI hypomotility were assessed by measuring intestinal contractility in vitro and whole gut transit or faecal output in vivo. Endocannabinoid levels were measured by mass spectrometry. KEY RESULTS DAGLα was expressed throughout the GI tract. In the intestine, unlike DAGLβ, DAGLα immunoreactivity was prominently expressed in the enteric nervous system. In the myenteric plexus, it was colocalized with the vesicular acetylcholine transporter in cholinergic nerves. In normal mice, inhibiting DAGL reversed both pharmacologically reduced intestinal contractility and pharmacologically prolonged whole gut transit. Moreover, inhibiting DAGL normalized faecal output in constipated C3H/HeJ mice. In colons incubated with scopolamine, 2-AG was elevated while inhibiting DAGL normalized 2-AG levels. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS DAGLα was expressed in the enteric nervous system of mice and its inhibition reversed slowed GI motility, intestinal contractility and constipation through 2-AG and CB1 receptor-mediated mechanisms. Our data suggest that DAGLα inhibitors may be promising candidates for the treatment of constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bashashati
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Y Nasser
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - C M Keenan
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - W Ho
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - F Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - M Nalli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - K Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - M A Storr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,II Medical Department, Klinikum Groshadern, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - K A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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80
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Wyrofsky R, McGonigle P, Van Bockstaele EJ. Drug discovery strategies that focus on the endocannabinoid signaling system in psychiatric disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 10:17-36. [PMID: 25488672 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.966680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays an important role in the control of mood, and its dysregulation has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Targeting the eCB system appears to represent an attractive and novel approach to the treatment of depression and other mood disorders. However, several failed clinical trials have diminished enthusiasm for the continued development of eCB-targeted therapeutics for psychiatric disorders, despite the encouraging preclinical data and promising preliminary results obtained with the synthetic cannabinoid nabilone for treating post-traumatic stress disorder. AREAS COVERED This review describes the eCB system's role in modulating cell signaling within the brain. There is a specific focus on eCB's regulation of monoamine neurotransmission and the stress axis, as well as how dysfunction of this interaction can contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders. Additionally, the review provides discussion on compounds and drugs that target this system and might prove to be successful for the treatment of mood-related psychiatric disorders. EXPERT OPINION The discovery of increasingly selective modulators of CB receptors should enable the identification of optimal therapeutic strategies. It should also maximize the likelihood of developing safe and effective treatments for debilitating psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Wyrofsky
- Drexel University, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Mail Stop 400, New College Building, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 , USA
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81
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Lysenko LV, Kim J, Henry C, Tyrtyshnaia A, Kohnz RA, Madamba F, Simon GM, Kleschevnikova NE, Nomura DK, Ezekowitz R.AB, Kleschevnikov AM. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor JZL184 improves behavior and neural properties in Ts65Dn mice, a model of down syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114521. [PMID: 25474204 PMCID: PMC4256450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations or pharmacological treatments affecting endocannabinoid signaling have profound effects on synaptic and neuronal properties and, under certain conditions, may improve higher brain functions. Down syndrome (DS), a developmental disorder caused by triplication of chromosome 21, is characterized by deficient cognition and inevitable development of the Alzheimer disease (AD) type pathology during aging. Here we used JZL184, a selective inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), to examine the effects of chronic MAGL inhibition on the behavioral, biochemical, and synaptic properties of aged Ts65Dn mice, a genetic model of DS. In both Ts65Dn mice and their normosomic (2N) controls, JZL184-treatment increased brain levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and decreased levels of its metabolites such as arachidonic acid, prostaglandins PGD2, PGE2, PGFα, and PGJ2. Enhanced spontaneous locomotor activity of Ts65Dn mice was reduced by the JZL184-treatement to the levels observed in 2N animals. Deficient long-term memory was also improved, while short-term and working types of memory were unaffected. Furthermore, reduced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) was increased in the JZL184-treated Ts65Dn mice to the levels observed in 2N mice. Interestingly, changes in synaptic plasticity and behavior were not observed in the JZL184-treated 2N mice suggesting that the treatment specifically attenuated the defects in the trisomic animals. The JZL184-treatment also reduced the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42, but had no effect on the levels of full length APP and BACE1 in both Ts65Dn and 2N mice. These data show that chronic MAGL inhibition improves the behavior and brain functions in a DS model suggesting that pharmacological targeting of MAGL may be considered as a perspective new approach for improving cognition in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V. Lysenko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeesun Kim
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Cassandra Henry
- Abide Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna Tyrtyshnaia
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Rebecca A. Kohnz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Francisco Madamba
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Gabriel M. Simon
- Abide Therapeutics, Inc., San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Natalia E. Kleschevnikova
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Daniel K. Nomura
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Alexander M. Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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82
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The combination of oral L-DOPA/rimonabant for effective dyskinesia treatment and cytological preservation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Behav Pharmacol 2014; 24:640-52. [PMID: 24196024 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world. Its treatment is limited so far to the management of parkinsonian symptoms with L-DOPA (LD). The long-term use of LD is limited by the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias and dystonia. However, recent studies have suggested that pharmacological targeting of the endocannabinoid system may potentially provide a valuable therapeutic tool to suppress these motor alterations. In the present study, we have explored the behavioral (L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias severity) and cytological (substantia nigra compacta neurons and striatum neuropil preservation) effects of the oral coadministration of LD and rimonabant, a selective antagonist of CB1 receptors, in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinson's disease. Oral coadministration of LD (30 mg/kg) and rimonabant (1 mg/kg) significantly decreased abnormal involuntary movements and dystonia, possibly through the conservation of some functional tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dopaminergic cells, which in turn translates into a well-preserved neuropil of a less denervated striatum. Our results provide anatomical evidence that long-term coadministration of LD with cannabinoid antagonist-based therapy may not only alleviate specific motor symptoms but also delay/arrest the degeneration of striatal and substantia nigra compacta cells.
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83
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Endocannabinoids, related compounds and their metabolic routes. Molecules 2014; 19:17078-106. [PMID: 25347455 PMCID: PMC6271436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are lipid mediators able to bind to and activate cannabinoid receptors, the primary molecular targets responsible for the pharmacological effects of the Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. These bioactive lipids belong mainly to two classes of compounds: N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, being N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively, their main representatives. During the last twenty years, an ever growing number of fatty acid derivatives (endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds) have been discovered and their activities biological is the subject of intense investigations. Here, the most recent advances, from a therapeutic point of view, on endocannabinoids, related compounds, and their metabolic routes will be reviewed.
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ABHD6 blockade exerts antiepileptic activity in PTZ-induced seizures and in spontaneous seizures in R6/2 mice. Neuron 2014; 83:361-371. [PMID: 25033180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The serine hydrolase α/β-hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) hydrolyzes the most abundant endocannabinoid (eCB) in the brain, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and controls its availability at cannabinoid receptors. We show that ABHD6 inhibition decreases pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced generalized tonic-clonic and myoclonic seizure incidence and severity. This effect is retained in Cnr1(-/-) or Cnr2(-/-) mice, but blocked by addition of a subconvulsive dose of picrotoxin, suggesting the involvement of GABAA receptors. ABHD6 inhibition also blocked spontaneous seizures in R6/2 mice, a genetic model of juvenile Huntington's disease known to exhibit dysregulated eCB signaling. ABHD6 blockade retained its antiepileptic activity over chronic dosing and was not associated with psychomotor or cognitive effects. While the etiology of seizures in R6/2 mice remains unsolved, involvement of the hippocampus is suggested by interictal epileptic discharges, increased expression of vGLUT1 but not vGAT, and reduced Neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression. We conclude that ABHD6 inhibition may represent a novel antiepileptic strategy.
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85
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Endocannabinoid signals in the developmental programming of delayed-onset neuropsychiatric and metabolic illnesses. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1569-76. [PMID: 24256256 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly recognized that maternal exposure to metabolic (nutritional) stimuli, infections, illicit or prescription drugs and environmental stressors during pregnancy can predispose affected offspring to developing devastating postnatal illnesses. If detrimental maternal stimuli coincide with critical periods of tissue production and organogenesis then they can permanently derail key cellular differentiation programs. Maternal programming can thus either provoke developmental failure directly ('direct hit') or introduce latent developmental errors that enable otherwise sub-threshold secondary stressors to manifest as disease ('double hit') postnatally. Accumulating evidence suggests that nervous system development is tightly controlled by maternal metabolic stimuli, and whose synaptic wiring and integrative capacity are adversely affected by dietary and hormonal challenges, infections or episodes of illicit drug use. Endocannabinoids, a family of signal lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, have been implicated in neuronal fate determination, the control of axonal growth, synaptogenesis and synaptic neurotransmission. Therefore the continuum and interdependence of endocannabinoid actions during the formation and function of synapses together with dynamic changes in focal and circulating endocannabinoid levels upon maternal nutritional imbalance suggest that endocannabinoids can execute the 'reprogramming' of specific neuronal networks. In the present paper, we review molecular evidence suggesting that maternal nutrition and metabolism during pregnancy can affect the formation and function of the hippocampus and hypothalamus by altering endocannabinoid signalling such that neuropsychiatric diseases and obesity respectively ensue in affected offspring. Moreover, we propose that the placenta, fetal adipose and nervous tissues interact via endocannabinoid signals. Thus endocannabinoids are hypothesized to act as a molecular substrate of maternal programming.
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86
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Yang K, Lei G, Xie YF, MacDonald JF, Jackson MF. Differential regulation of NMDAR and NMDAR-mediated metaplasticity by anandamide and 2-AG in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2014; 24:1601-14. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Gang Lei
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Yu-Feng Xie
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
- Neuroscience Research Program; Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - John F. MacDonald
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Michael F. Jackson
- Robarts Research Institute; Molecular Brain Research Group, Western University; London ON Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
- Neuroscience Research Program; Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Western University; London ON Canada
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87
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Cristino L, Palomba L, Di Marzo V. New horizons on the role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in palatable food intake, obesity and related dysmetabolism. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2014; 4:S26-30. [PMID: 27152162 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive consumption of high-energy, palatable food contributes to obesity, which results in the metabolic syndrome, heart disease, type-2 diabetes and death. Current knowledge on the function of the hypothalamus as the brain 'feeding centre' recognizes this region as the main regulator of body weight in the central nervous system. Because of their intrinsically fast and adaptive activities, feeding-controlling neural circuitries are endowed with synaptic plasticity modulated by neurotransmitters and hormones that act at different hierarchical levels of integration. In the hypothalamus, among the chemical mediators involved in this integration, endocannabinoids (eCBs) are ideal candidates for the fast (that is, non-genomic), stress-related fine-tuning of neuronal functions. In this article, we overview the role of the eCB system (ECS) in the control of energy intake, and particularly in the consumption of high-energy, palatable food, and discuss how such a role is affected in the brain by changes in the levels of feeding-regulated hormones, such as the adipose tissue-derived anorexigenic mediator leptin, as well as by high-fat diets. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal control of feeding behaviours by eCBs offers many potential opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches against obesity. Highlights of the latest advances in the development of strategies that minimize central ECS overactivity in 'western diet'-driven obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - L Palomba
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University 'Carlo Bo' , Urbino, Italy
| | - V Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pozzuoli, Italy
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Cristino L, Becker T, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids and energy homeostasis: an update. Biofactors 2014; 40:389-97. [PMID: 24752980 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a widespread intercellular signaling system that plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, meant as the precise matching of caloric intake with energy expenditure which normally keeps body weight stable over time. Complex interactions between environmental and neurohormonal systems directly contribute to the balance of energy homeostasis. This review highlights established and more recent data on the brain circuits in which the ECS plays an important regulatory role, with focus on the hypothalamus, a region where numerous interacting systems regulating feeding, satiety, stress, and other motivational states coexist. Although not meant as an exhaustive review of the field, this article will discuss how endocannabinoid tone, in addition to reinforcing reward circuitries and modulating food intake and the salience of food, controls lipid and glucose metabolism in several peripheral organs, particularly the liver and adipose tissue. Direct actions in the skeletal muscle and pancreas are also emerging and are briefly discussed. This review provides new perspectives into endocannabinoid control of the neurochemical causes and consequences of energy homeostasis imbalance, a knowledge that might lead to new potential treatments for obesity and related morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Pozzuoli, Italy
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89
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Bystrowska B, Smaga I, Frankowska M, Filip M. Changes in endocannabinoid and N-acylethanolamine levels in rat brain structures following cocaine self-administration and extinction training. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 50:1-10. [PMID: 24334211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that drugs of abuse alter the levels of lipid-based signalling molecules, including endocannabinoids (eCBs) and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), in the rodent brain. In addition, several drugs targeting eCBs and/or NAEs are implicated in reward and/or seeking behaviours related to the stimulation of dopamine systems in the brain. In our study, the brain levels of eCBs (anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)) and NAEs (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)) were analyzed via an LC-MS/MS method in selected brain structures of rats during cocaine self-administration and after extinction training according to the "yoked" control procedure. Repeated (14days) cocaine (0.5mg/kg/infusion) self-administration and yoked drug delivery resulted in a significant decrease (ca. 52%) in AEA levels in the cerebellum, whereas levels of 2-AG increased in the frontal cortex, the hippocampus and the cerebellum and decreased in the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum. In addition, we detected increases (>150%) in the levels of OEA and PEA in the limbic areas in both cocaine treated groups, as well as an increase in the tissue levels of OEA in the dorsal striatum in only the yoked cocaine group and increases in the tissue levels of PEA in the dorsal striatum (both cocaine groups) and the nucleus accumbens (yoked cocaine group only). Compared to the yoked saline control group, extinction training (10days) resulted in a potent reduction in AEA levels in the frontal cortex, the hippocampus and the nucleus accumbens and in 2-AG levels in the hippocampus, the dorsal striatum and the cerebellum. The decreases in the limbic and subcortical areas were more apparent for rats that self-administered cocaine. Following extinction, there was a region-specific change in the levels of NAEs in rats previously injected with cocaine; a potent increase (ca. 100%) in the levels of OEA and PEA was detected in the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, whilst a drop was noted in the striatal areas versus yoked saline yoked animals. Our findings support the previous pharmacological evidence that the eCB system and NAEs are involved in reinforcement and extinction of positively reinforced behaviours and that these lipid-derived molecules may represent promising targets for the development of new treatments for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Bystrowska
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Frankowska
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Filip
- Department of Toxicology, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, PL 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Laboratory of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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90
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den Boon FS, Chameau P, Houthuijs K, Bolijn S, Mastrangelo N, Kruse CG, Maccarrone M, Wadman WJ, Werkman TR. Endocannabinoids produced upon action potential firing evoke a Cl(-) current via type-2 cannabinoid receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:2257-68. [PMID: 24671573 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The functional presence of type-2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2Rs) in layer II/III pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was recently demonstrated. In the present study, we show that the application of the endocannabinoids (eCBs) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and methanandamide [a stable analog of the eCB anandamide (AEA)] can activate CB2Rs of mPFC layer II/III pyramidal neurons, which subsequently induces a Cl(-) current. In addition, we show that action potential (AP) firing evoked by 20-Hz current injections results in an eCB-mediated opening of Cl(-) channels via CB2R activation. This AP-evoked synthesis of eCBs is dependent on the Ca(2+) influx through N-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Our results indicate that 2-AG is the main eCB involved in this process. Finally, we demonstrate that under physiologically relevant intracellular Cl(-) conditions, 20-Hz AP firing leads to a CB2R-dependent reduction in neuronal excitability. Altogether, our data indicate that eCBs released upon action potential firing can modulate, through CB2R activation, neuronal activity in the mPFC. We discuss how this may be a mechanism to prevent excessive neuronal firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke S den Boon
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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91
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Greco R, Mangione AS, Sandrini G, Nappi G, Tassorelli C. Activation of CB2 receptors as a potential therapeutic target for migraine: evaluation in an animal model. J Headache Pain 2014; 15:14. [PMID: 24636539 PMCID: PMC3995520 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-15-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental animal models of migraine have suggested the existence of interactions between the endocannabinoid system and pain mediation in migraine. Extensive evidence has demonstrated a role for the cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor in antinociception. However, recent research suggests that also CB2 receptors, especially located outside the central nervous system, play a role in the perception of pain. Systemic administration of nitroglycerin (NTG) consistently induces spontaneous-like headache attacks in migraneurs; in the rat, systemic NTG induces a condition of hyperalgesia, probably through the activation of cerebral/spinal structures involved in nociceptive transmission. In this study we evaluated the role of CB2 receptors in two animal models of pain that may be relevant for migraine: the tail flick test and the formalin test performed during NTG-induced hyperalgesia. Methods The study was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats pre-treated with NTG (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (4 hours before) and treated with the CB2 agonist AM1241 o dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 60 minutes before both the tail flick test and the formalin test. Results AM1241 showed a significant analgesic effect in baseline conditions in both tests. Furthermore, when administered 3 hours after NTG administration, AM1241 at both doses significantly reduced the total number of flinches/shakes during phase II of the test. Conclusion These findings suggest that the pharmacological manipulation of the CB2 receptor may represent a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, "C, Mondino" National Neurological Institute, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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92
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Pastor A, Farré M, Fitó M, Fernandez-Aranda F, de la Torre R. Analysis of ECs and related compounds in plasma: artifactual isomerization and ex vivo enzymatic generation of 2-MGs. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:966-77. [PMID: 24610889 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d043794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of peripheral endocannabinoids (ECs) is a good biomarker of the EC system. Their concentrations, from clinical studies, strongly depend on sample collection and time processing conditions taking place in clinical and laboratory settings. The analysis of 2-monoacylglycerols (MGs) (i.e., 2-arachidonoylglycerol or 2-oleoylglycerol) is a particularly challenging issue because of their ex vivo formation and chemical isomerization that occur after blood sample collection. We provide evidence that their ex vivo formation can be minimized by adding Orlistat, an enzymatic lipase inhibitor, to plasma. Taking into consideration the low cost of Orlistat, we recommend its addition to plasma collecting tubes while maintaining sample cold chain until storage. We have validated a method for the determination of the EC profile of a range of MGs and N-acylethanolamides in plasma that preserves the original isomer ratio of MGs. Nevertheless, the chemical isomerization of 2-MGs can only be avoided by an immediate processing and analysis of samples due to their instability during conservation. We believe that this new methodology can aid in the harmonization of the measurement of ECs and related compounds in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Pastor
- Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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93
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Ji G, Neugebauer V. CB1 augments mGluR5 function in medial prefrontal cortical neurons to inhibit amygdala hyperactivity in an arthritis pain model. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:455-66. [PMID: 24494685 PMCID: PMC4288820 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serves executive control functions and forms direct connections with subcortical areas such as the amygdala. Our previous work showed abnormal inhibition of mPFC pyramidal cells and hyperactivity of amygdala output neurons in an arthritis pain model. To restore mPFC activity and hence control pain-related amygdala hyperactivity this study focused on CB1 and mGluR5 receptors, which are important modulators of cortical functions. Extracellular single-unit recordings of infralimbic mPFC pyramidal cells and of amygdala output neurons in the laterocapsular division of the central nucleus (CeLC) were made in anesthetised adult male rats. mPFC neurons were classified as 'excited' or 'inhibited' based on their response to brief innocuous and noxious test stimuli. After arthritis pain induction, background activity and evoked responses of excited neurons and background activity and inhibition of inhibited neurons decreased. Stereotaxic application of an mGluR5-positive allosteric modulator (N-cyclobutyl-6-((3-fluorophenyl)ethynyl) nicotinamide hydrochloride, VU0360172) into the mPFC increased background and evoked activity of excited, but not inhibited, mPFC neurons under normal conditions but not in arthritis. A selective CB1 receptor agonist (arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide) alone had no effect but restored the facilitatory effects of VU0360172 in the pain model. Coactivation of CB1 and mGluR5 in the mPFC inhibited the pain-related activity increase of CeLC neurons but had no effect under normal conditions. The data suggest that excited mPFC neurons are inversely linked to amygdala output (CeLC) and that CB1 can increase mGluR5 function in this subset of mPFC neurons to engage cortical control of abnormally enhanced amygdala output in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Ji
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555-1069, USA
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94
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Tortoriello G, Morris CV, Alpar A, Fuzik J, Shirran SL, Calvigioni D, Keimpema E, Botting CH, Reinecke K, Herdegen T, Courtney M, Hurd YL, Harkany T. Miswiring the brain: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts cortical development by inducing an SCG10/stathmin-2 degradation pathway. EMBO J 2014; 33:668-85. [PMID: 24469251 DOI: 10.1002/embj.201386035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Children exposed in utero to cannabis present permanent neurobehavioral and cognitive impairments. Psychoactive constituents from Cannabis spp., particularly Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), bind to cannabinoid receptors in the fetal brain. However, it is unknown whether THC can trigger a cannabinoid receptor-driven molecular cascade to disrupt neuronal specification. Here, we show that repeated THC exposure disrupts endocannabinoid signaling, particularly the temporal dynamics of CB1 cannabinoid receptor, to rewire the fetal cortical circuitry. By interrogating the THC-sensitive neuronal proteome we identify Superior Cervical Ganglion 10 (SCG10)/stathmin-2, a microtubule-binding protein in axons, as a substrate of altered neuronal connectivity. We find SCG10 mRNA and protein reduced in the hippocampus of midgestational human cannabis-exposed fetuses, defining SCG10 as the first cannabis-driven molecular effector in the developing cerebrum. CB1 cannabinoid receptor activation recruits c-Jun N-terminal kinases to phosphorylate SCG10, promoting its rapid degradation in situ in motile axons and microtubule stabilization. Thus, THC enables ectopic formation of filopodia and alters axon morphology. These data highlight the maintenance of cytoskeletal dynamics as a molecular target for cannabis, whose imbalance can limit the computational power of neuronal circuitries in affected offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tortoriello
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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95
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Baggelaar MP, Janssen FJ, van Esbroeck ACM, den Dulk H, Allarà M, Hoogendoorn S, McGuire R, Florea BI, Meeuwenoord N, van den Elst H, van der Marel GA, Brouwer J, Di Marzo V, Overkleeft HS, van der Stelt M. Development of an Activity-Based Probe and In Silico Design Reveal Highly Selective Inhibitors for Diacylglycerol Lipase-α in Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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96
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Baggelaar MP, Janssen FJ, van Esbroeck ACM, den Dulk H, Allarà M, Hoogendoorn S, McGuire R, Florea BI, Meeuwenoord N, van den Elst H, van der Marel GA, Brouwer J, Di Marzo V, Overkleeft HS, van der Stelt M. Development of an activity-based probe and in silico design reveal highly selective inhibitors for diacylglycerol lipase-α in brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12081-5. [PMID: 24173880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Dept. of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden (The Netherlands)
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97
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Soderstrom K, Wilson AR. Developmental pattern of diacylglycerol lipase-α (DAGLα) immunoreactivity in brain regions important for song learning and control in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 53:41-59. [PMID: 24140814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Zebra finch song is a learned behavior dependent upon successful progress through a sensitive period of late-postnatal development. This learning is associated with maturation of distinct brain nuclei and the fiber tract interconnections between them. We have previously found remarkably distinct and dense CB1 cannabinoid receptor expression within many of these song control brain regions, implying a normal role for endocannabinoid signaling in vocal learning. Activation of CB1 receptors via daily treatments with exogenous agonist during sensorimotor stages of song learning (but not in adulthood) results in persistent alteration of song patterns. Now we are working to understand physiological changes responsible for this cannabinoid-altered vocal learning. We have found that song-altering developmental treatments are associated with changes in expression of endocannabinoid signaling elements, including CB1 receptors and the principal CNS endogenous agonist, 2-AG. Within CNS, 2-AG is produced largely through activity of the α isoform of the enzyme diacylglycerol lipase (DAGLα). To better appreciate the role of 2-AG production in normal vocal development we have determined the spatial distribution of DAGLα expression within zebra finch CNS during vocal development. Early during vocal development at 25 days, DAGLα staining is typically light and of fibroid processes. Staining peaks late in the sensorimotor stage of song learning at 75 days and is characterized by fiber, neuropil and some staining of both small and large cell somata. Results provide insight to the normal role for endocannabinoid signaling in the maturation of brain regions responsible for song learning and vocal-motor output, and suggest mechanisms by which exogenous cannabinoid exposure alters acquisition of this form of vocal communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Soderstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, United States.
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98
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The fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597, promotes retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection in a rat model of optic nerve axotomy. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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99
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Trattner B, Berner S, Grothe B, Kunz L. Depolarization-induced suppression of a glycinergic synapse in the superior olivary complex by endocannabinoids. J Neurochem 2013; 127:78-90. [PMID: 23859596 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal endocannabinoid system is known to depress synaptic inputs retrogradely in an activity-dependent manner. This mechanism has been generally described for excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic synapses. Here, we report that neurones in the auditory brainstem of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) retrogradely regulate the strength of their inputs via the endocannabinoid system. By means of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, we found that retrograde endocannabinoid signalling attenuates both glycinergic and glutamatergic post-synaptic currents in the same types of neurones. Accordingly, we detected the cannabinoid receptor 1 in excitatory and inhibitory pre-synapses as well as the endocannabinoid-synthesising enzymes (diacylglycerol lipase α/β, DAGLα/β) post-synaptically through immunohistochemical stainings. Our study was performed with animals aged 10-15 days, that is, in the time window around the onset of hearing. Therefore, we suggest that retrograde endocannabinoid signalling has a role in adapting inputs during the functionally important switch from spontaneously generated to sound-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Trattner
- Department of Biology II, Division of Neurobiology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Martinsried, Germany
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100
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Hashimotodani Y, Ohno-Shosaku T, Tanimura A, Kita Y, Sano Y, Shimizu T, Di Marzo V, Kano M. Acute inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase blocks endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde signalling: evidence for on-demand biosynthesis of 2-arachidonoylglycerol. J Physiol 2013; 591:4765-76. [PMID: 23858009 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.254474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) produced by diacylglycerol lipase α (DGLα) is one of the best-characterized retrograde messengers at central synapses. It has been thought that 2-AG is produced 'on demand' upon activation of postsynaptic neurons. However, recent studies propose that 2-AG is pre-synthesized by DGLα and stored in neurons, and that 2-AG is released from such 'pre-formed pools' without the participation of DGLα. To address whether the 2-AG source for retrograde signalling is the on-demand biosynthesis by DGLα or the mobilization from pre-formed pools, we examined the effects of acute pharmacological inhibition of DGL by a novel potent DGL inhibitor, OMDM-188, on retrograde eCB signalling triggered by Ca(2+) elevation, Gq/11 protein-coupled receptor activation or synergy of these two stimuli in postsynaptic neurons. We found that pretreatment for 1 h with OMDM-188 effectively blocked depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), a purely Ca(2+)-dependent form of eCB signalling, in slices from the hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum. We also found that at parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum OMDM-188 abolished synaptically induced retrograde eCB signalling, which is known to be caused by the synergy of postsynaptic Ca(2+) elevation and group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (I-mGluR) activation. Moreover, brief OMDM-188 treatments for several minutes were sufficient to suppress both DSI and the I-mGluR-induced retrograde eCB signalling in cultured hippocampal neurons. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that 2-AG for synaptic retrograde signalling is supplied as a result of on-demand biosynthesis by DGLα rather than mobilization from presumptive pre-formed pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hashimotodani
- M. Kano: Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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