51
|
Caillaud M, Patel NH, Toma W, White A, Thompson D, Mann J, Tran TH, Roberts JL, Poklis JL, Bigbee JW, Fang X, Gewirtz DA, Damaj MI. A Fenofibrate Diet Prevents Paclitaxel-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010069. [PMID: 33383736 PMCID: PMC7795224 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paclitaxel, a drug used in the treatment of malignancies such as lung, ovarian and breast cancer, often produces severe side effects, among which is peripheral neuropathy. This neuropathy involves diffuse or localized pain, notably burning pain, cold and mechanical hyperexcitability. Recently, fenofibrate, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug for the treatment of dyslipidemia, has been shown to reduce the severity of symptoms in other forms of peripheral neuropathy. In the current work, we tested whether fenofibrate could reverse mechanical and cold hypersensitivity and improve motivation and the reduction in nerve conduction in a mouse model of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Our behavioral, histological and molecular assessments indicate that fenofibrate prevents the development of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Taken together, our studies support the therapeutic potential of fenofibrate in the prevention of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy and suggest the possible repurposing of this drug for this purpose in the clinic. Abstract Background: Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is a major adverse effect of this chemotherapeutic agent that is used in the treatment of a number of solid malignancies. PIPN leads notably to burning pain, cold and mechanical allodynia. PIPN is thought to be a consequence of alterations of mitochondrial function, hyperexcitability of neurons, nerve fiber loss, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord (SC). Therefore, reducing neuroinflammation could potentially attenuate neuropathy symptoms. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) nuclear receptors that modulate inflammatory responses can be targeted by non-selective agonists, such as fenofibrate, which is used in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Methods: Our studies tested the efficacy of a fenofibrate diet (0.2% and 0.4%) in preventing the development of PIPN. Paclitaxel (8 mg/kg) was administered via 4 intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections in C57BL/6J mice (both male and female). Mechanical and cold hypersensitivity, wheel running activity, sensory nerve action potential (SNAP), sciatic nerve histology, intra-epidermal fibers, as well as the expression of PPAR-α and neuroinflammation were evaluated in DRG and SC. Results: Fenofibrate in the diet partially prevented the development of mechanical hypersensitivity but completely prevented cold hypersensitivity and the decrease in wheel running activity induced by paclitaxel. The reduction in SNAP amplitude induced by paclitaxel was also prevented by fenofibrate. Our results indicate that suppression of paclitaxel-induced pain by fenofibrate involves the regulation of PPAR-α expression through reduction in neuroinflammation. Finally, co-administration of paclitaxel and the active metabolite of fenofibrate (fenofibric acid) did not interfere with the suppression of tumor cell growth or clonogenicity by paclitaxel in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. Conclusions: Taken together, our results show the therapeutic potential of fenofibrate in the prevention of PIPN development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martial Caillaud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (M.I.D.)
| | - Nipa H. Patel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (N.H.P.); (T.H.T.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Wisam Toma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Alyssa White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Danielle Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Jared Mann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Tammy H. Tran
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (N.H.P.); (T.H.T.); (D.A.G.)
| | - Jane L. Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Justin L. Poklis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
| | - John W. Bigbee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Xianjun Fang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (N.H.P.); (T.H.T.); (D.A.G.)
| | - M. Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Translational Research Initiative for Pain and Neuropathy, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (W.T.); (A.W.); (D.T.); (J.M.); (J.L.R.); (J.L.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (M.I.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Petrosino S, Schiano Moriello A. Palmitoylethanolamide: A Nutritional Approach to Keep Neuroinflammation within Physiological Boundaries-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9526. [PMID: 33333772 PMCID: PMC7765232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a physiological response aimed at maintaining the homodynamic balance and providing the body with the fundamental resource of adaptation to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Although the response is initiated with protective purposes, the effect may be detrimental when not regulated. The physiological control of neuroinflammation is mainly achieved via regulatory mechanisms performed by particular cells of the immune system intimately associated with or within the nervous system and named "non-neuronal cells." In particular, mast cells (within the central nervous system and in the periphery) and microglia (at spinal and supraspinal level) are involved in this control, through a close functional relationship between them and neurons (either centrally, spinal, or peripherally located). Accordingly, neuroinflammation becomes a worsening factor in many disorders whenever the non-neuronal cell supervision is inadequate. It has been shown that the regulation of non-neuronal cells-and therefore the control of neuroinflammation-depends on the local "on demand" synthesis of the endogenous lipid amide Palmitoylethanolamide and related endocannabinoids. When the balance between synthesis and degradation of this bioactive lipid mediator is disrupted in favor of reduced synthesis and/or increased degradation, the behavior of non-neuronal cells may not be appropriately regulated and neuroinflammation exceeds the physiological boundaries. In these conditions, it has been demonstrated that the increase of endogenous Palmitoylethanolamide-either by decreasing its degradation or exogenous administration-is able to keep neuroinflammation within its physiological limits. In this review the large number of studies on the benefits derived from oral administration of micronized and highly bioavailable forms of Palmitoylethanolamide is discussed, with special reference to neuroinflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy;
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy;
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Rimola V, Hahnefeld L, Zhao J, Jiang C, Angioni C, Schreiber Y, Osthues T, Pierre S, Geisslinger G, Ji RR, Scholich K, Sisignano M. Lysophospholipids Contribute to Oxaliplatin-Induced Acute Peripheral Pain. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9519-9532. [PMID: 33158961 PMCID: PMC7724144 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1223-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug, which is used as first-line treatment for some types of colorectal carcinoma, causes peripheral neuropathic pain in patients. In addition, an acute peripheral pain syndrome develop in almost 90% of patients immediately after oxaliplatin treatment, which is poorly understood mechanistically but correlates with incidence and severity of the later-occurring neuropathy. Here we investigated the effects of acute oxaliplatin treatment in a murine model, showing that male and female mice develop mechanical hypersensitivity 24 h after oxaliplatin treatment. Interestingly, we found that the levels of several lipids were significantly altered in nervous tissue during oxaliplatin-induced acute pain. Specifically, the linoleic acid metabolite 9,10-EpOME (epoxide of linoleic acid) as well as the lysophospholipids lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:1 and LPC 16:0 were significantly increased 24 h after oxaliplatin treatment in sciatic nerve, DRGs, or spinal cord tissue as revealed by untargeted and targeted lipidomics. In contrast, inflammatory markers including cytokines and chemokines, ROS markers, and growth factors are unchanged in the respective nervous system tissues. Importantly, LPC 18:1 and LPC 16:0 can induce Ca2+ transients in primary sensory neurons, and we identify LPC 18:1 as a previously unknown endogenous activator of the ligand-gated calcium channels transient receptor potential V1 and M8 (transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and transient receptor potential melastatin 8) in primary sensory neurons using both pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockout. Additionally, a peripheral LPC 18:1 injection was sufficient to induce mechanical hypersensitivity in naive mice. Hence, targeting signaling lipid pathways may ameliorate oxaliplatin-induced acute peripheral pain and the subsequent long-lasting neuropathy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The first-line cytostatic drug oxaliplatin can cause acute peripheral pain and chronic neuropathic pain. The former is causally connected with the chronic neuropathic pain, but its mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we performed a broad unbiased analysis of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and ∼200 lipids in nervous system tissues 24 h after oxaliplatin treatment, which revealed a crucial role of lysophospholipids lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:1, LPC 16:0, and 9,10-EpOME in oxaliplatin-induced acute pain. We demonstrate for the first time that LPC 18:1 contributes to the activation of the ion channels transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 and transient receptor potential melastatin 8 in sensory neurons and causes mechanical hypersensitivity after peripheral injection in vivo These findings suggest that the LPC-mediated lipid signaling is involved in oxaliplatin-induced acute peripheral pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Rimola
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Junli Zhao
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tabea Osthues
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sandra Pierre
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Klaus Scholich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Sisignano
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital, Goethe-University, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology-Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Bobrich M, Schwarz R, Ramer R, Borchert P, Hinz B. A simple LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of endocannabinoids in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1161:122371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
55
|
Pathogenic mechanisms of lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid in chronic pain. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101079. [PMID: 33259854 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of membrane lipid-derived mediators play pivotal roles in the initiation, maintenance, and regulation of various types of acute and chronic pain. Acute pain, comprising nociceptive and inflammatory pain warns us about the presence of damage or harmful stimuli. However, it can be efficiently reversed by opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandin E2 and I2, the representative lipid mediators, are well-known causes of acute pain. However, some lipid mediators such as lipoxins, resolvins or endocannabinoids suppress acute pain. Various types of peripheral and central neuropathic pain (NeuP) as well as fibromyalgia (FM) are representatives of chronic pain and refractory owing to abnormal pain processing distinct from acute pain. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that lipid mediators represented by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) are involved in the initiation and maintenance of both NeuP and FM in experimental animal models. The LPAR1-mediated peripheral mechanisms including dorsal root demyelination, Cavα2δ1 expression in dorsal root ganglion, and LPAR3-mediated amplification of central LPA production via glial cells are involved in the series of molecular mechanisms underlying NeuP. This review also discusses the involvement of lipid mediators in emerging research directives, including itch-sensing, sexual dimorphism, and the peripheral immune system.
Collapse
|
56
|
Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni A, Casini I, De Icco R, Reggiani A, Misto A, Piomelli D, Tassorelli C. Characterization of the peripheral FAAH inhibitor, URB937, in animal models of acute and chronic migraine. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 147:105157. [PMID: 33129939 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting the activity of fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme that deactivates the endocannabinoid anandamide, enhances anandamide-mediated signaling and holds promise as a molecular target for the treatment of human pathologies such as anxiety and pain. We have previously shown that the peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor, URB937, prevents nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia - an animal model of migraine - and attenuates the activation of brain areas that are relevant for migraine pain, e.g. trigeminal nucleus caudalis and locus coeruleus. The current study is aimed at profiling the behavioral and biochemical effects of URB937 in animal models of acute and chronic migraine. We evaluated the effects of URB937 in two rat models that capture aspects of acute and chronic migraine, and are based on single or repeated administration of the vasodilating drug, nitroglycerin (NTG). In addition to nocifensive behavior, in trigeminal ganglia and medulla, we measured mRNA levels of neuropeptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines along with tissue levels of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), an endogenous agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type-a (PPAR-a), which is also a FAAH substrate. In the acute migraine model, we also investigated the effect of subtype-selective antagonist for cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (AM251 and AM630, respectively) on nocifensive behavior and on levels of neuropeptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the acute migraine paradigm, URB937 significantly reduced hyperalgesia in the orofacial formalin test when administered either before or after NTG. This effect was accompanied by an increase in anandamide and PEA levels in target neural tissue, depended upon CB1 receptor activation, and was associated with a decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P and cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 mRNA. Similar effects were observed in the chronic migraine paradigm, where URB937 counteracted NTG-induced trigeminal hyperalgesia and prevented the increase in neuropeptide and cytokine transcription. The results show that peripheral FAAH inhibition by URB937 effectively reduces both acute and chronic NTG-induced trigeminal hyperalgesia, likely via augmented anandamide-mediated CB1 receptor activation. These effects are associated with inhibition of neuropeptidergic and inflammatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Zanaboni
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilenia Casini
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Misto
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Translational Neurovascular Research Unit, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Ekstrand B, Scheers N, Rasmussen MK, Young JF, Ross AB, Landberg R. Brain foods - the role of diet in brain performance and health. Nutr Rev 2020; 79:693-708. [PMID: 32989449 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the human brain is based on an interplay between the inherited genotype and external environmental factors, including diet. Food and nutrition, essential in maintenance of brain performance, also aid in prevention and treatment of mental disorders. Both the overall composition of the human diet and specific dietary components have been shown to have an impact on brain function in various experimental models and epidemiological studies. This narrative review provides an overview of the role of diet in 5 key areas of brain function related to mental health and performance, including: (1) brain development, (2) signaling networks and neurotransmitters in the brain, (3) cognition and memory, (4) the balance between protein formation and degradation, and (5) deteriorative effects due to chronic inflammatory processes. Finally, the role of diet in epigenetic regulation of brain physiology is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ekstrand
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Scheers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Alastair B Ross
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,AgResearch, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Suntsov V, Jovanovic F, Knezevic E, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. Can Implementation of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics Improve Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090894. [PMID: 32967120 PMCID: PMC7558486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Etiology of back pain is multifactorial and not completely understood, and for the majority of people who suffer from chronic low back pain (cLBP), the precise cause cannot be determined. We know that back pain is somewhat heritable, chronic pain more so than acute. The aim of this review is to compile the genes identified by numerous genetic association studies of chronic pain conditions, focusing on cLBP specifically. Higher-order neurologic processes involved in pain maintenance and generation may explain genetic contributions and functional predisposition to formation of cLBP that does not involve spine pathology. Several genes have been identified in genetic association studies of cLBP and roughly, these genes could be grouped into several categories, coding for: receptors, enzymes, cytokines and related molecules, and transcription factors. Treatment of cLBP should be multimodal. In this review, we discuss how an individual's genotype could affect their response to therapy, as well as how genetic polymorphisms in CYP450 and other enzymes are crucial for affecting the metabolic profile of drugs used for the treatment of cLBP. Implementation of gene-focused pharmacotherapy has the potential to deliver select, more efficacious drugs and avoid unnecessary, polypharmacy-related adverse events in many painful conditions, including cLBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Suntsov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Filip Jovanovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Emilija Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Kenneth D. Candido
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (V.S.); (F.J.); (E.K.); (K.D.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-773-296-5619; Fax: +1-773-296-5362
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Wilt S, Kodani S, Le TNH, Nguyen L, Vo N, Ly T, Rodriguez M, Hudson PK, Morisseau C, Hammock BD, Pecic S. Development of multitarget inhibitors for the treatment of pain: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104165. [PMID: 32891856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multitarget-directed ligands are a promising class of drugs for discovering innovative new therapies for difficult to treat diseases. In this study, we designed dual inhibitors targeting the human fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) enzyme and human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme. Targeting both of these enzymes concurrently with single target inhibitors synergistically reduces inflammatory and neuropathic pain; thus, dual FAAH/sEH inhibitors are likely to be powerful analgesics. Here, we identified the piperidinyl-sulfonamide moiety as a common pharmacophore and optimized several inhibitors to have excellent inhibition profiles on both targeted enzymes simultaneously. In addition, several inhibitors show good predicted pharmacokinetic properties. These results suggest that this series of inhibitors has the potential to be further developed as new lead candidates and therapeutics in pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Wilt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Sean Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Thanh N H Le
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Lato Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Nghi Vo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Tanya Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Mark Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Paula K Hudson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States
| | - Christophe Morisseau
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Palmitoylethanolamide and Related ALIAmides: Prohomeostatic Lipid Compounds for Animal Health and Wellbeing. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7020078. [PMID: 32560159 PMCID: PMC7355440 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virtually every cellular process is affected by diet and this represents the foundation of dietary management to a variety of small animal disorders. Special attention is currently being paid to a family of naturally occurring lipid amides acting through the so-called autacoid local injury antagonism, i.e., the ALIA mechanism. The parent molecule of ALIAmides, palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA), has being known since the 1950s as a nutritional factor with protective properties. Since then, PEA has been isolated from a variety of plant and animal food sources and its proresolving function in the mammalian body has been increasingly investigated. The discovery of the close interconnection between ALIAmides and the endocannabinoid system has greatly stimulated research efforts in this field. The multitarget and highly redundant mechanisms through which PEA exerts prohomeostatic functions fully breaks with the classical pharmacology view of “one drug, one target, one disease”, opening a new era in the management of animals’ health, i.e., an according-to-nature biomodulation of body responses to different stimuli and injury. The present review focuses on the direct and indirect endocannabinoid receptor agonism by PEA and its analogues and also targets the main findings from experimental and clinical studies on ALIAmides in animal health and wellbeing.
Collapse
|
61
|
Lefort C, Roumain M, Van Hul M, Rastelli M, Manco R, Leclercq I, Delzenne NM, Marzo VD, Flamand N, Luquet S, Silvestri C, Muccioli GG, Cani PD. Hepatic NAPE-PLD Is a Key Regulator of Liver Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:E1247. [PMID: 32443626 PMCID: PMC7291298 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse metabolic disorders have been associated with an alteration of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) levels. These bioactive lipids are synthesized mainly by N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-selective phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) and influence host metabolism. We have previously discovered that NAPE-PLD in the intestine and adipose tissue is connected to the pathophysiology of obesity. However, the physiological function of NAPE-PLD in the liver remains to be deciphered. To study the role of liver NAPE-PLD on metabolism, we generated a new mouse model of inducible Napepld hepatocyte-specific deletion (Napepld∆Hep mice). In this study, we report that Napepld∆Hep mice develop a high-fat diet-like phenotype, characterized by an increased fat mass gain, hepatic steatosis and we show that Napepld∆Hep mice are more sensitive to liver inflammation. We also demonstrate that the role of liver NAPE-PLD goes beyond the mere synthesis of NAEs, since the deletion of NAPE-PLD is associated with a marked modification of various bioactive lipids involved in host homeostasis such as oxysterols and bile acids. Collectively these data suggest that NAPE-PLD in hepatocytes is a key regulator of liver bioactive lipid synthesis and a dysregulation of this enzyme leads to metabolic complications. Therefore, deepening our understanding of the regulation of NAPE-PLD could be crucial to tackle obesity and related comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lefort
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (C.L.); (M.V.H.); (M.R.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Matthias Van Hul
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (C.L.); (M.V.H.); (M.R.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Marialetizia Rastelli
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (C.L.); (M.V.H.); (M.R.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Rita Manco
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (R.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (R.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Nathalie M. Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (C.L.); (M.V.H.); (M.R.); (N.M.D.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.D.M.); (N.F.); (C.S.)
- Centre NUTRISS, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.D.M.); (N.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Serge Luquet
- Université de Paris, BFA, UMR 8251, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France;
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (V.D.M.); (N.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Patrice D. Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier, 73 B1.73.11, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; (C.L.); (M.V.H.); (M.R.); (N.M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Mock ED, Mustafa M, Gunduz-Cinar O, Cinar R, Petrie GN, Kantae V, Di X, Ogasawara D, Varga ZV, Paloczi J, Miliano C, Donvito G, van Esbroeck ACM, van der Gracht AMF, Kotsogianni I, Park JK, Martella A, van der Wel T, Soethoudt M, Jiang M, Wendel TJ, Janssen APA, Bakker AT, Donovan CM, Castillo LI, Florea BI, Wat J, van den Hurk H, Wittwer M, Grether U, Holmes A, van Boeckel CAA, Hankemeier T, Cravatt BF, Buczynski MW, Hill MN, Pacher P, Lichtman AH, van der Stelt M. Discovery of a NAPE-PLD inhibitor that modulates emotional behavior in mice. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:667-675. [PMID: 32393901 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), which include the endocannabinoid anandamide, represent an important family of signaling lipids in the brain. The lack of chemical probes that modulate NAE biosynthesis in living systems hamper the understanding of the biological role of these lipids. Using a high-throughput screen, chemical proteomics and targeted lipidomics, we report here the discovery and characterization of LEI-401 as a CNS-active N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) inhibitor. LEI-401 reduced NAE levels in neuroblastoma cells and in the brain of freely moving mice, but not in NAPE-PLD KO cells and mice, respectively. LEI-401 activated the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and impaired fear extinction, thereby emulating the effect of a cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, which could be reversed by a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor. Our findings highlight the distinctive role of NAPE-PLD in NAE biosynthesis in the brain and suggest the presence of an endogenous NAE tone controlling emotional behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliot D Mock
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ozge Gunduz-Cinar
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Resat Cinar
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gavin N Petrie
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vasudev Kantae
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Xinyu Di
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Daisuke Ogasawara
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Miliano
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Giulia Donvito
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Annelot C M van Esbroeck
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk M F van der Gracht
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ioli Kotsogianni
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua K Park
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea Martella
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Wel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Soethoudt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tiemen J Wendel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antonius P A Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander T Bakker
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Colleen M Donovan
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura I Castillo
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jesse Wat
- Pivot Park Screening Centre B.V., Oss, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Grether
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA), National Institute of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constant A A van Boeckel
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Pivot Park Screening Centre B.V., Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Analytical Biosciences and Metabolomics, Division of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Schäfer SM, Sendetski M, Angioni C, Nüsing R, Geisslinger G, Scholich K, Sisignano M. The omega-3 lipid 17,18-EEQ sensitizes TRPV1 and TRPA1 in sensory neurons through the prostacyclin receptor (IP). Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
64
|
Fotio Y, Palese F, Guaman Tipan P, Ahmed F, Piomelli D. Inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase in the CNS prevents and reverses morphine tolerance in male and female mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3024-3035. [PMID: 32077093 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an intracellular serine amidase that terminates the signalling of various lipid messengers involved in pain regulation, including anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide. Here, we investigated the effects of pharmacological or genetic FAAH removal on tolerance to the anti-nociceptive effects of morphine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We induced tolerance in male and female mice by administering twice-daily morphine for 7 days while monitoring nociceptive thresholds by the tail immersion test. The globally active FAAH inhibitor URB597 (1 and 3 mg·kg-1 , i.p.) or the peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor URB937 (3 mg·kg-1 , i.p.) were administered daily 30 min prior to morphine, alone or in combination with the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (3 mg·kg-1 , i.p.), the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 (3 mg·kg-1 , i.p.), or the PPAR-α antagonist GW6471 (4 mg·kg-1 , i.p.). Spinal levels of FAAH-regulated lipids were quantified by LC/MS-MS. Gene transcription was assessed by RT-qPCR. KEY RESULTS URB597 prevented and reversed morphine tolerance in both male and female mice. This effect was mimicked by genetic FAAH deletion, but not by URB937. Treatment with AM630 suppressed, whereas treatment with AM251 or GW6471, attenuated the effects of URB597. Anandamide mobilization was enhanced in the spinal cord of morphine-tolerant mice. mRNA levels of the anandamide-producing enzyme N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine PLD (NAPE-PLD) and the palmitoylethanolamide receptor PPAR-α, but not those for CB2 , CB1 receptors or FAAH, were elevated in spinal cord CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: FAAH-regulated lipid signalling in the CNS modulated opiate tolerance, suggesting FAAH as a potential target for opiate-sparing medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Fotio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Francesca Palese
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Pablo Guaman Tipan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,Center for the Study of Cannabis, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.,Center for the Study of Cannabis, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Xing Y, Chen J, Hilley H, Steele H, Yang J, Han L. Molecular Signature of Pruriceptive MrgprA3 + Neurons. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 140:2041-2050. [PMID: 32234460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Itch, initiated by the activation of sensory neurons, is associated frequently with dermatological diseases. MrgprA3+ sensory neurons have been identified as one of the major itch-sensing neuronal populations. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that peripheral pathological conditions induce physiological regulation of sensory neurons, which is critical for the maintenance of chronic itch sensation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. Here, we performed RNA sequencing of genetically labeled MrgprA3+ neurons under both naïve and allergic contact dermatitis conditions. Our results revealed the unique molecular signature of itch-sensing neurons and the distinct transcriptional profile changes that result in response to dermatitis. We found enrichment of nine Mrgpr family members and two histamine receptors in MrgprA3+ neurons, suggesting that MrgprA3+ neurons are a direct neuronal target for histamine and Mrgpr agonists. In addition, PTPN6 and PCDH12 were identified as highly selective markers of MrgprA3+ neurons. We also discovered that MrgprA3+ neurons respond to skin dermatitis in a way that is unique from other sensory neurons by regulating a combination of transcriptional factors, ion channels, and key molecules involved in synaptic transmission. These results significantly increase our knowledge of itch transmission and uncover potential targets for combating itch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Xing
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Junyu Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Henry Hilley
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Haley Steele
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Liang Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Piomelli D, Scalvini L, Fotio Y, Lodola A, Spadoni G, Tarzia G, Mor M. N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase (NAAA): Structure, Function, and Inhibition. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7475-7490. [PMID: 32191459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is an N-terminal cysteine hydrolase primarily found in the endosomal-lysosomal compartment of innate and adaptive immune cells. NAAA catalyzes the hydrolytic deactivation of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a lipid-derived peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist that exerts profound anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Emerging evidence points to NAAA-regulated PEA signaling at PPAR-α as a critical control point for the induction and the resolution of inflammation and to NAAA itself as a target for anti-inflammatory medicines. The present Perspective discusses three key aspects of this hypothesis: the role of NAAA in controlling the signaling activity of PEA; the structural bases for NAAA function and inhibition by covalent and noncovalent agents; and finally, the potential value of NAAA-targeting drugs in the treatment of human inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Yannick Fotio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4625, United States
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Piazza Rinascimento 6, I-61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, I- 43124 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Desale SE, Chinnathambi S. Role of dietary fatty acids in microglial polarization in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:93. [PMID: 32209097 PMCID: PMC7093977 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial polarization is an utmost important phenomenon in Alzheimer’s disease that influences the brain environment. Polarization depends upon the types of responses that cells undergo, and it is characterized by receptors present on the cell surface and the secreted cytokines to the most. The expression of receptors on the surface is majorly influenced by internal and external factors such as dietary lipids. Types of fatty acids consumed through diet influence the brain environment and glial cell phenotype and types of receptors on microglia. Reports suggest that dietary habits influence microglial polarization and the switching of microglial phenotype is very important in neurodegenerative diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids have more influence on the brain, and they are found to regulate the inflammatory stage of microglia by fine-tuning the number of receptors expressed on microglia cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, one of the pathological proteins involved is Tau protein, and microtubule-associated protein upon abnormal phosphorylation detaches from the microtubule and forms insoluble aggregates. Aggregated proteins have a tendency to propagate within the neurons and also become one of the causes of neuroinflammation. We hypothesize that tuning microglia towards anti-inflammatory phenotype would reduce the propagation of Tau in Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita Eknath Desale
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
|
69
|
Comparative Evaluation of Combinatory Interaction between Endocannabinoid System Compounds and Poly-L-lysine against Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7258380. [PMID: 32076613 PMCID: PMC7013284 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7258380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid/endocannabinoid-like (EC/EC-like) are natural endogenous compounds which have been found to affect MRSA pathogenicity. Our previous studies showed that EC/EC-like was able to impair staphylococcal biofilm formation and maintenance as well as to alter biofilm-associated virulence factors. In the present study, we investigated the combinatory effect of the selected EC/EC-like with a natural antimicrobial agent, poly-L-lysine, on cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans growth and biofilm formation. Among four tested EC/EC-like, only two, anandamide (AEA) and oleoylethanolamide (OEA), exhibited synergistic combinatory effect with poly-L-lysine against S. mutans. We attribute this distinct effect to differences in the fatty acid chain structure of the selected EC/EC-like compounds. Moreover, AEA exerted a specific antibiofilm mode of action against S. mutans by effecting total inhibition of biofilm formation while still allowing bacteria viability. Finally, we postulate that the presence of EC/EC-like and poly-L-lysine could enhance the permeability and efficacy of each other via hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions with the S. mutans membrane. In conclusion, we assume that a combination of endogenous natural compounds such as EC/EC-like and poly-L-lysine may benefit oral hygiene by preventing dental plaque.
Collapse
|
70
|
Bozkurt TE. Endocannabinoid System in the Airways. Molecules 2019; 24:E4626. [PMID: 31861200 PMCID: PMC6943521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids and the mammalian endocannabinoid system is an important research area of interest and attracted many researchers because of their widespread biological effects. The significant immune-modulatory role of cannabinoids has suggested their therapeutic use in several inflammatory conditions. Airways are prone to environmental irritants and stimulants, and increased inflammation is an important process in most of the respiratory diseases. Therefore, the main strategies for treating airway diseases are suppression of inflammation and producing bronchodilation. The ability of cannabinoids to induce bronchodilation and modify inflammation indicates their importance for airway physiology and pathologies. In this review, the contribution of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in the airways are discussed, and the existing data for their therapeutic use in airway diseases are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Emrah Bozkurt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Palese F, Pontis S, Realini N, Piomelli D. A protective role for N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D in 6-OHDA-induced neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15927. [PMID: 31685899 PMCID: PMC6828692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) catalyzes the cleavage of membrane NAPEs into bioactive fatty-acid ethanolamides (FAEs). Along with this precursor role, NAPEs might also serve autonomous signaling functions. Here, we report that injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the mouse striatum cause a local increase in NAPE and FAE levels, which precedes neuronal cell death. NAPE, but not FAE, accumulation is enhanced in mice lacking NAPE-PLD, which display a substantial reduction in 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity, as shown by increased survival of substantia nigra dopamine neurons, integrity of striatal dopaminergic fibers, and striatal dopamine metabolite content. Reduced damage is accompanied by attenuation of the motor response evoked by apomorphine. Furthermore, NAPE-PLD silencing protects cathecolamine-producing SH-SY5Y cells from 6-OHDA-induced reactive oxygen species formation, caspase-3 activation and death. Mechanistic studies in mice suggest the existence of multiple molecular contributors to the neuroprotective effects of NAPE-PLD deletion, including suppression of Rac1 activity and attenuated transcription of several genes (Cadps, Casp9, Egln1, Kcnj6, Spen, and Uchl1) implicated in dopamine neuron survival and/or Parkinson's disease. The findings point to a previously unrecognized role for NAPE-PLD in the regulation of dopamine neuron function, which may be linked to the control of NAPE homeostasis in membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Palese
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA
| | - Silvia Pontis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Natalia Realini
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Dothel G, Chang L, Shih W, Barbaro MR, Cremon C, Stanghellini V, De Ponti F, Mayer EA, Barbara G, Sternini C. µ-opioid receptor, β-endorphin, and cannabinoid receptor-2 are increased in the colonic mucosa of irritable bowel syndrome patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13688. [PMID: 31336406 PMCID: PMC6791736 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gut immune, cannabinoid, and opioid systems constitute an integrated network contributing to visceral sensation and pain modulation. We aimed to assess the expression of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR), its ligand β-endorphin (β-END), and cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2 ) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and asymptomatic controls (AC) and their correlation with sex and symptom perception. METHODS Mucosal biopsies were obtained from the left colon of 31 IBS patients (45% women) with predominant constipation (IBS-C, 9) or diarrhea (IBS-D, 10) or with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M, 12) and 32 AC (44% women) and processed for qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS µ-opioid receptor and CB2 mRNA and protein expression and β-END protein levels were increased in patients with IBS compared to AC (all Ps=0.021). A significant sex by IBS interaction was found in relation to CB2 mRNA expression (P = .003) with women showing a markedly higher expression to men (P = .035). In contrast, in AC, men had higher expression than women (P = .033). β-END, MOR, and CB2 immunoreactivities (IR) were localized to CD4+T cells including EMR-1+ eosinophils and CD31+ T cells but not to mast cells. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of MOR, β-END, and CB2 in the mucosa of IBS patients, where they are localized to immune cells, suggests that opioid and cannabinoid systems play an immune-related compensatory role in visceral pain in IBS patients. Further work is necessary to support this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Dothel
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - L Chang
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
- G. Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - W Shih
- Department of Biostatistics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - MR Barbaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - C Cremon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - V Stanghellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - F De Ponti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - EA Mayer
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | - G Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - C Sternini
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Greco R, Demartini C, Zanaboni AM, Tumelero E, Reggiani A, Misto A, Piomelli D, Tassorelli C. FAAH inhibition as a preventive treatment for migraine: A pre-clinical study. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 134:104624. [PMID: 31629892 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty-acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an intracellular serine hydrolase that catalyzes the cleavage of endogenous fatty-acid amides, including the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA). We previously reported that the peripherally restricted FAAH inhibitor URB937, which selectively increases AEA levels outside the central nervous system, reduces hyperalgesia and c-Fos expression in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) and the locus coeruleus in an animal model of migraine based on nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. AIM To further investigate the relevance of FAAH inhibition in the NTG animal model of migraine by testing the effects of the globally active FAAH inhibitor URB597. METHODS Our experimental approach involved mapping neuronal c-Fos protein expression, measurement of AEA levels in brain areas and in trigeminal ganglia, evaluation of pain-related behavior and quantification of molecular mediators in rats that received URB597 (2 mg/kg i.p.) either before or after NTG administration (10 mg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS Pre-treatment with URB597 significantly reduced c-Fos immunoreactivity in the TNC and inhibited NTG-induced hyperalgesia in the orofacial formalin test. This behavioral response was associated with a decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase, calcitonin gene-related peptide and cytokine gene expression levels in central and peripheral structures. Administration of URB597 after NTG had no such effect. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that global FAAH inhibition may offer a therapeutic approach to the prevention, but not the abortive treatment, of migraine attacks. Further studies are needed to elucidate the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FAAH inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Tumelero
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Misto
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Development, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Integrative Autonomic Systems, Headache Science Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Vozella V, Ahmed F, Choobchian P, Merrill CB, Zibardi C, Tarzia G, Mor M, Duranti A, Tontini A, Rivara S, Piomelli D. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety studies on URB937, a peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 71:1762-1773. [PMID: 31579946 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES URB937, a peripheral fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, exerts profound analgesic effects in animal models. We examined, in rats, (1) the pharmacokinetic profile of oral URB937; (2) the compound's ability to elevate levels of the representative FAAH substrate, oleoylethanolamide (OEA); and (3) the compound's tolerability after oral administration. METHODS We developed a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) method to measure URB937 and used a pre-existing LC/MS-MS assay to quantify OEA. FAAH activity was measured using a radioactive substrate. The tolerability of single or repeated (once daily for 2 weeks) oral administration of supramaximal doses of URB937 (100, 300, 1000 mg/kg) was assessed by monitoring food intake, water intake and body weight, followed by post-mortem evaluation of organ structure. KEY FINDINGS URB937 was orally available in male rats (F = 36%), but remained undetectable in brain when administered at doses that maximally inhibit FAAH activity and elevate OEA in plasma and liver. Acute and subchronic treatment with high doses of URB937 was well-tolerated and resulted in FAAH inhibition in brain. CONCLUSIONS Pain remains a major unmet medical need. The favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of URB937, along with its tolerability, encourage further development studies on this compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Vozella
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Paoula Choobchian
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Collin B Merrill
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Zibardi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Giorgio Tarzia
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Duranti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Tontini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for the Study of Cannabis, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Charrua A, Matos R, Oliveira R, Marczylo T, Nagy I, Cruz F. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition normalises bladder function and reduces pain through normalising the anandamide/palmitoylethanolamine ratio in the inflamed bladder of rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:263-272. [PMID: 31522241 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition may be used to control bladder function and pain by modulating endocannabinoid levels in cystitis. We studied the effect of the peripherally restricted fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB937 in bladder reflex activity and bladder pain using the lipopolysaccharide model of cystitis. We also correlated the URB937's effects with tissue levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide and palmitoylethanolamine. URB937 did not change the reflex activity of normal bladders. In inflamed bladders, URB937 had a U-shaped dose-response curve; following an initial cannabinoid receptor type 1-mediated reduction in pain responses and normalisation of bladder reflex activity, URB937 gradually increased both pain responses and bladder reflex activity through the transient receptor potential ion channel subfamily V member 1. Chronic cystitis increased the tissue levels of anandamide and decreased those of palmitoylethanolamine. At the dose that normalised bladder reflex activity and decreased pain responses, URB937 normalised the levels of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamine in the bladder. At high doses that induced excitatory effects, URB937 apparently did not change anandamide and palmitoylethanolamine levels, which therefore were in the range of the inflamed bladder. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition results in complex changes in bladder endocannabinoid levels. The therapeutic effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors is not related to increase in anandamide levels but rather a normalisation of the anandamide and palmitoylethanolamine level ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Charrua
- Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, 4200, Porto, Portugal. .,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rita Matos
- Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, 4200, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Oliveira
- Departamento de Biomedicina-Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, 4200, Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Public Health England, Chilton, UK
| | - Istvan Nagy
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Francisco Cruz
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Urologia, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Impaired anandamide/palmitoylethanolamide signaling in hippocampal glutamatergic neurons alters synaptic plasticity, learning, and emotional responses. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1377-1388. [PMID: 30532004 PMCID: PMC6784910 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoid signaling via anandamide (AEA) is implicated in a variety of neuronal functions and considered a promising therapeutic target for numerous emotion-related disorders. The major AEA degrading enzyme is fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of FAAH reduce anxiety and improve emotional responses and memory in rodents and humans. Complementarily, the mechanisms and impact of decreased AEA signaling remain to be delineated in detail. In the present study, using the Cre/loxP system combined with an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery system, FAAH was selectively overexpressed in hippocampal CA1-CA3 glutamatergic neurons of adult mice. This approach led to specific FAAH overexpression at the postsynaptic site of CA1-CA3 neurons, to increased FAAH enzymatic activity, and, in consequence, to decreased hippocampal levels of AEA and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), but the levels of the second major endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were unchanged. Electrophysiological recordings revealed an enhancement of both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity and of long-term potentiation (LTP). In contrast, excitatory and inhibitory long-term depression (LTD) and short-term synaptic plasticity, apparent as depolarization-induced suppression of excitation (DSE) and inhibition (DSI), remained unaltered. These changes in hippocampal synaptic activity were associated with an increase in anxiety-like behavior, and a deficit in object recognition memory and in extinction of aversive memory. This study indicates that AEA is not involved in hippocampal short-term plasticity, or eLTD and iLTD, but modulates glutamatergic transmission most likely via presynaptic sites, and that disturbances in this process impair learning and emotional responses.
Collapse
|
77
|
Chronic Pain: Structural and Functional Changes in Brain Structures and Associated Negative Affective States. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133130. [PMID: 31248061 PMCID: PMC6650904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a condition in which pain progresses from an acute to chronic state and persists beyond the healing process. Chronic pain impairs function and decreases patients’ quality of life. In recent years, efforts have been made to deepen our understanding of chronic pain and to develop better treatments to alleviate chronic pain. In this review, we summarize the results of previous studies, focusing on the mechanisms underlying chronic pain development and the identification of neural areas related to chronic pain. We review the association between chronic pain and negative affective states. Further, we describe the structural and functional changes in brain structures that accompany the chronification of pain and discuss various neurotransmitter families involved. Our review aims to provide guidance for the development of future therapeutic approaches that could be used in the management of chronic pain.
Collapse
|
78
|
Tassorelli C, Greco R, Silberstein SD. The endocannabinoid system in migraine: from bench to pharmacy and back. Curr Opin Neurol 2019; 32:405-412. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
79
|
Mowry FE, Biancardi VC. Neuroinflammation in hypertension: the renin-angiotensin system versus pro-resolution pathways. Pharmacol Res 2019; 144:279-291. [PMID: 31039397 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Overstimulation of the pro-inflammatory pathways within brain areas responsible for sympathetic outflow is well evidenced as a primary contributing factor to the establishment and maintenance of neurogenic hypertension. However, the precise mechanisms and stimuli responsible for promoting a pro-inflammatory state are not fully elucidated. Recent work has unveiled novel compounds derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), termed specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), which actively regulate the resolution of inflammation. Failure or dysregulation of the resolution process has been linked to a variety of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Given the pathologic role of neuroinflammation in the hypertensive state, SPMs and their associated pathways may provide a link between hypertension and the long-standing association of dietary ω-3 PUFAs with cardioprotection. Herein, we review recent progress in understanding the RAS-driven pathophysiology of neurogenic hypertension, particularly in regards to the chronic low-grade neuroinflammatory response. In addition, we examine the potential for an impaired resolution of inflammation process in the context of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Elisabeth Mowry
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA
| | - Vinicia Campana Biancardi
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, USA; Center for Neurosciences Research Initiative, Auburn University, Alabama, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Neumann EK, Comi TJ, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Lipid Heterogeneity between Astrocytes and Neurons Revealed by Single‐Cell MALDI‐MS Combined with Immunocytochemical Classification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. Neumann
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 405 N. Matthews Ave. Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Troy J. Comi
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 405 N. Matthews Ave. Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Stanislav S. Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 405 N. Matthews Ave. Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 405 N. Matthews Ave. Urbana IL 61801 USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Skaper SD. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells as a therapeutic target for demyelinating diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 245:119-144. [PMID: 30961866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating differentiation of multipotent oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) are critical to our understanding of myelination and remyelination. Following acute demyelination in the central nervous system, adult OPCs migrate to the injury site, differentiate into OLs and generate new myelin sheaths. A common feature of regenerative processes is the fact that remyelination efficiency declines with aging and, accounts for the observation that chronic demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS) are characterized by an ineffective remyelination. Without doubt, impairment of OPC differentiation is an essential determinant of the aging effects in remyelination. However, spontaneous remyelination is limited in demyelinating diseases such as MS, owing in part to the failure of adult OPCs to differentiate into myelinating OLs. The inability to restore myelin after injury compromises axon integrity and renders them vulnerable to degeneration. Although the genes that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of OPCs during development have been intensively studied, relatively little is known about the molecular signals that regulate the function of adult OPCs after demyelination. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating OPC differentiation are key to identifying pharmacological targets for remyelination-enhancing therapy. This review will discuss OPC biology, myelination, and possible pharmacological targets for promoting the differentiation of OPCs as a strategy to enhance remyelination, including the potential for nanoscale delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Neumann EK, Comi TJ, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Lipid Heterogeneity between Astrocytes and Neurons Revealed by Single-Cell MALDI-MS Combined with Immunocytochemical Classification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5910-5914. [PMID: 30811763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptomics characterizes cells based on their potential molecular repertoire whereas direct mass spectrometry (MS) provides information on the actual compounds present within cells. Single-cell matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS can measure the chemical contents of individual cells but spectra are difficult to correlate to conventional cell types, limiting the metabolic information obtained. We present a protocol that combines MALDI-MS with immunocytochemistry to assay over a thousand individual rat brain cells. The approach entwines the wealth of knowledge obtained by immunocytochemical profiling with mass spectral information on the predominant lipids within each cell. While many lipid species showed a high degree of similarity between neurons and astrocytes, seventeen significantly differed between the two cell types, including four phosphatidylethanolamines elevated in astrocytes and nine phosphatidylcholines in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Neumann
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Troy J Comi
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N. Matthews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
Extracts from Cannabis species have aided the discovery of the endocannabinoid signaling system (ECSS) and phytocannabinoids that possess broad therapeutic potential. Whereas the reinforcing effects of C. sativa are largely attributed to CB1 receptor agonism by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the observed medicinal effects of Cannabis arise from the combined actions of various compounds. In addition to compounds bearing a classical cannabinoid structure, naturally occurring fatty acid amides and esters resembling anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol isolated from non- Cannabis species are also valuable tools for studying ECSS function. This review highlights the potential of plant-based secondary metabolites from Cannabis and unrelated species as ECSS modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Concordia University Wisconsin , Mequon , Wisconsin 53097 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Sheehan K, Lee J, Chong J, Zavala K, Sharma M, Philipsen S, Maruyama T, Xu Z, Guan Z, Eilers H, Kawamata T, Schumacher M. Transcription factor Sp4 is required for hyperalgesic state persistence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211349. [PMID: 30811405 PMCID: PMC6392229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how painful hypersensitive states develop and persist beyond the initial hours to days is critically important in the effort to devise strategies to prevent and/or reverse chronic painful states. Changes in nociceptor transcription can alter the abundance of nociceptive signaling elements, resulting in longer-term change in nociceptor phenotype. As a result, sensitized nociceptive signaling can be further amplified and nocifensive behaviors sustained for weeks to months. Building on our previous finding that transcription factor Sp4 positively regulates the expression of the pain transducing channel TRPV1 in Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons, we sought to determine if Sp4 serves a broader role in the development and persistence of hypersensitive states in mice. We observed that more than 90% of Sp4 staining DRG neurons were small to medium sized, primarily unmyelinated (NF200 neg) and the majority co-expressed nociceptor markers TRPV1 and/or isolectin B4 (IB4). Genetically modified mice (Sp4+/-) with a 50% reduction of Sp4 showed a reduction in DRG TRPV1 mRNA and neuronal responses to the TRPV1 agonist-capsaicin. Importantly, Sp4+/- mice failed to develop persistent inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia, showing a reversal to control values after 6 hours. Despite a reversal of inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia, there was no difference in CFA-induced hindpaw swelling between CFA Sp4+/- and CFA wild type mice. Similarly, Sp4+/- mice failed to develop persistent mechanical hypersensitivity to hind-paw injection of NGF. Although Sp4+/- mice developed hypersensitivity to traumatic nerve injury, Sp4+/- mice failed to develop persistent cold or mechanical hypersensitivity to the platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent oxaliplatin, a non-traumatic model of neuropathic pain. Overall, Sp4+/- mice displayed a remarkable ability to reverse the development of multiple models of persistent inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity. This suggests that Sp4 functions as a critical control point for a network of genes that conspire in the persistence of painful hypersensitive states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Sheehan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jillian Chong
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Zavala
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Manohar Sharma
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sjaak Philipsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomoyuki Maruyama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Zheyun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhonghui Guan
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helge Eilers
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tomoyuki Kawamata
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mark Schumacher
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Sensitization of nociceptors by prostaglandin E 2-glycerol contributes to hyperalgesia in mice with sickle cell disease. Blood 2019; 133:1989-1998. [PMID: 30796025 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-884346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a characteristic feature of sickle cell disease (SCD), 1 of the most common inherited diseases. Patients may experience acute painful crises as well as chronic pain. In the Berkley transgenic murine model of SCD, HbSS-BERK mice express only human hemoglobin S. These mice share many features of SCD patients, including persistent inflammation and hyperalgesia. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is elevated in skin, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and spinal cord in HbSS-BERK mice. In addition to arachidonic acid, COX-2 oxidizes the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-glycerol (PGE2-G); PGE2-G is known to produce hyperalgesia. We tested the hypotheses that PGE2-G is increased in DRGs of HbSS-BERK mice and sensitizes nociceptors (sensory neurons that respond to noxious stimuli), and that blocking its synthesis would decrease hyperalgesia in HbSS-BERK mice. Systemic administration of R-flurbiprofen preferentially reduced production of PGE2-G over that of PGE2 in DRGs, decreased mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, and decreased sensitization of nociceptors in HbSS-BERK mice. The same dose of R-flurbiprofen had no behavioral effect in HbAA-BERK mice (the transgenic control), but local injection of PGE2-G into the hind paw of HbAA-BERK mice produced sensitization of nociceptors and hyperalgesia. Coadministration of a P2Y6 receptor antagonist blocked the effect of PGE2-G, indicating that this receptor is a mediator of pain in SCD. The ability of R-flurbiprofen to block the synthesis of PGE2-G and to normalize levels of 2-AG suggests that R-flurbiprofen may be beneficial to treat pain in SCD, thereby reducing the use of opioids to relieve pain.
Collapse
|
86
|
Okuzumi A, Hatano T, Ueno SI, Ogawa T, Saiki S, Mori A, Koinuma T, Oji Y, Ishikawa KI, Fujimaki M, Sato S, Ramamoorthy S, Mohney RP, Hattori N. Metabolomics-based identification of metabolic alterations in PARK2. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:525-536. [PMID: 30911576 PMCID: PMC6414487 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Parkin is the causative gene for autosomal recessive familial Parkinson's disease (PD), although it remains unclear how parkin dysfunction is involved with the general condition. Recently, serum and/or plasma metabolomics revealed alterations in metabolic pathways that might reflect pathomechanisms of idiopathic PD (iPD). Thus, we hypothesized that serum metabolomics of patients with homozygous or compound heterozygous parkin mutations (namely, PARK2) might reflect metabolic alterations due to parkin dysfunction. Methods We enrolled 15 PARK2 patients (52 ± 17.6 years) confirmed with homozygous (seven cases) and compound heterozygous (eight cases) parkin mutations, along with 19 healthy age‐matched controls (51 ± 11.5 years). We analyzed 830 metabolites from participants’ serum using well‐established metabolomics technologies, including ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy. Results Based on metabolic profiles, hierarchical matrix analysis can divide samples between control and PARK2 subjects. Profiles from PARK2 patients showed significantly higher levels of fatty acid (FA) metabolites and oxidized lipids, and significantly lower levels of antioxidant, caffeine, and benzoate‐related metabolites. Interpretation Metabolomics can identify specific metabolic alterations in PARK2 patients compared with controls. Alterations in FA metabolites suggest a relationship between parkin function and lipid metabolism. The elevation of oxidized lipids in combination with decreasing antioxidants may reflect general hyperoxidative stress. Decreasing benzoate‐related metabolites might be due to the alteration in gut microbiota. Consequently, caffeine and its metabolites may be decreased due to malabsorption. These findings are similar to metabolic alterations in iPD. Thus, serum/plasma metabolomics may reflect the association between parkin dysfunction and parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Okuzumi
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Taku Hatano
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ueno
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Ogawa
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinji Saiki
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Akio Mori
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiro Koinuma
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Oji
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Motoki Fujimaki
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shigeto Sato
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | | | | | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology Juntendo University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Impellizzeri D, Siracusa R, Cordaro M, Crupi R, Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, D'Amico R, Petrosino S, Evangelista M, Di Paola R, Cuzzocrea S. N-Palmitoylethanolamine-oxazoline (PEA-OXA): A new therapeutic strategy to reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress associated to vascular dementia in an experimental model of repeated bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:77-91. [PMID: 30660740 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Recent studies revealed that pharmacological modulation of NAE-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) can be achieved with PEA oxazoline (PEA-OXA). Hence, the aim of the present work was to thoroughly evaluate the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PEA-OXA in an experimental model of vascular dementia (VaD) induced by bilateral carotid arteries occlusion. At 24 h after VaD induction, animals were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of PEA-OXA daily for 15 days. RESULTS Brain tissues were handled for histological, immunohistochemical, western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. PEA-OXA treatment evidently reduced the histological alterations and neuronal death induced by VaD and additionally improved behavioral deficits. Further, PEA-OXA decreased GFAP and Iba-1, markers of astrocytes, and microglia activation, as well as increased MAP-2, a marker of neuron development. Moreover, PEA-OXA reduced oxidative stress, modulated Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, and inhibited the apoptotic process. INNOVATION Some drugs may demonstrate their healing potential by regulating neuroinflammation, rather than by their habitually attributed actions only. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a prototype ALIAmide, well-known for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The inhibition of PEA degradation by targeting NAAA, its catabolic enzyme, is a different approach for treating neuroinflammation. This research offers new insight into the mechanism of PEA-OXA-induced neuroprotection. CONCLUSION Thus, the modulation of intracellular NAAA by PEA-OXA could offer a novel means of controlling neuroinflammatory conditions associated with VaD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Impellizzeri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marika Cordaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ramona D'Amico
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy; Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030, Saccolongo, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Evangelista
- Institute of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine,Saint Louis, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Gurke R, Etyemez S, Prvulovic D, Thomas D, Fleck SC, Reif A, Geisslinger G, Lötsch J. A Data Science-Based Analysis Points at Distinct Patterns of Lipid Mediator Plasma Concentrations in Patients With Dementia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 30804821 PMCID: PMC6378270 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on accumulating evidence of a role of lipid signaling in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including psychiatric diseases, the present data driven analysis was designed to gather information needed to develop a prospective biomarker, using a targeted lipidomics approach covering different lipid mediators. Using unsupervised methods of data structure detection, implemented as hierarchal clustering, emergent self-organizing maps of neuronal networks, and principal component analysis, a cluster structure was found in the input data space comprising plasma concentrations of d = 35 different lipid-markers of various classes acquired in n = 94 subjects with the clinical diagnoses depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, dementia, or in healthy controls. The structure separated patients with dementia from the other clinical groups, indicating that dementia is associated with a distinct lipid mediator plasma concentrations pattern possibly providing a basis for a future biomarker. This hypothesis was subsequently assessed using supervised machine-learning methods, implemented as random forests or principal component analysis followed by computed ABC analysis used for feature selection, and as random forests, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machines, multilayer perceptron, and naïve Bayesian classifiers to estimate whether the selected lipid mediators provide sufficient information that the diagnosis of dementia can be established at a higher accuracy than by guessing. This succeeded using a set of d = 7 markers comprising GluCerC16:0, Cer24:0, Cer20:0, Cer16:0, Cer24:1, C16 sphinganine, and LacCerC16:0, at an accuracy of 77%. By contrast, using random lipid markers reduced the diagnostic accuracy to values of 65% or less, whereas training the algorithms with randomly permuted data was followed by complete failure to diagnose dementia, emphasizing that the selected lipid mediators were display a particular pattern in this disease possibly qualifying as biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Semra Etyemez
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David Prvulovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie C Fleck
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Vučković S, Srebro D, Vujović KS, Vučetić Č, Prostran M. Cannabinoids and Pain: New Insights From Old Molecules. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1259. [PMID: 30542280 PMCID: PMC6277878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. The prohibition of cannabis in the middle of the 20th century has arrested cannabis research. In recent years there is a growing debate about the use of cannabis for medical purposes. The term ‘medical cannabis’ refers to physician-recommended use of the cannabis plant and its components, called cannabinoids, to treat disease or improve symptoms. Chronic pain is the most commonly cited reason for using medical cannabis. Cannabinoids act via cannabinoid receptors, but they also affect the activities of many other receptors, ion channels and enzymes. Preclinical studies in animals using both pharmacological and genetic approaches have increased our understanding of the mechanisms of cannabinoid-induced analgesia and provided therapeutical strategies for treating pain in humans. The mechanisms of the analgesic effect of cannabinoids include inhibition of the release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides from presynaptic nerve endings, modulation of postsynaptic neuron excitability, activation of descending inhibitory pain pathways, and reduction of neural inflammation. Recent meta-analyses of clinical trials that have examined the use of medical cannabis in chronic pain present a moderate amount of evidence that cannabis/cannabinoids exhibit analgesic activity, especially in neuropathic pain. The main limitations of these studies are short treatment duration, small numbers of patients, heterogeneous patient populations, examination of different cannabinoids, different doses, the use of different efficacy endpoints, as well as modest observable effects. Adverse effects in the short-term medical use of cannabis are generally mild to moderate, well tolerated and transient. However, there are scant data regarding the long-term safety of medical cannabis use. Larger well-designed studies of longer duration are mandatory to determine the long-term efficacy and long-term safety of cannabis/cannabinoids and to provide definitive answers to physicians and patients regarding the risk and benefits of its use in the treatment of pain. In conclusion, the evidence from current research supports the use of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain in adults. Careful follow-up and monitoring of patients using cannabis/cannabinoids are mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Vučković
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Srebro
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Savić Vujović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Čedomir Vučetić
- Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Prostran
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Molecular mechanism of activation of the immunoregulatory amidase NAAA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10032-E10040. [PMID: 30301806 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811759115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylethanolamide is a bioactive lipid that strongly alleviates pain and inflammation in animal models and in humans. Its signaling activity is terminated through degradation by N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), a cysteine hydrolase expressed at high levels in immune cells. Pharmacological inhibitors of NAAA activity exert profound analgesic and antiinflammatory effects in rodent models, pointing to this protein as a potential target for therapeutic drug discovery. To facilitate these efforts and to better understand the molecular mechanism of action of NAAA, we determined crystal structures of this enzyme in various activation states and in complex with several ligands, including both a covalent and a reversible inhibitor. Self-proteolysis exposes the otherwise buried active site of NAAA to allow catalysis. Formation of a stable substrate- or inhibitor-binding site appears to be conformationally coupled to the interaction of a pair of hydrophobic helices in the enzyme with lipid membranes, resulting in the creation of a linear hydrophobic cavity near the active site that accommodates the ligand's acyl chain.
Collapse
|
91
|
Di Paola M, Bonechi E, Provensi G, Costa A, Clarke G, Ballerini C, De Filippo C, Passani MB. Oleoylethanolamide treatment affects gut microbiota composition and the expression of intestinal cytokines in Peyer's patches of mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14881. [PMID: 30291258 PMCID: PMC6173739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lipid sensor oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous high-affinity agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) secreted in the proximal intestine, is endowed with several distinctive homeostatic properties, such as control of appetite, anti-inflammatory activity, stimulation of lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. When administered exogenously, OEA has beneficial effects in several cognitive paradigms; therefore, in all respects, OEA can be considered a hormone of the gut-brain axis. Here we report an unexplored modulatory effect of OEA on the intestinal microbiota and on immune response. Our study shows for the first time that sub-chronic OEA administration to mice fed a normal chow pellet diet, changes the faecal microbiota profile, shifting the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio in favour of Bacteroidetes (in particular Bacteroides genus) and decreasing Firmicutes (Lactobacillus), and reduces intestinal cytokines expression by immune cells isolated from Peyer's patches. Our results suggest that sub-chronic OEA treatment modulates gut microbiota composition towards a "lean-like phenotype", and polarises gut-specific immune responses mimicking the effect of a diet low in fat and high in polysaccharides content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Di Paola
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Elena Bonechi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Universitá di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Universitá di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessia Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clara Ballerini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Instituto di Biologia e Biotecnologie Agrarie (IBBA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - M Beatrice Passani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Storozhuk MV, Zholos AV. TRP Channels as Novel Targets for Endogenous Ligands: Focus on Endocannabinoids and Nociceptive Signalling. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:137-150. [PMID: 28440188 PMCID: PMC5883376 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170424120802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic pain is a significant clinical problem and a very complex pathophysiological phenomenon. There is growing evidence that targeting the endocannabinoid system may be a useful approach to pain alleviation. Classically, the system includes G protein-coupled receptors of the CB1 and CB2 subtypes and their endogenous ligands. More recently, several subtypes of the large superfamily of cation TRP channels have been coined as “ionotropic cannabinoid receptors”, thus highlighting their role in cannabinoid signalling. Thus, the aim of this review was to explore the intimate connection between several “painful” TRP channels, endocannabinoids and nociceptive signalling. Methods: Research literature on this topic was critically reviewed allowing us not only summarize the existing evidence in this area of research, but also propose several possible cellular mechanisms linking nociceptive and cannabinoid signaling with TRP channels. Results: We begin with an overview of physiology of the endocannabinoid system and its major components, namely CB1 and CB2 G protein-coupled receptors, their two most studied endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-AG, and several enzymes involved in endocannabinoid biosynthesis and degradation. The role of different endocannabinoids in the regulation of synaptic transmission is then discussed in detail. The connection between the endocannabinoid system and several TRP channels, especially TRPV1-4, TRPA1 and TRPM8, is then explored, while highlighting the role of these same channels in pain signalling. Conclusion: There is increasing evidence implicating several TRP subtypes not only as an integral part of the endocannabinoid system, but also as promising molecular targets for pain alleviation with the use of endo- and phytocannabinoids, especially when the function of these channels is upregulated under inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Storozhuk
- A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz Street, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Alexander V Zholos
- A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 4 Bogomoletz Street, Kiev 01024, Ukraine.,Educational and Scientific Centre "Institute of Biology and Medicine", Taras Shevchenko Kiev National University, 2 Academician Glushkov Avenue, Kiev 03022, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain, but they are burdened by detrimental side effects such as respiratory depression, addiction, sedation, nausea, and constipation. Their clinical application is undisputed in acute (e.g. perioperative) and cancer pain, but their long-term use in chronic pain has met increasing scrutiny and has contributed to the current 'opioid crisis.' AREAS COVERED This article reviews pharmacological principles and research strategies aiming at novel opioids with reduced side effects. Basic mechanisms underlying pain, opioid analgesia, and other opioid actions are outlined. To illustrate the clinical situation and medical needs, plasticity of opioid receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, endogenous and exogenous opioid receptor ligands, central and peripheral sites of analgesic, and side effects are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The epidemic of opioid misuse has taught us that there is a lack of fundamental knowledge about the characteristics and management of chronic pain, that conflicts of interest and validity of models must be considered in the context of drug development, and that novel analgesics with less abuse liability are badly needed. Currently, the most promising perspectives appear to be augmenting endogenous opioid actions and selectively targeting pathological conformations of peripheral opioid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Stein
- a Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Campus Benjamin Franklin , Charité Universitätsmedizin , Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
The ongoing challenge of novel psychoactive drugs of abuse. Part I. Synthetic cannabinoids (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the past decade, the world has experienced a large increase in the number of novel compounds appearing on the illicit drug market for recreational purposes. Such substances are designed to circumvent governmental regulations; the illegal drug manufacturers take a known psychoactive compound reported in the scientific literature and slightly modify its chemical structure in order to produce analogues that will mimic the pharmacological activity of the original substance. Many of these novel substances are sold via the Internet. Among the various chemical classes, synthetic cannabinoid receptor modulators, commonly referred to as “synthetic cannabinoids” have been at the forefront, as demonstrated by the frequency of drug seizures, numerous severe toxic effects, and fatalities associated with some of these substances. This review presents the chemical structures of relevant synthetic cannabinoids and describes their mechanism of action, pharmacological features, metabolic pathways, and structure-activity relationships. It illustrates the approaches used in forensic testing, both for bulk analysis (drug seizures) and for analytical toxicology (biological matrices) and discusses aspects of regulation surrounding this drug class. This report is intended to provide pertinent information for the purposes of informing scientific, medical, social, and governmental bodies about this ever-evolving recreational drug class and the challenges it poses worldwide.
Collapse
|
95
|
Larrieu T, Layé S. Food for Mood: Relevance of Nutritional Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1047. [PMID: 30127751 PMCID: PMC6087749 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has the highest concentration of lipids in the organism after adipose tissue. Among these lipids, the brain is particularly enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) represented by the omega-6 (ω6) and omega-3 (ω3) series. These PUFAs include arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. PUFAs have received substantial attention as being relevant to many brain diseases, including anxiety and depression. This review addresses an important question in the area of nutritional neuroscience regarding the importance of ω3 PUFAs in the prevention and/or treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases, mainly depression and anxiety. In particular, it focuses on clinical and experimental data linking dietary intake of ω3 PUFAs and depression or anxiety. In particular, we will discuss recent experimental data highlighting how ω3 PUFAs can modulate neurobiological processes involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression. Potential mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective and corrective activity of ω3 PUFAs in the brain are discussed, in particular the sensing activity of free fatty acid receptors and the activity of the PUFAs-derived endocannabinoid system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Larrieu
- UMR 1286, NutriNeuro: Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Layé
- UMR 1286, NutriNeuro: Laboratoire Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Nadjar A. Role of metabolic programming in the modulation of microglia phagocytosis by lipids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:63-73. [PMID: 30103935 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia phagocytosis is an essential process to maintain lifelong brain homeostasis and clear potential toxic factors from the neuropil. Microglia can engulf cells or part of cells through the expression of specific receptors at their surface and activation of downstream signaling pathways to engulf material. Microglia phagocytosis is finely regulated and is under the dependence of many factors, including environmental cues such as dietary lipids. Yet, the molecular mechanisms implicated are still largely unknown. The present publication is a 'hypothesis review', assessing the possibility that lipid-mediated modulation of phagocytosis occurs by affecting bioenergetic pathways within microglia. I assess our present knowledge and the elements that allow drawing such hypothesis. I also list some of the important gaps in the literature that need to be filled in. I also consider opportunities for future therapeutic target including nutritional interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux 33076, France; University Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux 33076, France.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Contribution of Endocannabinoid Gene Expression and Genotype on Low Back Pain Susceptibility and Chronicity. Clin J Pain 2018; 34:8-14. [PMID: 28481838 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major research emphasis has been focused on defining the molecular changes that occur from acute to chronic pain to identify potential therapeutic targets for chronic pain. As the endocannabinoid system is dynamically involved in pain signaling, a plausible mechanism that may contribute to chronic pain vulnerability involves alterations in the amount of circulating endocannabinoids. Therefore, this study sought to examine cannabinoid type 1 (CNR1), type 2 (CNR2) receptors, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the vanilloid receptor (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 [TRPV1]) gene expression profiles among individuals with acute and chronic low back pain (cLBP) at their baseline visit. We also assessed associations among selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FAAH and CNR2 and measures of somatosensory function and self-report pain measures.Using a previously established quantitative sensory testing protocol, we comprehensively assessed somatosensory parameters among 42 acute LBP, 42 cLBP, and 20 pain-free participants. Samples of whole blood were drawn to examine mRNA expression and isolate genomic DNA for genotyping.CNR2 mRNA was significantly upregulated in all LBP patients compared with controls. However, FAAH mRNA and TRPV1 mRNA were significantly upregulated in cLBP compared with controls. A significant association was observed between FAAH SNP genotype and self-report pain measures, mechanical and cold pain sensitivity among LBP participants. cLBP participants showed increased FAAH and TRPV1 mRNA expression compared with acute LBP patients and controls.Further research to characterize pain-associated somatosensory changes in the context of altered mRNA expression levels and SNP associations may provide insight on the molecular underpinnings of maladaptive chronic pain.
Collapse
|
98
|
Donertas B, Unel CC, Erol K. Cannabinoids and agmatine as potential therapeutic alternatives for cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. J Exp Pharmacol 2018; 10:19-28. [PMID: 29950907 PMCID: PMC6018893 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s162059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used antineoplastic agent in the treatment of various cancers. Peripheral neuropathy is a well-known side effect of cisplatin and has the potential to result in limiting and/or reducing the dose, decreasing the quality of life. Unfortunately, the mechanism for cisplatin-induced neuropathy has not been completely elucidated. Currently, available treatments for neuropathic pain (NP) are mostly symptomatic, insufficient and are often linked with several detrimental side effects; thus, effective treatments are needed. Cannabinoids and agmatine are endogenous modulators that are implicated in painful states. This review explains the cisplatin-induced neuropathy and antinociceptive effects of cannabinoids and agmatine in animal models of NP and their putative therapeutic potential in cisplatin-induced neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basak Donertas
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Cengelli Unel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Kevser Erol
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Stensson N, Ghafouri N, Ernberg M, Mannerkorpi K, Kosek E, Gerdle B, Ghafouri B. The Relationship of Endocannabinoidome Lipid Mediators With Pain and Psychological Stress in Women With Fibromyalgia: A Case-Control Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2018; 19:1318-1328. [PMID: 29885369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Characterized by chronic widespread pain, generalized hyperalgesia, and psychological stress, fibromyalgia (FM) is difficult to diagnose and lacks effective treatments. Endocannabinoids-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and the related oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and stearoylethanolamide (SEA)-are endogenous lipid mediators with analgesic and anti-inflammatory characteristics, in company with psychological modulating properties (eg, stress and anxiety), and are included in a new emerging "ome," the endocannabinoidome. This case-control study compared the concentration differences of AEA, OEA, PEA, SEA, and 2-AG in 104 women with FM and 116 healthy control subjects. All participants rated their pain, anxiety, depression, and current health status. The relationships between the lipid concentrations and the clinical assessments were investigated using powerful multivariate data analysis and traditional bivariate statistics. The concentrations of OEA, PEA, SEA, and 2-AG were significantly higher in women with FM than in healthy control subjects; significance remained for OEA and SEA after controlling for body mass index and age. 2-AG correlated positively with FM duration and body mass index, and to some extent negatively with pain, anxiety, depression, and health status. In FM, AEA correlated positively with depression ratings. The elevated circulating levels of endocannabinoidome lipids suggest that these lipids play a role in the complex pathophysiology of FM and might be signs of ongoing low-grade inflammation in FM. Although the investigated lipids are significantly altered in FM, their biological roles are uncertain with respect to the clinical manifestations of FM. Thus plasma lipids alone are not good biomarkers for FM. PERSPECTIVE: This study reports about elevated plasma levels of endocannabinoidome lipid mediators in FM. The lipids' suitability to work as biomarkers for FM in the clinic were low; however, their altered levels indicate that a metabolic asymmetry is ongoing in FM, which could serve as a baseline during explorative FM pain management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Stensson
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden..
| | - Nazdar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Malin Ernberg
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Scandinavian Centre for Orofacial Neurosciences, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Mannerkorpi
- Physiotherapy, Section of Health and Rehabilitation, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.; Centre for Person Centred Care, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Kosek
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.; Stockholm Spine Centre, Löwenströmska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Björn Gerdle
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Bajic D, Monory K, Conrad A, Maul C, Schmid RM, Wotjak CT, Stein-Thoeringer CK. Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 in the Brain Regulates the Affective Component of Visceral Pain in Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 384:397-405. [PMID: 29885522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids acting through cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) are major modulators of peripheral somatic and visceral nociception. Although only partially studied, some evidence suggests a particular role of CB1 within the brain in nociceptive processes. As the endocannabinoid system regulates affect and emotional behaviors, we hypothesized that cerebral CB1 influences affective processing of visceral pain-related behaviors in laboratory animals. To study nocifensive responses modulated by supraspinal CB1, we used conditional knock-out mice lacking CB1 either in cortical glutamatergic neurons (Glu-CB1-KO), or in forebrain GABAergic neurons (GABA-CB1-KO), or in principal neurons of the forebrain (CaMK-CB1-KO). These mutant mice and mice treated with the CB1 antagonist SR141716 were tested for different pain-related behaviors. In an acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test, supraspinal CB1 deletions did not affect nocifensive responses. In the cerulein-model of acute pancreatitis, mechanical allodynia or hyperalgesia were not changed, but Glu-CB1- and CaMK-CB1-KO mice showed significantly increased facial grimacing scores indicating increased affective responses to this noxious visceral stimulus. Similarly, these brain-specific CB1 KO mice also showed significantly changed thermal nociception in a hot-plate test. These results reveal a novel, and important role of CB1 expressed by cortical glutamatergic neurons in the affective component of visceral nociception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica Bajic
- Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Krisztina Monory
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Conrad
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Maul
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph K Stein-Thoeringer
- Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|