51
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Williams DE. Indoles Derived From Glucobrassicin: Cancer Chemoprevention by Indole-3-Carbinol and 3,3'-Diindolylmethane. Front Nutr 2021; 8:734334. [PMID: 34660663 PMCID: PMC8517077 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.734334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of glucobrassicin by plant or bacterial myrosinase produces multiple indoles predominantly indole-3-carbinol (I3C). I3C and its major in vivo product, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), are effective cancer chemopreventive agents in pre-clinical models and show promise in clinical trials. The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of DIM have been studied in both rodents and humans and urinary DIM is a proposed biomarker of dietary intake of cruciferous vegetables. Recent clinical studies at Oregon State University show surprisingly robust metabolism of DIM in vivo with mono- and di-hydroxylation followed by conjugation with sulfate or glucuronic acid. DIM has multiple mechanisms of action, the most well-characterized is modulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling. In rainbow trout dose-dependent cancer chemoprevention by dietary I3C is achieved when given prior to or concurrent with aflatoxin B1, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines or direct acting carcinogens such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine. Feeding pregnant mice I3C inhibits transplacental carcinogenesis. In humans much of the focus has been on chemoprevention of breast and prostate cancer. Alteration of cytochrome P450-dependent estrogen metabolism is hypothesized to be an important driver of DIM-dependent breast cancer prevention. The few studies done to date comparing glucobrassicin-rich crucifers such as Brussels sprouts with I3C/DIM supplements have shown the greater impact of the latter is due to dose. Daily ingestion of kg quantities of Brussels sprouts is required to produce in vivo levels of DIM achievable by supplementation. In clinical trials these supplement doses have elicited few if any adverse effects. Sulforaphane from glucoraphanin can act synergistically with glucobrassicin-derived DIM and this may lead to opportunities for combinatorial approaches (supplement and food-based) in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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52
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Konjar Š, Pavšič M, Veldhoen M. Regulation of Oxygen Homeostasis at the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Site. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179170. [PMID: 34502078 PMCID: PMC8431628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biology of the intestinal epithelial barrier is linked to a low baseline oxygen pressure (pO2), characterised by a high rate of metabolites circulating through the intestinal blood and the presence of a steep oxygen gradient across the epithelial surface. These characteristics require tight regulation of oxygen homeostasis, achieved in part by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-dependent signalling. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) possess metabolic identities that are reflected in changes in mitochondrial function. In recent years, it has become widely accepted that oxygen metabolism is key to homeostasis at the mucosae. In addition, the gut has a vast and diverse microbial population, the microbiota. Microbiome–gut communication represents a dynamic exchange of mediators produced by bacterial and intestinal metabolism. The microbiome contributes to the maintenance of the hypoxic environment, which is critical for nutrient absorption, intestinal barrier function, and innate and/or adaptive immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we focus on oxygen homeostasis at the epithelial barrier site, how it is regulated by hypoxia and the microbiome, and how oxygen homeostasis at the epithelium is regulated in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Konjar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal;
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53
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Chapkin RS, Davidson LA, Park H, Jin UH, Fan YY, Cheng Y, Hensel ME, Landrock KK, Allred C, Menon R, Klemashevich C, Jayaraman A, Safe S. Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in Mediating the Effects of Coffee in the Colon. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100539. [PMID: 34406707 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the mechanism of action and functional effects of coffee extracts in colonic cells, on intestinal stem cell growth, and inhibition of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal barrier damage in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Aqueous coffee extracts induced Ah receptor (AhR) -responsive CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and UGT1A1 gene expression in colon-derived Caco2 and YAMC cells. Tissue-specific AhR knockout (AhRf/f x Lgr5-GFP-CreERT2 x Villin-Cre), wild-type (Lgr5-CreERT2 x Villin-Cre) mice are sources of stem cell enriched organoids and both coffee extracts and norharman, an AhR-active component of these extracts inhibited stem cell growth. Coffee extracts also inhibit DSS-induced damage to intestinal barrier function and DSS-induced mucosal inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and TGF-β1 in wild-type (AhR+/+ ) but not AhR-/- mice. In contrast, coffee does not exhibit protective effects in intestinal-specific AhR knockout mice. Coffee extracts also enhanced overall formation of AhR-active microbial metabolites. CONCLUSIONS In colon-derived cells and in the mouse intestine, coffee induced several AhR-dependent responses including gene expression, inhibition of intestinal stem cell-enriched organoid growth, and inhibition of DSS-induced intestinal barrier damage. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory effects of coffee in the intestine are due, in part, to activation of AhR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Chapkin
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry & Biophysics Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Laurie A Davidson
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry & Biophysics Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Hyejin Park
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yang-Yi Fan
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry & Biophysics Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yating Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Martha E Hensel
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kerstin K Landrock
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry & Biophysics Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Clinton Allred
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry & Biophysics Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rani Menon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Cory Klemashevich
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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54
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Zhang L, Zhang XT, Jin P, Zhao H, Liu X, Sheng Q. Effects of oral administration of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on serum immunity indexes, colonic immune factors, fecal odor, and fecal flora in mice. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13593. [PMID: 34289202 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of Spirulina platensis and probiotics on growth, immunity indexes, fecal flora, and fecal odor in mice, 40 mice were randomly allotted to four groups, and each was administrated with nothing, S. platensis, probiotics, or both for 28 days, respectively. Then, many indexes were measured. The results showed that S. platensis was more effective (P < 0.001) than probiotics in improving mice's feed conversion ration (FCR). In immunity, probiotics administration increased (P < 0.042) serum IgE, IgM, IFN-γ, colonic AHR, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression and decreased (P < 0.039) serum IL-1α, IL-21, IL-22, and colonic ARNT gene expression. However, the S. platensis showed weaker effect, which increased (P < 0.025) the serum IgE, IgM, TNF-α, and the colonic AHR and NF-κB protein expression, and decreased (P < 0.01) serum IL-21. Probiotics consumption decreased the fecal odor by decreasing (P < 0.02) fecal Escherichia coli, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and skatole contents, and the S. platensis decreased (P = 0.04) the IAA. These results indicated that oral administration of probiotics, S. platensis, or both of them in mice probably benefited body's immunity and reduced fecal odor. However, their mechanisms were still unclear and need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Xing Tao Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Pingting Jin
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingkai Sheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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55
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Feng L, Tang N, Liu R, Gong M, Wang Z, Guo Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chang M. The relationship between flavor formation, lipid metabolism, and microorganisms in fermented fish products. Food Funct 2021; 12:5685-5702. [PMID: 34037049 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Traditional fermented fish products are favored due to their unique flavors. The fermentation process of fish is accompanied by the formation of flavor substances through a complex metabolic reaction of microorganisms, especially lipolysis and lipid oxidation. However, it is difficult to precisely control the reaction of microorganisms during the fermentation process in modern industrial production, and fermented fish products have lost their traditional characteristic flavors. The purpose of this review is to summarize the different kinds of fermented fish, core microorganisms in it, and flavor formation mechanisms, providing guidance for industrial cultural starters. Future research on the flavor formation mechanism is necessary to confirm the relationship between flavor formation, lipid metabolism, and microorganisms to ensure stable flavor and safety, and to elucidate the mechanism directly toward industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Nianchu Tang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Ruijie Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Mengyue Gong
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Zhangtie Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Yiwen Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Yandan Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Yao Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Ming Chang
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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56
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Wei GZ, Martin KA, Xing PY, Agrawal R, Whiley L, Wood TK, Hejndorf S, Ng YZ, Low JZY, Rossant J, Nechanitzky R, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Tan EK, Matthews PM, Pettersson S. Tryptophan-metabolizing gut microbes regulate adult neurogenesis via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021091118. [PMID: 34210797 PMCID: PMC8271728 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021091118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While modulatory effects of gut microbes on neurological phenotypes have been reported, the mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that indole, a tryptophan metabolite produced by tryptophanase-expressing gut microbes, elicits neurogenic effects in the adult mouse hippocampus. Neurogenesis is reduced in germ-free (GF) mice and in GF mice monocolonized with a single-gene tnaA knockout (KO) mutant Escherichia coli unable to produce indole. External administration of systemic indole increases adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in these mouse models and in specific pathogen-free (SPF) control mice. Indole-treated mice display elevated synaptic markers postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin, suggesting synaptic maturation effects in vivo. By contrast, neurogenesis is not induced by indole in aryl hydrocarbon receptor KO (AhR-/-) mice or in ex vivo neurospheres derived from them. Neural progenitor cells exposed to indole exit the cell cycle, terminally differentiate, and mature into neurons that display longer and more branched neurites. These effects are not observed with kynurenine, another AhR ligand. The indole-AhR-mediated signaling pathway elevated the expression of β-catenin, Neurog2, and VEGF-α genes, thus identifying a molecular pathway connecting gut microbiota composition and their metabolic function to neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Our data have implications for the understanding of mechanisms of brain aging and for potential next-generation therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zhang Wei
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 169857
| | - Katherine A Martin
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 169857
| | - Peter Yuli Xing
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637335
| | - Ruchi Agrawal
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Luke Whiley
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth WA 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Thomas K Wood
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Sophia Hejndorf
- Department of Neurobiology, Care and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yong Zhi Ng
- The School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Jeremy Zhi Yan Low
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
| | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Robert Nechanitzky
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth WA 6150, Australia
- Section for Nutrition Research, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth WA 6150, Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Eng-King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 169857
| | - Paul M Matthews
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921;
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 169857
- Department of Neurobiology, Care and Society, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, 47500 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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57
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Holmes E, Wist J, Masuda R, Lodge S, Nitschke P, Kimhofer T, Loo RL, Begum S, Boughton B, Yang R, Morillon AC, Chin ST, Hall D, Ryan M, Bong SH, Gay M, Edgar DW, Lindon JC, Richards T, Yeap BB, Pettersson S, Spraul M, Schaefer H, Lawler NG, Gray N, Whiley L, Nicholson JK. Incomplete Systemic Recovery and Metabolic Phenoreversion in Post-Acute-Phase Nonhospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Assessment of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3315-3329. [PMID: 34009992 PMCID: PMC8147448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a multivariate metabotyping approach to assess the functional recovery of nonhospitalized COVID-19 patients and the possible biochemical sequelae of "Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome", colloquially known as long-COVID. Blood samples were taken from patients ca. 3 months after acute COVID-19 infection with further assessment of symptoms at 6 months. Some 57% of the patients had one or more persistent symptoms including respiratory-related symptoms like cough, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea or other nonrespiratory symptoms including chronic fatigue, anosmia, myalgia, or joint pain. Plasma samples were quantitatively analyzed for lipoproteins, glycoproteins, amino acids, biogenic amines, and tryptophan pathway intermediates using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Metabolic data for the follow-up patients (n = 27) were compared with controls (n = 41) and hospitalized severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (n = 18, with multiple time-points). Univariate and multivariate statistics revealed variable patterns of functional recovery with many patients exhibiting residual COVID-19 biomarker signatures. Several parameters were persistently perturbed, e.g., elevated taurine (p = 3.6 × 10-3 versus controls) and reduced glutamine/glutamate ratio (p = 6.95 × 10-8 versus controls), indicative of possible liver and muscle damage and a high energy demand linked to more generalized tissue repair or immune function. Some parameters showed near-complete normalization, e.g., the plasma apolipoprotein B100/A1 ratio was similar to that of healthy controls but significantly lower (p = 4.2 × 10-3) than post-acute COVID-19 patients, reflecting partial reversion of the metabolic phenotype (phenoreversion) toward the healthy metabolic state. Plasma neopterin was normalized in all follow-up patients, indicative of a reduction in the adaptive immune activity that has been previously detected in active SARS-CoV-2 infection. Other systemic inflammatory biomarkers such as GlycA and the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio remained elevated in some, but not all, patients. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and orthogonal-partial least-squares discriminant analysis (O-PLS-DA) showed that the follow-up patients were, as a group, metabolically distinct from controls and partially comapped with the acute-phase patients. Significant systematic metabolic differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic follow-up patients were also observed for multiple metabolites. The overall metabolic variance of the symptomatic patients was significantly greater than that of nonsymptomatic patients for multiple parameters (χ2p = 0.014). Thus, asymptomatic follow-up patients including those with post-acute COVID-19 Syndrome displayed a spectrum of multiple persistent biochemical pathophysiology, suggesting that the metabolic phenotyping approach may be deployed for multisystem functional assessment of individual post-acute COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Holmes
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Julien Wist
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Chemistry Department, Universidad del
Valle, 76001 Cali, Colombia
| | - Reika Masuda
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Samantha Lodge
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Philipp Nitschke
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Torben Kimhofer
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Ruey Leng Loo
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sofina Begum
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction,
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander
Fleming Building, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Berin Boughton
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Rongchang Yang
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Aude-Claire Morillon
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sung-Tong Chin
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Drew Hall
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Monique Ryan
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Sze-How Bong
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Melvin Gay
- Bruker Pty. Ltd., Preston,
VIC 3072, Australia
| | - Dale W. Edgar
- State Adult Burn Unit, Fiona Stanley
Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Burn Injury Research Node, The University
of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of
Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ,
U.K.
| | - Toby Richards
- Department of Surgery, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Medical
School, University of Western Australia,Harry Perkins Building,
Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Bu B. Yeap
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona
Stanley Hospital, Medical School, University of Western
Australia, Harry Perkins Building, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150,
Australia
| | - Sven Pettersson
- Singapore National NeuroScience
Centre, Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232,
Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine.
Nanyang Technological University, Mandalay Road, Singapore
308232, Singapore
- Department of Life Science Centre,
Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur 47500,
Malaysia
| | | | | | - Nathan G. Lawler
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Nicola Gray
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Luke Whiley
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and
Translational Science, Nedlands, WA 6009,
Australia
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures
Institute, Murdoch University, Harry Perkins Building, 5 Robin
Warren Drive, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health
Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 5 Robin Warren Drive,
Perth, WA 6150, Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation,
Imperial College London, Level 1, Faculty Building, South
Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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58
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DeBofsky A, Xie Y, Challis JK, Jain N, Brinkmann M, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Responses of juvenile fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) gut microbiome to a chronic dietary exposure of benzo[a]pyrene. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116821. [PMID: 33706240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome has been described as an additional host "organ" with well-established beneficial roles. However, the effects of exposures to chemicals on both structure and function of the gut microbiome of fishes are understudied. To determine effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a model persistent organic pollutant, on structural shifts of gut microbiome in juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), fish were exposed ad libitum in the diet to concentrations of 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μg BaP g-1 food, in addition to a vehicle control, for two weeks. To determine the link between exposure to BaP and changes in the microbial community, concentrations of metabolites of BaP were measured in fish bile and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was used to evaluate the microbiome. Exposure to BaP only reduced alpha-diversity at the greatest exposure concentrations. However, it did alter community composition assessed as differential abundance of taxa and reduced network complexity of the microbial community in all exposure groups. Results presented here illustrate that environmentally-relevant concentrations of BaP can alter the diversity of the gut microbiome and community network connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail DeBofsky
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Jonathan K Challis
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Niteesh Jain
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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De Juan A, Segura E. Modulation of Immune Responses by Nutritional Ligands of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645168. [PMID: 34093534 PMCID: PMC8173196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that nutrition can modulate the immune system through metabolites, either produced by host digestion or by microbiota metabolism. In this review, we focus on dietary metabolites that are agonists of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor, initially characterized for its interaction with xenobiotic pollutants. Numerous studies have shown that AhR also recognizes indoles and tryptophan catabolites originating from dietary compounds and commensal bacteria. Here, we review recent work employing diet manipulation to address the impact of nutritional AhR agonists on immune responses, both locally in the intestine and at distant sites. In particular, we examine the physiological role of these metabolites in immune cell development and functions (including T lymphocytes, innate-like lymphoid cells, and mononuclear phagocytes) and their effect in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba De Juan
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Segura
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
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Nolan LS, Mihi B, Agrawal P, Gong Q, Rimer JM, Bidani SS, Gale SE, Goree M, Hu E, Lanik WE, Huang E, Bando JK, Liu V, Lewis AN, Bustos A, Hodzic Z, Laury ML, Good M. Indole-3-Carbinol-Dependent Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signaling Attenuates the Inflammatory Response in Experimental Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Immunohorizons 2021; 5:193-209. [PMID: 33906960 PMCID: PMC8173979 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) causes significant morbidity and mortality in premature infants; therefore, the identification of therapeutic and preventative strategies against NEC remains a high priority. The ligand-dependent transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is well known to contribute to the regulation of intestinal microbial communities and amelioration of intestinal inflammation. However, the role of AhR signaling in NEC is unclear. Experimental NEC was induced in 4-d-old wild-type mice or mice lacking AhR expression in the intestinal epithelial cells or AhR expression in CD11c+ cells (AhRΔCD11c) by subjecting animals to twice daily hypoxic stress and gavage feeding with formula supplemented with LPS and enteric bacteria. During NEC, compared with wild-type mice treated with vehicle, littermates treated with an AhR proligand, indole-3-carbinol, had reduced expression of Il1b and Marco, a scavenger receptor that mediates dendritic cell activation and the recognition and clearance of bacterial pathogens by macrophages. Furthermore, indole-3-carbinol treatment led to the downregulation of genes involved in cytokine and chemokine, as revealed by pathway enrichment analysis. AhR expression in the intestinal epithelial cells and their cre-negative mouse littermates were similarly susceptible to experimental NEC, whereas AhRΔCD11c mice with NEC exhibited heightened inflammatory responses compared with their cre-negative mouse littermates. In seeking to determine the mechanisms involved in this increased inflammatory response, we identified the Tim-4- monocyte-dependent subset of macrophages as increased in AhRΔCD11c mice compared with their cre-negative littermates. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the potential for AhR ligands as a novel immunotherapeutic approach to the management of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila S Nolan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Belgacem Mihi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Qingqing Gong
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jamie M Rimer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shay S Bidani
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Sarah E Gale
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Martin Goree
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elise Hu
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wyatt E Lanik
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Elizabeth Huang
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jennifer K Bando
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Victoria Liu
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Angela N Lewis
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Aiza Bustos
- Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Zerina Hodzic
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA; and
| | - Marie L Laury
- Genome Technology Access Center, McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Misty Good
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO;
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Impaired Intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligands Contribute to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. mSystems 2021; 6:6/1/e00985-20. [PMID: 33622853 PMCID: PMC8573958 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00985-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncaloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are extensively introduced into commonly consumed drinks and foods worldwide. However, data on the health effects of NAS consumption remain elusive. Saccharin and sucralose have been shown to pass through the human gastrointestinal tract without undergoing absorption and metabolism and directly encounter the gut microbiota community. Here, we aimed to identify a novel mechanism linking intestinal Akkermansia muciniphila and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to saccharin/sucralose-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. Saccharin/sucralose consumption altered the gut microbial community structure, with significant depletion of A. muciniphila abundance in the cecal contents of mice, resulting in disruption of intestinal permeability and a high level of serum lipopolysaccharide, which likely contributed to systemic inflammation and caused NAFLD in mice. Saccharin/sucralose also markedly decreased microbiota-derived AHR ligands and colonic AHR expression, which are closely associated with many metabolic syndromes. Metformin or fructo-oligosaccharide supplementation significantly restored A. muciniphila and AHR ligands in sucralose-consuming mice, consequently ameliorating NAFLD. IMPORTANCE Our findings indicate that the gut-liver signaling axis contributes to saccharin/sucralose consumption-induced NAFLD. Supplementation with metformin or fructo-oligosaccharide is a potential therapeutic strategy for NAFLD treatment. In addition, we also developed a new nutritional strategy by using a natural sweetener (neohesperidin dihydrochalcone [NHDC]) as a substitute for NAS and free sugars.
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Reverter A, Ballester M, Alexandre PA, Mármol-Sánchez E, Dalmau A, Quintanilla R, Ramayo-Caldas Y. A gene co-association network regulating gut microbial communities in a Duroc pig population. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:52. [PMID: 33612109 PMCID: PMC7898758 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyses of gut microbiome composition in livestock species have shown its potential to contribute to the regulation of complex phenotypes. However, little is known about the host genetic control over the gut microbial communities. In pigs, previous studies are based on classical "single-gene-single-trait" approaches and have evaluated the role of host genome controlling gut prokaryote and eukaryote communities separately. RESULTS In order to determine the ability of the host genome to control the diversity and composition of microbial communities in healthy pigs, we undertook genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for 39 microbial phenotypes that included 2 diversity indexes, and the relative abundance of 31 bacterial and six commensal protist genera in 390 pigs genotyped for 70 K SNPs. The GWAS results were processed through a 3-step analytical pipeline comprised of (1) association weight matrix; (2) regulatory impact factor; and (3) partial correlation and information theory. The inferred gene regulatory network comprised 3561 genes (within a 5 kb distance from a relevant SNP-P < 0.05) and 738,913 connections (SNP-to-SNP co-associations). Our findings highlight the complexity and polygenic nature of the pig gut microbial ecosystem. Prominent within the network were 5 regulators, PRDM15, STAT1, ssc-mir-371, SOX9 and RUNX2 which gathered 942, 607, 588, 284 and 273 connections, respectively. PRDM15 modulates the transcription of upstream regulators of WNT and MAPK-ERK signaling to safeguard naive pluripotency and regulates the production of Th1- and Th2-type immune response. The signal transducer STAT1 has long been associated with immune processes and was recently identified as a potential regulator of vaccine response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. The list of regulators was enriched for immune-related pathways, and the list of predicted targets includes candidate genes previously reported as associated with microbiota profile in pigs, mice and human, such as SLIT3, SLC39A8, NOS1, IL1R2, DAB1, TOX3, SPP1, THSD7B, ELF2, PIANP, A2ML1, and IFNAR1. Moreover, we show the existence of host-genetic variants jointly associated with the relative abundance of butyrate producer bacteria and host performance. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results identified regulators, candidate genes, and mechanisms linked with microbiome modulation by the host. They further highlight the value of the proposed analytical pipeline to exploit pleiotropy and the crosstalk between bacteria and protists as significant contributors to host-microbiome interactions and identify genetic markers and candidate genes that can be incorporated in breeding program to improve host-performance and microbial traits. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Reverter
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Maria Ballester
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, IRTA, Torre Marimón, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Emilio Mármol-Sánchez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Dalmau
- Animal Welfare Subprogram, IRTA, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - Raquel Quintanilla
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, IRTA, Torre Marimón, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, IRTA, Torre Marimón, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhou H, Wang L, Liu F. Immunological Impact of Intestinal T Cells on Metabolic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639902. [PMID: 33679800 PMCID: PMC7930072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence accumulated over the past several years has uncovered intestinal CD4+ T cells as an essential mediator in modulating intestinal immunity in health and diseases. It has also been increasingly recognized that dietary and microbiota-derived factors play key roles in shaping the intestinal CD4+ T-cell compartment. This review aims to discuss the current understanding on how the intestinal T cell immune responses are disturbed by obesity and metabolic stress. In addition, we review how these changes influence systemic metabolic homeostasis and the T-cell-mediated crosstalk between gut and liver or brain in the progression of obesity and its related diseases. Lastly, we highlight the potential roles of some drugs that target intestinal T cells as a therapeutic treatment for metabolic diseases. A better understanding of the interaction among metabolites, bacterial signals, and T cell immune responses in the gut and their roles in systemic inflammation in metabolic tissues should shed new light on the development of effective treatment of obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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64
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Kou Z, Dai W. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: Its roles in physiology. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114428. [PMID: 33515530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was initially discovered as a cellular protein involved in mediating the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds. Extensive research in the past two decades has identified several families of physiological ligands and uncovered important functions of AHR in normal development and homeostasis. Deficiency in AHR expression disrupts major signaling systems and transcriptional programs, which appear to be responsible for the development of numerous developmental abnormalities including cardiac hypertrophy and epidermal hyperplasia. This mini review primarily summarizes recent advances in our understanding of AHR functions in normal physiology with an emphasis on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, integumentary, nervous, and immunomodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Kou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY 10010, United States.
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Westfall S, Caracci F, Zhao D, Wu QL, Frolinger T, Simon J, Pasinetti GM. Microbiota metabolites modulate the T helper 17 to regulatory T cell (Th17/Treg) imbalance promoting resilience to stress-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:350-368. [PMID: 33096252 PMCID: PMC7986984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress disrupts immune homeostasis while gut microbiota-derived metabolites attenuate inflammation, thus promoting resilience to stress-induced immune and behavioral abnormalities. There are both peripheral and brain region-specific maladaptations of the immune response to chronic stress that produce interrelated mechanistic considerations required for the design of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention of stress-induced psychological impairment. This study shows that a combination of probiotics and polyphenol-rich prebiotics, a synbiotic, attenuates the chronic-stress induced inflammatory responses in the ileum and the prefrontal cortex promoting resilience to the consequent depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in male mice. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that this effect may be attributed to specific synbiotic-produced metabolites including 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and caffeic acid. Using a model of chronic unpredictable stress, behavioral abnormalities were associated to strong immune cell activation and recruitment in the ileum while inflammasome pathways were implicated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Chronic stress also upregulated the ratio of activated proinflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) to regulatory T cells (Treg) in the liver and ileum and it was predicted with ingenuity pathway analysis that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) could be driving the synbiotic's effect on the ileum's inflammatory response to stress. Synbiotic treatment indiscriminately attenuated the stress-induced immune and behavioral aberrations in both the ileum and the brain while in a gut-immune co-culture model, the synbiotic-specific metabolites promoted anti-inflammatory activity through the AHR. Overall, this study characterizes a novel synbiotic treatment for chronic-stress induced behavioral impairments while defining a putative mechanism of gut-microbiota host interaction for modulating the peripheral and brain immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Westfall
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Caracci
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danyue Zhao
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Qing-li Wu
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tal Frolinger
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Simon
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Giulio Maria Pasinetti
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Jourová L, Lišková B, Lněničková K, Zemanová N, Anzenbacher P, Hermanová P, Hudcovic T, Kozáková H, Anzenbacherová E. Presence or absence of microbiome modulates the response of mice organism to administered drug nabumetone. Physiol Res 2020; 69:S583-S594. [PMID: 33646003 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota provides a wide range of beneficial functions for the host, and has an immense effect on the host's health status. The presence of microbiome in the gut may often influence the effect of an orally administered drug. Molecular mechanisms of this process are however mostly unclear. We investigated how the effect of a nonsteroidal drug nabumetone on expression of drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in mice intestine and liver is changed by the presence of microbiota, here, using the germ free (GF) and specific pathogen free (SPF) BALB/c mice. First, we have found in a preliminary experiment that in the GF mice there is a tendency to increase bioavailability of the active form of nabumetone, which we have found now to be possibly influenced by differences in expression of DMEs in the GF and SPF mice. Indeed, we have observed that the expression of the most of selected cytochromes P450 (CYPs) was significantly changed in the small intestine of GF mice compared to the SPF ones. Moreover, orally administered nabumetone itself altered the expression of some CYPs and above all, in different ways in the GF and SPF mice. In the GF mice, the expression of the DMEs (CYP1A) responsible for the formation of active form of the drug are significantly increased in the small intestine and liver after nabumetone application. These results highlight the importance of gut microbiome in processes involved in drug metabolism in the both gastrointestinal tract and in the liver with possible clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jourová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Girer NG, Tomlinson CR, Elferink CJ. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Energy Balance: The Road from Dioxin-Induced Wasting Syndrome to Combating Obesity with Ahr Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E49. [PMID: 33374508 PMCID: PMC7793057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) has been studied for over 40 years, yet our understanding of this ligand-activated transcription factor remains incomplete. Each year, novel findings continually force us to rethink the role of the AHR in mammalian biology. The AHR has historically been studied within the context of potent activation via AHR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), with a focus on how the AHR mediates TCDD toxicity. Research has subsequently revealed that the AHR is actively involved in distinct physiological processes ranging from the development of the liver and reproductive organs, to immune system function and wound healing. More recently, the AHR was implicated in the regulation of energy metabolism and is currently being investigated as a potential therapeutic target for obesity. In this review, we re-trace the steps through which the early toxicological studies of TCDD led to the conceptual framework for the AHR as a potential therapeutic target in metabolic disease. We additionally discuss the key discoveries that have been made concerning the role of the AHR in energy metabolism, as well as the current and future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel G. Girer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA;
| | - Craig R. Tomlinson
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA;
| | - Cornelis J. Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77550, USA;
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Murray IA, Perdew GH. How Ah Receptor Ligand Specificity Became Important in Understanding Its Physiological Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249614. [PMID: 33348604 PMCID: PMC7766308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is being recognized as a sensor for endogenous and pseudo-endogenous metabolites, and in particular microbiota and host generated tryptophan metabolites. One proposed explanation for this is the role of the AHR in innate immune signaling within barrier tissues in response to the presence of microorganisms. A number of cytokine/chemokine genes exhibit a combinatorial increase in transcription upon toll-like receptors and AHR activation, supporting this concept. The AHR also plays a role in the enhanced differentiation of intestinal and dermal epithelium leading to improved barrier function. Importantly, from an evolutionary perspective many of these tryptophan metabolites exhibit greater activation potential for the human AHR when compared to the rodent AHR. These observations underscore the importance of the AHR in barrier tissues and may lead to pharmacologic therapeutic intervention.
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69
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Yang F, DeLuca JAA, Menon R, Garcia-Vilarato E, Callaway E, Landrock KK, Lee K, Safe SH, Chapkin RS, Allred CD, Jayaraman A. Effect of diet and intestinal AhR expression on fecal microbiome and metabolomic profiles. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:219. [PMID: 33256731 PMCID: PMC7708923 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet, loss of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression and their modification of the gut microbiota community composition and its metabolites affect the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the concordance between fecal microbiota composition and the fecal metabolome is poorly understood. Mice with specific AhR deletion (AhRKO) in intestinal epithelial cell and their wild-type littermates were fed a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet. Shifts in the fecal microbiome and metabolome associated with diet and loss of AhR expression were assessed. Microbiome and metabolome data were integrated to identify specific microbial taxa that contributed to the observed metabolite shifts. RESULTS Our analysis shows that diet has a more pronounced effect on mouse fecal microbiota composition than the impact of the loss of AhR. In contrast, metabolomic analysis showed that the loss of AhR in intestinal epithelial cells had a more pronounced effect on metabolite profile compared to diet. Integration analysis of microbiome and metabolome identified unclassified Clostridiales, unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae, and Akkermansia as key contributors to the synthesis and/or utilization of tryptophan metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Akkermansia are likely to contribute to the synthesis and/or degradation of tryptophan metabolites. Our study highlights the use of multi-omic analysis to investigate the relationship between the microbiome and metabolome and identifies possible taxa that can be targeted to manipulate the microbiome for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Rani Menon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Evelyn Callaway
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Kyongbum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Stephen H Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Clinton D Allred
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Huang Z, Aweya JJ, Zhu C, Tran NT, Hong Y, Li S, Yao D, Zhang Y. Modulation of Crustacean Innate Immune Response by Amino Acids and Their Metabolites: Inferences From Other Species. Front Immunol 2020; 11:574721. [PMID: 33224140 PMCID: PMC7674553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture production of crustaceans (mainly shrimp and crabs) has expanded globally, but disease outbreaks and pathogenic infections have hampered production in the last two decades. As invertebrates, crustaceans lack an adaptive immune system and mainly defend and protect themselves using their innate immune system. The immune system derives energy and metabolites from nutrients, with amino acids constituting one such source. A growing number of studies have shown that amino acids and their metabolites are involved in the activation, synthesis, proliferation, and differentiation of immune cells, as well as in the activation of immune related signaling pathways, reduction of inflammatory response and regulation of oxidative stress. Key enzymes in amino acid metabolism have also been implicated in the regulation of the immune system. Here, we reviewed the role played by amino acids and their metabolites in immune-modulation in crustaceans. Information is inferred from mammals and fish where none exists for crustaceans. Research themes are identified and the relevant research gaps highlighted for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zishu Huang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yujian Hong
- Guangdong Yuequn Marine Biological Research and Development Co., Ltd., Jieyang, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, China.,Shantou University-Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (STU-UMT) Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Uhlig F, Grundy L, Garcia-Caraballo S, Brierley SM, Foster SJ, Grundy D. Identification of a Quorum Sensing-Dependent Communication Pathway Mediating Bacteria-Gut-Brain Cross Talk. iScience 2020; 23:101695. [PMID: 33163947 PMCID: PMC7607502 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recently established contributions of the intestinal microbiome to human health and disease, our understanding of bacteria-host communication pathways with regard to the gut-brain axis remains limited. Here we provide evidence that intestinal neurons are able to "sense" bacteria independently of the host immune system. Using supernatants from cultures of the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) we demonstrate the release of mediators with neuromodulatory properties at high population density. These mediators induced a biphasic response in extrinsic sensory afferent nerves, increased membrane permeability in cultured sensory neurons, and altered intestinal motility and secretion. Genetic manipulation of S. aureus revealed two key quorum sensing-regulated classes of pore forming toxins that mediate excitation and inhibition of extrinsic sensory nerves, respectively. As such, bacterial mediators have the potential to directly modulate gut-brain communication to influence intestinal symptoms and reflex function in vivo, contributing to homeostatic, behavioral, and sensory consequences of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Uhlig
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luke Grundy
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sonia Garcia-Caraballo
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stuart M. Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Grundy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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72
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Andreeva-Gateva P, Bakalov D, Sabit Z, Tafradjiiska-Hadjiolova R. Aryl hydrocarbon receptors as potential therapeutic targets. PHARMACIA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.67.e47298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) are regulators of the expression of cytochrome P-450 isoforms, mediating a wide variety of the effects of substances from the endogenous or exogenous origin, including those produced from the microbiome. An exciting new aspect of their activity is their localization in the brain and their potential to modulate the action of the immune system. AhR is emerging as an essential toxicological and therapeutic target for neuromodulation. Further studies are needed for elucidating their utility as drug-targets.
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73
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Dvorak Z, Klapholz M, Burris TP, Willing BP, Gioiello A, Pellicciari R, Galli F, March J, O'Keefe SJ, Sartor RB, Kim CH, Levy M, Mani S. Weak Microbial Metabolites: a Treasure Trove for Using Biomimicry to Discover and Optimize Drugs. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:343-349. [PMID: 32764096 PMCID: PMC7485585 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, traditional drug discovery has used natural product and synthetic chemistry approaches to generate libraries of compounds, with some ending as promising drug candidates. A complementary approach has been to adopt the concept of biomimicry of natural products and metabolites so as to improve multiple drug-like features of the parent molecule. In this effort, promiscuous and weak interactions between ligands and receptors are often ignored in a drug discovery process. In this Emerging Concepts article, we highlight microbial metabolite mimicry, whereby parent metabolites have weak interactions with their receptors that then have led to discrete examples of more potent and effective drug-like molecules. We show specific examples of parent-metabolite mimics with potent effects in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we show examples of emerging microbial ligand-receptor interactions and provide a context in which these ligands could be improved as potential drugs. A balanced conceptual advance is provided in which we also acknowledge potential pitfalls-hyperstimulation of finely balanced receptor-ligand interactions could also be detrimental. However, with balance, we provide examples of where this emerging concept needs to be tested. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Microbial metabolite mimicry is a novel way to expand on the chemical repertoire of future drugs. The emerging concept is now explained using specific examples of the discovery of therapeutic leads from microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Max Klapholz
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - John March
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Stephen J O'Keefe
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Chang H Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Maayan Levy
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (M.K., M.L.); The Center for Clinical Pharmacology, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, Missouri (T.P.B.); Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (B.P.W.); Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy (A.G., F.G.); TES Pharma, Corso Vannucci, Perugia, Italy (R.P.); The Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (J.M.); Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.J.O.); Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.B.S.); Department of Pathology, Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, and Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan (C.H.K.); and Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York (S.M.)
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74
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Natan E, Fitak RR, Werber Y, Vortman Y. Symbiotic magnetic sensing: raising evidence and beyond. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190595. [PMID: 32772668 PMCID: PMC7435164 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identity of a magnetic sensor in animals remains enigmatic. Although the use of the geomagnetic field for orientation and navigation in animals across a broad taxonomic range has been well established over the past five decades, the identity of the magnetic-sensing organ and its structure and/or apparatus within such animals remains elusive-'a sense without a receptor'. Recently, we proposed that symbiotic magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) may serve as the underlying mechanism behind a magnetic sense in animals-'the symbiotic magnetic-sensing hypothesis'. Since we first presented this hypothesis, both criticism and support have been raised accordingly. Here we address the primary criticisms and discuss the plausibility of such a symbiosis, supported by preliminary findings demonstrating the ubiquity of MTB DNA in general, and specifically in animal samples. We also refer to new supporting findings, and discuss host adaptations that could be driven by such a symbiosis. Finally, we suggest the future research directions required to confirm or refute the possibility of symbiotic magnetic-sensing. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Rodgers Fitak
- Department of Biology; Genomics and Bioinformatics Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Yuval Werber
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel
| | - Yoni Vortman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Hula Research Center, Tel Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, 1220800, Israel
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75
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Rannug A. How the AHR Became Important in Intestinal Homeostasis-A Diurnal FICZ/AHR/CYP1A1 Feedback Controls Both Immunity and Immunopathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165681. [PMID: 32784381 PMCID: PMC7461111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the 1970s, when profound immunosuppression caused by exogenous dioxin-like compounds was first observed, the involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in immunomodulation has been the focus of considerable research interest. Today it is established that activation of this receptor by its high-affinity endogenous ligand, 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ), plays important physiological roles in maintaining epithelial barriers. In the gut lumen, the small amounts of FICZ that are produced from L-tryptophan by microbes are normally degraded rapidly by the inducible cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) enzyme. This review describes how when the metabolic clearance of FICZ is attenuated by inhibition of CYP1A1, this compound passes through the intestinal epithelium to immune cells in the lamina propria. FICZ, the level of which is thus modulated by this autoregulatory loop involving FICZ itself, the AHR and CYP1A1, plays a central role in maintaining gut homeostasis by potently up-regulating the expression of interleukin 22 (IL-22) by group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). IL-22 stimulates various epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides and mucus, thereby both strengthening the epithelial barrier against pathogenic microbes and promoting colonization by beneficial bacteria. Dietary phytochemicals stimulate this process by inhibiting CYP1A1 and causing changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. The activity of CYP1A1 can be increased by other microbial products, including the short-chain fatty acids, thereby accelerating clearance of FICZ. In particular, butyrate enhances both the level of the AHR and CYP1A1 activity by stimulating histone acetylation, a process involved in the daily cycle of the FICZ/AHR/CYP1A1 feedback loop. It is now of key interest to examine the potential involvement of FICZ, a major physiological activator of the AHR, in inflammatory disorders and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Rannug
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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76
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Jena A, Montoya CA, Mullaney JA, Dilger RN, Young W, McNabb WC, Roy NC. Gut-Brain Axis in the Early Postnatal Years of Life: A Developmental Perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:44. [PMID: 32848651 PMCID: PMC7419604 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the development of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract during the early postnatal period can influence brain development and vice-versa. It is increasingly recognized that communication between the GI tract and brain is mainly driven by neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic mediators, collectively called the gut-brain axis (GBA). Changes in the GBA mediators occur in response to the developmental changes in the body during this period. This review provides an overview of major developmental events in the GI tract and brain in the early postnatal period and their parallel developmental trajectories under physiological conditions. Current knowledge of GBA mediators in context to brain function and behavioral outcomes and their synthesis and metabolism (site, timing, etc.) is discussed. This review also presents hypotheses on the role of the GBA mediators in response to the parallel development of the GI tract and brain in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Jena
- School of Food & Advanced Technology, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Carlos A Montoya
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jane A Mullaney
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Wayne Young
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Food Nutrition & Health, Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- The Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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77
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DeBofsky A, Xie Y, Grimard C, Alcaraz AJ, Brinkmann M, Hecker M, Giesy JP. Differential responses of gut microbiota of male and female fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to a short-term environmentally-relevant, aqueous exposure to benzo[a]pyrene. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126461. [PMID: 32213373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In addition to aiding in digestion of food and uptake of nutrients, microbiota in guts of vertebrates are responsible for regulating several beneficial functions, including development of an organism and maintaining homeostasis. However, little is known about effects of exposures to chemicals on structure and function of gut microbiota of fishes. To assess effects of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on gut microbiota, male and female fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations of the legacy PAH benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in water. Measured concentrations of BaP ranged from 2.3 × 10-3 to 1.3 μg L-1. The community of microbiota in the gut were assessed by use of 16S rRNA metagenetics. Exposure to environmentally-relevant aqueous concentrations of BaP did not alter expression levels of mRNA for cyp1a1, a "classic" biomarker of exposure to BaP, but resulted in shifts in relative compositions of gut microbiota in females rather than males. Results presented here illustrate that in addition to effects on more well-studied molecular endpoints, relative compositions of the microbiota in guts of fish can also quickly respond to exposure to chemicals, which can provide additional mechanisms for adverse effects on individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail DeBofsky
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yuwei Xie
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Chelsea Grimard
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alper James Alcaraz
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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78
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Rudzki L, Maes M. The Microbiota-Gut-Immune-Glia (MGIG) Axis in Major Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4269-4295. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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79
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The role of the microbiome and psychosocial stress in the expression and activity of drug metabolizing enzymes in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8529. [PMID: 32444678 PMCID: PMC7244717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is involved in a number of different metabolic processes of the host organism, including the metabolism of xenobiotics. In our study, we focused on liver cytochromes P450 (CYPs), which can metabolize a wide range of exo- and endogenous molecules. We studied changes in mRNA expression and CYP enzyme activities, as well as the mRNA expression of transcription factors that have an important role in CYP expression, all in stressed germ-free (GF) and stressed specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mice. Besides the presence of the gut microbiota, we looked at the difference between acute and chronic stress. Our results show that stress has an impact on CYP mRNA expression, but it is mainly chronic stress that has a significant effect on enzyme activities along with the gut microbiome. In acutely stressed mice, we observed significant changes at the mRNA level, however, the corresponding enzyme activities were not influenced. Our study suggests an important role of the gut microbiota along with chronic psychosocial stress in the expression and activity of CYPs, which can potentially lead to less effective drug metabolism and, as a result, a harmful impact on the organism.
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80
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Borghi M, Puccetti M, Pariano M, Renga G, Stincardini C, Ricci M, Giovagnoli S, Costantini C, Romani L. Tryptophan as a Central Hub for Host/Microbial Symbiosis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920919755. [PMID: 32435131 PMCID: PMC7225782 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920919755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid catabolism occurs during inflammation and regulates innate and adaptive immunity. The role of commensal bacteria in amino acid catabolism and the production of metabolites able to regulate the development and function of the innate immune system is increasingly being recognized. Therefore, commensal bacteria are key players in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. However, the intestinal microbiota also contributes to susceptibility and response to infectious diseases. This is self-evident for fungal infections known to occur as a consequence of weakened immune system and broad-spectrum antibiotic use or abuse. Thus, diseases caused by opportunistic fungi can no longer be viewed as dependent only on a weakened host but also on a disrupted microbiota. Based on these premises, the present review focuses on the role of amino acid metabolic pathways in the dialogue between the mammalian host and its microbiota and the potential implications in fungal commensalism and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Borghi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Puccetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Ricci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Costantini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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81
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Schanz O, Chijiiwa R, Cengiz SC, Majlesain Y, Weighardt H, Takeyama H, Förster I. Dietary AhR Ligands Regulate AhRR Expression in Intestinal Immune Cells and Intestinal Microbiota Composition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093189. [PMID: 32366032 PMCID: PMC7246938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A diet rich in vegetables and fruit is generally considered healthy because of a high content of phytochemicals, vitamins, and fiber. The phytochemical indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a derivative of glucobrassicin, is sold as a dietary supplement promising diverse health benefits. I3C metabolites act as ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), an important sensor for environmental polyaromatic chemicals. Here, we investigated how dietary AhR ligand supplementation influences AhR target gene expression and intestinal microbiota composition. For this, we used AhR repressor (AhRR)-reporter mice as a tool to study AhR activation in the intestine following dietary I3C-supplementation in comparison with AhR ligand-deprived diets, including a high fat diet. AhRR expression in intestinal immune cells was mainly driven by dietary AhR ligands and was independent of microbial metabolites. A lack of dietary AhR ligands caused enhanced susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis and correlated with the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae, whereas Clostridiales, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae were strongly reduced. I3C supplementation largely reverted this effect. Comparison of I3C-induced changes in microbiota composition using wild-type (WT), AhRR-deficient, and AhR-deficient mice revealed both AhR-dependent and -independent alterations in the microbiome. Overall, our study demonstrates that dietary AhR ligand supplementation has a profound influence on Ahrr expression in intestinal immune cells as well as microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schanz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (O.S.); (S.C.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Rieka Chijiiwa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan;
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Sevgi Can Cengiz
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (O.S.); (S.C.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yasmin Majlesain
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (O.S.); (S.C.C.); (Y.M.)
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (O.S.); (S.C.C.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.T.); (I.F.); Tel.: +49-228-73-62706 (H.W.); +81-3-5369-7326 (H.T.); +49-228-73-62780 (I.F.)
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan;
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Research Organization for Nano and Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.T.); (I.F.); Tel.: +49-228-73-62706 (H.W.); +81-3-5369-7326 (H.T.); +49-228-73-62780 (I.F.)
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment, Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (O.S.); (S.C.C.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (H.T.); (I.F.); Tel.: +49-228-73-62706 (H.W.); +81-3-5369-7326 (H.T.); +49-228-73-62780 (I.F.)
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82
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Effects of dietary amino acids in ameliorating intestinal function during enteric challenges in broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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83
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The Dynamic Interplay between the Gut Microbiota and Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:7546047. [PMID: 31772949 PMCID: PMC6854958 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7546047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut-resident commensal microbiota is a unique ecosystem associated with various bodily functions, especially immunity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in autoimmune disease pathogenesis as well as in bowel-related diseases. However, the role of the gut microbiota, which causes or influences systemic immunity in autoimmune diseases, remains elusive. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor, is a master moderator of host-microbiota interactions because it shapes the immune system and impacts host metabolism. In addition, treatment optimization while minimizing potential adverse effects in autoimmune diseases remains essential, and modulation of the gut microbiota constitutes a potential clinical therapy. Here, we present evidence linking gut microbiota dysbiosis with autoimmune mechanisms involved in disease development to identify future effective approaches based on the gut microbiota for preventing autoimmune diseases.
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84
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Abstract
The human gut-resident commensal microbiota is a unique ecosystem associated with various bodily functions, especially immunity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in autoimmune disease pathogenesis as well as in bowel-related diseases. However, the role of the gut microbiota, which causes or influences systemic immunity in autoimmune diseases, remains elusive. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor, is a master moderator of host-microbiota interactions because it shapes the immune system and impacts host metabolism. In addition, treatment optimization while minimizing potential adverse effects in autoimmune diseases remains essential, and modulation of the gut microbiota constitutes a potential clinical therapy. Here, we present evidence linking gut microbiota dysbiosis with autoimmune mechanisms involved in disease development to identify future effective approaches based on the gut microbiota for preventing autoimmune diseases.
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85
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Dou H, Duan Y, Zhang X, Yu Q, Di Q, Song Y, Li P, Gong Y. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulates adipocyte differentiation by assembling CRL4B ubiquitin ligase to target PPARγ for proteasomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18504-18515. [PMID: 31653699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the central regulator of adipogenesis, and its dysregulation is linked to obesity and metabolic diseases. Identification of the factors that regulate PPARγ expression and activity is therefore crucial for combating obesity. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor with a known role in xenobiotic detoxification. Recent studies have suggested that AhR also plays essential roles in energy metabolism. However, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. We previously reported that experiments with adipocyte-specific Cullin 4b (Cul4b)-knockout mice showed that CUL4B suppresses adipogenesis by targeting PPARγ. Here, using immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination, real-time PCR, and GST-pulldown assays, we report that AhR functions as the substrate receptor in CUL4B-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL4B) complex and is required for recruiting PPARγ. AhR overexpression reduced PPARγ stability and suppressed adipocyte differentiation, and AhR knockdown stimulated adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, we found that two lysine sites on residues 268 and 293 in PPARγ are targeted for CRL4B-mediated ubiquitination, indicating cross-talk between acetylation and ubiquitination. Our findings establish a critical role of AhR in regulating PPARγ stability and suggest that the AhR-PPARγ interaction may represent a potential therapeutic target for managing metabolic diseases arising from PPARγ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuyao Duan
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qian Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qian Di
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yu Song
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Peishan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yaoqin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education and Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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86
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Current understanding of the gut microbiota shaping mechanisms. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:59. [PMID: 31434568 PMCID: PMC6702754 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidences have shown strong associations between gut microbiota and many human diseases, and understanding the dynamic crosstalks of host-microbe interaction in the gut has become necessary for the detection, prevention, or therapy of diseases. Many reports have showed that diet, nutrient, pharmacologic factors and many other stimuli play dominant roles in the modulation of gut microbial compositions. However, it is inappropriate to neglect the impact of host factors on shaping the gut microbiota. In this review, we highlighted the current findings of the host factors that could modulate the gut microbiota. Particularly the epithelium-associated factors, including the innate immune sensors, anti-microbial peptides, mucus barrier, secretory IgAs, epithelial microvilli, epithelial tight junctions, epithelium metabolism, oxygen barrier, and even the microRNAs are discussed in the context of the microbiota shaping. With these shaping factors, the gut epithelial cells could select the residing microbes and affect the microbial composition. This knowledge not only could provide the opportunities to better control many diseases, but may also be used for predicting the success of fecal microbiota transplantation clinically.
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87
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Ji J, Qu H. Cross-regulatory Circuit Between AHR and Microbiota. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:4-8. [PMID: 29380692 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180129151150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbes have a close symbiotic relationship with their host. Interactions between host and the microbiota affect the nutritional, immunological, and physiological status of the host. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) is a ligand activated transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of xenobiotics. Recently, the relationship between the gut microbiota and AHR has attracted the attention of many researchers. METHODS We undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature. RESULTS We found and reviewed 49 peer-reviewed papers dealing with the major aspects related to the crosstalk between AHR and microbiota. The AHR influences the intestinal microbiota population and mediates host-microbe homeostasis. Interestingly, the gut microbiota also produces ligands of AHR from bacterial metabolism and thereby activates the AHR signaling pathway. Concusion: This review presents current knowledge of the cross-regulatory circuit between the AHR and intestinal microbiota. The findings of this review confirm the importance of AHR-microbiota interactions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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88
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Dehhaghi M, Kazemi Shariat Panahi H, Guillemin GJ. Microorganisms, Tryptophan Metabolism, and Kynurenine Pathway: A Complex Interconnected Loop Influencing Human Health Status. Int J Tryptophan Res 2019; 12:1178646919852996. [PMID: 31258331 PMCID: PMC6585246 DOI: 10.1177/1178646919852996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is important in cellular energy generation and limiting cellular ageing as it degrades about 90% of dietary tryptophan into the essential co-factor NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). Prior to the production of NAD+, various intermediate compounds with neuroactivity (kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid) or antioxidant activity (3-hydroxykynurenine, picolinic acid) are synthesized. The kynurenine metabolites can participate in numerous neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington disease, and Parkinson disease) or other diseases such as AIDS, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and irritable bowel syndrome. Recently, the role of gut in affecting the emotional and cognitive centres of the brain has attracted a great deal of attention. In this review, we focus on the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain, known as the gut-brain axis. The interaction of components of this axis, namely, the gut, its microbiota, and gut pathogens; tryptophan; the kynurenine pathway on tryptophan availability; the regulation of kynurenine metabolite concentration; and diversity and population of gut microbiota, has been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Centre of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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89
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Nutritional Modulation of Immune and Central Nervous System Homeostasis: The Role of Diet in Development of Neuroinflammation and Neurological Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051076. [PMID: 31096592 PMCID: PMC6566411 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut-microbiome-brain axis is now recognized as an essential part in the regulation of systemic metabolism and homeostasis. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that dietary patterns can influence the development of metabolic alterations and inflammation through the effects of nutrients on a multitude of variables, including microbiome composition, release of microbial products, gastrointestinal signaling molecules, and neurotransmitters. These signaling molecules are, in turn, implicated in the regulation of the immune system, either promoting or inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expansion of specific leukocyte subpopulations, such as Th17 and Treg cells, which are relevant in the development of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. Metabolic diseases, like obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, are related to inadequate dietary patterns and promote variations in the aforementioned signaling pathways in patients with these conditions, which have been linked to alterations in neurological functions and mental health. Thus, maintenance of adequate dietary patterns should be an essential component of any strategy aiming to prevent neurological pathologies derived from systemic metabolic alterations. The present review summarizes current knowledge on the role of nutrition in the modulation of the immune system and its impact in the development of neuroinflammation and neurological disease.
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90
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Budinska E, Gojda J, Heczkova M, Bratova M, Dankova H, Wohl P, Bastova H, Lanska V, Kostovcik M, Dastych M, Senkyrik M, Krizova J, Mraz M, Hradecky J, Hajslova J, Lenicek M, Podzimkova K, Chalupsky K, Sedlacek R, Cahova M. Microbiome and Metabolome Profiles Associated With Different Types of Short Bowel Syndrome: Implications for Treatment. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 44:105-118. [PMID: 31032975 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome and metabolome may significantly influence clinical outcomes in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). The study aimed to describe specific metagenomic/metabolomics profiles of different SBS types and to identify possible therapeutic targets. METHODS Fecal microbiome (FM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and bile acid (BA) spectrum were analyzed in parenteral nutrition (PN)-dependent SBS I, SBS II, and PN-independent (non-PN) SBS patients. RESULTS FM in SBS I, SBS II, and non-PN SBS shared characteristic features (depletion of beneficial anaerobes, high abundance of Lactobacilaceae and Enterobacteriaceae). SBS I patients were characterized by the abundance of oxygen-tolerant microrganisms and depletion of strict anaerobes. Non-PN SBS subjects showed markers of partial FM normalization. FM dysbiosis was translated into VOC and BA profiles characteristic for each SBS cohort. A typical signature of all SBS patients comprised high saturated aldehydes and medium-chain fatty acids and reduced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content. Particularly, SBS I and II exhibited low protein metabolism intermediate (indole, p-cresol) content despite the hypothetical presence of relevant metabolism pathways. Distinctive non-PN SBS marker was high phenol content. SBS patients' BA fecal spectrum was enriched by chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acids and depleted of lithocholic acid. CONCLUSIONS Environmental conditions in SBS gut significantly affect FM composition and metabolic activity. The common feature of diverse SBS subjects is the altered VOC/BA profile and the lack of important products of microbial metabolism. Strategies oriented on the microbiome/metabolome reconstitution and targeted delivery of key compounds may represent a promising therapeutic strategy in SBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Budinska
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gojda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Heczkova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Bratova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Dankova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Wohl
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Bastova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Lanska
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kostovcik
- BIOCEV, Institute of Microbiology, AS CR, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dastych
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Senkyrik
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Krizova
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, General University Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Mraz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Kralovske Vinohrady University Hospital and 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Hradecky
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lenicek
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Podzimkova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Transgenic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Transgenic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Transgenic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Genetics CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Cahova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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91
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van den Elsen LWJ, Garssen J, Burcelin R, Verhasselt V. Shaping the Gut Microbiota by Breastfeeding: The Gateway to Allergy Prevention? Front Pediatr 2019; 7:47. [PMID: 30873394 PMCID: PMC6400986 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that demonstrates the importance of the gut microbiota in health and diseases such as allergy. Recent studies emphasize the importance of the "window of opportunity" in early life, during which interventions altering the gut microbiota induce long-term effects. The neonate's gut microbiota composition and metabolism could therefore play an essential role in allergic disease risk. Breastfeeding shapes the gut microbiota in early life, both directly by exposure of the neonate to the milk microbiota and indirectly, via maternal milk factors that affect bacterial growth and metabolism such as human milk oligosaccharides, secretory IgA, and anti-microbial factors. The potential of breastmilk to modulate the offspring's early gut microbiota is a promising tool for allergy prevention. Here, we will review the existing evidence demonstrating the impact of breastfeeding on shaping the neonate's gut microbiota and highlight the potential of this strategy for allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Remy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
| | - Valerie Verhasselt
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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92
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Neavin DR, Liu D, Ray B, Weinshilboum RM. The Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) in Immune and Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123851. [PMID: 30513921 PMCID: PMC6321643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a nuclear receptor that modulates the response to environmental stimuli. It was recognized historically for its role in toxicology but, in recent decades, it has been increasingly recognized as an important modulator of disease—especially for its role in modulating immune and inflammatory responses. AHR has been implicated in many diseases that are driven by immune/inflammatory processes, including major depressive disorder, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and allergic responses, among others. The mechanisms by which AHR has been suggested to impact immune/inflammatory diseases include targeted gene expression and altered immune differentiation. It has been suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are near AHR-regulated genes may contribute to AHR-dependent disease mechanisms/pathways. Further, we have found that SNPs that are outside of nuclear receptor binding sites (i.e., outside of AHR response elements (AHREs)) may contribute to AHR-dependent gene regulation in a SNP- and ligand-dependent manner. This review will discuss the evidence and mechanisms of AHR contributions to immune/inflammatory diseases and will consider the possibility that SNPs that are outside of AHR binding sites might contribute to AHR ligand-dependent inter-individual variation in disease pathophysiology and response to pharmacotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew R Neavin
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Duan Liu
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Balmiki Ray
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
| | - Richard M Weinshilboum
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA.
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93
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Zapletal O, Procházková J, Dubec V, Hofmanová J, Kozubík A, Vondráček J. Butyrate interacts with benzo[a]pyrene to alter expression and activities of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes involved in metabolism of carcinogens within colon epithelial cell models. Toxicology 2018; 412:1-11. [PMID: 30439556 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate helps to maintain colon homeostasis and exhibits chemopreventive effects in colon epithelium. We examined the interactive effects of butyrate and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dietary carcinogen, in regulation of expression of a panel of phase I and II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) in human colon cells. In human colon carcinoma HCT-116 and HT-29 cell lines, butyrate alone increased mRNA levels of some enzymes, such as N-acetyltransferases (in particular NAT2). In combination with BaP, butyrate potentiated induction of cytochrome P450 family 1 enzymes (CYP1A1), aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C1) or UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT1A1). There were some notable differences between cell lines, as butyrate potentiated induction of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and UGT1A4 only in HCT-116 cells, and it even repressed AKR1C3 induction in HT-29 cells. Butyrate also promoted induction of CYP1, NQO1, NAT2, UGT1A1 or UGT1A4 in human colon Caco-2 cells, in a differentiation-dependent manner. Differentiated Caco-2 cells exhibited a higher inducibility of selected XME genes than undifferentiated cells. Butyrate increased induction of enzymatic activities of NATs, NQO1 and UGTs by BaP in HCT-116 and HT29 cells, whereas in differentiated Caco-2 cells it helped to increase only enzymatic activity of NQO1 and UGTs. Together, the present data suggest that butyrate may modulate expression/activities of several enzymes involved in metabolism of carcinogens in colon. In some cases (NAT2, UGT1 A1), this was linked to inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDAC), as confirmed by using HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. These results may have implications for our understanding of the role of butyrate in regulation of XMEs and carcinogen metabolism in colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Zapletal
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Chemistry and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dubec
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Hofmanová
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Kozubík
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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94
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Impaired Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Production by the Gut Microbiota Is a Key Factor in Metabolic Syndrome. Cell Metab 2018; 28:737-749.e4. [PMID: 30057068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which microbiota alterations define or influence the outcome of metabolic diseases is still unclear, but the byproducts of microbiota metabolism are known to have an important role in mediating the host-microbiota interaction. Here, we identify that in both pre-clinical and clinical settings, metabolic syndrome is associated with the reduced capacity of the microbiota to metabolize tryptophan into derivatives that are able to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. This alteration is not merely an effect of the disease as supplementation with AhR agonist or a Lactobacillus strain, with a high AhR ligand-production capacity, leads to improvement of both dietary- and genetic-induced metabolic impairments, particularly glucose dysmetabolism and liver steatosis, through improvement of intestinal barrier function and secretion of the incretin hormone GLP-1. These results highlight the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites as a biomarker and as a basis for novel preventative or therapeutic interventions for metabolic disorders.
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95
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Liu Y, Alookaran JJ, Rhoads JM. Probiotics in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1537. [PMID: 30340338 PMCID: PMC6213508 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been used to ameliorate gastrointestinal symptoms since ancient times. Over the past 40 years, probiotics have been shown to impact the immune system, both in vivo and in vitro. This interaction is linked to gut microbes, their polysaccharide antigens, and key metabolites produced by these bacteria. At least four metabolic pathways have been implicated in mechanistic studies of probiotics, based on mechanistic studies in animal models. Microbial⁻immune system crosstalk has been linked to: short-chain fatty acid production and signaling, tryptophan metabolism and the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptors, nucleoside signaling in the gut, and activation of the intestinal histamine-2 receptor. Several randomized controlled trials have now shown that microbial modification by probiotics may improve gastrointestinal symptoms and multiorgan inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and multiple sclerosis. Future work will need to carefully assess safety issues, selection of optimal strains and combinations, and attempts to prolong the duration of colonization of beneficial microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jane J Alookaran
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - J Marc Rhoads
- The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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96
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Esser C, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Hochrath K, Schikowski T, Krutmann J. AHR and the issue of immunotoxicity. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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97
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Duszka K, Wahli W. Enteric Microbiota⁻Gut⁻Brain Axis from the Perspective of Nuclear Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082210. [PMID: 30060580 PMCID: PMC6121494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) play a key role in regulating virtually all body functions, thus maintaining a healthy operating body with all its complex systems. Recently, gut microbiota emerged as major factor contributing to the health of the whole organism. Enteric bacteria have multiple ways to influence their host and several of them involve communication with the brain. Mounting evidence of cooperation between gut flora and NRs is already available. However, the full potential of the microbiota interconnection with NRs remains to be uncovered. Herewith, we present the current state of knowledge on the multifaceted roles of NRs in the enteric microbiota–gut–brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina Duszka
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore.
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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98
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Zhu R, Gao C, Wang L, Zhang G, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Shen L, Wang S. Involvement of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Repressor in Helicobacter Pylori-related Gastric Pathogenesis. J Cancer 2018; 9:2757-2764. [PMID: 30087718 PMCID: PMC6072820 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection leads to various gastric diseases. Multiple studies have demonstrated that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) plays roles in the antibacterial response and aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) is downregulated in stomach cancer. However, the role of AHR or AHRR in H. pylori-related gastric diseases remains unclear. Aims: To investigate whether AHR or AHRR is involved in H. pylori-related gastric diseases. Methods: Patients with gastritis or gastric adenocarcinoma were enrolled randomly, and gastric tissue specimens were diagnosed pathologically. AHR, AHRR, and H. pylori infection status in tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Human gastric cells were cocultured with H. pylori. siRNAs were used to silence AHR or AHRR, and a C57bl/6 mouse model colonized by H. pylori was established. Protein expression was determined by western blotting analysis, and TNF, IL-8 and IL-1β in cell supernatants were measured by ELISA. Results: AHR and AHRR were expressed in gastritis tissues and gastric cancer tissues without H. pylori infection, and principally located in the cytoplasm and nucleus. AHR expression was significantly correlated with AHRR expression in gastric tissues without H. pylori infection (P=0.008). However, their expressions were negatively correlated with H. pylori infection status. H. pylori coculture inhibited AHR and AHRR expression in stomach mucosa in vitro and in vivo. Gastric cells produced more TNF, IL-8 and IL-1β when AHR or AHRR was silenced. Conclusions: This preliminary study indicates that AHR and AHRR may be involved in H. pylori-related gastric pathogenesis, and helps toward understanding of inflammation-initiated carcinogenesis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfei Zhu
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 226000, China
| | - Cheng Gao
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liuhua Wang
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lizong Shen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shoulin Wang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
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99
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Bortoli S, Boutet-Robinet E, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Huc L. Nrf2 and AhR in metabolic reprogramming after contaminant exposure. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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100
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Gao J, Xu K, Liu H, Liu G, Bai M, Peng C, Li T, Yin Y. Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Intestinal Immunity Mediated by Tryptophan Metabolism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:13. [PMID: 29468141 PMCID: PMC5808205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota influences the health of the host, especially with regard to gut immune homeostasis and the intestinal immune response. In addition to serving as a nutrient enhancer, L-tryptophan (Trp) plays crucial roles in the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. Recent discoveries have underscored that changes in the microbiota modulate the host immune system by modulating Trp metabolism. Moreover, Trp, endogenous Trp metabolites (kynurenines, serotonin, and melatonin), and bacterial Trp metabolites (indole, indolic acid, skatole, and tryptamine) have profound effects on gut microbial composition, microbial metabolism, the host's immune system, the host-microbiome interface, and host immune system-intestinal microbiota interactions. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates the regulation of intestinal immunity by Trp metabolites (as ligands of AhR), which is beneficial for immune homeostasis. Among Trp metabolites, AhR ligands consist of endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, and cinnabarinic acid, and bacterial metabolites, including indole, indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, skatole, and tryptamine. Additional factors, such as aging, stress, probiotics, and diseases (spondyloarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer), which are associated with variability in Trp metabolism, can influence Trp-microbiome-immune system interactions in the gut and also play roles in regulating gut immunity. This review clarifies how the gut microbiota regulates Trp metabolism and identifies the underlying molecular mechanisms of these interactions. Increased mechanistic insight into how the microbiota modulates the intestinal immune system through Trp metabolism may allow for the identification of innovative microbiota-based diagnostics, as well as appropriate nutritional supplementation of Trp to prevent or alleviate intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this review provides new insight regarding the influence of the gut microbiota on Trp metabolism. Additional comprehensive analyses of targeted Trp metabolites (including endogenous and bacterial metabolites) are essential for experimental preciseness, as the influence of the gut microbiota cannot be neglected, and may explain contradictory results in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hongnan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Miaomiao Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Can Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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