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Wood TE, Barry J, Yang Z, Cepeda C, Levine MS, Gray M. Mutant huntingtin reduction in astrocytes slows disease progression in the BACHD conditional Huntington's disease mouse model. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:487-500. [PMID: 30312396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal and non-neuronal cells express the huntingtin (HTT) protein, yet neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) is largely selective, affecting most prominently striatal medium spiny neurons and cortical pyramidal neurons. Selective toxicity of full-length human mutant HTT (fl-mHTT) may be due in part to its expression in non-neuronal cells. While studies suggest neuronal-glial interactions are important in HD and fl-mHTT is expressed in astrocytes, it has not been determined whether the expression of fl-mHTT in astrocytes is necessary for HD pathogenesis. To directly assess the necessity of fl-mHTT in astrocytes for HD pathogenesis, we used a mouse genetic approach and bred the conditional mHTT-expressing BACHD mouse model with GFAP-CreERT2 mice. We show that GFAP-CreERT2 expression in these mice is highly selective for astrocytes, and we are able to significantly reduce the expression of fl-mHTT protein in the striatum and cortex of BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice. We performed behavioral, electrophysiological and neuropathological analyses of BACHD and BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice. Behavioral analyses of BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice demonstrate significant improvements in motor and psychiatric-like phenotypes. We observe improvements in neuropathological and electrophysiological phenotypes in BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2-tam mice compared to BACHD mice. We observed a restoration of the normal level αB-crystallin in the striatum of the BACHD/GFAP-CreERT2 mice, indicating a cell autonomous effect of mHTT on its expression. Taken together, this work indicates that astrocytes are important contributors to the progression of the behavioral and neuropathological phenotypes observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Wood
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua Barry
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhenquin Yang
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Levine
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Gray
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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52
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Zhou X, Xiao Q, Xie L, Yang F, Wang L, Tu J. Astrocyte, a Promising Target for Mood Disorder Interventions. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:136. [PMID: 31231189 PMCID: PMC6560156 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders have multiple phenotypes and complex underlying biological mechanisms and, as such, there are no effective therapeutic strategies. A review of recent work on the role of astrocytes in mood disorders is thus warranted, which we embark on here. We argue that there is tremendous potential for novel strategies for therapeutic interventions based on the role of astrocytes. Astrocytes are traditionally considered to have supporting roles within the brain, yet emerging evidence has shown that astrocytes have more direct roles in influencing brain function. Notably, evidence from postmortem human brain tissues has highlighted changes in glial cell morphology, density and astrocyte-related biomarkers and genes following mood disorders, indicating astrocyte involvement in mood disorders. Findings from animal models strongly imply that astrocytes not only change astrocyte morphology and physiological characteristics but also influence neural circuits via synapse structure and formation. This review pays particular attention to interactions between astrocytes and neurons and argues that astrocyte dysfunction affects the monoaminergic system, excitatory–inhibitory balance and neurotrophic states of local networks. Together, these studies provide a foundation of knowledge about the exact role of astrocytes in mood disorders. Importantly, we then change the focus from neurons to glial cells and the interactions between the two, so that we can understand newly proposed mechanisms underlying mood disorders, and to identify more diagnostic indicators or effective targets for treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhou
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Tu
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Neuropsychiatric Modulation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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53
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Baek JH, Vignesh A, Son H, Lee DH, Roh GS, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS, Kim HJ. Glutamine Supplementation Ameliorates Chronic Stress-induced Reductions in Glutamate and Glutamine Transporters in the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:270-278. [PMID: 31138994 PMCID: PMC6526116 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immobilization stress (CIS) induces low levels of glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) and hypoactive glutamatergic signaling in the mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is closely related to the Glu-Gln cycle. A Gln-supplemented diet ameliorates CIS-induced deleterious changes. Here, we investigated the effects of CIS and Gln supplementation on Glu-Gln cycle-related proteins to characterize the underlying mechanisms. Using the CIS-induced depression mouse model, we examined the expression of 11 proteins involved in the Glu-Gln cycle in the PFC. CIS decreased levels of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) 1, SANT2, SNAT3, and SNAT5. Gln supplementation did not affect the non-stressed group but significantly increased GLT1 and SNATs of the stressed group. By immunohistochemical analysis, we confirmed that SNAT1 and SNAT2 were decreased in neurons and GLT1, SNAT3, and SNAT5 were decreased in astrocytes in the medial PFC of the stressed group, but Gln-supplemented diet ameliorated these decrements. Collectively, these results suggest that CIS may cause depressive-like behaviors by decreasing Glu and Gln transportation in the PFC and that a Gln-supplemented diet could prevent the deleterious effects of CIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeong Baek
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Arul Vignesh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hyeonwi Son
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Gyeong Jae Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Wan Sung Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
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54
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Valtcheva S, Venance L. Control of Long-Term Plasticity by Glutamate Transporters. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:10. [PMID: 31024287 PMCID: PMC6465798 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent long-term changes in synaptic strength constitute key elements for learning and memory formation. Long-term plasticity can be induced in vivo and ex vivo by various physiologically relevant activity patterns. Depending on their temporal statistics, such patterns can induce long-lasting changes in the synaptic weight by potentiating or depressing synaptic transmission. At excitatory synapses, glutamate uptake operated by excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) has a critical role in regulating the strength and the extent of receptor activation by afferent activity. EAATs tightly control synaptic transmission and glutamate spillover. EAATs activity can, therefore, determine the polarity and magnitude of long-term plasticity by regulating the spatiotemporal profile of the glutamate transients and thus, the glutamate access to pre- and postsynaptic receptors. Here, we summarize compelling evidence that EAATs regulate various forms of long-term synaptic plasticity and the consequences of such regulation for behavioral output. We speculate that experience-dependent plasticity of EAATs levels can determine the sensitivity of synapses to frequency- or time-dependent plasticity paradigms. We propose that EAATs contribute to the gating of relevant inputs eligible to induce long-term plasticity and thereby select the operating learning rules that match the physiological function of the synapse adapted to the behavioral context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valtcheva
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, Paris, France
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55
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Syed Nasser N, Ibrahim B, Sharifat H, Abdul Rashid A, Suppiah S. Incremental benefits of EEG informed fMRI in the study of disorders related to meso-corticolimbic dopamine pathway dysfunction: A systematic review of recent literature. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 65:87-99. [PMID: 30955950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive imaging modality that enables the assessment of neural connectivity and oxygen utility of the brain using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) imaging sequence. Electroencephalography (EEG), on the other hands, looks at cortical electrical impulses of the brain thus detecting brainwave patterns during rest and thought processing. The combination of these two modalities is called fMRI with simultaneous EEG (fMRI-EEG), which has emerged as a new tool for experimental neuroscience assessments and has been applied clinically in many settings, most commonly in epilepsy cases. Recent advances in imaging has led to fMRI-EEG being utilized in behavioural studies which can help in giving an objective assessment of ambiguous cases and help in the assessment of response to treatment by providing a non-invasive biomarker of the disease processes. We aim to review the role and interpretation of fMRI-EEG in studies pertaining to psychiatric disorders and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Syed Nasser
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Buhari Ibrahim
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Health Sciences, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria
| | - Hamed Sharifat
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aida Abdul Rashid
- Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Subapriya Suppiah
- Centre for Diagnostic Nuclear Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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56
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Murphy‐Royal C, Gordon GR, Bains JS. Stress‐induced structural and functional modifications of astrocytes—Further implicating glia in the central response to stress. Glia 2019; 67:1806-1820. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Murphy‐Royal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Grant R. Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Jaideep S. Bains
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain InstituteUniversity of Calgary Calgary Alberta Canada
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57
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Mahmoud S, Gharagozloo M, Simard C, Gris D. Astrocytes Maintain Glutamate Homeostasis in the CNS by Controlling the Balance between Glutamate Uptake and Release. Cells 2019; 8:E184. [PMID: 30791579 PMCID: PMC6406900 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is, potentially, neurotoxic. It is now well-established that one of the fundamental functions of astrocytes is to uptake most of the synaptically-released glutamate, which optimizes neuronal functions and prevents glutamate excitotoxicity. In the CNS, glutamate clearance is mediated by glutamate uptake transporters expressed, principally, by astrocytes. Interestingly, recent studies demonstrate that extracellular glutamate stimulates Ca2+ release from the astrocytes' intracellular stores, which triggers glutamate release from astrocytes to the adjacent neurons, mostly by an exocytotic mechanism. This released glutamate is believed to coordinate neuronal firing and mediate their excitatory or inhibitory activity. Therefore, astrocytes contribute to glutamate homeostasis in the CNS, by maintaining the balance between their opposing functions of glutamate uptake and release. This dual function of astrocytes represents a potential therapeutic target for CNS diseases associated with glutamate excitotoxicity. In this regard, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of glutamate uptake and release, their regulation, and the significance of both processes in the CNS. Also, we review the main features of glutamate metabolism and glutamate excitotoxicity and its implication in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Mahmoud
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Marjan Gharagozloo
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Camille Simard
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Denis Gris
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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58
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Fullana MN, Ruiz-Bronchal E, Ferrés-Coy A, Juárez-Escoto E, Artigas F, Bortolozzi A. Regionally selective knockdown of astroglial glutamate transporters in infralimbic cortex induces a depressive phenotype in mice. Glia 2019; 67:1122-1137. [PMID: 30635928 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Elevation of energy metabolism and disturbance of astrocyte number/function in the ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC) contributes to the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Functional hyperactivity of vACC may result from reduced astrocytic glutamate uptake and increased neuronal excitation. Here we tested this hypothesis by knocking-down astrocytic glutamate transporter GLAST/GLT-1 expression in mouse infralimbic (IL, rodent equivalent of vACC) or prelimbic (PrL) cortices using RNAi strategies. Unilateral siRNA (small interfering RNA) microinfusion targeting GLAST or GLT-1 in mouse IL induced a moderate (20-30%) and long-lasting (7 days) decrease in their expression. Intra-IL GLAST-/GLT-1 siRNA microinfusion reduced the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive and glutamine synthetase (GS)-positive astrocytes and evoked a depressive-like phenotype reversed by citalopram and ketamine. Intra-IL GLAST or GLT-1 knockdown markedly reduced serotonin (5-HT) release in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and induced an overall reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. Egr-1 (early growth response protein-1) labeling suggests that both siRNAs enhance the GABAergic tone onto DR 5-HT neurons, leading to an overall decrease of 5-HT function, likely related to the widespread reduction on BDNF expression. Conversely, similar reductions of GLAST and GLT-1 expression in PrL did not induce a depressive-like phenotype. These results suggest that a focal glial change in IL translates into global change of brain activity by virtue of the descending projections from IL to DR and the subsequent attenuation of serotonergic function in forebrain, an effect perhaps related to the varied symptomatology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neus Fullana
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Systems Neuropharmacology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Ruiz-Bronchal
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Systems Neuropharmacology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrés-Coy
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Systems Neuropharmacology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Juárez-Escoto
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Artigas
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Systems Neuropharmacology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Analia Bortolozzi
- Department of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB - CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Systems Neuropharmacology Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
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59
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Piao CS, Holloway AL, Hong-Routson S, Wainwright MS. Depression following traumatic brain injury in mice is associated with down-regulation of hippocampal astrocyte glutamate transporters by thrombin. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:58-73. [PMID: 29135354 PMCID: PMC6311670 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17742792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common but the mechanisms by which TBI causes depression are unknown. TBI decreases glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST and allows extravasation of thrombin. We examined the effects of thrombin on transporter expression in primary hippocampal astrocytes. Application of a PAR-1 agonist caused down-regulation of GLT-1, which was prevented by inhibition of Rho kinase (ROCK). To confirm these mechanisms in vivo, we subjected mice to closed-skull TBI. Thrombin activity in the hippocampus increased one day following TBI. Seven days following TBI, expression of GLT-1 and GLAST was reduced in the hippocampus, and this was prevented by administration of the PAR-1 antagonist SCH79797. Inhibition of ROCK attenuated the decrease in GLT-1, but not GLAST, after TBI. We measured changes in glutamate levels in the hippocampus seven days after TBI using an implanted biosensor. Stress-induced glutamate levels were significantly increased following TBI and this was attenuated by treatment with the ROCK inhibitor fasudil. We quantified depressive behavior following TBI and found that inhibition of PAR-1 or ROCK decreased these behaviors. These results identify a novel mechanism by which TBI results in down-regulation of astrocyte glutamate transporters and implicate astrocyte and glutamate transporter dysfunction in depression following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shu Piao
- 1 Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashley L Holloway
- 1 Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sue Hong-Routson
- 1 Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,3 Division of Critical Care, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark S Wainwright
- 1 Ruth D. & Ken M. Davee Pediatric Neurocritical Care Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,2 Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,3 Division of Critical Care, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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60
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Verkhratsky A, Ho MS, Vardjan N, Zorec R, Parpura V. General Pathophysiology of Astroglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:149-179. [PMID: 31583588 PMCID: PMC7188602 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are involved in most if not in all pathologies of the brain. These cells can change the morpho-functional properties in response to pathology or innate changes of these cells can lead to pathologies. Overall pathological changes in astroglia are complex and diverse and often vary with different disease stages. We classify astrogliopathologies into reactive astrogliosis, astrodegeneration with astroglial atrophy and loss of function, and pathological remodelling of astrocytes. Such changes can occur in neurological, neurodevelopmental, metabolic and psychiatric disorders as well as in infection and toxic insults. Mutation in astrocyte-specific genes leads to specific pathologies, such as Alexander disease, which is a leukodystrophy. We discuss changes in astroglia in the pathological context and identify some molecular entities underlying pathology. These entities within astroglia may repent targets for novel therapeutic intervention in the management of brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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61
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Tsai SF, Wu HT, Chen PC, Chen YW, Yu M, Wang TF, Wu SY, Tzeng SF, Kuo YM. High-fat diet suppresses the astrocytic process arborization and downregulates the glial glutamate transporters in the hippocampus of mice. Brain Res 2018; 1700:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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62
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Tian SW, Yu XD, Cen L, Xiao ZY. Glutamate transporter GLT1 inhibitor dihydrokainic acid impairs novel object recognition memory performance in mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 199:28-32. [PMID: 30389478 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate transporter GLT1 mediates glutamate uptake, and maintains glutamate homeostasis in the synaptic cleft. Previous studies suggest that blockade of glutamate uptake affects synaptic transmission and plasticity. However, the effect of GLT1 blockade on learning and memory still receives little attention. In the present study, we examined the effect of unilateral intracerebroventricular injection of dihydrokainic acid (DHK), a GLT-1 inhibitor, on novel object recognition (NOR) memory performance. The NOR task involved three sessions including habituation, sampling and test. In experiment 1, DHK injection 0.5 h pre-sampling impaired short-term NOR memory performance. In experiment 2, DHK injection 0.5 h pre-sampling impaired long-term NOR memory acquisition. In experiment 3, DHK injection immediately but not 6 h post-sampling impaired long-term NOR memory consolidation. In experiment 4, DHK injection 0.5 h pre-test impaired long-term NOR memory retrieval. Furthermore, DHK-induced memory performance impairment was not due to its effects on nonspecific responses such as locomotor activity and exploratory behavior. The current findings further extend previous studies on the effects of disruption of glutamate homeostasis on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wen Tian
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Xu-Dong Yu
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Lian Cen
- Department of Physiology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
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63
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Hamed A, Kursa MB. Inter-individual differences in serotonin and glutamate co-transmission reflect differentiation in context-induced conditioned 50-kHz USVs response after morphine withdrawal. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:3149-3167. [PMID: 29774428 PMCID: PMC6132671 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research provides compelling evidence that in rats 50-kHz USVs are a form of expression of positive emotions. Context-induced 50-kHz USVs emission is variable among rats, indicating individual differences in contextual response bound up with pharmacological reward. The aims of this study were to: extract the most important neurotransmitters related to context-induced conditioned 50-kHz USVs response; find biological basis of existing inter-individual differences in context-induced conditioned 50-kHz USVs response; create a model of all-to-all neurotransmitters correlations. The data collected here confirms that re-exposure to the context of morphine administration after the withdrawal period increases the level of 50-kHz USVs and this contextual response is associated with elevated serotonin concentrations in amygdala, hippocampus and mPFC and with increased Glu/Gln ratio in nucleus accumbens. The concentration of serotonin increases simultaneously in amygdala, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Moreover, 5-HT concentration in amygdala is bound up with glutamate level in this structure as well as in hippocampus. Furthermore, Glu/Gln ratio in nucleus accumbens has strong associations with Glu/Gln ratio simultaneously in VTA, amygdala, striatum and hippocampus. All-to-all-analysis indicate that concentration of glutamate in hippocampus is proportional to glutamate in VTA and GABA concentration in the hippocampus. We have also demonstrated that Glu/GABA ratio in VTA and amygdala was elevated after post withdrawal re-exposure to the pharmacological reward paired context. Presented analysis indicates a strong correlation between serotonergic and glutamatergic systems in context-induced conditioned response. The strength of this co-transmission correlates with the number of 50-kHz USVs emitted in response to morphine-paired context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hamed
- Laboratory of Spatial Memory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Miron Bartosz Kursa
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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64
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Joshi PC, Benerjee S. Effects of glucocorticoids in depression: Role of astrocytes. AIMS Neurosci 2018; 5:200-210. [PMID: 32341961 PMCID: PMC7179343 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.3.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes or astroglia are heterogeneous cells, similar to neurons, that have different properties in different brain regions. The implications of steroid hormones on glial cells and stress-related pathologies have been studied previously. Glucocorticoids (GCs) that are released in response to stress have been shown to be deleterious to neurons in various brain regions. Further, in the light of the effect of GCs on astrocytes, several reports have shown the crucial role of glia. Still, much remains to be done to understand the stress-astrocytes-glucocorticoid interactions associated with the pathological consequences of various CNS disorders. This review is an attempt to summarize the effects of GCs and stress on astrocytes and its implications in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Chintamani Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Sugato Benerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
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65
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O'Neil DA, Nicholas MA, Lajud N, Kline AE, Bondi CO. Preclinical Models of Traumatic Brain Injury: Emerging Role of Glutamate in the Pathophysiology of Depression. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:579. [PMID: 29910733 PMCID: PMC5992468 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 10 million people worldwide incur a traumatic brain injury (TBI) each year, with two million cases occurring in the United States. TBI survivors exhibit long-lasting cognitive and affective sequelae that are associated with reduced quality of life and work productivity, as well as mental and emotional disturbances. While TBI-related disabilities often manifest physically and conspicuously, TBI has been linked with a "silent epidemic" of psychological disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). The prevalence of MDD post-insult is approximately 50% within the 1st year. Furthermore, given they are often under-reported when mild, TBIs could be a significant overall cause of MDD in the United States. The emergence of MDD post-TBI may be rooted in widespread disturbances in the modulatory role of glutamate, such that glutamatergic signaling becomes excessive and deleterious to neuronal integrity, as reported in both clinical and preclinical studies. Following this acute glutamatergic storm, regulators of glutamatergic function undergo various manipulations, which include, but are not limited to, alterations in glutamatergic subunit composition, release, and reuptake. This review will characterize the glutamatergic functional and signaling changes that emerge and persist following experimental TBI, utilizing evidence from clinical, molecular, and rodent behavioral investigations. Special care will be taken to speculate on how these manipulations may correlate with the development of MDD following injury in the clinic, as well as pharmacotherapies to date. Indisputably, TBI is a significant healthcare issue that warrants discovery and subsequent refinement of therapeutic strategies to improve neurobehavioral recovery and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darik A O'Neil
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Melissa A Nicholas
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Naima Lajud
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán - Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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66
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Fischer KD, Houston ACW, Desai RI, Doyle MR, Bergman J, Mian M, Mannix R, Sulzer DL, Choi SJ, Mosharov EV, Hodgson NW, Bechtholt A, Miczek KA, Rosenberg PA. Behavioral phenotyping and dopamine dynamics in mice with conditional deletion of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 in neurons: resistance to the acute locomotor effects of amphetamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1371-1387. [PMID: 29468294 PMCID: PMC5999338 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4848-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE GLT-1 is the major glutamate transporter in the brain and is expressed predominantly in astrocytes but is also present in excitatory axon terminals. To understand the functional significance of GLT-1 expressed in neurons, we generated a conditional GLT-1 knockout mouse and inactivated GLT-1 in neurons using Cre-recombinase expressed under the synapsin 1 promoter, (synGLT-1 KO). OBJECTIVES Abnormalities of glutamate homeostasis have been shown to affect hippocampal-related behaviors including learning and memory as well as responses to drugs of abuse. Here, we asked whether deletion of GLT-1 specifically from neurons would affect behaviors that assessed locomotor activity, cognitive function, sensorimotor gating, social interaction, as well as amphetamine-stimulated locomotor activity. METHODS/RESULTS We found that the neuronal GLT-1 KO mice performed similarly to littermate controls in the behavioral tests we studied. Although performance in open field testing was normal, the acute locomotor response to amphetamine was significantly blunted in the synGLT-1 KO (40% of control). We found no change in amphetamine-stimulated extracellular dopamine in the medial shell of the nucleus accumbens, no change in electrically stimulated or amphetamine-induced dopamine release, and no change in dopamine tissue content. CONCLUSIONS These results support the view that GLT-1 expression in neurons is required for amphetamine-induced behavioral activation, and suggest that this phenotype is not produced through a change in dopamine uptake or release. Although GLT-1 is highly expressed in neurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus, the tests used in this study were not able to detect a behavioral phenotype referable to hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn D Fischer
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alex C W Houston
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Rajeev I Desai
- Preclinical Pharmacology Program, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Michelle R Doyle
- Preclinical Pharmacology Program, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jack Bergman
- Preclinical Pharmacology Program, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Maha Mian
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David L Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Se Joon Choi
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Hodgson
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anita Bechtholt
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Klaus A Miczek
- Departments of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Paul A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology and the F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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67
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Rubio-Casillas A, Fernández-Guasti A. The dose makes the poison: from glutamate-mediated neurogenesis to neuronal atrophy and depression. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:599-622. [PMID: 27096778 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has demonstrated that glutamate is an essential factor for neurogenesis, whereas another line of research postulates that excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission is associated with the pathogenesis of depression. The present review shows that such paradox can be explained within the framework of hormesis, defined as biphasic dose responses. Low glutamate levels activate adaptive stress responses that include proteins that protect neurons against more severe stress. Conversely, abnormally high levels of glutamate, resulting from increased release and/or decreased removal, cause neuronal atrophy and depression. The dysregulation of the glutamatergic transmission in depression could be underlined by several factors including a decreased inhibition (γ-aminobutyric acid or serotonin) or an increased excitation (primarily within the glutamatergic system). Experimental evidence shows that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPAR) can exert two opposite effects on neurogenesis and neuron survival depending on the synaptic or extrasynaptic concentration. Chronic stress, which usually underlies experimental and clinical depression, enhances glutamate release. This overactivates NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and consequently impairs AMPAR activity. Various studies show that treatment with antidepressants decreases plasma glutamate levels in depressed individuals and regulates glutamate receptors by reducing NMDAR function by decreasing the expression of its subunits and by potentiating AMPAR-mediated transmission. Additionally, it has been shown that chronic treatment with antidepressants having divergent mechanisms of action (including tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and ketamine) markedly reduced depolarization-evoked glutamate release in the hippocampus. These data, taken together, suggest that the glutamatergic system could be a final common pathway for antidepressant treatments.
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68
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Liao Z, Tao Y, Guo X, Cheng D, Wang F, Liu X, Ma L. Fear Conditioning Downregulates Rac1 Activity in the Basolateral Amygdala Astrocytes to Facilitate the Formation of Fear Memory. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:396. [PMID: 29230165 PMCID: PMC5712045 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are well known to scale synaptic structural and functional plasticity, while the role in learning and memory, such as conditioned fear memory, is poorly elucidated. Here, using pharmacological approach, we find that fluorocitrate (FC) significantly inhibits the acquisition of fear memory, suggesting that astrocyte activity is required for fear memory formation. We further demonstrate that fear conditioning downregulates astrocytic Rac1 activity in basolateral amygdala (BLA) in mice and promotes astrocyte structural plasticity. Ablation of astrocytic Rac1 in BLA promotes fear memory acquisition, while overexpression or constitutive activation of astrocytic Rac1 attenuates fear memory acquisition. Furthermore, temporal activation of Rac1 by photoactivatable Rac1 (Rac1-PA) induces structural alterations in astrocytes and in vivo activation of Rac1 in BLA astrocytes during fear conditioning attenuates the formation of fear memory. Taken together, our study demonstrates that fear conditioning-induced suppression of BLA astrocytic Rac1 activity, associated with astrocyte structural plasticity, is required for the formation of conditioned fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yezheng Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomu Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deqin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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69
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Birey F, Kokkosis AG, Aguirre A. Oligodendroglia-lineage cells in brain plasticity, homeostasis and psychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:93-103. [PMID: 29073529 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells are uniformly distributed in both gray and white matter, displaying robust proliferative and migratory potential during health and disease. Recently, developments in new experimental approaches have brought about several novel insights about NG2-glia and myelinating oligodendrocytes, indicating a diverse toolkit of functions in experience-dependent myelination and homeostasis in the adult CNS. In this review, we summarize some of the topical studies that highlight newly emerging findings implicating oligodendroglia-lineage cells in brain plasticity, homeostasis and pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Birey
- Stanford University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States
| | - A G Kokkosis
- SUNY, Stony Brook, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, United States
| | - A Aguirre
- SUNY, Stony Brook, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, United States.
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70
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Zong S, Hoffmann C, Mané-Damas M, Molenaar P, Losen M, Martinez-Martinez P. Neuronal Surface Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Are There Implications for Depression? Front Immunol 2017; 8:752. [PMID: 28725222 PMCID: PMC5497139 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are affecting around 7.6-9.4% of the general population. A number of central nervous system disorders, including encephalitis and severe psychiatric disorders, have been demonstrated to associate with specific neuronal surface autoantibodies (NSAbs). It has become clear that specific autoantibodies targeting neuronal surface antigens and ion channels could cause severe mental disturbances. A number of studies have focused or are currently investigating the presence of autoantibodies in specific mental conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. However, less is known about other conditions such as depression. Depression is a psychiatric disorder with complex etiology and pathogenesis. The diagnosis criteria of depression are largely based on symptoms but not on the origin of the disease. The question which arises is whether in a subgroup of patients with depression, the symptoms might be caused by autoantibodies targeting membrane-associated antigens. Here, we describe how autoantibodies targeting membrane proteins and ion channels cause pathological effects. We discuss the physiology of these antigens and their role in relation to depression. Finally, we summarize a number of studies detecting NSAbs with a special focus on cohorts that include depression diagnosis and/or show depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Zong
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Carolin Hoffmann
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marina Mané-Damas
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Peter Molenaar
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mario Losen
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Division Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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71
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Wang Q, Jie W, Liu JH, Yang JM, Gao TM. An astroglial basis of major depressive disorder? An overview. Glia 2017; 65:1227-1250. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Wei Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Jian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
| | - Tian-Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou 510515 China
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72
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Haroon E, Miller AH, Sanacora G. Inflammation, Glutamate, and Glia: A Trio of Trouble in Mood Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:193-215. [PMID: 27629368 PMCID: PMC5143501 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this review is to illustrate how these two pathways may converge at the level of the glia to contribute to neuropsychiatric disease. We propose that a combination of failed clearance and exaggerated release of glutamate by glial cells during immune activation leads to glutamate increases and promotes aberrant extrasynaptic signaling through ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, ultimately resulting in synaptic dysfunction and loss. Furthermore, glutamate diffusion outside the synapse can lead to the loss of synaptic fidelity and specificity of neurotransmission, contributing to circuit dysfunction and behavioral pathology. This review examines the fundamental role of glia in the regulation of glutamate, followed by a description of the impact of inflammation on glial glutamate regulation at the cellular, molecular, and metabolic level. In addition, the role of these effects of inflammation on glia and glutamate in mood disorders will be discussed along with their translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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73
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Haroon E, Miller AH. Inflammation Effects on Brain Glutamate in Depression: Mechanistic Considerations and Treatment Implications. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 31:173-198. [PMID: 27830574 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the role of glutamate in mood disorders, especially given the profound effect of the glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine in improving depressive symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant depression. One pathway by which glutamate alterations may occur in mood disorders involves inflammation. Increased inflammation has been observed in a significant subgroup of patients with mood disorders, and inflammatory cytokines have been shown to influence glutamate metabolism through effects on astrocytes and microglia. In addition, the administration of the inflammatory cytokine interferon-alpha has been shown to increase brain glutamate in the basal ganglia and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex as measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Moreover, MRS studies in patients with major depressive disorder have revealed that increased markers of inflammation including C-reactive protein correlate with increased basal ganglia glutamate, which in turn was associated with anhedonia and psychomotor retardation. Finally, human and laboratory animal studies have shown that the response to glutamate antagonists such as ketamine is predicted by increased inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these data make a strong case that inflammation may influence glutamate metabolism to alter behavior, leading to depressive symptoms including anhedonia and psychomotor slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Haroon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-B Clifton Road., 5th Floor, B5101, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365-B Clifton Road., 5th Floor, B5101, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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74
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Verkhratsky A, Steardo L, Parpura V, Montana V. Translational potential of astrocytes in brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:188-205. [PMID: 26386136 PMCID: PMC4794425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fundamentally, all brain disorders can be broadly defined as the homeostatic failure of this organ. As the brain is composed of many different cells types, including but not limited to neurons and glia, it is only logical that all the cell types/constituents could play a role in health and disease. Yet, for a long time the sole conceptualization of brain pathology was focused on the well-being of neurons. Here, we challenge this neuron-centric view and present neuroglia as a key element in neuropathology, a process that has a toll on astrocytes, which undergo complex morpho-functional changes that can in turn affect the course of the disorder. Such changes can be grossly identified as reactivity, atrophy with loss of function and pathological remodeling. We outline the pathogenic potential of astrocytes in variety of disorders, ranging from neurotrauma, infection, toxic damage, stroke, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, Alexander disease to neoplastic changes seen in gliomas. We hope that in near future we would witness glial-based translational medicine with generation of deliverables for the containment and cure of disorders. We point out that such as a task will require a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach that will take in consideration the concerted operation of all the cell types in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine and Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vedrana Montana
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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75
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Rial D, Lemos C, Pinheiro H, Duarte JM, Gonçalves FQ, Real JI, Prediger RD, Gonçalves N, Gomes CA, Canas PM, Agostinho P, Cunha RA. Depression as a Glial-Based Synaptic Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 9:521. [PMID: 26834566 PMCID: PMC4722129 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies combining pharmacological, behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular approaches indicate that depression results from maladaptive neuroplastic processes occurring in defined frontolimbic circuits responsible for emotional processing such as the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and ventral striatum. However, the exact mechanisms controlling synaptic plasticity that are disrupted to trigger depressive conditions have not been elucidated. Since glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) tightly and dynamically interact with synapses, engaging a bi-directional communication critical for the processing of synaptic information, we now revisit the role of glial cells in the etiology of depression focusing on a dysfunction of the “quad-partite” synapse. This interest is supported by the observations that depressive-like conditions are associated with a decreased density and hypofunction of astrocytes and with an increased microglia “activation” in frontolimbic regions, which is expected to contribute for the synaptic dysfunction present in depression. Furthermore, the traditional culprits of depression (glucocorticoids, biogenic amines, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) affect glia functioning, whereas antidepressant treatments (serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs, electroshocks, deep brain stimulation) recover glia functioning. In this context of a quad-partite synapse, systems modulating glia-synapse bidirectional communication—such as the purinergic neuromodulation system operated by adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine—emerge as promising candidates to “re-normalize” synaptic function by combining direct synaptic effects with an ability to also control astrocyte and microglia function. This proposed triple action of purines to control aberrant synaptic function illustrates the rationale to consider the interference with glia dysfunction as a mechanism of action driving the design of future pharmacological tools to manage depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rial
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SCBrazil
| | - Cristina Lemos
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Pinheiro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana M Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Q Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana I Real
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Nélio Gonçalves
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Agostinho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of CoimbraCoimbra, Portugal
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76
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Chen Y, Du T, Peng L, Gibbs ME, Hertz L. Sequential Astrocytic 5-HT2B Receptor Stimulation, [Ca(2+)]i Regulation, Glycogenolysis, Glutamate Synthesis, and K(+) Homeostasis are Similar but Not Identical in Learning and Mood Regulation. Front Integr Neurosci 2016; 9:67. [PMID: 26778984 PMCID: PMC4705236 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2015.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chen
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ting Du
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Marie E Gibbs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Leif Hertz
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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77
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Verkhratsky A, Steardo L, Peng L, Parpura V. Astroglia, Glutamatergic Transmission and Psychiatric Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:307-326. [PMID: 27885635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are primary homeostatic cells of the central nervous system. They regulate glutamatergic transmission through the removal of glutamate from the extracellular space and by supplying neurons with glutamine. Glutamatergic transmission is generally believed to be significantly impaired in the contexts of all major neuropsychiatric diseases. In most of these neuropsychiatric diseases, astrocytes show signs of degeneration and atrophy, which is likely to be translated into reduced homeostatic capabilities. Astroglial glutamate uptake/release and glutamate homeostasis are affected in all forms of major psychiatric disorders and represent a common mechanism underlying neurotransmission disbalance, aberrant connectome and overall failure on information processing by neuronal networks, which underlie pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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78
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Liu X, Guo H, Sayed MDS, Lu Y, Yang T, Zhou D, Chen Z, Wang H, Wang C, Xu J. cAMP/PKA/CREB/GLT1 signaling involved in the antidepressant-like effects of phosphodiesterase 4D inhibitor (GEBR-7b) in rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2016; 12:219-27. [PMID: 26855578 PMCID: PMC4725689 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s90960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES GEBR-7b, a potential phosphodiesterase 4D inhibitor, has been shown to have memory-enhancing effects in rodents. However, it is still unknown whether GEBR-7b also has the antidepressant-like effects in rats. Herein, we examined the potential of GEBR-7b to attenuate depression-like behaviors in the rat model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS). Next, we also investigated the alterations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit (PKAca), cAMP response element-binding (CREB), and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) levels produced by GEBR-7b in the rats model of depression. METHODS Effects of GEBR-7b on CUS (35 days)-induced depression-like behaviors were examined by measuring immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST). Hippocampal cAMP levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas PKAca, phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB), CREB, and GLT1 in the hippocampus of rats were subjected to Western blot analysis. RESULTS CUS exposure caused a depression-like behavior evidenced by the increased immobility time in FST. Depression-like behavior induced by CUS was accompanied by a significant increased GLT, decreased cAMP, PKAca, pCREB activities in hippocampus. However, repeated GEBR-7b administration significantly reversed CUS-induced depression-like behavior and changes of cAMP/PKA/CREB/GLT1 signaling. No alteration was observed in locomotor activity in open field test. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that GEBR-7b reversed the depression-like behaviors induced by CUS in rats, which is at least in part mediated by modulating cAMP, PKAca, pCREB, and GLT1 levels in the hippocampus of rats, supporting its neuroprotective potential against behavioral and biochemical dysfunctions induced by CUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibiao Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammad Daud Som Sayed
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Birey F, Kloc M, Chavali M, Hussein I, Wilson M, Christoffel DJ, Chen T, Frohman MA, Robinson JK, Russo SJ, Maffei A, Aguirre A. Genetic and Stress-Induced Loss of NG2 Glia Triggers Emergence of Depressive-like Behaviors through Reduced Secretion of FGF2. Neuron 2015; 88:941-956. [PMID: 26606998 PMCID: PMC5354631 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NG2-expressing glia (NG2 glia) are a uniformly distributed and mitotically active pool of cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to serving as progenitors of myelinating oligodendrocytes, NG2 glia might also fulfill physiological roles in CNS homeostasis, although the mechanistic nature of such roles remains unclear. Here, we report that ablation of NG2 glia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the adult brain causes deficits in excitatory glutamatergic neurotransmission and astrocytic extracellular glutamate uptake and induces depressive-like behaviors in mice. We show in parallel that chronic social stress causes NG2 glia density to decrease in areas critical to Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) pathophysiology at the time of symptom emergence in stress-susceptible mice. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of NG2 glial secretion of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) suffices to induce the same behavioral deficits. Our findings outline a pathway and role for NG2 glia in CNS homeostasis and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Birey
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michelle Kloc
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Manideep Chavali
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Israa Hussein
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel J Christoffel
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Tony Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael A Frohman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - John K Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arianna Maffei
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Adan Aguirre
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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80
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Murakami G, Nakamura M, Takita M, Ishida Y, Ueki T, Nakahara D. Brain Rewarding Stimulation Reduces Extracellular Glutamate Through Glial Modulation in Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2686-95. [PMID: 25924203 PMCID: PMC4864644 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence implicates a critical involvement of prefrontal glial modulation of extracellular glutamate (GLU) in aversive behaviors. However, nothing is known about whether prefrontal glial cells modulate GLU levels in rewarding behaviors. To address this question, we measured GLU efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats associated with rewarding behaviors. We used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) as the rewarding behavior. GLU was indirectly measured using microdialysis combined with on-line fluorometric detection of NADH resulting from the reaction of GLU and NAD(+) catalyzed by GLU dehydrogenase with a time resolution of 1 min. ICSS caused a minute-by-minute change of extracellular GLU in the medial PFC, with a slight decrease during the stimulation, followed by an increase afterward. This bidirectional change was tetrodotoxin insensitive and abolished by the gliotoxin fluorocitrate. To confirm and extend the previous studies of aversion-induced increase of extracellular GLU in the medial PFC, we also measured prefrontal GLU efflux associated with an aversive stimulation, immobilization stress. The temporal change in extracellular GLU caused by this stress was markedly different from that observed during ICSS. A rapid increase in GLU was detected during the aversive stimulation, followed by a large increase afterward. This bimodal change was tetrodotoxin insensitive, similar to that detected for ICSS. These findings indicate a bidirectional regulation of extracellular GLU by prefrontal glial cells associated with rat ICSS behavior, and reveal that glial modulation of GLU neurochemistry in the medial PFC contributes to rewarding as well as aversive behaviors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Murakami
- Division of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Division of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takita
- Cognition and Action Research Group, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishida
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ueki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Medical Photonics Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Nakahara
- Division of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Integrated Human Sciences, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Medical Photonics Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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81
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Abstract
Astrocytes represent a highly heterogeneous population of neural cells primarily responsible for the homeostasis of the CNS. Astrocytes express multiple receptors for neurotransmitters, including the serotonin 5-HT2B receptors and interact with neurones at the synapse. Astroglia contribute to neurological diseases through homeostatic response, neuroprotection and reactivity. In major depression, astrocytes show signs of degeneration and are decreased in numbers, which may lead to a misbalance in neurotransmission and aberrant synaptic connectivity. In this review, we summarize astroglia-specific effects of major antidepressants and outline future strategies for astroglia-specific therapy in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- a 1 Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, PR China
| | | | - Li Gu
- a 1 Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Baoman Li
- a 1 Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 92 Beier Road, Heping District, Shenyang, PR China
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82
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Takahashi K, Foster JB, Lin CLG. Glutamate transporter EAAT2: regulation, function, and potential as a therapeutic target for neurological and psychiatric disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3489-506. [PMID: 26033496 PMCID: PMC11113985 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is primarily responsible for clearance of extracellular glutamate to prevent neuronal excitotoxicity and hyperexcitability. EAAT2 plays a critical role in regulation of synaptic activity and plasticity. In addition, EAAT2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many central nervous system disorders. In this review, we summarize current understanding of EAAT2, including structure, pharmacology, physiology, and functions, as well as disease relevancy, such as in stroke, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, major depressive disorder, and addiction. A large number of studies have demonstrated that up-regulation of EAAT2 protein provides significant beneficial effects in many disease models suggesting EAAT2 activation is a promising therapeutic approach. Several EAAT2 activators have been identified. Further understanding of EAAT2 regulatory mechanisms could improve development of drug-like compounds that spatiotemporally regulate EAAT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Joshua B. Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Chien-Liang Glenn Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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83
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Do stars govern our actions? Astrocyte involvement in rodent behavior. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:535-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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84
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Activity-Dependent Plasticity of Astroglial Potassium and Glutamate Clearance. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:109106. [PMID: 26346563 PMCID: PMC4539499 DOI: 10.1155/2015/109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown that astrocytes play essential roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Nevertheless, how neuronal activity alters astroglial functional properties and whether such properties also display specific forms of plasticity still remain elusive. Here, we review research findings supporting this aspect of astrocytes, focusing on their roles in the clearance of extracellular potassium and glutamate, two neuroactive substances promptly released during excitatory synaptic transmission. Their subsequent removal, which is primarily carried out by glial potassium channels and glutamate transporters, is essential for proper functioning of the brain. Similar to neurons, different forms of short- and long-term plasticity in astroglial uptake have been reported. In addition, we also present novel findings showing robust potentiation of astrocytic inward currents in response to repetitive stimulations at mild frequencies, as low as 0.75 Hz, in acute hippocampal slices. Interestingly, neurotransmission was hardly affected at this frequency range, suggesting that astrocytes may be more sensitive to low frequency stimulation and may exhibit stronger plasticity than neurons to prevent hyperexcitability. Taken together, these important findings strongly indicate that astrocytes display both short- and long-term plasticity in their clearance of excess neuroactive substances from the extracellular space, thereby regulating neuronal activity and brain homeostasis.
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85
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Zimmer ER, Torrez VR, Kalinine E, Augustin MC, Zenki KC, Almeida RF, Hansel G, Muller AP, Souza DO, Machado-Vieira R, Portela LV. Long-term NMDAR antagonism correlates reduced astrocytic glutamate uptake with anxiety-like phenotype. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:219. [PMID: 26089779 PMCID: PMC4452887 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction has been extensively studied in schizophrenia; however, less is known about its role in anxiety disorders. Recently, it was demonstrated that astrocytic GLT-1 blockade leads to an anxiety-like phenotype. Although astrocytes are capable of modulating NMDAR activity through glutamate uptake transporters, the relationship between astrocytic glutamate uptake and the development of an anxiety phenotype remains poorly explored. Here, we aimed to investigative whether long-term antagonism of NMDAR impacts anxiety-related behaviors and astrocytic glutamate uptake. Memantine, an NMDAR antagonist, was administered daily for 24 days to healthy adult CF-1 mice by oral gavage at doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg. The mice were submitted to a sequential battery of behavioral tests (open field, light–dark box and elevated plus-maze tests). We then evaluated glutamate uptake activity and the immunocontents of glutamate transporters in the frontoparietal cortex and hippocampus. Our results demonstrated that long-term administration of memantine induces anxiety-like behavior in mice in the light–dark box and elevated plus-maze paradigms. Additionally, the administration of memantine decreased glutamate uptake activity in both the frontoparietal cortex and hippocampus without altering the immunocontent of either GLT-1 or GLAST. Remarkably, the memantine-induced reduction in glutamate uptake was correlated with enhancement of an anxiety-like phenotype. In conclusion, long-term NMDAR antagonism with memantine induces anxiety-like behavior that is associated with reduced glutamate uptake activity but that is not dependent on GLT-1 or GLAST protein expression. Our study suggests that NMDAR and glutamate uptake hypofunction may contribute to the development of conditions that fall within the category of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Zimmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vitor R Torrez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Kalinine
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil ; Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Marina C Augustin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Kamila C Zenki
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Roberto F Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Hansel
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre P Muller
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil ; Laboratory of Exercise, Biochemistry and Physiology, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM-27, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil ; Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil ; Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis V Portela
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, Brazil
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86
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Mayhew J, Beart PM, Walker FR. Astrocyte and microglial control of glutamatergic signalling: a primer on understanding the disruptive role of chronic stress. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:498-506. [PMID: 25737228 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that chronic stress can induce significant structural remodelling of astrocytes and microglia. Until recently, however, the full significance of these morphological disturbances has remained unclear. Clues to the significance of astroglial re-organisation following stress are beginning to emerge from a compelling literature describing how astrocytes contribute to glutamatergic neurotransmission. The present review briefly summarises these two fields of research, identifies points of overlap and, in doing so, pin-points future research directions for stress neurobiology. Ultimately, understanding how chronic stress can disrupt the interactions of astrocytes and microglia with neurones has the potential in the future to improve the development of therapeutics designed to treat stress-related illnesses such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mayhew
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - P M Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - F R Walker
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Lally N, Nugent AC, Luckenbaugh DA, Niciu MJ, Roiser JP, Zarate CA. Neural correlates of change in major depressive disorder anhedonia following open-label ketamine. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:596-607. [PMID: 25691504 PMCID: PMC5116382 DOI: 10.1177/0269881114568041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia is a cardinal symptom of major depression and is often refractory to standard treatment, yet no approved medication for this specific symptom exists. In this exploratory re-analysis, we assessed whether administration of rapid-acting antidepressant ketamine was associated specifically with reduced anhedonia in medication-free treatment-refractory patients with major depressive disorder in an open-label investigation. Additionally, participants received either oral riluzole or placebo daily beginning 4 hours post-infusion. A subgroup of patients underwent fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans at baseline (1-3 days pre-infusion) and 2 hours post-ketamine infusion. Anhedonia rapidly decreased following a single ketamine infusion; this was sustained for up to three days, but was not altered by riluzole. Reduced anhedonia correlated with increased glucose metabolism in the hippocampus and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and decreased metabolism in the inferior frontal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The tentative relationship between change in anhedonia and glucose metabolism remained significant in dACC and OFC, and at trend level in the hippocampus, a result not anticipated, when controlling for change in total depression score. Results, however, remain tenuous due to the lack of a placebo control for ketamine. In addition to alleviating overall depressive symptoms, ketamine could possess anti-anhedonic potential in major depressive disorder, which speculatively, may be mediated by alterations in metabolic activity in the hippocampus, dACC and OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Níall Lally
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Allison C. Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A. Luckenbaugh
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark J. Niciu
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Roiser
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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88
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Takahashi K, Kong Q, Lin Y, Stouffer N, Schulte DA, Lai L, Liu Q, Chang LC, Dominguez S, Xing X, Cuny GD, Hodgetts KJ, Glicksman MA, Lin CLG. Restored glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 function as a potential therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:319-32. [PMID: 25711212 PMCID: PMC4354363 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Takahashi et al. demonstrate that restoring glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 function improves cognitive functions and synaptic integrity while reducing amyloid plaques in a sustained fashion after treatment cessation. Glutamatergic systems play a critical role in cognitive functions and are known to be defective in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Previous literature has indicated that glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 plays an essential role in cognitive functions and that loss of EAAT2 protein is a common phenomenon observed in AD patients and animal models. In the current study, we investigated whether restored EAAT2 protein and function could benefit cognitive functions and pathology in APPSw,Ind mice, an animal model of AD. A transgenic mouse approach via crossing EAAT2 transgenic mice with APPSw,Ind. mice and a pharmacological approach using a novel EAAT2 translational activator, LDN/OSU-0212320, were conducted. Findings from both approaches demonstrated that restored EAAT2 protein function significantly improved cognitive functions, restored synaptic integrity, and reduced amyloid plaques. Importantly, the observed benefits were sustained one month after compound treatment cessation, suggesting that EAAT2 is a potential disease modifier with therapeutic potential for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Qiongman Kong
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Yuchen Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Nathan Stouffer
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Delanie A Schulte
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Liching Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Qibing Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Ling-Chu Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Sky Dominguez
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Xuechao Xing
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77004
| | - Kevin J Hodgetts
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Marcie A Glicksman
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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89
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John CS, Sypek EI, Carlezon WA, Cohen BM, Öngür D, Bechtholt AJ. Blockade of the GLT-1 Transporter in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Induces both Anxiety and Depressive-Like Symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1700-8. [PMID: 25586634 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depression has been associated with abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission and decreased astrocyte number in limbic areas. We previously demonstrated that global and prefrontal cortical blockade of the astrocytic glutamate transporter (GLT-1) induces anhedonia and c-Fos expression in areas that regulate anxiety, including the central amygdala (CEA). Given the role of the amygdala in anxiety and the high degree of comorbidity between anxiety and depression, we hypothesized that GLT-1 blockade in the CEA would induce symptoms of anhedonia and anxiety in rats. We microinjected the GLT-1 inhibitor, dihydrokainic acid (DHK), into the CEA and examined effects on intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) as an index of hedonic state, and on behavior in two anxiety paradigms, elevated plus maze (EPM) and fear conditioning. At lower doses, intra-CEA DHK produced modest increases in ICSS responding (T0). Higher doses resulted in complete cessation of responding for 15 min, suggesting an anhedonic or depressive-like effect. Intra-CEA DHK also increased anxiety-like behavior such that percent time in the open arms and total entries were decreased in the EPM and acquisition of freezing behavior to the tone was increased in a fear-conditioning paradigm. These effects did not appear to be explained by non-specific changes in activity, because effects on fear conditioning were assessed in a drug-free state, and a separate activity test showed no significant effects of intra-CEA DHK on locomotion. Taken together, these studies suggest that blockade of GLT-1 in the CEA is sufficient to induce both anhedonia and anxiety and therefore that a lack of glutamate uptake resulting from glial deficits may contribute to the comorbidity of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S John
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Sypek
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Dost Öngür
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School-McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Anita J Bechtholt
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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90
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Glutamate transporter 1-mediated antidepressant-like effect in a rat model of chronic unpredictable stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:838-844. [PMID: 25480579 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, more attention has been paid to the role of the glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1, EAAT2) in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, experimental data on brain GLT-1 levels are, to some extent, inconsistent in human postmortem and animal studies. These discrepancies imply that the role of GLT-1 in the pathophysiology of MDD and the action of antidepressants remain obscure. This work was designed to study the impact of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 2 sessions per day for 35 days and four weeks of fluoxetine (FLX) on depressive-like behaviors in rats, as well as the concomitant expression of the GLT-1 protein in the hippocampus. Behavioral changes were assessed by the sucrose preference and open field tests. GLT-1 levels were detected by immunohistchemistry and Western blot analysis. Our study demonstrated that the animals exposed to CUS showed depressive-like behaviors and exhibited a significant decrease in GLT-1 expression in the hippocampus. Chronic FLX treatment reversed the behavioral deficits and the CUS-induced decrease in GLT-1 levels. Taken together, our results support the reduction of GLT-1 in human postmortem studies in MDD and suggest that GLT-1 may be involved in the antidepressant activity of FLX. Our studies further support the notion that GLT-1 is an attractive candidate molecule associated with the fundamental processes of MDD and may be a potential, and novel pharmacological target for the treatment of MDD.
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91
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Anti-anhedonic effect of ketamine and its neural correlates in treatment-resistant bipolar depression. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e469. [PMID: 25313512 PMCID: PMC4350513 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia--which is defined as diminished pleasure from, or interest in, previously rewarding activities-is one of two cardinal symptoms of a major depressive episode. However, evidence suggests that standard treatments for depression do little to alleviate the symptoms of anhedonia and may cause reward blunting. Indeed, no therapeutics are currently approved for the treatment of anhedonia. Notably, over half of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder experience significant levels of anhedonia during a depressive episode. Recent research into novel and rapid-acting therapeutics for depression, particularly the noncompetitive N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine, has highlighted the role of the glutamatergic system in the treatment of depression; however, it is unknown whether ketamine specifically improves anhedonic symptoms. The present study used a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design to examine whether a single ketamine infusion could reduce anhedonia levels in 36 patients with treatment-resistant bipolar depression. The study also used positron emission tomography imaging in a subset of patients to explore the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning ketamine's anti-anhedonic effects. We found that ketamine rapidly reduced the levels of anhedonia. Furthermore, this reduction occurred independently from reductions in general depressive symptoms. Anti-anhedonic effects were specifically related to increased glucose metabolism in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and putamen. Our study emphasizes the importance of the glutamatergic system in treatment-refractory bipolar depression, particularly in the treatment of symptoms such as anhedonia.
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92
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Agudelo L, Femenía T, Orhan F, Porsmyr-Palmertz M, Goiny M, Martinez-Redondo V, Correia J, Izadi M, Bhat M, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Pettersson A, Ferreira D, Krook A, Barres R, Zierath J, Erhardt S, Lindskog M, Ruas J. Skeletal Muscle PGC-1α1 Modulates Kynurenine Metabolism and Mediates Resilience to Stress-Induced Depression. Cell 2014; 159:33-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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93
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Zhu X, Hao X, Luo J, Min S, Xie F, Zhang F. Propofol inhibits inflammatory cytokine-mediated glutamate uptake dysfunction to alleviate learning/memory impairment in depressed rats undergoing electroconvulsive shock. Brain Res 2014; 1595:101-9. [PMID: 25108038 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for major depression, but can result in memory impairment. Several studies have shown that anesthetic propofol can alleviate the impairment of memory induced by ECT. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of propofol and electroconvulsive shock (ECS, analog of ECT in animals) on hippocampal inflammatory cytokines and glutamate uptake in depressed rats. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) procedure was adopted to establish a model of depression. Sixty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups with the following assignments (n=12 for each group): group C: control group without treatment; group D: CUMS+sham ECS; group DE: CUMS+ECS; group DP: CUMS+propofol (80 mg/kg, i.p.); group DPE: CUMS+propofol (80 mg/kg, i.p.)+ECS. Sucrose preference test and Morris water maze were used to assess behavioral changes. Hippocampal glutamate levels were measured with high performance liquid chromatography and the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, GLAST and GLT-1 was quantificational analyzed by real time PCR or Western Blotting. The results demonstrated that ECS increased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α, down-regulated the expression of GLT-1, GLAST expression remains stable, heightened the concentration of glutamate in the hippocampus and aggravated learning and memory impairment of depressed rats. Propofol suppressed IL-1β and TNF-α production, up-regulated the expression of GLT-1, decreased the concentration of glutamate in the hippocampus and attenuated the impairment of learning and memory induced by ECS. Propofol alleviate the learning and memory impairment induced by ECS could be partly attributed to its anti-inflammatory effects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Brain and Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Xuechao Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Su Min
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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94
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Domin H, Szewczyk B, Woźniak M, Wawrzak-Wleciał A, Śmiałowska M. Antidepressant-like effect of the mGluR5 antagonist MTEP in an astroglial degeneration model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2014; 273:23-33. [PMID: 25043733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic predominance in the excitatory-inhibitory balance is postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Such imbalance may be induced by astrocyte ablation which reduces glutamate uptake and increases glutamate level in the synaptic cleft. In the present study, we tried to ascertain whether astroglial degeneration in the prefrontal cortex could serve as an animal model of depression and whether inhibition of glutamatergic transmission by the mGluR5 antagonist MTEP could have antidepressant potential. Astrocytic toxins l-or dl-alpha-aminoadipic acid (AAA), 100μg/2μl, were microinjected, bilaterally into the rat medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) on the first and second day of experiment. MTEP (10mg/kg) or imipramine (30mg/kg) were administered on the fifth day. Following administration of MTEP or imipramine the forced swim test (FST) was performed for assessment of depressive-like behavior. The brains were taken out for analysis on day eight. The astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was quantified in PFC by Western blot method and by stereological counting of immunohistochemically stained sections. Both l-AAA and dl-AAA induced a significant increase in immobility time in the FST. This effect was reversed by imipramine, which indicates depressive-like effects of these toxins. A significant decrease in GFAP (about 50%) was found after l-AAA. Both the behavioral and GFAP level changes were prevented by MTEP injection. The obtained results indicate that the degeneration of astrocytes in the PFC by l-AAA may be a useful animal model of depression and suggest antidepressant potential of MTEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Domin
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Woźniak
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anika Wawrzak-Wleciał
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Śmiałowska
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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95
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Smith KL, John CS, Sypek EI, Ongür D, Cohen BM, Barry SM, Bechtholt AJ. Exploring the role of central astrocytic glutamate uptake in ethanol reward in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:1307-14. [PMID: 24655029 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholism is associated with specific brain abnormalities revealed through postmortem studies, including a reduction in glial cell number and dysregulated glutamatergic neurotransmission. Whether these abnormalities contribute to the etiology of alcoholism, are consequences of alcohol use, or both is still unknown. METHODS We investigated the role of astrocytic glutamate uptake in ethanol (EtOH) binge drinking in mice, using the "drinking in the dark" (DID) paradigm by blocking the astrocytic glutamate transporter (GLT-1) with intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of dihydrokainic acid (DHK). To determine whether astrocytic glutamate uptake regulates the conditioned rewarding effects of EtOH, we examined the effects of ICV DHK on the acquisition and expression of EtOH-induced conditioned place preference. RESULTS Blocking central astrocytic glutamate uptake selectively attenuated EtOH binge drinking behavior in mice. DHK did not alter the acquisition or expression of preference for EtOH-associated cues, indicating that reduced astrocytic glutamate trafficking may decrease binge-like drinking without altering the conditioned rewarding effects of EtOH. CONCLUSIONS Several alternative conclusions are plausible, however, interpreting these data in the context of the human literature, these findings suggest that the reduction of glia in the alcoholic brain may not be a predisposing factor to developing alcoholism and could be a consequence of EtOH toxicity that decreases excessive EtOH intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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96
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Antagonistic interaction between adenosine A2A receptors and Na+/K+-ATPase-α2 controlling glutamate uptake in astrocytes. J Neurosci 2014; 33:18492-502. [PMID: 24259572 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1828-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-I) is critical to control the bulk of glutamate uptake and, thus, to regulate synaptic plasticity and excitotoxicity. GLT-I glutamate uptake is driven by the sodium gradient implemented by Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases (NKAs) and the α2 subunit of NKA (NKA-α2) is actually linked to GLT-I to regulate astrocytic glutamate transport. We recently found that adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), which control synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration, regulate glutamate uptake through unknown mechanisms. Here we report that A2AR activation decreases NKA activity selectively in astrocytes to inhibit glutamate uptake. Furthermore, we found a physical association of A2ARs with NKA-α2s in astrocytes, as gauged by coimmunoprecipitation and in situ proximity ligation assays, in the cerebral cortex and striatum, two brain regions where A2ARs inhibit the astrocytic glutamate uptake. Moreover, the selective deletion of A2ARs in astrocytes (using Gfa2-A2AR-KO mice) leads to a concurrent increase of both astrocytic glutamate uptake and NKA-α2 levels and activity in the striatum and cortex. This coupling of astrocytic A2ARs to the regulation of glutamate transport through modulation of NKA-α2 activity provides a novel mechanism linking neuronal activity to ion homeostasis controlling glutamatergic activity, all of which are processes intricately associated with the etiology of several brain diseases.
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97
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Niciu MJ, Henter ID, Sanacora G, Zarate CA. Glial abnormalities in substance use disorders and depression: does shared glutamatergic dysfunction contribute to comorbidity? World J Biol Psychiatry 2014; 15:2-16. [PMID: 24024876 PMCID: PMC4180366 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2013.829585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preclinical and clinical research in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly mood and substance use disorders, have historically focused on neurons; however, glial cells-astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes - also play key roles in these disorders. METHODS Peer-reviewed PubMed/Medline articles published through December 2012 were identified using the following keyword combinations: glia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes/glia, microglia, substance use, substance abuse, substance dependence, alcohol, opiate, opioid, cocaine, psychostimulants, stimulants, and glutamate. RESULTS Depressive and substance use disorders are highly comorbid, suggesting a common or overlapping aetiology and pathophysiology. Reduced astrocyte cell number occurs in both disorders. Altered glutamate neurotransmission and metabolism - specifically changes in the levels/activity of transporters, receptors, and synaptic proteins potentially related to synaptic physiology - appear to be salient features of both disorders. Glial cell pathology may also underlie the pathophysiology of both disorders via impaired astrocytic production of neurotrophic factors. Microglial/neuroinflammatory pathology is also evident in both depressive and substance use disorders. Finally, oligodendrocyte impairment decreases myelination and impairs expression of myelin-related genes in both substance use and depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS Glial-mediated glutamatergic dysfunction is a common neuropathological pathway in both substance use and depression. Therefore, glutamatergic neuromodulation is a rational drug target in this comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Niciu
- Yale University Department of Psychiatry/Connecticut Mental Health Center (CMHC), Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit (CNRU), New Haven, CT, USA,Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ioline D. Henter
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Gerard Sanacora
- Yale University Department of Psychiatry/Connecticut Mental Health Center (CMHC), Clinical Neuroscience Research Unit (CNRU), New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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98
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Glial degeneration as a model of depression. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:1572-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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99
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Differential levels of brain amino acids in rat models presenting learned helplessness or non-learned helplessness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:63-71. [PMID: 23568578 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic abnormalities have recently been proposed to contribute to depression. The learned helplessness (LH) paradigm produces a reliable animal model of depression that expresses a deficit in escape behavior (LH model); an alternative phenotype that does not exhibit LH is a model of resilience to depression (non-LH model). OBJECTIVES We measured the contents of amino acids in the brain to investigate the mechanisms involved in the pathology of depression. METHODS LH and non-LH models were subjected to inescapable electric footshocks at random intervals following a conditioned avoidance test to determine acquirement of predicted escape deficits. Tissue amino acid contents in eight brain regions were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The non-LH model showed increased GABA levels in the dentate gyrus and nucleus accumbens and increased glutamine levels in the dentate gyrus and the orbitofrontal cortex. The LH model had reduced glutamine levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. Changes in the ratios of GABA, glutamine, and glutamate were detected in the non-LH model, but not in the LH model. Reductions in threonine levels occurred in the medial prefrontal cortex in both models, whereas elevated alanine levels were detected in the medial prefrontal cortex in non-LH animals. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates region-specific compensatory elevations in GABA levels in the dentate gyrus and nucleus accumbens of non-LH animals, supporting the implication of the GABAergic system in the recovery of depression.
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100
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Chandley MJ, Szebeni K, Szebeni A, Crawford J, Stockmeier CA, Turecki G, Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Ordway GA. Gene expression deficits in pontine locus coeruleus astrocytes in men with major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2013; 38:276-84. [PMID: 23415275 PMCID: PMC3692725 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.120110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norepinephrine and glutamate are among several neurotransmitters implicated in the neuropathology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Glia deficits have also been demonstrated in people with MDD, and glia are critical modulators of central glutamatergic transmission. We studied glia in men with MDD in the region of the brain (locus coeruleus; LC) where noradrenergic neuronal cell bodies reside and receive glutamatergic input. METHODS The expression of 3 glutamate-related genes (SLC1A3, SLC1A2, GLUL) concentrated in glia and a glia gene (GFAP) were measured in postmortem tissues from men with MDD and from paired psychiatrically healthy controls. Initial gene expression analysis of RNA isolated from homogenized tissue (n = 9-10 pairs) containing the LC were followed by detailed analysis of gene expressions in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (n = 6-7 pairs) laser captured from the LC region. We assessed protein changes in GFAP using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting (n = 7-14 pairs). RESULTS Astrocytes, but not oligodendrocytes, demonstrated robust reductions in the expression of SLC1A3 and SLC1A2, whereas GLUL expression was unchanged. GFAP expression was lower in astrocytes, and we confirmed reduced GFAP protein in the LC using immunostaining methods. LIMITATIONS Reduced expression of protein products of SLC1A3 and SLC1A2 could not be confirmed because of insufficient amounts of LC tissue for these assays. Whether gene expression abnormalities were associated with only MDD and not with suicide could not be confirmed because most of the decedents who had MDD died by suicide. CONCLUSION Major depressive disorder is associated with unhealthy astrocytes in the noradrenergic LC, characterized here by a reduction in astrocyte glutamate transporter expression. These findings suggest that increased glutamatergic activity in the LC occurs in men with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory A. Ordway
- Correspondence to: G.A. Ordway, Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, PO Box 70577, Johnson City TN 37614;
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