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Ishida A, Okabe Y, Matsushita T, Sekiguchi T, Nishio T, Komagata T, Iwaki M, Miyata H, Katagi J, Naganawa A, Maruyama T, Imagawa A. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel somatostatin receptor subtype-2 agonists: Optimization for potency and risk mitigation of hERG and phospholipidosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 49:116424. [PMID: 34626901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptors are members of G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. Receptors can be classified into five subtypes, SSTR1 to 5. The highly potent and orally active SSTR2 agonist 7, which had been identified by our group, was found out to have toxicological liabilities such as hERG inhibition and phospholipidosis (PLD). We investigated the relationship between in silico physicochemical properties and hERG and PLD, and explored well-balanced agonists to identify amide 19 and benzimidazole 30. As a result of this exploration, we found out that the value of (cLogP) [2] + (pKa) [2] needs to be less than 110 to mitigate the liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Ishida
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Okabe
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsushita
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sekiguchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Nishio
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Komagata
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Iwaki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Hidenori Miyata
- Safety Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Jun Katagi
- Safety Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Imagawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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Current status and future prospects of PET-imaging applications in patients with gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Eur J Radiol 2021; 143:109932. [PMID: 34482177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) represent a heterogeneous group of rare neoplasms with increasing incidence over the last decades. Localization of GEP-NETs and their metastases is a vital component for the implementation of accurate and patient-tailored treatment strategies. Addressing this challenge requires the employment of multidisciplinary imaging approaches, with hybrid positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging techniques standing at the forefront of this effort. GEP-NETs exhibit several pathophysiologic characteristics, which can serve as highly specific molecular targets that can be effectively visualized and quantified by means of PET-radiopharmaceuticals, facilitating diagnosis, accurate staging and efficient monitoring of treatment response. Furthermore, the capability for whole-body, in-vivo, non-invasive characterization of the molecular heterogeneity of the disease, provides strong prognostic information, while enabling the selection of patients suitable for precision-based theranostic approaches. The dual tracer (18F-FDG & 68Ga-DOTA-peptides) PET/CT imaging approach is the current optimal diagnostic imaging strategy, since it enables tumor localization, accurate staging, non-invasive whole-body total tumor burden characterization of disease heterogeneity, while providing strong prognostic information and guidance towards treatment strategy. Moreover, 64Cu-DOTATATE has been recently approved by FDA for SSTRs positive NETs, promising substantial diagnostic and logistical benefits. Furthermore, 18F-DOPA offers diagnostic capabilities for serotonin-secreting GEP-NETs which are not characterized by cell-surface over-expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) and cannot be seen on morphological imaging. In addition, PET/CT with agents targeting the expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-R1) should be considered in cases of clinical suspicion for insulinomas that cannot be detected by morphological imaging or STTRs PET/CT imaging.
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53
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Ng XW, Chung YH, Piston DW. Intercellular Communication in the Islet of Langerhans in Health and Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2191-2225. [PMID: 34190340 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose homeostasis requires proper function of pancreatic islets, which secrete insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin from the β-, α-, and δ-cells, respectively. Each islet cell type is equipped with intrinsic mechanisms for glucose sensing and secretory actions, but these intrinsic mechanisms alone cannot explain the observed secretory profiles from intact islets. Regulation of secretion involves interconnected mechanisms among and between islet cell types. Islet cells lose their normal functional signatures and secretory behaviors upon dispersal as compared to intact islets and in vivo. In dispersed islet cells, the glucose response of insulin secretion is attenuated from that seen from whole islets, coordinated oscillations in membrane potential and intracellular Ca2+ activity, as well as the two-phase insulin secretion profile, are missing, and glucagon secretion displays higher basal secretion profile and a reverse glucose-dependent response from that of intact islets. These observations highlight the critical roles of intercellular communication within the pancreatic islet, and how these communication pathways are crucial for proper hormonal and nonhormonal secretion and glucose homeostasis. Further, misregulated secretions of islet secretory products that arise from defective intercellular islet communication are implicated in diabetes. Intercellular communication within the islet environment comprises multiple mechanisms, including electrical synapses from gap junctional coupling, paracrine interactions among neighboring cells, and direct cell-to-cell contacts in the form of juxtacrine signaling. In this article, we describe the various mechanisms that contribute to proper islet function for each islet cell type and how intercellular islet communications are coordinated among the same and different islet cell types. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:2191-2225, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue W Ng
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yong H Chung
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David W Piston
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Pecere T, Ponterio E, Di Iorio E, Carli M, Fassan M, Santoro L, Bissaro M, Bernabè G, Moro S, Castagliuolo I, Palù G. On the mechanism of tumor cell entry of aloe-emodin, a natural compound endowed with anticancer activity. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1129-1136. [PMID: 33990938 PMCID: PMC8361998 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aloe‐emodin (1,8‐dihydroxy‐3‐[hydroxymethyl]‐anthraquinone), AE, is one of the active constituents of a number of plant species used in traditional medicine. We have previously identified, for the first time, AE as a new antitumor agent and shown that its selective in vitro and in vivo killing of neuroblastoma cells was promoted by a cell‐specific drug uptake process. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the cell entry of AE has remained elusive as yet. In this report, we show that AE enters tumor cells via two of the five somatostatin receptors: SSTR2 and SSTR5. This observation was suggested by gene silencing, receptor competition, imaging and molecular modeling experiments. Furthermore, SSTR2 was expressed in all surgical neuroblastoma specimens we analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The above findings have strong implications for the clinical adoption of this natural anthraquinone molecule as an antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Pecere
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ponterio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Iorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Modesto Carli
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maicol Bissaro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernabè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Moro
- Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Hosono T, Bando M, Mizushina Y, Sata M, Hagiwara K, Sugiyama Y. Inhibitory effects of somatostatin analogue in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Exp Lung Res 2021; 47:280-288. [PMID: 33899633 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.1916650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and lethal lung disease. An increased expression of somatostatin receptor subtype 2 in patients with IPF was identified and lung fibroblasts expressed somatostatin receptors in vitro. In addition, somatostatin analogue inhibits the expression of transforming growth factor-β, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -1, platelet-derived growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor. Therefore, we examined the effects of somatostatin analogue on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. In a similar model, it has been reported that administration of high-dose somatostatin analogs suppressed acute inflammation and subsequent pulmonary fibrosis. However, it was clarified that the same effect can be obtained even at the dose used in clinical practice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice received a single tracheal instillation of bleomycin. After randomly allocated, mice were treated with subcutaneous injection of either normal saline or somatostatin analogue. RESULTS Somatostatin analogue reduced the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and IGF-1 level in serum and BAL fluid and attenuated weight loss. The hydroxyproline content of the lung homogenates in somatostatin analogue treatment group was significantly lower than in that of normal saline treatment group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that somatostatin analogue may attenuate pulmonary fibrosis after bleomycin treatment at the dose used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Hosono
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Japan Community Health Care Organization Utsunomiya Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masashi Bando
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Mizushina
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sata
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koichi Hagiwara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sugiyama
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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56
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Wu Y, Hu J, Long X, Pan Y, Mu J, Park KY, Zhao X. Lactobacillus plantarum ZS62 Alleviates Alcohol-Induced Gastric Injury in Mice via an Anti-Oxidative Mechanism. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:1667-1676. [PMID: 33911852 PMCID: PMC8075736 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s292243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim Gastric mucosal injury is a typical characteristic of gastric diseases. The prevalence of gastric mucosal injury caused by alcohol has been on the rise, which has been considered a serious problem. The purpose of this study is to explore the protective effect on gastric injury of Lactobacillus plantarum ZS62 (LP-ZS62) isolated from naturally fermented yak yoghurt. Methods We established a gastric injury model through alcohol and evaluated the protective effect of LP-ZS62 on gastric injury in mice. The injury to the gastric mucosa, histopathological sections, related biochemical indicators, and related genes were examined to evaluate the protective effect of LP-ZS62. Results LP-ZS62 effectively alleviated alcohol-induced gastric injury according to visual observations of gastric tissue and pathological tissue sections. The experimental results revealed that LP-ZS62 decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and elevated superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels in gastric tissues. Additionally, LP-ZS62 increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and somatostatin (SS) levels. LP-ZS62 also decreased inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-6 levels, and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that LP-ZS62 upregulated mRNA expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSH1), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Conclusion This study confirmed that LP-ZS62 alleviated alcohol-induced gastric injury by regulating antioxidant capacity. Therefore, LP-ZS62 could be developed as a probiotic product to treat alcoholic gastric injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyao Long
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea
| | - Yanni Pan
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea
| | - Jianfei Mu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun-Young Park
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Cha University, Seongnam, 13488, South Korea
| | - Xin Zhao
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, 400067, People's Republic of China
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Noor A, Van Zuylekom JK, Rudd SE, Roselt PD, Haskali MB, Yan E, Wheatcroft M, Hicks RJ, Cullinane C, Donnelly PS. Imaging Somatostatin Positive Tumors with Tyr 3-Octreotate/Octreotide Conjugated to Desferrioxamine B Squaramide Radiolabeled with either Zirconium-89 or Gallium-68. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1192-1203. [PMID: 33788556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled derivatives of Tyr3-octreotide and Tyr3-octreotate, synthetic analogues of the peptide hormone somatostatin, can be used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of somatostatin receptor expression in neuroendocrine tumors. In this work, a squaramide ester derivative of desferrioxamine B (H3DFOSq) was used attach either Tyr3-octreotide or Tyr3-octreotate to the metal binding ligand to give H3DFOSq-TIDE and H3DFOSq-TATE. These new peptide-H3DFOSq conjugates form stable complexes with either of the positron-emitting radionuclides gallium-68 (t1/2 = 68 min) or zirconium-89 (t1/2 = 3.3 days). The new complexes were evaluated in an AR42J xenograft model that has endogenous expression of SSTR2. All four agents displayed good tumor uptake and produced high-quality PET images. For both radionuclides, the complexes formed with H3DFOSq-TATE performed better, with higher tumor uptake and retention than the complexes formed with H3DFOSq-TIDE. The versatile ligands presented here can be radiolabeled with either gallium-68 or zirconium-89 at room temperature. The long radioactive half-life of zirconium-89 makes distribution of pre-synthesized tracers produced to certified standards feasible and could increase the number of clinical centers that can perform diagnostic PET imaging of neuroendocrine tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Noor
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Stacey E Rudd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter D Roselt
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Haskali
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Eddie Yan
- Telix Pharmaceuticals Limited, Suite 401, 55 Flemington Road, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Michael Wheatcroft
- Telix Pharmaceuticals Limited, Suite 401, 55 Flemington Road, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carleen Cullinane
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Xu J, Shi J, Cui X, Cui Y, Li JJ, Goel A, Chen X, Issa JP, Su J, Li W. Cellular Heterogeneity-Adjusted cLonal Methylation (CHALM) improves prediction of gene expression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:400. [PMID: 33452255 PMCID: PMC7811027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter DNA methylation is a well-established mechanism of transcription repression, though its global correlation with gene expression is weak. This weak correlation can be attributed to the failure of current methylation quantification methods to consider the heterogeneity among sequenced bulk cells. Here, we introduce Cell Heterogeneity-Adjusted cLonal Methylation (CHALM) as a methylation quantification method. CHALM improves understanding of the functional consequences of DNA methylation, including its correlations with gene expression and H3K4me3. When applied to different methylation datasets, the CHALM method enables detection of differentially methylated genes that exhibit distinct biological functions supporting underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xu
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiejun Shi
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ya Cui
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jingyi Jessica Li
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ajay Goel
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- The Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA.
| | - Jianzhong Su
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Patel TK, Adhikari N, Amin SA, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs): an emerging strategy for anticancer drug design and discovery. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of how SMDCs work. Small molecule drugs are conjugated with the targeted ligand using pH sensitive linkers which allow the drug molecule to get released at lower lysosomal pH. It helps to accumulate the chemotherapeutic agents to be localized in the tumor environment upon cleaving of the pH-labile bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Sk. Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Swati Biswas
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
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Hu Y, Ye Z, Wang F, Qin Y, Xu X, Yu X, Ji S. Role of Somatostatin Receptor in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Development, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:679000. [PMID: 34093445 PMCID: PMC8170475 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.679000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are rare and part of the diverse family of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), which are widely expressed in NENs, are G-protein coupled receptors that can be activated by somatostatins or its synthetic analogs. Therefore, SSTRs have been widely researched as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in pNETs. A large number of studies have demonstrated the clinical significance of SSTRs in pNETs. In this review, relevant literature has been appraised to summarize the most recent empirical evidence addressing the clinical significance of SSTRs in pNETs. Overall, these studies have shown that SSTRs have great value in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic prediction of pNETs; however, further research is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Hu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xianjun Yu, ; Shunrong Ji,
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xianjun Yu, ; Shunrong Ji,
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Thakur S, Daley B, Millo C, Cochran C, Jacobson O, Lu H, Wang Z, Kiesewetter D, Chen X, Vasko V, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J. 177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE, a Radiolabeled Analogue of Somatostatin Receptor Type 2, for the Imaging and Treatment of Thyroid Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:1399-1409. [PMID: 33355247 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to analyze the role of somatostatin receptor type 2 (SSTR2) as a molecular target for the imaging and treatment of thyroid cancer through analysis of SSTR2 expression and its epigenetic modulation and testing tumor uptake of different radiolabeled SSTR2 analogues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed SSTR2 expression by immunostaining of 92 thyroid cancer tissue samples and quantified standard uptake values (SUVmax) of SSTR2 analogue, 68Ga-DOTA-TATE, by PET/CT imaging in 25 patients with metastatic thyroid cancer. We utilized human thyroid cancer cell lines characterized by differential SSTR2 expression (TT, BCPAP, and FTC133) and rat pancreatic cell line (AR42J) with intrinsically high SSTR2 expression for functional in vitro studies. SSTR2-high (AR42J) and SSTR2-low (FTC133) xenograft mouse models were used to test the uptake of radiolabeled SSTR2 analogues and their therapeutic efficacy in vivo. RESULTS Thyroid cancer had a higher SSTR2 expression than normal thyroid. Hurthle cell thyroid cancer was characterized by the highest 68Ga-DOTA-TATE uptake [median SUVmax, 16.5 (7.9-29)] than other types of thyroid cancers. In vivo studies demonstrated that radiolabeled DOTA-EB-TATE is characterized by significantly higher tumor uptake than DOTA-TATE (P < 0.001) and DOTA-JR11 (P < 0.001). Treatment with 177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE extended survival and reduced tumor size in a mouse model characterized by high somatostatin (SST) analogues uptake (SUVmax, 15.16 ± 4.34), but had no effects in a model with low SST analogues uptake (SUVmax, 4.8 ± 0.27). CONCLUSIONS A novel SST analogue, 177Lu-DOTA-EB-TATE, has the potential to be translated from bench to bedside for the targeted therapy of patients characterized by high uptake of SST analogues in metastatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Thakur
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brianna Daley
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Craig Cochran
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Molecular Tracer and Imaging Core Facility, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Huiyan Lu
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zhantong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dale Kiesewetter
- Molecular Tracer and Imaging Core Facility, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vasyl Vasko
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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62
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Messchendorp AL, Casteleijn NF, Meijer E, Gansevoort RT. Somatostatin in renal physiology and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:1306-1316. [PMID: 31077332 PMCID: PMC7462725 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by progressive cyst formation, leading to growth in kidney volume and renal function decline. Although therapies have emerged, there is still an important unmet need for slowing the rate of disease progression in ADPKD. High intracellular levels of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) are involved in cell proliferation and fluid secretion, resulting in cyst formation. Somatostatin (SST), a hormone that is involved in many cell processes, has the ability to inhibit intracellular cAMP production. However, SST itself has limited therapeutic potential since it is rapidly eliminated in vivo. Therefore analogues have been synthesized, which have a longer half-life and may be promising agents in the treatment of ADPKD. This review provides an overview of the complex physiological effects of SST, in particular renal, and the potential therapeutic role of SST analogues in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lianne Messchendorp
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek F Casteleijn
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Meijer
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Danalev D, Borisova D, Yaneva S, Georgieva M, Balacheva A, Dzimbova T, Iliev I, Pajpanova T, Zaharieva Z, Givechev I, Naydenova E. Synthesis, in vitro biological activity, hydrolytic stability and docking of new analogs of BIM-23052 containing halogenated amino acids. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1581-1592. [PMID: 33215308 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02915-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the potent somatostatin analogs, BIM-23052 (DC-23-99) D-Phe-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH2, has established in vitro growth hormone inhibitory activity in nM concentrations. It is also characterized by high affinity to some somatostatin receptors which are largely distributed in the cell membranes of many tumor cells. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of analogs of BIM-23052 containing halogenated Phe residues using standard solid-phase peptide method Fmoc/OtBu-strategy. The cytotoxic effects of the compounds were tested in vitro against two human tumor cell lines-breast cancer cell line and hepatocellular cancer cell line, as well as on human non-tumorigenic epithelial cell line. Analogs containing fluoro-phenylalanines are cytotoxic in μM range, as the analog containing Phe (2-F) showed better selectivity against human hepatocellular cancer cell line. The presented study also reveals that accumulation of halogenated Phe residues does not increase the cytotoxicity according to tested cell lines. The calculated selective index reveals different mechanisms of antitumor activity of the parent compound BIM-23052 and target halogenated analogs for examined breast tumor cell lines. All peptides tested have high antitumor activity against the HepG2 cell line (IC50 ≈ 100 μM and SI > 5) compared to breast cells. This is probably due to the high permeability of the cell membrane and the higher metabolic activity of hepatocytes. In silico docking studies confirmed that all obtained analogs bind well with the somatostatin receptors with preference to ssrt3 and ssrt5. All target compounds showed high hydrolytic stability at acid and neutral pH, which mimic physiological condition in stomach and human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dancho Danalev
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Borisova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Spaska Yaneva
- Department of Fundamental of Chemical Technology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Georgieva
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anelia Balacheva
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tatyana Dzimbova
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,South-West University "Neofit Rilski", Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Iliev
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., bl. 25, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tamara Pajpanova
- Institute of Molecular Biology "Roumen Tsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zdravka Zaharieva
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Testing Center Global Test Ltd, 31 Krushovski vrah Street, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Givechev
- Biotechnology Department, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Testing Center Global Test Ltd, 31 Krushovski vrah Street, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Emilia Naydenova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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64
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Costanzi E, Simioni C, Conti I, Laface I, Varano G, Brenna C, Neri LM. Two neuroendocrine G protein-coupled receptor molecules, somatostatin and melatonin: Physiology of signal transduction and therapeutic perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2505-2518. [PMID: 32989768 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest signal-conveying receptor family, are targets for mutations occurring frequently in different cancer types. GPCR alterations associated with cancer development represent significant challenges for the discovery and the advancement of targeted therapeutics. Among the different molecules that can activate GPCRs, we focused on two molecules that exert their biological actions regulating many typical features of tumorigenesis such as cellular proliferation, survival, and invasion: somatostatin and melatonin. The modulation of signaling pathways, that involves these two molecules, opens an interesting scenario for cancer therapy, with the opportunity to act at different molecular levels. Therefore, the aim of this review is the analysis of the biological activity and the therapeutic potential of somatostatin and melatonin, displaying a high affinity for GPCRs, that interfere with cancer development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Costanzi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Conti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laface
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gabriele Varano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Brenna
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)-Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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65
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Csaba Z, Vitalis T, Charriaut-Marlangue C, Margaill I, Coqueran B, Leger PL, Parente I, Jacquens A, Titomanlio L, Constans C, Demene C, Santin MD, Lehericy S, Perrière N, Glacial F, Auvin S, Tanter M, Ghersi-Egea JF, Adle-Biassette H, Aubry JF, Gressens P, Dournaud P. A simple novel approach for detecting blood-brain barrier permeability using GPCR internalization. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 47:297-315. [PMID: 32898926 PMCID: PMC7891648 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims Impairment of blood–brain barrier (BBB) is involved in numerous neurological diseases from developmental to aging stages. Reliable imaging of increased BBB permeability is therefore crucial for basic research and preclinical studies. Today, the analysis of extravasation of exogenous dyes is the principal method to study BBB leakage. However, these procedures are challenging to apply in pups and embryos and may appear difficult to interpret. Here we introduce a novel approach based on agonist‐induced internalization of a neuronal G protein‐coupled receptor widely distributed in the mammalian brain, the somatostatin receptor type 2 (SST2). Methods The clinically approved SST2 agonist octreotide (1 kDa), when injected intraperitoneally does not cross an intact BBB. At sites of BBB permeability, however, OCT extravasates and induces SST2 internalization from the neuronal membrane into perinuclear compartments. This allows an unambiguous localization of increased BBB permeability by classical immunohistochemical procedures using specific antibodies against the receptor. Results We first validated our approach in sensory circumventricular organs which display permissive vascular permeability. Through SST2 internalization, we next monitored BBB opening induced by magnetic resonance imaging‐guided focused ultrasound in murine cerebral cortex. Finally, we proved that after intraperitoneal agonist injection in pregnant mice, SST2 receptor internalization permits analysis of BBB integrity in embryos during brain development. Conclusions This approach provides an alternative and simple manner to assess BBB dysfunction and development in different physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Csaba
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - T Vitalis
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - I Margaill
- Research Team "Pharmacology of Cerebral Circulation" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - B Coqueran
- Research Team "Pharmacology of Cerebral Circulation" EA4475, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - P-L Leger
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - I Parente
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - A Jacquens
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - L Titomanlio
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Constans
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - C Demene
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M D Santin
- Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Center for NeuroImaging Research - CENIR, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - S Lehericy
- Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Center for NeuroImaging Research - CENIR, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - N Perrière
- BrainPlotting, Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Paris, France
| | - F Glacial
- BrainPlotting, Brain and Spine Institute-ICM, Paris, France
| | - S Auvin
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M Tanter
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - J-F Ghersi-Egea
- Fluid Team, Lyon Neurosciences Research Center, Inserm U1028, CNRS, UMR5292, University Lyon-1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - H Adle-Biassette
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - J-F Aubry
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR7587, Inserm U979, Inserm Technology Research Accelerator in Biomedical Ultrasound, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - P Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - P Dournaud
- NeuroDiderot, Inserm U1141, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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66
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Eychenne R, Bouvry C, Bourgeois M, Loyer P, Benoist E, Lepareur N. Overview of Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analogs for Cancer Imaging and Therapy. Molecules 2020; 25:E4012. [PMID: 32887456 PMCID: PMC7504749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1973, somatostatin (SST) is a cyclic hormone peptide with a short biological half-life. Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are widely expressed in the whole body, with five subtypes described. The interaction between SST and its receptors leads to the internalization of the ligand-receptor complex and triggers different cellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, the expression of SSTRs is significantly enhanced in many solid tumors, especially gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET). Thus, somatostatin analogs (SSAs) have been developed to improve the stability of the endogenous ligand and so extend its half-life. Radiolabeled analogs have been developed with several radioelements such as indium-111, technetium-99 m, and recently gallium-68, fluorine-18, and copper-64, to visualize the distribution of receptor overexpression in tumors. Internal metabolic radiotherapy is also used as a therapeutic strategy (e.g., using yttrium-90, lutetium-177, and actinium-225). With some radiopharmaceuticals now used in clinical practice, somatostatin analogs developed for imaging and therapy are an example of the concept of personalized medicine with a theranostic approach. Here, we review the development of these analogs, from the well-established and authorized ones to the most recently developed radiotracers, which have better pharmacokinetic properties and demonstrate increased efficacy and safety, as well as the search for new clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Eychenne
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Bouvry
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)—UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mickael Bourgeois
- Groupement d’Intérêt Public ARRONAX, 1 Rue Aronnax, F-44817 Saint Herblain, France;
- CNRS, CRCINA (Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes—Angers)—UMR 1232, ERL 6001, Inserm, Université de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
| | - Eric Benoist
- UPS, CNRS, SPCMIB (Laboratoire de Synthèse et Physico-Chimie de Molécules d’Intérêt Biologique)—UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse, F-31062 Toulouse, France; (R.E.); (E.B.)
| | - Nicolas Lepareur
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Eugène Marquis, Rennes, F-35000, France;
- INRAE, Institut NUMECAN (Nutrition, Métabolismes et Cancer)—UMR_A 1341, UMR_S 1241, Inserm, Univ Rennes, F-35000 Rennes, France;
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67
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Nagarajan S, Babu S, Sohn H, Madhavan T. Molecular-Level Understanding of the Somatostatin Receptor 1 (SSTR1)-Ligand Binding: A Structural Biology Study Based on Computational Methods. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21145-21161. [PMID: 32875251 PMCID: PMC7450625 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1), a subtype of somatostatin receptors, is involved in various signaling mechanisms in different parts of the human body. Like most of the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the available information on the structural features of SSTR1 responsible for the biological activity is scarce. In this study, we report a molecular-level understanding of SSTR1-ligand binding, which could be helpful in solving the structural complexities involved in SSTR1 functioning. Based on a three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA), we have identified that an electronegative, less-bulkier, and hydrophobic atom substitution can substantially increase the biological activity of SSTR1 ligands. A density functional theory (DFT) study has been followed to study the electron-related properties of the SSTR1 ligands and to validate the results obtained via the 3D-QSAR study. 3D models of SSTR1-ligand systems have been embedded in lipid-lipid bilayer membranes to perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Analysis of the MD trajectories reveals important information about the crucial residues involved in SSTR1-ligand binding and various conformational changes in the protein that occur after ligand binding. Additionally, we have identified the probable ligand-binding site of SSTR1 and validated it using MD. We have also studied the favorable conditions that are essential for forming the most stable and lowest-energy bioactive conformation of the ligands inside the binding site. The results of the study could be useful in constructing more potent and novel SSTR1 antagonists and agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh
Kumar Nagarajan
- Computational
Biology Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Sathya Babu
- Computational
Biology Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
| | - Honglae Sohn
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Carbon Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Thirumurthy Madhavan
- Computational
Biology Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai 603203, India
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Kunos CA, Rubinstein LV, Capala J, McDonald MA. Phase 0 Radiopharmaceutical-Agent Clinical Development. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1310. [PMID: 33014772 PMCID: PMC7461940 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of antibody-targeted or peptide-targeted radiopharmaceuticals as monotherapy or in oncological drug combinations requires programmatic collaboration within the National Cancer Institute (NCI) clinical trial enterprise. Phase 0 trials provide a flexible research platform for the study of radiopharmaceutical–drug pharmacokinetics, radiation dosimetry, biomarkers of DNA damage response modulation, and pharmacodynamic benchmarks predictive of therapeutic success. In this article, we discuss a phase 0 clinical development approach for human antibody-targeted or peptide-targeted radiopharmaceutical–agent combinations. We expect that early-phase radiopharmaceutical–agent combination trials will become a more tactical and more prevalent part of radiopharmaceutical clinical development in the near-term future for the NCI Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Kunos
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Larry V Rubinstein
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jacek Capala
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael A McDonald
- Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
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69
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Discovery of nonpeptide 3,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-carboxamides as potent and selective sst2 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127391. [PMID: 32738999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonpeptide sst2 agonists can provide a new treatment option for patients with acromegaly, carcinoid tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors. Our medicinal chemistry efforts have led to the discovery of novel 3,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-carboxamides as sst2 agonists. This class of molecules exhibits excellent human sst2 potency and selectivity against sst1, sst3, sst4 and sst5 receptors. Leading compound 3-(3-chloro-5-methylphenyl)-6-(3-fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-N,7-dimethyl-N-{[(2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl}-3,4-dihydroquinazoline-4-carboxamide (28) showed no inhibition of major CYP450 enzymes (2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4) and weak inhibition of the hERG channel.
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70
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Ishida A, Tajima Y, Okabe Y, Matsushita T, Sekiguchi T, Imaide S, Nomura Y, Tanaka M, Nojima S, Yoshida A, Iyoda Y, Aoki S, Nishio T, Komagata T, Iwaki M, Shono T, Naganawa A, Imagawa A. Discovery and SAR Studies of Orally Active Somatostatin Receptor Subtype-2 (SSTR2) Agonists for the Treatment of Acromegaly. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1482-1494. [PMID: 32315148 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acromegaly is a disease caused by the oversecretion of growth hormone. It is currently treated by intravenous injection with cyclic peptide drugs that activate somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2). Here, novel nonpeptidic, small-molecule, and orally active SSTR2 agonists were identified from a hit compound (13). Pharmacophore studies enabled scaffold hopping to obtain a unique 3,4,5-trisubstituted pyridine motif. Further optimization conferred potent SSTR2 agonistic activity and metabolic stability. Several compounds were evaluated and these showed good oral pharmacokinetic profiles in rats, and one representative compound (25) showed highly potent inhibition of growth hormone secretion induced by growth hormone-releasing hormone in rats. Based on these results, 25 was identified as a promising lead for further optimization. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study and the metabolic stability data for this compound are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Ishida
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yohei Tajima
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Okabe
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsushita
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sekiguchi
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Satomi Imaide
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nomura
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tanaka
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Shoji Nojima
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yoko Iyoda
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Shohei Aoki
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Takuya Nishio
- Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Komagata
- Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Iwaki
- Department of Biology & Pharmacology, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Shono
- Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Naganawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Imagawa
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
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Kumar U, Singh S. Role of Somatostatin in the Regulation of Central and Peripheral Factors of Satiety and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072568. [PMID: 32272767 PMCID: PMC7177963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major social and health problems globally and often associated with various other pathological conditions. In addition to unregulated eating behaviour, circulating peptide-mediated hormonal secretion and signaling pathways play a critical role in food intake induced obesity. Amongst the many peptides involved in the regulation of food-seeking behaviour, somatostatin (SST) is the one which plays a determinant role in the complex process of appetite. SST is involved in the regulation of release and secretion of other peptides, neuronal integrity, and hormonal regulation. Based on past and recent studies, SST might serve as a bridge between central and peripheral tissues with a significant impact on obesity-associated with food intake behaviour and energy expenditure. Here, we present a comprehensive review describing the role of SST in the modulation of multiple central and peripheral signaling molecules. In addition, we highlight recent progress and contribution of SST and its receptors in food-seeking behaviour, obesity (orexigenic), and satiety (anorexigenic) associated pathways and mechanism.
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72
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Loos JA, Negro P, Cumino AC. In vitro anti-echinococcal activity of octreotide: Additive effect of metformin linked to autophagy. Acta Trop 2020; 203:105312. [PMID: 31870710 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the Echinococcus granulosus larval stage. The currently available therapy for this disease is based on benzimidazoles, which are rarely curative and cause several adverse effects. Therefore, new treatment options are needed. Octreotide (Oct) is a somatostatin analogue which exhibits anti-proliferative and anti-secretory effects over several cancer cell lines expressing somatostatin receptors. Here, we assessed the in vitro pharmacological effect of Oct against the E. granulosus larval stage. The drug caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in the viability of both protoscoleces and metacestodes. SEM and TEM analysis showed ultrastructural damage in both larval forms under drug treatment. Based on this, we investigated the possible presence of an Oct binding receptor in the parasite. The putative somatostatin/allatostatin-like receptor (Eg-s/ast) conserves the characteristic topology and signature sequences of the prototype somatostatin receptor common to vertebrates and is expressed in both metacestodes and protoscoleces. Moreover, Oct treated-parasites showed the presence of autophagic structures and a significant increase in transcriptional expression of autophagy key genes such as Eg-atg6, Eg-atg8, Eg-atg12 and Eg-atg16. In addition, by in toto immunolocalization assays, an increase in the punctate pattern and Eg-Atg8 protein expression was detected in Oct-treated metacestodes. Subsequently, the combination of Oct and Met had an additive effect on the viability of both larval forms. Our results provide additional evidence for the participation of PI3K/AKT/TOR/autophagy pathway in the Echinococcus survival and suggest the concomitant use of these drugs as potential therapeutic agents in treating of CE.
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73
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Sato K, Francis H, Zhou T, Meng F, Kennedy L, Ekser B, Baiocchi L, Onori P, Mancinelli R, Gaudio E, Franchitto A, Glaser S, Alpini G. Neuroendocrine Changes in Cholangiocarcinoma Growth. Cells 2020; 9:E436. [PMID: 32069926 PMCID: PMC7072848 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive malignancy that emerges from the biliary tree. There are three major classes of CCA-intrahepatic, hilar (perihilar), or distal (extrahepatic)-according to the location of tumor development. Although CCA tumors are mainly derived from biliary epithelia (i.e., cholangiocytes), CCA can be originated from other cells, such as hepatic progenitor cells and hepatocytes. This heterogeneity of CCA may be responsible for poor survival rates of patients, limited effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and the lack of treatment options and novel therapies. Previous studies have identified a number of neuroendocrine mediators, such as hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters, as well as corresponding receptors. The mediator/receptor signaling pathways play a vital role in cholangiocyte proliferation, as well as CCA progression and metastases. Agonists or antagonists for candidate pathways may lead to the development of novel therapies for CCA patients. However, effects of mediators may differ between healthy or cancerous cholangiocytes, or between different subtypes of receptors. This review summarizes current understandings of neuroendocrine mediators and their functional roles in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Onori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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He R, Pan J, Mayer JP, Liu F. The Chemical Methods of Disulfide Bond Formation and Their Applications to Drug Conjugates. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666191202111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
The disulfide bond possesses unique chemical and biophysical properties which
distinguish it as one of the key structural elements of bioactive proteins and peptides, important
drugs and other materials. The chemo-selective synthesis of these structures and
the exploration of their function have been of longstanding interest to the chemistry community.
The past decades have witnessed significant progress in both areas. This review
will summarize the historically established and recently developed chemical methods in
disulfide bond formation. The discussion will also be extended to the use of the disulfide
linkers in small molecules, and peptide- and protein-drug conjugates. It is hoped that the
combined overview of the fundamental chemistries and applications to drug discovery
will inspire creative thinking and stimulate future novel uses of these versatile chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun He
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, 5225 Exploration Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46241, United States
| | - Jia Pan
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre China, 20 Life Science Road, Beijing, China
| | - John P. Mayer
- Department of Molecular, Developmental & Cell Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, 530 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
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Kántás B, Börzsei R, Szőke É, Bánhegyi P, Horváth Á, Hunyady Á, Borbély É, Hetényi C, Pintér E, Helyes Z. Novel Drug-Like Somatostatin Receptor 4 Agonists are Potential Analgesics for Neuropathic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6245. [PMID: 31835716 PMCID: PMC6940912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin released from the capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves mediates analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects via the somatostatin sst4 receptor without endocrine actions. Therefore, sst4 is considered to be a novel target for drug development in pain including chronic neuropathy, which is an emerging unmet medical need. Here, we examined the in silico binding, the sst4-linked G-protein activation on stable receptor expressing cells (1 nM to 10 μM), and the effects of our novel pyrrolo-pyrimidine molecules in mouse inflammatory and neuropathic pain models. All four of the tested compounds (C1-C4) bind to the same binding site of the sst4 receptor with similar interaction energy to high-affinity reference sst4 agonists, and they all induce G-protein activation. C1 is the more efficacious (γ-GTP-binding: 218.2% ± 36.5%) and most potent (EC50: 37 nM) ligand. In vivo testing of the actions of orally administered C1 and C2 (500 µg/kg) showed that only C1 decreased the resiniferatoxin-induced acute neurogenic inflammatory thermal allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia significantly. Meanwhile, both of them remarkably reduced partial sciatic nerve ligation-induced chronic neuropathic mechanical hyperalgesia after a single oral administration of the 500 µg/kg dose. These orally active novel sst4 agonists exert potent anti-hyperalgesic effect in a chronic neuropathy model, and therefore, they can open promising drug developmental perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Kántás
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Rita Börzsei
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Bánhegyi
- Avicor Ltd., Herman Ottó str. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Horváth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hunyady
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Borbély
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Csaba Hetényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Erika Pintér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Szentágothai Research Centre and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs, Ifjúság str. 20, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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76
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Henández B, Legrand P, Dufay S, Gahoual R, Sanchez-Cortes S, Kruglik SG, Fabreguettes JR, Wolf JP, Houzé P, Ghomi M. Disorder-to-Order Markers of a Cyclic Hexapeptide Inspired from the Binding Site of Fertilin β Involved in Fertilization Process. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:18049-18060. [PMID: 31720508 PMCID: PMC6843708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic peptides mimicking the binding site of fertilin β to its receptor, integrin α6β1, were shown to inhibit sperm-egg fusion when added to in vitro media. In contrast, the synthetic cyclic hexapeptide, cyclo(Cys1-Ser2-Phe3-Glu4-Glu5-Cys6), named as cFEE, proved to stimulate gamete fusion. Owing to its biological specificity, this hexapeptide could help improve the in vitro fertilization pregnancy rate in human. In an attempt to establish the structure-activity relationship of cFEE, its structural dynamics was herein analyzed by means of ultraviolet circular dichroism (UV-CD) and Raman scattering. The low concentration CD profile in water, containing mainly a deep minimum at ∼202 nm, is consistent with a rather unordered chain. However, an ordering trend of the peptide loop has been observed in a less polar solvent such as methanol, where the UV-CD signal shape is formed by a double negative marker at ∼202/215 nm, indicating the presence of a type-II' β-turn. Raman spectra recorded in aqueous samples upon a 100-fold concentration increase, still showed an important population (∼30%) of the disordered structure. The structural flexibility of the disulfide bridge was confirmed by the Raman markers arising from the Cys1-Cys6 disulfide bond-stretch motions. Density functional theory calculations highlighted the formation of the type-II' β-turn on the four central residues of cFEE (i.e., -Ser2-Phe3-Glu4-Glu5-) either with a left- or with a right-handed disulfide. The structure with a left-handed S-S bond, however, appears to be more stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Henández
- Laboratoire
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UMR 7369, Université de Reims, Faculté
des Sciences, Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
- Sorbonne
Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Groupe de Biophysique
Moléculaire, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
| | - Pauline Legrand
- Unité
de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS),
CNRS UMR 8258-U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Agence
Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé
(AGEPS), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux
de Paris (AP-HP), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dufay
- Agence
Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé
(AGEPS), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux
de Paris (AP-HP), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité
de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS),
CNRS UMR 8258-U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | | | - Sergei G. Kruglik
- Laboratoire
Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Université,
CNRS UMR 8237, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Roch Fabreguettes
- Agence
Générale des Equipements et Produits de Santé
(AGEPS), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux
de Paris (AP-HP), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Wolf
- Sorbonne
Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté
de Médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP),
Hôpital Universitaire Paris Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire
(CHU) Cochin, Service d’Histologie-Embryologie-Biologie de
la Reproduction, 75006 Paris, France
- Département
Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de
la Reproduction, Institut Cochin, INSERM
U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris
Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Unité
de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS),
CNRS UMR 8258-U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratoire
de Biochimie, Hôpital Universitaire
Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris
(AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mahmoud Ghomi
- Laboratoire
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UMR 7369, Université de Reims, Faculté
des Sciences, Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
- Sorbonne
Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, Groupe de Biophysique
Moléculaire, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, 74 Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
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77
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Avdeev DV, Sidorova MV, Ovchinnikov MV, Moiseeva NI, Osipov VN, Balaev AN, Khachatryan DS. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Conjugates Based on the Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr Peptide Fragment of Somatostatin. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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78
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Synthesis, in vitro biological activity and docking of new analogs of BIM-23052 containing unnatural amino acids. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1247-1257. [PMID: 31350614 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is an endogenous cyclic tetradecapeptide hormone that exerts multiple biological activities via a family of five receptors. BIM-23052 (DC-23-99) D-Phe-Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-NH2 is a linear SST analog with established in vitro GH-inhibitory activity and high affinity to sstr5, sstr3 and sstr2. The different SSTR subtypes are expressed in different tissues and in some tumor cells. Based on this finding, a series of new analogs of BIM-23052 with expected antitumor activity have been synthesized. The Thr at position 6 in BIM-23052 was replaced by the conformationally hindered Tle, Aib, Ac5c and Ac6c of the new analogs. The peptides were synthesized by standard solid-phase peptide chemistry methods, Fmoc strategy. The cytotoxic effects of the compounds were tested in vitro against a panel of tumor cell lines: HT-29, MDA-MB-23, Hep-G2, HeLa and the normal human diploid cell line Lep-3. All five somatostatin receptor subtypes were modeled and docking was performed to determine the binding affinity of the analogs. The new peptides exhibited different concentration-dependent antiproliferative effect on the tumor cell lines after 24 h of treatment. The compound 3B (Aib6) demonstrated the most pronounced antiproliferative effects on HepG-2 cells with the IC50 = 0.01349 nM. Docking confirmed that all compounds bind well to SST receptors with preference to sstr3 and sstr5, which is most probably the reason for the observed biological effects.
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79
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Park TSW, Khan N, Kuo A, Nicholson JR, Corradini L, Smith MT. J-2156, a somatostatin receptor type 4 agonist, alleviates mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of chronic low back pain. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109056. [PMID: 31181441 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (LBP) ranks among the most common reasons for patient visits to healthcare providers. Drug treatments often provide only partial pain relief and are associated with considerable side-effects. J-2156 [(1'S,2S)-4amino-N-(1'-carbamoyl-2'-phenylethyl)-2-(4"-methyl-1"-naphthalenesulfonylamino)butanamide] is an agonist that binds with nanomolar affinity to the rat and human somatostatin receptor type 4 (SST4 receptor). Hence, our aim was to assess the efficacy of J-2156 for relief of chronic mechanical LBP in a rat model. Male Sprague Dawley rats were anaesthetised and their lumbar L4/L5 and L5/L6 intervertebral discs (IVDs) were punctured (0.5 mm outer diameter, 2 mm-deep) 10 times per disc. Sham-rats underwent similar surgery, but without disc puncture. For LBP-rats, noxious pressure hyperalgesia developed in the lumbar axial deep tissues from day 7 to day 21 post-surgery, which was maintained until study completion. Importantly, mechanical hyperalgesia did not develop in the lumbar axial deep tissues of sham-rats. In LBP-rats, single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of J-2156 (3, 10, 30 mg kg-1) alleviated primary and secondary hyperalgesia in the lumbar axial deep tissues at L4/L5 and L1, respectively. This was accompanied by a reduction in the otherwise augmented lumbar (L4-L6) dorsal root ganglia expression levels of the pro-nociceptive mediators: phosphorylated p38 (pp38) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphorylated p44/p42 MAPK and a reduction in pp38 MAPK in the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord. The SST4 receptor is worthy of further investigation as a target for discovery of novel analgesics for the relief of chronic LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S W Park
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Level 3, Steele Building, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nemat Khan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Level 3, Steele Building, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andy Kuo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Level 3, Steele Building, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Laura Corradini
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Maree T Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Level 3, Steele Building, St Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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80
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Kumar R, Gautam M, Prasoon P, Gupta S, Ray SB. Comparison of the peripheral antinociceptive effect of somatostatin with bupivacaine and morphine in the rodent postoperative pain model. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2019; 35:955-965. [PMID: 29762151 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Infiltration of surgical wound with local anaesthetics attenuate postoperative pain. However, side effects can also occur. Somatostatin (SST) and its analogues like octreotide reportedly reduce peripheral sensitisation. The current study evaluates peripherally mediated antinociceptive effect of SST in a rat model of postoperative pain. This was compared with bupivacaine and morphine under identical experimental conditions. DESIGN Randomised vehicle-controlled blind study. SETTING Pain research laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi from February 2014 to July 2017. EXPERIMENTAL SUBJECT Rodent hind paw incision model. INTERVENTIONS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to incision and one of the following drugs administered into the open wound once by a micropipette: SST (10, 30 or 100 μg), bupivacaine (3, 10, 30, 50 or 100 μg) or morphine (100 μg). Antinociceptive effect of SST was further evaluated for its reversibility, site of action, effect on spinal c-fos expression and blood glucose level. The site of action of morphine was also investigated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Nociception was estimated by nonevoked (guarding behaviour) and evoked (mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia) pain behaviours between 2 h and days 4 to 7. RESULTS Nociception was maximum 2 h after incision. SST (10 to 100 μg) significantly attenuated guarding behaviour between 2 h and day 2. A delayed inhibitory effect was observed on allodynia. Bupivacaine (10 to 100 μg doses) similarly decreased guarding score up to day 2 though evoked pain behaviours were relatively unaffected. In contrast, morphine produced a potent but transient inhibitory effect on guarding score at 2 h, which was mediated by both peripheral and central opioid receptors. The antinociceptive effect of SST was peripherally mediated by type 2 receptors and was associated with decreased c-fos staining. Blood glucose level was unaltered. CONCLUSION Guarding behaviour, which likely represents pain-at-rest following surgery, was attenuated by both bupivacaine and SST to comparable extents. This novel peripherally mediated antinociceptive effect of SST needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- From the Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (RK, MG, PP, SG, SBR)
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81
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Peptide Conjugates with Small Molecules Designed to Enhance Efficacy and Safety. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101855. [PMID: 31091786 PMCID: PMC6572008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides constitute molecular diversity with unique molecular mechanisms of action that are proven indispensable in the management of many human diseases, but of only a mere fraction relative to more traditional small molecule-based medicines. The integration of these two therapeutic modalities offers the potential to enhance and broaden pharmacology while minimizing dose-dependent toxicology. This review summarizes numerous advances in drug design, synthesis and development that provide direction for next-generation research endeavors in this field. Medicinal studies in this area have largely focused upon the application of peptides to selectively enhance small molecule cytotoxicity to more effectively treat multiple oncologic diseases. To a lesser and steadily emerging extent peptides are being therapeutically employed to complement and diversify the pharmacology of small molecule drugs in diseases other than just cancer. No matter the disease, the purpose of the molecular integration remains constant and it is to achieve superior therapeutic outcomes with diminished adverse effects. We review linker technology and conjugation chemistries that have enabled integrated and targeted pharmacology with controlled release. Finally, we offer our perspective on opportunities and obstacles in the field.
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82
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Rossi V, Di Zazzo E, Galasso G, De Rosa C, Abbondanza C, Sinisi AA, Altucci L, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. Estrogens Modulate Somatostatin Receptors Expression and Synergize With the Somatostatin Analog Pasireotide in Prostate Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30828298 PMCID: PMC6384260 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western society. Current PC therapies prevalently target the functions of androgen receptor (AR) and may only be effective within short time periods, beyond which the majority of PC patients progress to castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and metastatic disease. The role of estradiol/estradiol receptor (ER) axis in prostate transformation and PC progression is well established. Further, considerable efforts have been made to investigate the mechanism by which somatostatin (SST) and somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) influence PC growth and progression. A number of therapeutic strategies, such as the combination of SST analogs with other drugs, show, indeed, strong promise. However, the effect of the combined treatment of SST analogs and estradiol on proliferation, epithelial mesenchyme transition (EMT) and migration of normal- and cancer-derived prostate cells has not been investigated so far. We now report that estradiol plays anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect in non-transformed EPN prostate cells, which express both ERα and ERβ. A weak apoptotic effect is observed in transformed CPEC cells that only express low levels of ERβ. Estradiol increases, mainly through ERα activation, the expression of SSTRs in EPN, but not CPEC cells. As such, the hormone enhances the anti-proliferative effect of the SST analog, pasireotide in EPN, but not CPEC cells. Estradiol does not induce EMT and the motility of EPN cells, while it promotes EMT and migration of CPEC cells. Addition of pasireotide does not significantly modify these responses. Altogether, our results suggest that pasireotide may be used, alone or in combination with other drugs, to limit the growth of prostate proliferative diseases, provided that both ER isoforms (α and β) are present. Further investigations are needed to better define the cross talk between estrogens and SSTRs as well as its role in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Di Zazzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Galasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Abbondanza
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio A Sinisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche, Neurologiche, Metaboliche e dell'Invecchiamento, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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83
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Dicuonzo F, Purciariello S, De Marco A, Guastamacchia E, Triggiani V. Inoperable Giant Growth Hormone-secreting Pituitary Adenoma: Radiological Aspects, Clinical Management and Pregnancy Outcome. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:214-220. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666180807160712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Giant pituitary adenomas (GPAs) are benign tumours with a
diameter ≥ 4 cm [1]. They can cause symptoms and signs due to the possible hyper-secretion of one or
more pituitary hormones, and involvement of the surrounding structures whereas the compression of
the pituitary itself can lead to hypopituitarism.
Methods:
We report on a young woman with acromegaly due to an inoperable giant GH-secreting
pituitary adenoma extending to right cavernous sinus, right orbital cavity, ethmoid, right maxillary
sinus, sphenoid sinus, clivus and right temporal fossa, in which medical treatment with Octreotide-
LAR was able to promptly relieve headache and bilateral hemianopsia due to optic chiasm involvement,
improve acromegaly symptoms and, over the time, control tumor expansion, improving fertility
and therefore allowing the patient to become pregnant.
Results:
Octreotide-LAR therapy was withdrawn during pregnancy and the patient did not experience
complications and gave birth to a healthy son. On magnetic resonance, the size of the tumor at the end
of pregnancy and in the subsequent follow up was not increased.
Conclusion:
The history we report, therefore, confirms previous experiences reporting a possible
favourable outcome of pregnancy in patients affected by acromegaly and adds further information
about the behaviour of giant pituitary tumors in patients underwent pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Dicuonzo
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Deptartment of Basic Medical Sciences Neuroscience & Sense Organs, University of Bari , Italy
| | - Stefano Purciariello
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Deptartment of Basic Medical Sciences Neuroscience & Sense Organs, University of Bari , Italy
| | - Aurora De Marco
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Deptartment of Basic Medical Sciences Neuroscience & Sense Organs, University of Bari , Italy
| | - Edoardo Guastamacchia
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology & Rare Diseases, University of Bari , Italy
| | - Vicenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology & Rare Diseases, University of Bari , Italy
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84
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Iwasawa C, Narita M, Tamura H. Regional and temporal regulation and role of somatostatin receptor subtypes in the mouse brain following systemic kainate-induced acute seizures. Neurosci Res 2019; 149:38-49. [PMID: 30685491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin reduces neuronal excitability via somatostatin receptors (Sst1-Sst5) and inhibits seizure activity. However, the expression status of the Sst subtypes in epileptic mice and their role in the antiepileptic effects of somatostatin remain unclear. Here, we show that the Sst subtypes are regulated differently by epileptic neuronal activity in mice. Systemic kainate injection rapidly and transiently elevated the Sst2 and Sst3 mRNA and reduced Sst1 and Sst4 mRNA in the hippocampus; however, among all the subtypes, only Sst2 mRNA was increased in the excitatory neurons of the basolateral amygdala, accompanied by a decrease in the level of Sst2 protein. Following kainate administration, recovery from seizure was delayed by reduced expression of Sst2 in the basolateral amygdala, but not in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus; higher expression levels of Bdnf, a neuronal activity marker, were observed in both conditions. These results suggest that Sst2 contributes to seizure termination by feedback inhibition in the amygdala. This could be a potential therapeutic target for acute seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuru Iwasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Narita
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Tamura
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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85
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Abstract
Macrocyclic peptides are a unique class of molecules that display a relatively constrained peptidic backbone as compared to their linear counterparts leading to the defined 3-D orientation of the constituent amino acids (pharmacophore). Although they are attractive candidates for lead discovery owing to the unique conformational features, their peptidic backbone is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage in various biological fluids that compromise their efficacy. In this chapter we review the various classical and contemporary chemical and biological approaches that have been utilized to combat the metabolic instability of macrocyclic peptides. We note that any chemical modification that helps in providing either local or global conformational rigidity to these macrocyclic peptides aids in improving their metabolic stability typically by slowing the cleavage kinetics by the proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavesh Khatri
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Jayanta Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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86
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Seidler C, Zegota MM, Raabe M, Kuan SL, Ng DYW, Weil T. Dynamic Core-Shell Bioconjugates for Targeted Protein Delivery and Release. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3474-3479. [PMID: 30036452 PMCID: PMC6283003 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent chemistry is a versatile and powerful tool that integrates both stable chemical bonds and stimulus responsiveness into the construction of smart biotherapeutics. With minimalistic molecular design, a dynamic covalent protein assembly that incorporates selective targeting and intracellular release upon pH stimulus is presented. The construct comprises an active enzymatic protein core (cytochrome c) self-assembled with cancer cell targeting motifs (somatostatin) through boronic acid/salicylhydroxamate chemistry. The bioorthogonal assembly takes place rapidly under neutral aqueous conditions while the release of the protein is initiated under acidic conditions found within cellular vesicles during uptake. By demonstrating that these modular components act in synergy, we show the broad applicability of such chemical strategies to advance the frontier of modern nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Seidler
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | | | - Marco Raabe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - David Y. W. Ng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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87
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Lehman JM, Hoeksema MD, Staub J, Qian J, Harris B, Callison JC, Miao J, Shi C, Eisenberg R, Chen H, Chen SC, Massion PP. Somatostatin receptor 2 signaling promotes growth and tumor survival in small-cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1104-1114. [PMID: 30152518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) is overexpressed in a majority of neuroendocrine neoplasms, including small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs). SSTR2 was previously considered an inhibitory receptor on cell growth, but its agonists had poor clinical responses in multiple clinical trials. The role of this receptor as a potential therapeutic target in lung cancer merits further investigation. We evaluated the expression of SSTR2 in a cohort of 96 primary tumors from patients with SCLC and found 48% expressed SSTR2. Correlation analysis in both CCLE and an SCLC RNAseq cohort confirmed high-level expression and identified an association between NEUROD1 and SSTR2. There was a significant association with SSTR2 expression profile and poor clinical outcome. We tested whether SSTR2 expression might contribute to tumor progression through activation of downstream signaling pathways, using in vitro and in vivo systems and downregulated SSTR2 expression in lung cancer cells by shRNA. SSTR2 downregulation led to increased apoptosis and dramatically decreased tumor growth in vitro and in vivo in multiple cell lines with decreased AMPKα phosphorylation and increased oxidative metabolism. These results demonstrate a role for SSTR2 signaling in SCLC and suggest that SSTR2 is a poor prognostic biomarker in SCLC and potential future therapeutic signaling target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Lehman
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Megan D Hoeksema
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeremy Staub
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jun Qian
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bradford Harris
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN
| | - J Clay Callison
- University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer Miao
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Rosana Eisenberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Heidi Chen
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biostatistics, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Vanderbilt University Department of Biostatistics, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
| | - Pierre P Massion
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Cancer Early Detection and Prevention Initiative, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN.,Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville Campus, Nashville, TN
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88
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Rubin SJS, Tal-Gan Y, Gilon C, Qvit N. Conversion of Protein Active Regions into Peptidomimetic Therapeutic Leads Using Backbone Cyclization and Cycloscan - How to Do it Yourself! Curr Top Med Chem 2018; 18:556-565. [PMID: 29773063 DOI: 10.2174/1568026618666180518094322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein Interactions (PPIs) are particularly important for controlling both physiologic and pathologic biological processes but are difficult to target due to their large and/or shallow interaction surfaces unsuitable for small molecules. Linear peptides found in nature interact with some PPIs, and protein active regions can be used to design synthetic peptide compounds for inhibition of PPIs. However, linear peptides are limited therapeutically by poor metabolic and conformational stability, which can compromise their bioactivity and half-life. Cyclic peptidomimetics (modified peptides) can be used to overcome these challenges because they are more resistant to metabolic degradation and can be engineered to adopt desired conformations. Backbone cyclization is a strategy that we developed to improve drug-like properties of linear peptide leads without jeopardizing the integrity of functionally relevant side-chains. Here, we provide the first description of an entire approach for developing backbone cyclized peptide compounds, based upon two straightforward 'ABC' and 'DEF' processes. We present practical examples throughout our discussion of revealing active regions important for PPIs and identifying critical pharmacophores, as well as developing backbone cyclized peptide libraries and screening them using cycloscan. Finally, we review the impact of these advances and provide a summary of current ongoing work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J S Rubin
- Stanford Immunology Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 269 Campus drive, Stanford CA 94305-5174, United States
| | - Yftah Tal-Gan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, NV 89557, United States
| | - Chaim Gilon
- The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, POB 1589, Safed, Israel
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89
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Lu YY, Gao JH, Zhao C, Wen SL, Tang CW, Wang YF. Cyclooxygenase-2 up-regulates hepatic somatostatin receptor 2 expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11033. [PMID: 30038293 PMCID: PMC6056476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin and its analogues, which function by binding to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) 1-5, play a protective role in liver cirrhosis. Hepatic SSTR-2 expression is up-regulated in subjects with liver cirrhosis. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying this process. In the present study, we observed the up-regulation of hepatic SSTR-2 expression in thioacetamide (TAA)-induced cirrhotic rats and further showed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) might play a role in this process via the protein kinase C (PKC)-cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway. In vivo, the up-regulated SSTR-2 in liver cirrhosis was inhibited by the addition of a selective COX-2 inhibitor, such as celecoxib. In vitro, the up-regulation of COX-2 by either transfection with COX-2 plasmids or treatment with TAA increased levels of SSTR-2 and phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) in the human hepatocyte cell line L02. Furthermore, the increase in SSTR-2 expression was inhibited by the addition of celecoxib and a PKC inhibitor. Moreover, for comparable DNA methylation levels in the region upstream of the hepatic SSTR-2 gene in normal and cirrhotic livers, DNA methylation may not contribute to the up-regulation of SSTR-2 expression in cirrhotic livers. In conclusion, the up-regulation of hepatic SSTR-2 might be induced by COX-2 via the PKC-CREB signaling pathway but is probably not induced by DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Lu
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Hang Gao
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Digestive Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Digestive Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shi-Lei Wen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Academy of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, West China Medicine College, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Tang
- Division of Peptides Related with Human Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Division of Digestive Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yu-Fang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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90
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Bandara N, Jacobson O, Mpoy C, Chen X, Rogers BE. Novel Structural Modification Based on Evans Blue Dye to Improve Pharmacokinetics of a Somastostatin-Receptor-Based Theranostic Agent. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2448-2454. [PMID: 29927587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of somastatin (SS) peptide analogues for the detection and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors has been successful with the recent FDA approval of 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and 177Lu-DOTA-TATE. The structure of these peptide constructs contains the peptide binding motif that binds to the receptor with high affinity, a chelator to complex the radioactive metal, and a linker between the peptide and chelator. However, these constructs suffer from rapid blood clearance, which limits their tumor uptake. In this study, this design has been further improved by incorporating a modification to control the in vivo pharmacokinetics. Adding a truncated Evans Blue (EB) dye molecule into the construct provides a prolonged half-life in blood as a result of its low micromolar affinity to albumin. We compared 177Lu-DOTA-TATE to the modified 177Lu Evans Blue compound (177Lu-DMEB-TATE), in vitro and in vivo in mice bearing A427-7 xenografts. The tumor uptake of 177Lu-DMEB-TATE was significantly greater than the uptake of 177Lu-DOTA-TATE in the biodistribution and SPECT-imaging studies. The therapeutic effect of the 177Lu-DMEB-TATE construct was superior to the that of the 177Lu-DOTA-TATE construct at the doses evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilantha Bandara
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 63108 , United States
| | - Orit Jacobson
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Cedric Mpoy
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 63108 , United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Buck E Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , Missouri 63108 , United States
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91
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Abstract
The somatostatin-secreting δ-cells comprise ~5% of the cells of the pancreatic islets. The δ-cells have complex morphology and might interact with many more islet cells than suggested by their low numbers. δ-Cells contain ATP-sensitive potassium channels, which open at low levels of glucose but close when glucose is elevated. This closure initiates membrane depolarization and electrical activity and increased somatostatin secretion. Factors released by neighbouring α-cells or β-cells amplify the glucose-induced effects on somatostatin secretion from δ-cells, which act locally within the islets as paracrine or autocrine inhibitors of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion. The effects of somatostatin are mediated by activation of somatostatin receptors coupled to the inhibitory G protein, which culminates in suppression of the electrical activity and exocytosis in α-cells and β-cells. Somatostatin secretion is perturbed in animal models of diabetes mellitus, which might explain the loss of appropriate hypoglycaemia-induced glucagon secretion, a defect that could be mitigated by somatostatin receptor 2 antagonists. Somatostatin antagonists or agents that suppress somatostatin secretion have been proposed as an adjunct to insulin therapy. In this Review, we summarize the cell physiology of somatostatin secretion, what might go wrong in diabetes mellitus and the therapeutic potential of agents targeting somatostatin secretion or action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Rorsman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Ribeiro-Oliveira A, Schweizer JROL, Amaral PHS, Bizzi MF, Silveira WCD, Espirito-Santo DTA, Zille G, Soares BS, Schmid HA, Yuen KCJ. Pasireotide treatment does not modify hyperglycemic and corticosterone acute restraint stress responses in rats. Stress 2018; 21:370-375. [PMID: 29661114 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1451838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasireotide is a new-generation somatostatin analog that acts through binding to multiple somatostatin receptor subtypes. Studies have shown that pasireotide induces hyperglycemia, reduces glucocorticoid secretion, alters neurotransmission, and potentially affects stress responses typically manifested as hyperglycemia and increased corticosterone secretion. This study specifically aimed to evaluate whether pasireotide treatment modifies glucose and costicosterone secretion in response to acute restraint stress. Male Holtzman rats of 150-200 g were treated with pasireotide (10 µg/kg/day) twice-daily for two weeks or vehicle for the same period. Blood samples were collected at baseline and after 5, 10, 30, and 60 min of restraint stress. The three experimental groups comprised of vehicle + restraint (VEHR), pasireotide + restraint (PASR), and pasireotide + saline (PASNR). Following pasireotide treatment, no significant differences in baseline glucose and corticosterone levels were observed among the three groups. During restraint, hyperglycemia was observed at 10 min (p < .01 for both comparisons), peaked at 30 min (p < .01 for both comparisons) and showed higher 60 min areas under glucose curves in the VEHR and PASR stressed groups when compared to the non-stressed PASNR group (p < .05 for both comparisons). Restraint also increased corticosterone secretion in the VEHR and PASR stressed groups at 5 min (p < .01 for both comparisons), and peaked at 30 min (p < .01 for both comparisons) with corresponding higher 60 min areas under corticosterone curves when compared to the non-stressed PASNR group (p < .01 for both comparisons). In conclusion, pasireotide treatment does not modify hyperglycemic- and corticosterone-restraint stress responses, thus preserving acute stress regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Ribeiro-Oliveira
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Junia R O L Schweizer
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Amaral
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Mariana F Bizzi
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Warley Cezar da Silveira
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Daniel T A Espirito-Santo
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Giancarlo Zille
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Soares
- a Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Endocrinology, School of Medicine , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG , Brazil
| | - Herbert A Schmid
- b Department of Oncology Research , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Kevin C J Yuen
- c Department of Neuroendocrinology , Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix , AZ, USA
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93
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Shenoy PA, Kuo A, Khan N, Gorham L, Nicholson JR, Corradini L, Vetter I, Smith MT. The Somatostatin Receptor-4 Agonist J-2156 Alleviates Mechanical Hypersensitivity in a Rat Model of Breast Cancer Induced Bone Pain. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:495. [PMID: 29867498 PMCID: PMC5962878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the majority of patients with breast cancer in the advanced stages, skeletal metastases are common, which may cause excruciating pain. Currently available drug treatments for relief of breast cancer-induced bone pain (BCIBP) include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and strong opioid analgesics along with inhibitors of osteoclast activity such as bisphosphonates and monoclonal antibodies such as denosumab. However, these medications often lack efficacy and/or they may produce serious dose-limiting side effects. In the present study, we show that J-2156, a somatostatin receptor type 4 (SST4 receptor) selective agonist, reverses pain-like behaviors in a rat model of BCIBP induced by unilateral intra-tibial injection of Walker 256 breast cancer cells. Following intraperitoneal administration, the ED50 of J-2156 for the relief of mechanical allodynia and mechanical hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hindpaws was 3.7 and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively. Importantly, the vast majority of somatosensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia including small diameter C-fibers and medium-large diameter fibers, that play a crucial role in cancer pain hypersensitivities, expressed the SST4 receptor. J-2156 mediated pain relief in BCIBP-rats was confirmed by observations of a reduction in the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), a protein essential for central sensitization and persistent pain, in the spinal dorsal horn. Our results demonstrate the potential of the SST4 receptor as a pharmacological target for relief of BCIBP and we anticipate the present work to be a starting point for further mechanism-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyank A Shenoy
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andy Kuo
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nemat Khan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Louise Gorham
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Janet R Nicholson
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Laura Corradini
- Department of CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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94
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Testa C, D'Addona D, Scrima M, Tedeschi AM, D'Ursi AM, Bernhard C, Denat F, Bello C, Rovero P, Chorev M, Papini AM. Design, synthesis, and conformational studies of [DOTA]‐Octreotide analogs containing [1,2,3]triazolyl as a disulfide mimetic. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Testa
- French‐Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13Sesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- PeptLab@UCP and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505Université Paris‐Seine, 5 Mail Gay‐LussacCergy‐Pontoise95031 France
| | - Debora D'Addona
- French‐Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13Sesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté, 9, Avenue Alain SavaryDijon21078 France
| | - Mario Scrima
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Salerno, Via Don Melillo 11CFisciano84084 Italy
| | - Anna Maria Tedeschi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Salerno, Via Don Melillo 11CFisciano84084 Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Ursi
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Salerno, Via Don Melillo 11CFisciano84084 Italy
| | - Claire Bernhard
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté, 9, Avenue Alain SavaryDijon21078 France
| | - Franck Denat
- ICMUB UMR6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche‐Comté, 9, Avenue Alain SavaryDijon21078 France
| | - Claudia Bello
- French‐Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13Sesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- French‐Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, PsychologyDrug Research and Child Health, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceutics, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6Sesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
| | - Michael Chorev
- Laboratory for Translational Research, Division of Hematology, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis StreetBoston Massachusetts02115
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- French‐Italian Interdepartmental Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13Sesto Fiorentino50019 Italy
- PeptLab@UCP and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505Université Paris‐Seine, 5 Mail Gay‐LussacCergy‐Pontoise95031 France
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95
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Van Binnebeek S, Koole M, Terwinghe C, Baete K, Vanbilloen B, Haustermans K, Clement P, Bogaerts K, Verbruggen A, Nackaerts K, Van Cutsem E, Verslype C, Mottaghy F, Deroose C. Dynamic 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT and static image in NET patients. Nuklearmedizin 2018; 55:104-14. [DOI: 10.3413/nukmed-0742-15-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryPurpose: To investigate the relationship between the dynamic parameters (Ki) and static image-derived parameters of 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET, to determine which static parameter best reflects underlying somatostatin-receptor-expression (SSR) levels on neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). Patients, methods: 20 patients with metastasized NETs underwent a dynamic and static 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET before PRRT and at 7 and 40 weeks after the first administration of 90Y-DOTATOC (in total 4 cycles were planned); 175 lesions were defined and analyzed on the dynamic as well as static scans. Quantitative analysis was performed using the software PMOD. One to five target lesions per patient were chosen and delineated manually on the baseline dynamic scan and further, on the corresponding static 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET and the dynamic and static 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET at the other time-points; SUVmax and SUVmean of the lesions was assessed on the other six scans. The input function was retrieved from the abdominal aorta on the images. Further on, Ki was calculated using the Patlak-Plot. At last, 5 reference regions for normalization of SUVtumour were delineated on the static scans resulting in 5 ratios (SUVratio). Results: SUVmax and SUVmean of the tumoural lesions on the dynamic 68Ga-DO-TATOC-PET had a very strong correlation with the corresponding parameters in the static scan (R²: 0.94 and 0.95 respectively). SUVmax, SUVmean and Ki of the lesions showed a good linear correlation; the SUVratios correlated poorly with Ki. A significantly better correlation was noticed between Ki and SUVtumour(max and mean) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: As the dynamic para meter Ki correlates best with the absolute SUVtumour, SUVtumour best reflects underlying SSR-levels in NETs.
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96
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Hernández B, Coïc YM, López-Tobar E, Sanchez-Cortes S, Baron B, Pflüger F, Kruglik SG, Cohen R, Ghomi M. Dynamical Behavior of Somatostatin-14 and Its Cyclic Analogues as Analyzed in Bulk and on Plasmonic Silver Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2018; 112:81-121. [PMID: 29680244 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Primarily known as the inhibitor of growth hormone release, the role of somatostatin in many other inhibiting activities upon binding to its five G-protein-coupled receptors has been elucidated. Because of the short half-life of somatostatin, a number of synthetic analogues were elaborated for this peptide hormone. Herein, after recalling the main somatostatin therapeutic interests, we present the dynamical behavior of somatostatin-14 and its two currently used synthetic cyclic analogues, octreotide and pasireotide. Physical techniques, such as fluorescence, UV-visible absorption, circular dichroism, Raman spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, were jointly used in order to get information on the solution structural features, as well as on the anchoring sites of the three peptides on silver colloids. While somatostatin-14 adopts a rather unordered chain within the submillimolar concentration range, its cyclic analogues were revealed to be ordered, i.e., stabilized either in a type-II' β-turn (octreotide) or in a face-to-face γ-turn/type-I β-turn (pasireotide) structure. Nevertheless, a progressive structuring trend was observed in somatostatin-14 upon increasing concentration to the millimolar range. Because of their cationic character, the three peptides have revealed their capability to bind onto negatively charged silver nanoparticles. The high affinity of the peptides toward metallic particles seems to be extremely promising for the elaboration of somatostatin-based functionalized plasmonic nanoparticles that can be used in diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Hernández
- Laboratoire Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UMR 7369, Université de Reims, Faculté des Sciences, Reims Cedex 2, France; Groupe de Biophysique Moléculaire, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France
| | - Yves-Marie Coïc
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, UMR 3523, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | | - Bruno Baron
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-Forme de Biophysique de Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Fernando Pflüger
- Groupe de Biophysique Moléculaire, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France
| | - Sergei G Kruglik
- Laboratoire Jean-Perrin, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8237, Paris, France
| | - Régis Cohen
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Mahmoud Ghomi
- Laboratoire Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UMR 7369, Université de Reims, Faculté des Sciences, Reims Cedex 2, France; Groupe de Biophysique Moléculaire, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris 13, UFR Santé-Médecine-Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France.
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97
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Khan M, Huang T, Lin CY, Wu J, Fan BM, Bian ZX. Exploiting cancer's phenotypic guise against itself: targeting ectopically expressed peptide G-protein coupled receptors for lung cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104615-104637. [PMID: 29262666 PMCID: PMC5732832 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, claiming millions of lives annually, has the highest mortality rate worldwide. This advocates the development of novel cancer therapies that are highly toxic for cancer cells but negligibly toxic for healthy cells. One of the effective treatments is targeting overexpressed surface receptors of cancer cells with receptor-specific drugs. The receptors-in-focus in the current review are the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are often overexpressed in various types of tumors. The peptide subfamily of GPCRs is the pivot of the current article owing to the high affinity and specificity to and of their cognate peptide ligands, and the proven efficacy of peptide-based therapeutics. The article summarizes various ectopically expressed peptide GPCRs in lung cancer, namely, Cholecystokinin-B/Gastrin receptor, the Bombesin receptor family, Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors, Arginine vasopressin receptors 1a, 1b and 2, and the Somatostatin receptor type 2. The autocrine growth and pro-proliferative pathways they mediate, and the distinct tumor-inhibitory effects of somatostatin receptors are then discussed. The next section covers how these pathways may be influenced or 'corrected' through therapeutics (involving agonists and antagonists) targeting the overexpressed peptide GPCRs. The review proceeds on to Nano-scaled delivery platforms, which enclose chemotherapeutic agents and are decorated with peptide ligands on their external surface, as an effective means of targeting cancer cells. We conclude that targeting these overexpressed peptide GPCRs is potentially evolving as a highly promising form of lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabin Khan
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lin
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Min Fan
- YMU-HKBU Joint Laboratory of Traditional Natural Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- Laboratory of Brain-Gut Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, HKSAR, Kowloon Tong, P.R. China
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98
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Berardi R, Partelli S, Cascinu S, Falconi M. Somatostatin analogs: is one better than other? Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:817-819. [PMID: 29449900 PMCID: PMC5808837 DOI: 10.1177/1758834017741073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Berardi
- Medical Oncology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti Umberto I - GM Lancisi - G Salesi Via Conca 71, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Chirurgia del Pancreas, Pancreas Translational & Clinical Research Center, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Oncologia Medica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Falconi
- Chirurgia del Pancreas, Pancreas Translational & Clinical Research Center, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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99
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Central [CNS] and Peripheral [Gastric Tissue] Selective Monitoring of Somatostatin (SRIF) with Micro-Sensor and Voltammetry in Rats: Influence of Growth Factors (GH, EGF). BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7040053. [PMID: 29149074 PMCID: PMC5746776 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SRIF) is widely distributed throughout the body, and regulates the endocrine system via interactions with various hormones, including the pituitary growth hormone, the thyroid stimulating hormone and the majority of the hormones of the gastrointestinal tract. SRIF is present in the central nervous system (CNS), where it affects rates of neurotransmission, and is also reported to be active in the intestinal tract, with evidence that stressed rats present a significant decrease in antral somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI). Analysis of SRIF has mainly been carried out by means of radioimmunoassay methods. Here, we propose the use of an electrochemical method, such as voltammetry, applied with carbon-based sensors and, in particular, the combination of differential pulse voltammetry with treated carbon fiber micro electrodes (DPV-µCFE) to facilitate the analysis of such peptidergic electro active hormones in the rat striatum and gastric tissue; the effect of growth hormone (GH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), in particular, upon the SRIF signal has been studied in such tissues.
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100
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Lau A, Bourkas M, Lu YQQ, Ostrowski LA, Weber-Adrian D, Figueiredo C, Arshad H, Shoaei SZS, Morrone CD, Matan-Lithwick S, Abraham KJ, Wang H, Schmitt-Ulms G. Functional Amyloids and their Possible Influence on Alzheimer Disease. Discoveries (Craiova) 2017; 5:e79. [PMID: 32309597 PMCID: PMC7159844 DOI: 10.15190/d.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids play critical roles in human diseases but have increasingly been recognized to also exist naturally. Shared physicochemical characteristics of amyloids and of their smaller oligomeric building blocks offer the prospect of molecular interactions and crosstalk amongst these assemblies, including the propensity to mutually influence aggregation. A case in point might be the recent discovery of an interaction between the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) and somatostatin (SST). Whereas Aβ is best known for its role in Alzheimer disease (AD) as the main constituent of amyloid plaques, SST is intermittently stored in amyloid-form in dense core granules before its regulated release into the synaptic cleft. This review was written to introduce to readers a large body of literature that surrounds these two peptides. After introducing general concepts and recent progress related to our understanding of amyloids and their aggregation, the review focuses separately on the biogenesis and interactions of Aβ and SST, before attempting to assess the likelihood of encounters of the two peptides in the brain, and summarizing key observations linking SST to the pathobiology of AD. While the review focuses on Aβ and SST, it is to be anticipated that crosstalk amongst functional and disease-associated amyloids will emerge as a general theme with much broader significance in the etiology of dementias and other amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lau
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Matthew Bourkas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Yang Qing Qin Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Lauren Anne Ostrowski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Danielle Weber-Adrian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Carlyn Figueiredo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hamza Arshad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Shams Shoaei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christopher Daniel Morrone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stuart Matan-Lithwick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Karan Joshua Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre, 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
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