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Ni X, Wang Y, Wang P, Chu C, Xu H, Hu J, Sun J, Qi H. Death associated protein kinase 2 suppresses T-B interactions and GC formation. Mol Immunol 2020; 128:249-257. [PMID: 33176179 PMCID: PMC7754787 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) formation is a critical step during T-dependent humoral immune responses. We report Death Associated Protein Kinase 2, a serine/threonine kinase, is rapidly induced in T cells following activation and plays an inhibitory role in T cell-mediated help for the GC formation. Specifically, T cells deficient in Dapk2 have an increased ability to physically conjugate with antigen-presenting B cells and to promote GC formation. However, Dapk2 does not regulate T cell receptor signaling strength and does not influence cytokine-driven T-cell subset polarization. Instead, Dapk2 dampens mTORC1 activities by associating with Raptor. Silencing of Raptor rescues defects observed with the Dapk2 insufficiency. Our study thus identifies Dapk2 as a new kinase likely involved in negative regulation of contact-dependent help delivery to B cells and GC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Ni
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Coco Chu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinzhi Hu
- Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, China; Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, Institute for Immunology, China; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, China, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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52
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Ledderose C, Junger WG. Mitochondria Synergize With P2 Receptors to Regulate Human T Cell Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:549889. [PMID: 33133068 PMCID: PMC7550529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.549889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular ATP is the universal energy carrier that fuels many cellular processes. However, immune cells can also release a portion of their ATP into the extracellular space. There, ATP activates purinergic receptors that mediate autocrine and paracrine signaling events needed for the initiation, modulation, and termination of cell functions. Mitochondria contribute to these processes by producing ATP that is released. Here, we summarize the synergistic interplay between mitochondria and purinergic signaling that regulates T cell functions. Specifically, we discuss how mitochondria interact with P2X1, P2X4, and P2Y11 receptors to regulate T cell metabolism, cell migration, and antigen recognition. These mitochondrial and purinergic signaling mechanisms are indispensable for host immune defense. However, they also represent an Achilles heel that can render the host susceptible to infections and inflammatory disorders. Hypoxia and mitochondrial dysfunction deflate the purinergic signaling mechanisms that regulate T cells, while inflammation and tissue damage generate excessive systemic ATP levels that distort autocrine purinergic signaling and impair T cell function. An improved understanding of the metabolic and purinergic signaling mechanisms that regulate T cells may lead to novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Ledderose
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wolfgang G Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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53
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Wagh K, Wheatley BA, Traver MK, Hussain I, Schaefer BC, Upadhyaya A. Bcl10 is associated with actin dynamics at the T cell immune synapse. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104161. [PMID: 32768663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses to antigen are initiated by engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR)1, leading to activation of diverse signaling cascades, including an incompletely defined pathway that triggers rapid remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Defects in the control of actin dynamics and organization are associated with several human immunodeficiency diseases, emphasizing the importance of cytoskeletal remodeling in the functioning of the adaptive immune system. Here, we investigate the role of the adaptor protein Bcl102 in the control of actin dynamics. Although Bcl10 is primarily known as a component of the pathway connecting the TCR to activation of the NF-κB3 transcription factor, a few studies have implicated Bcl10 in antigen receptor-dependent control of actin polymerization and F-actin-dependent functional responses. However, the role of Bcl10 in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics remains largely undefined. To investigate the contribution of Bcl10 in the regulation of TCR-dependent cytoskeletal dynamics, we monitored actin dynamics at the immune synapse of primary murine CD8 effector T cells. Quantification of these dynamics reveals two distinct temporal phases distinguished by differences in speed and directionality. Our results indicate that effector CD8 T cells lacking Bcl10 display faster actin flows and more dynamic lamellipodia, compared to wild-type cells. These studies define a role for Bcl10 in TCR-dependent actin dynamics, emphasizing that Bcl10 has important cytoskeleton-directed functions that are likely independent of its role in transmission of NF-κB -activating signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh Wagh
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brittany A Wheatley
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Maria K Traver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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54
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LRCH1 deficiency enhances LAT signalosome formation and CD8 + T cell responses against tumors and pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19388-19398. [PMID: 32727906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2000970117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play pivotal roles in eradicating pathogens and tumor cells. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is vital for the optimal activation of CD8+ T cells. Upon TCR engagement, the transmembrane adapter protein LAT (linker for activation of T cells) recruits other key signaling molecules and forms the "LAT signalosome" for downstream signal transduction. However, little is known about which functional partners could restrain the formation of the LAT signalosome and inhibit CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we have demonstrated that LRCH1 (leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology domain containing 1) directly binds LAT, reduces LAT phosphorylation and interaction with GRB2, and also promotes the endocytosis of LAT. Lrch1 -/- mice display better protection against influenza virus and Listeria infection, with enhanced CD8+ T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Adoptive transfer of Lrch1 -/- CD8+ CTLs leads to increased B16-MO5 tumor clearance in vivo. Furthermore, knockout of LRCH1 in human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that recognize the liver tumor-associated antigen glypican-3 could improve CAR T cell migration and proliferation in vitro. These findings suggest LRCH1 as a potential translational target to improve T cell immunotherapy against infection and tumors.
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55
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Bello-Gamboa A, Velasco M, Moreno S, Herranz G, Ilie R, Huetos S, Dávila S, Sánchez A, Bernardino De La Serna J, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Actin reorganization at the centrosomal area and the immune synapse regulates polarized secretory traffic of multivesicular bodies in T lymphocytes. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1759926. [PMID: 32939232 PMCID: PMC7480611 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1759926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor stimulation induces the convergence of multivesicular bodies towards the microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) and the polarization of the MTOC to the immune synapse (IS). These events lead to exosome secretion at the IS. We describe here that upon IS formation centrosomal area F-actin decreased concomitantly with MTOC polarization to the IS. PKCδ-interfered T cell clones showed a sustained level of centrosomal area F-actin associated with defective MTOC polarization. We analysed the contribution of two actin cytoskeleton-regulatory proteins, FMNL1 and paxillin, to the regulation of cortical and centrosomal F-actin networks. FMNL1β phosphorylation and F-actin reorganization at the IS were inhibited in PKCδ-interfered clones. F-actin depletion at the central region of the IS, a requirement for MTOC polarization, was associated with FMNL1β phosphorylation at its C-terminal, autoregulatory region. Interfering all FMNL1 isoforms prevented MTOC polarization; nonetheless, FMNL1β re-expression restored MTOC polarization in a centrosomal area F-actin reorganization-independent manner. Moreover, PKCδ-interfered clones exhibited decreased paxillin phosphorylation at the MTOC, which suggests an alternative actin cytoskeleton regulatory pathway. Our results infer that PKCδ regulates MTOC polarization and secretory traffic leading to exosome secretion in a coordinated manner by means of two distinct pathways, one involving FMNL1β regulation and controlling F-actin reorganization at the IS, and the other, comprising paxillin phosphorylation potentially controlling centrosomal area F-actin reorganization. Abbreviations Ab, antibody; AICD, activation-induced cell death; AIP, average intensity projection; APC, antigen-presenting cell; BCR, B-cell receptor for antigen; C, centre of mass; cent2, centrin 2; cIS, central region of the immune synapse; CMAC, CellTracker™ Blue (7-amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin); cSMAC, central supramolecular activation cluster; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; DAG, diacylglycerol; DGKα, diacylglycerol kinase α; Dia1, Diaphanous-1; dSMAC, distal supramolecular activation cluster; ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for traffic; F-actin, filamentous actin; Fact-low cIS, F-actin-low region at the centre of the immune synapse; FasL, Fas ligand; FMNL1, formin-like 1; fps, frames per second; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution; HRP, horseradish peroxidase; ILV, intraluminal vesicles; IS, immune synapse; MFI, mean fluorescence intensity; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; MIP, maximal intensity projection; MVB, multivesicular bodies; MTOC, microtubule-organizing centre; NS, not significant; PBL, peripheral blood lymphocytes; PKC, protein kinase C; PKCδ, protein kinase C δ isoform; PLC, phospholipase C; PMA, phorbol myristate acetate; Pol. Index, polarization index; pSMAC, peripheral supramolecular activation cluster; PSF, point spread function; ROI, region of interest; SD, standard deviation; shRNA, short hairpin RNA; SEE, Staphylococcus enterotoxin E; SMAC, supramolecular activation cluster; TCR, T-cell receptor for antigen; T-helper (Th); TRANS, transmittance; WB, Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bello-Gamboa
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Velasco
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Solange Moreno
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Herranz
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Centro De Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roxana Ilie
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Huetos
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Dávila
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Nanostructured Functional Surfaces Program, IMDEA Nanociencia, Universidad Autónoma De Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Puerta De Hierro-Segovia De Arana Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Bernardino De La Serna
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.,Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK Research and Innovation. Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell-Oxford, UK
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto De Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols. CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento De Bioquímica. Facultad De Medicina, UAM Madrid, Spain
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56
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Recent insights of T cell receptor-mediated signaling pathways for T cell activation and development. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:750-761. [PMID: 32439954 PMCID: PMC7272404 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell activation requires extracellular stimulatory signals that are mainly mediated by T cell receptor (TCR) complexes. The TCR recognizes antigens on major histocompatibility complex molecules with the cooperation of CD4 or CD8 coreceptors. After recognition, TCR-induced signaling cascades that propagate signals via various molecules and second messengers are induced. Consequently, many features of T cell-mediated immune responses are determined by these intracellular signaling cascades. Furthermore, differences in the magnitude of TCR signaling direct T cells toward distinct effector linages. Therefore, stringent regulation of T cell activation is crucial for T cell homeostasis and proper immune responses. Dysregulation of TCR signaling can result in anergy or autoimmunity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the pathways that govern how the TCR complex transmits signals into cells and the roles of effector molecules that are involved in these pathways.
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57
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Chabaud M, Paillon N, Gaus K, Hivroz C. Mechanobiology of antigen‐induced T cell arrest. Biol Cell 2020; 112:196-212. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chabaud
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
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58
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Inducible Polarized Secretion of Exosomes in T and B Lymphocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072631. [PMID: 32290050 PMCID: PMC7177964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EV) of endosomal origin (multivesicular bodies, MVB) constitutively released by many different eukaryotic cells by fusion of MVB to the plasma membrane. However, inducible exosome secretion controlled by cell surface receptors is restricted to very few cell types and a limited number of cell surface receptors. Among these, exosome secretion is induced in T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes when stimulated at the immune synapse (IS) via T-cell receptors (TCR) and B-cell receptors (BCR), respectively. IS formation by T and B lymphocytes constitutes a crucial event involved in antigen-specific, cellular, and humoral immune responses. Upon IS formation by T and B lymphocytes with antigen-presenting cells (APC), the convergence of MVB towards the microtubule organization center (MTOC), and MTOC polarization to the IS, are involved in polarized exosome secretion at the synaptic cleft. This specialized mechanism provides the immune system with a finely-tuned strategy to increase the specificity and efficiency of crucial secretory effector functions of B and T lymphocytes. As inducible exosome secretion by antigen-receptors is a critical and unique feature of the immune system this review considers the study of the traffic events leading to polarized exosome secretion at the IS and some of their biological consequences.
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59
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Singh S, Numan A, Agrawal N, Tambuwala MM, Singh V, Kesharwani P. Role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the revolutionization of advanced melanoma care. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106417. [PMID: 32200155 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cancer is an important public health concern owing to its prevalence, high recurrence risk, treatment failures and immunosuppressive abilities. Prolonged immune system activation is the main objective of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapies directed against melanoma cancer. Despite the staggering advancements in approved ICIs therapy effectiveness, immune-related adverse events (imAEs) and therapeutic resistance has limited its wide application. Thus, there is a need to establish biomarkers that predict the response to ICIs and imAEs. In this review article, we provide an in-depth understanding of the role of tolerance, immunity, and immunosuppression in antitumor immune response regulation, together with ongoing clinical therapy and suggested biomarkers. These attainments advise that approved ICIs provide a novel approach to durable and prolonged response in cancer patients and will aid in the reduction of treatment cost and duration and enhance patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Singh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arshid Numan
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, SIST, Fudan University, 200433 Shanghai, China
| | - Nikhil Agrawal
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT370QB, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijender Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard 110062, New Delhi, India. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=DJkvOAQAAAAJ&hl=en
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60
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Salz A, Gurniak C, Jönsson F, Witke W. Cofilin1-driven actin dynamics controls migration of thymocytes and is essential for positive selection in the thymus. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238048. [PMID: 31974112 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin dynamics is essential for T-cell development. We show here that cofilin1 is the key molecule for controlling actin filament turnover in this process. Mice with specific depletion of cofilin1 in thymocytes showed increased steady-state levels of actin filaments, and associated alterations in the pattern of thymocyte migration and adhesion. Our data suggest that cofilin1 is controlling oscillatory F-actin changes, a parameter that influences the migration pattern in a 3-D environment. In a collagen matrix, cofilin1 controls the speed and resting intervals of migrating thymocytes. Cofilin1 was not involved in thymocyte proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis or surface receptor trafficking. However, in cofilin1 mutant mice, impaired adhesion and migration resulted in a specific block of thymocyte differentiation from CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes towards CD4 and CD8 single-positive cells. Our data suggest that tuning of the dwelling time of thymocytes in the thymic niches is tightly controlled by cofilin1 and essential for positive selection during T-cell differentiation. We describe a novel role of cofilin1 in the physiological context of migration-dependent cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andree Salz
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Gurniak
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, UMR 1222 INSERM, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Walter Witke
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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61
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Galeano Niño JL, Tay SS, Tearle JLE, Xie J, Govendir MA, Kempe D, Mazalo J, Drew AP, Colakoglu F, Kummerfeld SK, Proud CG, Biro M. The Lifeact-EGFP mouse is a translationally controlled fluorescent reporter of T cell activation. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs238014. [PMID: 32041902 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.238014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly evident that T cell functions are subject to translational control in addition to transcriptional regulation. Here, by using live imaging of CD8+ T cells isolated from the Lifeact-EGFP mouse, we show that T cells exhibit a gain in fluorescence intensity following engagement of cognate tumour target cells. The GFP signal increase is governed by Erk1/2-dependent distal T cell receptor (TCR) signalling and its magnitude correlates with IFN-γ and TNF-α production, which are hallmarks of T cell activation. Enhanced fluorescence was due to increased translation of Lifeact-EGFP protein, without an associated increase in its mRNA. Activation-induced gains in fluorescence were also observed in naïve and CD4+ T cells from the Lifeact-EGFP reporter, and were readily detected by both flow cytometry and live cell microscopy. This unique, translationally controlled reporter of effector T cell activation simultaneously enables tracking of cell morphology, F-actin dynamics and activation state in individual migrating T cells. It is a valuable addition to the limited number of reporters of T cell dynamics and activation, and opens the door to studies of translational activity and heterogeneities in functional T cell responses in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Galeano Niño
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Szun S Tay
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jacqueline L E Tearle
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianling Xie
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Matt A Govendir
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryan Kempe
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica Mazalo
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Alexander P Drew
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Feyza Colakoglu
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Sarah K Kummerfeld
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Frome Road, Adelaide
| | - Maté Biro
- EMBL Australia, Single Molecule Science Node, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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62
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Wei X, Zhang Y, Li C, Ai K, Li K, Li H, Yang J. The evolutionarily conserved MAPK/Erk signaling promotes ancestral T-cell immunity in fish via c-Myc-mediated glycolysis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3000-3016. [PMID: 31996375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway involved in numerous physiological processes. Despite great advances in understanding MAPK-mediated regulation of adaptive immune responses in mammals, its contribution to T-cell immunity in early vertebrates remains unclear. Herein, we used Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to investigate the regulatory roles of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) signaling in ancestral T-cell immunity of jawed fish. We found that Nile tilapia possesses an evolutionarily conserved MAPK/Erk axis that is activated through a classical three-tier kinase cascade, involving sequential phosphorylation of RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase (Raf), MAPK/Erk kinase 1/2 (Mek1/2), and Erk1/2. In Nile tilapia, MAPK/Erk signaling participates in adaptive immune responses during bacterial infection. Upon T-cell activation, the MAPK/Erk axis is robustly activated, and MAPK/Erk blockade by specific inhibitors severely impairs T-cell activation. Furthermore, signals from MAPK/Erk were indispensable for primordial T cells to proliferate and exert their effector functions. Mechanistically, activation of the MAPK/Erk axis promoted glycolysis via induction of the transcriptional regulator proto-oncogene c-Myc (c-Myc), to ensure the proper activation and proliferation of fish T cells. Our results reveal the regulatory mechanisms of MAPK/Erk signaling in T-cell immunity in fish and highlight a close link between immune signals and metabolic programs. We propose that regulation of T-cell immunity by MAPK/Erk is a basic and sophisticated strategy that evolved before the emergence of the tetrapod lineage. These findings shed light on the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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63
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Lin L, He J, Li J, Xu Y, Li J, Wu Y. Chitosan Nanoparticles Strengthen Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Cytotoxicity Through Upregulation Of Killing Molecules And Cytoskeleton Polarization. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:9325-9336. [PMID: 31819434 PMCID: PMC6890518 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s212898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the past few years, immune cell therapy for malignant cancer has benefited a considerable amount of patients worldwide. As one of several promising candidates for immunotherapy, Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells have many unique biological advantages, such as non-MHC restriction and have been noted as the earliest source of IFN-γ. However, potentiating anti-tumor functions of γδ T cells has become of particular interest to researchers studying γδ T cell applications. Purpose In this study, we proposed a nanotechnology-based methodology for strengthening γδ T cell functions. Methods As a type of reliable, biocompatible material, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) were used to enhance anti-tumor immunity of γδ T cells. Results First, we found that the size of prepared CSNPs distributed 50 to 100 nm, and that CSNPs had optimal immunocompatibility. Then, we observed that CSNPs could induce α-tubulin cytoskeleton polarization and rearrangement, correlating with a higher killing ability of γδ T cells. Furthermore, we revealed that CSNPs could enhance Vγ9Vδ2 T cell anti-tumor functions by upregulating killing of related receptors, including NKG2D, CD56, FasL, and perforin secretion. Conclusion Our work provided evidence of application for CSNPs based bio-carrier in immunotherapy. More importantly, we proposed a new strategy for enhancing γδ T cell anti-tumor activity using nanobiomaterial, which could benefit future clinical applications of γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, People's Republic of China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyi He
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Li
- The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangzhe Wu
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, People's Republic of China.,The Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, People's Republic of China
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64
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Wipa P, Paensuwan P, Ngoenkam J, Woessner NM, Minguet S, Schamel WW, Pongcharoen S. Actin polymerization regulates recruitment of Nck to CD3ε upon T-cell receptor triggering. Immunology 2019; 159:298-308. [PMID: 31674657 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement, rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton supports intracellular signal transduction and T-cell activation. The non-catalytic region of the tyrosine kinase (Nck) molecule is an adapter protein implicated in TCR-induced actin polymerization. Further, Nck is recruited to the CD3ε subunit of the TCR upon TCR triggering. Here we examine the role of actin polymerization in the recruitment of Nck to the TCR. To this end, Nck binding to CD3ε was quantified in Jurkat cells using the proximity ligation assay. We show that inhibition of actin polymerization using cytochalasin D delayed the recruitment of Nck1 to the TCR upon TCR triggering. Interestingly, CD3ε phosphorylation was also delayed. These findings suggest that actin polymerization promotes the recruitment of Nck to the TCR, enhancing downstream signaling, such as phosphorylation of CD3ε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyamaporn Wipa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Pussadee Paensuwan
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Jatuporn Ngoenkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nadine M Woessner
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, Medical Center Freiburg and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sutatip Pongcharoen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.,Research Center for Academic Excellence in Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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65
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Abstract
Cell-cell fusion is a fundamental process underlying fertilization, development, regeneration and physiology of metazoans. It is a multi-step process involving cell recognition and adhesion, actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, fusogen engagement, lipid mixing and fusion pore formation, ultimately resulting in the integration of two fusion partners. Here, we focus on the asymmetric actin cytoskeletal rearrangements at the site of fusion, known as the fusogenic synapse, which was first discovered during myoblast fusion in Drosophila embryos and later also found in mammalian muscle and non-muscle cells. At the asymmetric fusogenic synapse, actin-propelled invasive membrane protrusions from an attacking fusion partner trigger actomyosin-based mechanosensory responses in the receiving cell. The interplay between the invasive and resisting forces generated by the two fusion partners puts the fusogenic synapse under high mechanical tension and brings the two cell membranes into close proximity, promoting the engagement of fusogens to initiate fusion pore formation. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we highlight the molecular, cellular and biophysical events at the asymmetric fusogenic synapse using Drosophila myoblast fusion as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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66
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Wei X, Ai K, Li H, Zhang Y, Li K, Yang J. Ancestral T Cells in Fish Require mTORC1-Coupled Immune Signals and Metabolic Programming for Proper Activation and Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:1172-1188. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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67
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Chatila TA, De Palma R. A simple twist of phosphate: Immunological synapse formation and T cell receptor signaling outcome in regulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol 2019; 47:2039-2042. [PMID: 29211935 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Signaling through the T cell receptor (TCR) regulates T cell homeostasis and effector functions. However, a full accounting of the TCR-coupled signaling networks and how their interplay determines specific functional outcomes remains elusive. Of particular interest are efforts over the last years to elucidate distinctive features of TCR signaling in regulatory T cells (Treg) that may account for some of their unique functional attributes as compared to conventional T (Tconv) cells. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, van Ham et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2017. 47: 2043-2058] employed differential phosphoproteomics to identify a set of 11 proteins mainly linked to cytoskeletal organization and molecular transport that discriminate between TCR signaling in the respective cell subset. They further linked these differences to cell subset-specific alterations in the spatio-temporal organization of signaling pathways at immune synapse (IS) in Treg versus T conv. These data support the idea that these proteins may act as a molecular "twist" element driving Treg cell-specific responses by affecting cytoskeletal dynamics and IS formation. Taken together, these findings may facilitate the development of novel immunomodulatory agents that exploit differences in TCR signaling between Treg and Tconv cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talal A Chatila
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Università della Campania "L. Vanvitelli", CNR, Napoli-Italy and Institute for Protein Biochemistry, Napoli, Italy
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68
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Herranz G, Aguilera P, Dávila S, Sánchez A, Stancu B, Gómez J, Fernández-Moreno D, de Martín R, Quintanilla M, Fernández T, Rodríguez-Silvestre P, Márquez-Expósito L, Bello-Gamboa A, Fraile-Ramos A, Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Protein Kinase C δ Regulates the Depletion of Actin at the Immunological Synapse Required for Polarized Exosome Secretion by T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:851. [PMID: 31105694 PMCID: PMC6499072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVB) are endocytic compartments that enclose intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) formed by inward budding from the limiting membrane of endosomes. In T lymphocytes, ILVs are secreted as Fas ligand-bearing, pro-apoptotic exosomes following T cell receptor (TCR)-induced fusion of MVB with the plasma membrane at the immune synapse (IS). In this study we show that protein kinase C δ (PKCδ), a novel PKC isotype activated by diacylglycerol (DAG), regulates TCR-controlled MVB polarization toward the IS and exosome secretion. Concomitantly, we demonstrate that PKCδ-interfered T lymphocytes are defective in activation-induced cell death. Using a DAG sensor based on the C1 DAG-binding domain of PKCδ and a GFP-PKCδ chimera, we reveal that T lymphocyte activation enhances DAG levels at the MVB endomembranes which mediates the association of PKCδ to MVB. Spatiotemporal reorganization of F-actin at the IS is inhibited in PKCδ-interfered T lymphocytes. Therefore, we propose PKCδ as a DAG effector that regulates the actin reorganization necessary for MVB traffic and exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Herranz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Aguilera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Dávila
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bianca Stancu
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Gómez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Moreno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl de Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Márquez-Expósito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Bello-Gamboa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Fraile-Ramos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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69
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Hammer JA, Wang JC, Saeed M, Pedrosa AT. Origin, Organization, Dynamics, and Function of Actin and Actomyosin Networks at the T Cell Immunological Synapse. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:201-224. [PMID: 30576253 PMCID: PMC8343269 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The engagement of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or activating surface results in the formation within the T cell of several distinct actin and actomyosin networks. These networks reside largely within a narrow zone immediately under the T cell's plasma membrane at its site of contact with the APC or activating surface, i.e., at the immunological synapse. Here we review the origin, organization, dynamics, and function of these synapse-associated actin and actomyosin networks. Importantly, recent insights into the nature of these actin-based cytoskeletal structures were made possible in several cases by advances in light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Jia C Wang
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Mezida Saeed
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
| | - Antonio T Pedrosa
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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70
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Torralba D, Martín-Cófreces NB, Sanchez-Madrid F. Mechanisms of polarized cell-cell communication of T lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2019; 209:11-20. [PMID: 30954509 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication comprises a variety of molecular mechanisms that immune cells use to respond appropriately to diverse pathogenic stimuli. T lymphocytes polarize in response to different stimuli, such as cytokines, adhesion to specific ligands and cognate antigens presented in the context of MHC. Polarization takes different shapes, from migratory front-back polarization to the formation of immune synapses (IS). The formation of IS between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell involves early events of receptor-ligand interaction leading to the reorganization of the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton to orchestrate vesicular and endosomal traffic and directed secretion of several types of mediators, including cytokines and nanovesicles. Cell polarization involves the repositioning of many subcellular organelles, including the endosomal compartment, which becomes an effective platform for the shuttling of molecules as vesicular cargoes that lately will be secreted to transfer information to antigen-presenting cells. Overall, the polarized interaction between a T cell and APC modifies the recipient cell in different ways that are likely lineage-dependent, e.g. dendritic cells, B cells or even other T cells. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms that mediate the polarization of different membrane receptors, cytoskeletal components and organelles in T cells in a variety of immune contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Torralba
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Intercellular Communication Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - N B Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Intercellular Communication Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - F Sanchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, UAM, IIS-IP, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Area of Vascular Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Intercellular Communication Fundación Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares-Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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71
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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72
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Kim JK, Shin YJ, Ha LJ, Kim DH, Kim DH. Unraveling the Mechanobiology of the Immune System. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801332. [PMID: 30614636 PMCID: PMC7700013 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond and actively adapt to environmental cues in the form of mechanical stimuli. This extends to immune cells and their critical role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Multiple recent studies have begun illuminating underlying mechanisms of mechanosensation in modulating immune cell phenotypes. Since the extracellular microenvironment is critical to modify cellular physiology that ultimately determines the functionality of the cell, understanding the interactions between immune cells and their microenvironment is necessary. This review focuses on mechanoregulation of immune responses mediated by macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, in the context of modern mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ki Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Shin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Leslie Jaesun Ha
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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73
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Abstract
T cells effectively explore the tissue in search for antigens. When activated, they dedicate a big amount of energy and resources to arrange a complex structure called immunological synapse (IS), containing a particular distribution of molecules defined as supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs), and become polarized toward the target cell in a manner that channels the information specifically. This arrangement is symmetrical and requires the polarization of the MTOC and the Golgi to be operational, especially for the proper delivery of lytic granules and the recycling of molecules three dimensionally segregated at the clustered interface. Alternatively, after the productive encounter, T cells need to rearrange again to newly navigate through the tissue, changing back to a motile state called immunological kinapse (IK). In this IK state, the MTOC and the Golgi apparatus are repositioned and recruited at the back of the T cell to facilitate motility, while the established symmetry of the elements of the SMACs is broken and distributed in a different pattern. Both states, IS and IK, are interchangeable and are mainly orchestrated by the MTOC/Golgi complex, being critical for an effective immune response.
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74
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Castro-Sánchez P, Ramirez-Munoz R, Martín-Cófreces NB, Aguilar-Sopeña O, Alegre-Gomez S, Hernández-Pérez S, Reyes R, Zeng Q, Cabañas C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Roda-Navarro P. Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-1 (PRL-1) Regulates Actin Dynamics During Immunological Synapse Assembly and T Cell Effector Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2655. [PMID: 30515156 PMCID: PMC6255827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory role of most dual specific phosphatases during T cell activation remains unknown. Here, we have studied the expression and function of phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs: PRL-1, PRL-2, and PRL-3) during T cell activation, as well as, the dynamic delivery of PRL-1 to the Immunological Synapse (IS). We found that T cell activation downregulates the expression of PRL-2, resulting in an increased PRL-1/PRL-2 ratio. PRL-1 redistributed at the IS in two stages: Initially, it was transiently accumulated at scanning membranes enriched in CD3 and actin, and at later times, it was delivered at the contact site from pericentriolar, CD3ζ-containing, vesicles. Once at the established IS, PRL-1 distributed to LFA-1 and CD3ε sites. Remarkably, PRL-1 was found to regulate actin dynamics during IS assembly and the secretion of IL-2. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the catalytic activity of the three PRLs reduced the secretion of IL-2. These results provide evidence indicating a regulatory role of PRL-1 during IS assembly and highlight the involvement of PRLs in immune responses by mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Castro-Sánchez
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Ramirez-Munoz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa B Martín-Cófreces
- Servicio de Inmunología. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Aguilar-Sopeña
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alegre-Gomez
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Hernández-Pérez
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Reyes
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBM-SO), Mayor Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBM-SO), Mayor Council of Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Servicio de Inmunología. Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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75
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Roy NH, Burkhardt JK. The Actin Cytoskeleton: A Mechanical Intermediate for Signal Integration at the Immunological Synapse. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:116. [PMID: 30283780 PMCID: PMC6156151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is a specialized structure that serves as a platform for cell-cell communication between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC). Engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR) with cognate peptide-MHC complexes on the APC activates the T cell and instructs its differentiation. Proper T cell activation also requires engagement of additional receptor-ligand pairs, which promote sustained adhesion and deliver costimulatory signals. These events are orchestrated by T cell actin dynamics, which organize IS components and facilitate their signaling. The actin network flows from the edge of the cell inward, driving the centralization of TCR microclusters and providing the force to activate the integrin LFA-1. We recently showed that engagement of LFA-1 slows actin flow, and that this affects TCR signaling. This study highlights the physical nature of the IS, and contributes to a growing appreciation in the field that mechanosensing and mechanotransduction are essential for IS function. Additionally, it is becoming clear that there are multiple types of actin structures at the IS that promote signaling in distinct ways. How the different actin structures contribute to force production and mechanotransduction is just beginning to be explored. In this Perspective, we will feature recent work from our lab and others, that collectively points toward a model in which actin dynamics drive mechanical signaling and receptor crosstalk during T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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76
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The actin remodeling protein cofilin is crucial for thymic αβ but not γδ T-cell development. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005380. [PMID: 29985916 PMCID: PMC6053251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin is an essential actin remodeling protein promoting depolymerization and severing of actin filaments. To address the relevance of cofilin for the development and function of T cells in vivo, we generated knock-in mice in which T-cell-specific nonfunctional (nf) cofilin was expressed instead of wild-type (WT) cofilin. Nf cofilin mice lacked peripheral αβ T cells and showed a severe thymus atrophy. This was caused by an early developmental arrest of thymocytes at the double negative (DN) stage. Importantly, even though DN thymocytes expressed the TCRβ chain intracellularly, they completely lacked TCRβ surface expression. In contrast, nf cofilin mice possessed normal numbers of γδ T cells. Their functionality was confirmed in the γδ T-cell-driven, imiquimod (IMQ)-induced, psoriasis-like murine model. Overall, this study not only highlights the importance of cofilin for early αβ T-cell development but also shows for the first time that an actin-binding protein is differentially involved in αβ versus γδ T-cell development.
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77
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Finetti F, Baldari CT. The immunological synapse as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:118-133. [PMID: 29898412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cell mediated immunity relies on the assembly of a highly specialized interface between T cell and antigen presenting cell (APC), known as the immunological synapse (IS). IS assembly is triggered when the T cell receptor (TCR) binds to specific peptide antigen presented in association to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by the APC, and is followed by the spatiotemporal dynamic redistribution of TCR, integrins, co-stimulatory receptors and signaling molecules, allowing for the fine-tuning and integration of the signals that lead to T cell activation. The knowledge acquired to date about the mechanisms of IS assembly underscores this structure as a robust pharmacological target. The activity of molecules involved in IS assembly and function can be targeted by specific compounds to modulate the immune response in a number of disorders, including cancers and autoimmune diseases, or in transplanted patients. Here, we will review the state-of-the art of the current therapies which exploit the IS to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy.
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
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78
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de la Zerda A, Kratochvil MJ, Suhar NA, Heilshorn SC. Review: Bioengineering strategies to probe T cell mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:021501. [PMID: 31069295 PMCID: PMC6324202 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a major role in adaptive immune response, and T cell dysfunction can lead to the progression of several diseases that are often associated with changes in the mechanical properties of tissues. However, the concept that mechanical forces play a vital role in T cell activation and signaling is relatively new. The endogenous T cell microenvironment is highly complex and dynamic, involving multiple, simultaneous cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. This native complexity has made it a challenge to isolate the effects of mechanical stimuli on T cell activation. In response, researchers have begun developing engineered platforms that recapitulate key aspects of the native microenvironment to dissect these complex interactions in order to gain a better understanding of T cell mechanotransduction. In this review, we first describe some of the unique characteristics of T cells and the mounting research that has shown they are mechanosensitive. We then detail the specific bioengineering strategies that have been used to date to measure and perturb the mechanical forces at play during T cell activation. In addition, we look at engineering strategies that have been used successfully in mechanotransduction studies for other cell types and describe adaptations that may make them suitable for use with T cells. These engineering strategies can be classified as 2D, so-called 2.5D, or 3D culture systems. In the future, findings from this emerging field will lead to an optimization of culture environments for T cell expansion and the development of new T cell immunotherapies for cancer and other immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi de la Zerda
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A Suhar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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79
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Zhang MS, Tran PM, Wolff AJ, Tremblay MM, Fosdick MG, Houtman JCD. Glycerol monolaurate induces filopodia formation by disrupting the association between LAT and SLP-76 microclusters. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/528/eaam9095. [PMID: 29717064 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam9095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is a monoglyceride with potent antimicrobial properties that suppresses T cell receptor (TCR)-induced signaling and T cell effector function. Actin rearrangement is needed for the interaction of T cells with antigen-presenting cells and for migration to sites of infection. Because of the critical role actin rearrangement plays in T cell effector function, we analyzed the effect of GML on the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton after TCR activation. We found that GML-treated human T cells were less adherent than untreated T cells and did not form actin ring structures but instead developed numerous inappropriate actin-mediated filopodia. The formation of these filopodia was not due to disruption of TCR-proximal regulators of actin or microtubule polymerization. Instead, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy demonstrated mislocalization of actin nucleation protein Arp2 microclusters, but not those containing the adaptor proteins SLP-76 and WASp, or the actin nucleation protein ARPC3, which are necessary for TCR-induced actin rearrangement. Additionally, SLP-76 microclusters colocalized with WASp and WAVE microclusters but not with LAT. Together, our data suggest that GML alters actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and identify diverse functions for GML as a T cell-suppressive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Phuong M Tran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alexander J Wolff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mikaela M Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Micaela G Fosdick
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. .,Biomedical Sciences Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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80
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Unger MS, Marschallinger J, Kaindl J, Klein B, Johnson M, Khundakar AA, Roßner S, Heneka MT, Couillard-Despres S, Rockenstein E, Masliah E, Attems J, Aigner L. Doublecortin expression in CD8+ T-cells and microglia at sites of amyloid-β plaques: A potential role in shaping plaque pathology? Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1022-1037. [PMID: 29630865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One characteristic of Alzheimer's disease is the formation of amyloid-β plaques, which are typically linked to neuroinflammation and surrounded by inflammatory cells such as microglia and infiltrating immune cells. METHODS Here, we describe nonneurogenic doublecortin (DCX) positive cells, DCX being generally used as a marker for young immature neurons, at sites of amyloid-β plaques in various transgenic amyloid mouse models and in human brains with plaque pathology. RESULTS The plaque-associated DCX+ cells were not of neurogenic identity, instead most of them showed coexpression with markers for microglia (ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1) and for phagocytosis (CD68 and TREM2). Another subpopulation of plaque-associated DCX+ cells was negative for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 but was highly positive for the pan-leukocyte marker CD45. These hematopoietic cells were identified as CD3-and CD8-positive and CD4-negative T-cells. DISCUSSION Peculiarly, the DCX+/ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1+ microglia and DCX+/CD8+ T-cells were closely attached, suggesting that these two cell types are tightly interacting and that this interaction might shape plaque pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Unger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Marschallinger
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Julia Kaindl
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Klein
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mary Johnson
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ahmad A Khundakar
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Steffen Roßner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- University Hospital Bonn, Clinic and Polyclinic for Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Despres
- Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Edward Rockenstein
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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81
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Calvo V, Izquierdo M. Imaging Polarized Secretory Traffic at the Immune Synapse in Living T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:684. [PMID: 29681902 PMCID: PMC5897431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune synapse (IS) formation by T lymphocytes constitutes a crucial event involved in antigen-specific, cellular and humoral immune responses. After IS formation by T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, the convergence of secretory vesicles toward the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and MTOC polarization to the IS are involved in polarized secretion at the synaptic cleft. This specialized mechanism appears to specifically provide the immune system with a fine strategy to increase the efficiency of crucial secretory effector functions of T lymphocytes, while minimizing non-specific, cytokine-mediated stimulation of bystander cells, target cell killing and activation-induced cell death. The molecular bases involved in the polarized secretory traffic toward the IS in T lymphocytes have been the focus of interest, thus different models and several imaging strategies have been developed to gain insights into the mechanisms governing directional secretory traffic. In this review, we deal with the most widely used, state-of-the-art approaches to address the molecular mechanisms underlying this crucial, immune secretory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Izquierdo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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82
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Kabanova A, Zurli V, Baldari CT. Signals Controlling Lytic Granule Polarization at the Cytotoxic Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515593 PMCID: PMC5826174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immunity relies on specialized effector T cells, the cytotoxic T cells, which are endowed with specialized cytolytic machinery that permits them to induce death of their targets. Upon recognition of a target cell, cytotoxic T cells form a lytic immune synapse and by docking the microtubule-organizing center at the synaptic membrane get prepared to deliver a lethal hit of enzymes contained in lytic granules. New insights suggest that the directionality of lytic granule trafficking along the microtubules represents a fine means to tune the functional outcome of the encounter between a T cell and its target. Thus, mechanisms regulating the directionality of granule transport may have a major impact in settings characterized by evasion from the cytotoxic response, such as chronic infection and cancer. Here, we review our current knowledge on the signaling pathways implicated in the polarized trafficking at the immune synapse of cytotoxic T cells, complementing it with information on the regulation of this process in natural killer cells. Furthermore, we highlight some of the parameters which we consider critical in studying the polarized trafficking of lytic granules, including the use of freshly isolated cytotoxic T cells, and discuss some of the major open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zurli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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83
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Choi J, Pease DR, Chen S, Zhang B, Phee H. P21-activated kinase 2 is essential in maintenance of peripheral Foxp3 + regulatory T cells. Immunology 2018; 154:309-321. [PMID: 29297928 PMCID: PMC5980155 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21‐activated kinase 2 (Pak2), an effector molecule of the Rho family GTPases Rac and Cdc42, regulates diverse functions of T cells. Previously, we showed that Pak2 is required for development and maturation of T cells in the thymus, including thymus‐derived regulatory T (Treg) cells. However, whether Pak2 is required for the functions of various subsets of peripheral T cells, such as naive CD4 and helper T‐cell subsets including Foxp3+ Treg cells, is unknown. To determine the role of Pak2 in CD4 T cells in the periphery, we generated inducible Pak2 knockout (KO) mice, in which Pak2 was deleted in CD4 T cells acutely by administration of tamoxifen. Temporal deletion of Pak2 greatly reduced the number of Foxp3+ Treg cells, while minimally affecting the homeostasis of naive CD4 T cells. Pak2 was required for proliferation and Foxp3 expression of Foxp3+ Treg cells upon T‐cell receptor and interleukin‐2 stimulation, differentiation of in vitro induced Treg cells, and activation of naive CD4 T cells. Together, Pak2 is essential in maintaining the peripheral Treg cell pool by providing proliferation and maintenance signals to Foxp3+ Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Randall Pease
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hyewon Phee
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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84
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Mamonkin M, Mukherjee M, Srinivasan M, Sharma S, Gomes-Silva D, Mo F, Krenciute G, Orange JS, Brenner MK. Reversible Transgene Expression Reduces Fratricide and Permits 4-1BB Costimulation of CAR T Cells Directed to T-cell Malignancies. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:47-58. [PMID: 29079655 PMCID: PMC5963729 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T cells expressing second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) specific for CD5, a T-cell surface marker present on normal and malignant T cells, can selectively kill tumor cells. We aimed to improve this killing by substituting the CD28 costimulatory endodomain (28.z) with 4-1BB (BB.z), as 28.z CD5 CAR T cells rapidly differentiated into short-lived effector cells. In contrast, 4-1BB costimulation is known to promote development of the central memory subpopulation. Here, we found BB.z CD5 CAR T cells had impaired growth compared with 28.z CD5.CAR T cells, due to increased T-cell-T-cell fratricide. We demonstrate that TRAF signaling from the 4-1BB endodomain upregulated the intercellular adhesion molecule 1, which stabilized the fratricidal immunologic synapse between CD5 CAR T cells. As the surviving BB.z CD5 CAR T cells retained the desired central memory phenotype, we aimed to circumvent the 4-1BB-mediated toxicity using a regulated expression system that reversibly inhibits CAR expression. This system minimized CAR signaling and T-cell fratricide during in vitro expansion in the presence of a small-molecule inhibitor, and restored CAR expression and antitumor function of transduced T cells in vivo These studies reveal a mechanism by which 4-1BB costimulation impairs expansion of CD5 CAR T cells and offer a solution to mitigate this toxicity. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 47-58. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD5 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2/metabolism
- Transgenes
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Mamonkin
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Madhuwanti Srinivasan
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sandhya Sharma
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Diogo Gomes-Silva
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Feiyan Mo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Giedre Krenciute
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Malcolm K Brenner
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Shimojima Y, Matsuda M, Ishii W, Kishida D, Sekijima Y. T-cell receptor-mediated characteristic signaling pathway of peripheral blood T cells in dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:481-490. [PMID: 29172719 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1405942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of T cell expression in peripheral blood have been previously described in dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM); however, their intracellular signaling profiles remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated intracellular signaling in peripheral blood T cells in DM and PM. Peripheral blood T cells from 86 patients with DM (n = 57) and PM (n = 29) were used for experimental investigations. T-cell subtypes and TCR-induced phosphorylated zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (pZAP70) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and some inhibitory factors in T cells with TCR stimulation were also investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. T cell counts were significantly lower in DM than in PM. In addition, STAT, forkhead box transcription factor (FoxP3), and pZAP70 expression in CD4+ T cells was suppressed in DM, whereas STAT and pZAP70 expression in CD8+ T cells was induced in PM. Especially in DM, a positive correlation between CD4+ T cell counts and STAT expression was detected. In addition, low CD4+ T cell counts as well as reduced STAT expression were prominent in patients with interstitial lung disease. STAT and pZAP70 expression significantly improved after clinical remission in both DM and PM, although expression of FoxP3 remained suppressed. Besides, upregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) and downregulation of interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST) in CD4+ T cells were observed in both DM and PM; however, no significant improvements were detected after clinical remission. The results of the present study suggested that TCR-mediated signaling may be a key pathway to determine the different characteristics of peripheral blood T cells between DM and PM. In addition, upregulation of SOCS3 and downregulation of IL6ST and FoxP3 in CD4+ T cells may cause an imbalance in intracellular signaling, especially in DM, suggesting that further studies are required to identify how the impaired signaling contributes to the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimojima
- a Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology) , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsuda
- a Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology) , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Wataru Ishii
- a Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology) , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Dai Kishida
- a Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology) , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- a Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology) , Shinshu University School of Medicine , Matsumoto , Japan.,b Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Shinshu University , Matsumoto , Japan
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Xiong Y, Ye C, Yang N, Li M, Liu H. Ubc9 Binds to ADAP and Is Required for Rap1 Membrane Recruitment, Rac1 Activation, and Integrin-Mediated T Cell Adhesion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4142-4154. [PMID: 29127148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the immune adaptor adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP) acts as a key mediator of integrin inside-out signaling leading to T cell adhesion, the regulation of this adaptor during integrin activation and clustering remains unclear. We now identify Ubc9, the sole small ubiquitin-related modifier E2 conjugase, as an essential regulator of ADAP where it is required for TCR-induced membrane recruitment of the small GTPase Rap1 and its effector protein RapL and for activation of the small GTPase Rac1 in T cell adhesion. We show that Ubc9 interacted directly with ADAP in vitro and in vivo, and the association was increased in response to anti-CD3 stimulation. The Ubc9-binding domain on ADAP was mapped to a nuclear localization sequence (aa 674-700) within ADAP. Knockdown of Ubc9 by short hairpin RNA or expression of the Ubc9-binding-deficient ADAP mutant significantly decreased TCR-induced integrin adhesion to ICAM-1 and fibronectin, as well as LFA-1 clustering, although it had little effect on the TCR proximal signaling responses and TCR-induced IL-2 transcription. Furthermore, downregulation of Ubc9 impaired TCR-mediated Rac1 activation and attenuated the membrane targeting of Rap1 and RapL, but not Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule. Taken together, our data demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that Ubc9 acts as a functional binding partner of ADAP and plays a selective role in integrin-mediated T cell adhesion via modulation of Rap1-RapL membrane recruitment and Rac1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; and
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Naiqi Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; and
| | - Madanqi Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; and
| | - Hebin Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; and .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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87
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are effector CD8+ T cells that eradicate infected and malignant cells. Here we show that the transcription factor NFATc1 controls the cytotoxicity of mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Activation of Nfatc1−/− cytotoxic T lymphocytes showed a defective cytoskeleton organization and recruitment of cytosolic organelles to immunological synapses. These cells have reduced cytotoxicity against tumor cells, and mice with NFATc1-deficient T cells are defective in controlling Listeria infection. Transcriptome analysis shows diminished RNA levels of numerous genes in Nfatc1−/− CD8+ T cells, including Tbx21, Gzmb and genes encoding cytokines and chemokines, and genes controlling glycolysis. Nfatc1−/−, but not Nfatc2−/− CD8+ T cells have an impaired metabolic switch to glycolysis, which can be restored by IL-2. Genome-wide ChIP-seq shows that NFATc1 binds many genes that control cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. Together these data indicate that NFATc1 is an important regulator of cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector functions. NFAT nuclear translocation has been shown to be required for CD8+ T cell cytokine production in response to viral infection. Here the authors show NFATc1 controls the cytotoxicity and metabolic switching of activated CD8+ T cells required for optimal response to bacteria and tumor cells.
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88
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Arp2/3 complex controls T cell homeostasis by maintaining surface TCR levels via regulating TCR + endosome trafficking. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8952. [PMID: 28827576 PMCID: PMC5566485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is important for T cell homeostasis and function. However, how surface TCR levels are regulated and its biological significance on T cells remains largely unknown. Here, we show that the T cell-specific deletion of Arpc2, a component of Arp2/3 complex, results in compromised peripheral T cell homeostasis. Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin filaments are essential for maintaining surface TCR levels by regulating TCR+ endosome trafficking in resting state and controlling polarization of TCR+ endosomes during immune synapse formation in T cells. Additionally, Arpc2-TKO T cells are unable to form immune synapse. Interestingly, defected T cell homeostasis is caused by reduced surface TCR levels but not impaired immune synapse formation. Collectively, our findings suggest that Arp2/3 complex-nucleated actin filaments are required for maintaining surface TCR levels via regulating TCR+ endosome trafficking which is essential for T cell homeostasis.
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89
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Raft-dependent endocytic movement and intracellular cluster formation during T cell activation triggered by concanavalin A. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:685-693. [PMID: 28711300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Certain food ingredients can stimulate the human immune system. A lectin, concanavalin A (ConA), from Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) is one of the most well-known food-derived immunostimulants and mediates activation of cell-mediated immunity through T cell proliferation. Generally, T cell activation is known to be triggered by the interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via a juxtacrine (contact-dependent) signaling pathway. The mechanism has been well characterized and is referred to as formation of the immunological synapse (IS). We were interested in the mechanism behind the T cell activation by food-derived ConA which might be different from that of T cell activation by APCs. The purpose of this study was to characterize T cell activation by ConA with regard to (i) movement of raft domain, (ii) endocytic vesicular transport, (iii) the cytoskeleton (actin and microtubules), and (iv) cholesterol composition. We found that raft-dependent endocytic movement was important for T cell activation by ConA and this movement was dependent on actin, microtubules, and cholesterol. The T cell signaling mechanism triggered by ConA can be defined as endocrine signaling which is distinct from the activation process triggered by interaction between T cells and APCs by juxtacrine signaling. Therefore, we hypothesized that T cell activation by ConA includes both two-dimensional superficial raft movement on the membrane surface along actin filaments and three-dimensional endocytic movement toward the inside of the cell along microtubules. These findings are important for developing new methods for immune stimulation and cancer therapy based on the function of ConA.
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90
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Fritzsche M, Fernandes RA, Chang VT, Colin-York H, Clausen MP, Felce JH, Galiani S, Erlenkämper C, Santos AM, Heddleston JM, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Waithe D, de la Serna JB, Lagerholm BC, Liu TL, Chew TL, Betzig E, Davis SJ, Eggeling C. Cytoskeletal actin dynamics shape a ramifying actin network underpinning immunological synapse formation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603032. [PMID: 28691087 PMCID: PMC5479650 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation and especially trafficking of T cell receptor microclusters during immunological synapse formation are widely thought to rely on cytoskeletal remodeling. However, important details on the involvement of actin in the latter transport processes are missing. Using a suite of advanced optical microscopes to analyze resting and activated T cells, we show that, following contact formation with activating surfaces, these cells sequentially rearrange their cortical actin across the entire cell, creating a previously unreported ramifying actin network above the immunological synapse. This network shows all the characteristics of an inward-growing transportation network and its dynamics correlating with T cell receptor rearrangements. This actin reorganization is accompanied by an increase in the nanoscale actin meshwork size and the dynamic adjustment of the turnover times and filament lengths of two differently sized filamentous actin populations, wherein formin-mediated long actin filaments support a very flat and stiff contact at the immunological synapse interface. The initiation of immunological synapse formation, as highlighted by calcium release, requires markedly little contact with activating surfaces and no cytoskeletal rearrangements. Our work suggests that incipient signaling in T cells initiates global cytoskeletal rearrangements across the whole cell, including a stiffening process for possibly mechanically supporting contact formation at the immunological synapse interface as well as a central ramified transportation network apparently directed at the consolidation of the contact and the delivery of effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fritzsche
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica T. Chang
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Huw Colin-York
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Mathias P. Clausen
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Center for Biomembrane Physics (MEMPHYS), University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - James H. Felce
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Silvia Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | | | - Ana M. Santos
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - John M. Heddleston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | | | - Dominic Waithe
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell-Oxford Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - B. Christoffer Lagerholm
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tsung-li Liu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 11010 Torreyana Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Simon J. Davis
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Wolfson Imaging Centre, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Corresponding author. (M.F.); (C.E.)
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91
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Yan H, Zhang P, Kong X, Hou X, Zhao L, Li T, Yuan X, Fu H. Primary Tr1 cells from metastatic melanoma eliminate tumor-promoting macrophages through granzyme B- and perforin-dependent mechanisms. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317697554. [PMID: 28378637 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317697554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In malignant melanoma, tumor-associated macrophages play multiple roles in promoting tumor growth, such as inducing the transformation of melanocytes under ultraviolet irradiation, increasing angiogenesis in melanomas, and suppressing antitumor immunity. Because granzyme B- and perforin-expressing Tr1 cells could specifically eliminate antigen-presenting cells of myeloid origin, we examined whether Tr1 cells in melanoma could eliminate tumor-promoting macrophages and how the interaction between Tr1 cells and macrophages could affect the growth of melanoma cells. Tr1 cells were characterized by high interleukin 10 secretion and low Foxp3 expression and were enriched in the CD4+CD49b+LAG-3+ T-cell fraction. Macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocytes in the presence of modified melanoma-conditioned media demonstrated tumor-promoting capacity, exemplified by improving the proliferation of cocultured A375 malignant melanoma cells. But when primary Tr1 cells were present in the macrophage-A375 coculture, the growth of A375 cells was abrogated. The conventional CD25+ Treg cells, however, were unable to inhibit macrophage-mediated increase in tumor cell growth. Further analyses showed that Tr1 cells did not directly eliminate A375 cells, but mediated the killing of tumor-promoting macrophages through the secretion of granzyme B and perforin. The tumor-infiltrating interleukin 10+Foxp3-CD4+ T cells expressed very low levels of granzyme B and perforin, possibly suggested the downregulation of Tr1 cytotoxic capacity in melanoma tumors. Together, these data demonstrated an antitumor function of Tr1 cells through the elimination of tumor-promoting macrophages, which was not shared by conventional Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Yan
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- 2 Jining Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Xue Kong
- 3 Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianglian Hou
- 4 Department of Supply and Services, Jiaxiang County People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Li Zhao
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
| | - Tianhang Li
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
| | - Xiaozhou Yuan
- 5 DICAT Biomedical Computation Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongjun Fu
- 1 Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Jining City, Jining, China
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92
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Galgano D, Onnis A, Pappalardo E, Galvagni F, Acuto O, Baldari CT. The T cell IFT20 interactome reveals new players in immune synapse assembly. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1110-1121. [PMID: 28154159 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained signalling at the immune synapse (IS) requires the synaptic delivery of recycling endosome-associated T cell antigen receptors (TCRs). IFT20, a component of the intraflagellar transport system, controls TCR recycling to the IS as a complex with IFT57 and IFT88. Here, we used quantitative mass spectrometry to identify additional interaction partners of IFT20 in Jurkat T cells. In addition to IFT57 and IFT88, the analysis revealed new binding partners, including IFT54 (also known as TRAF3IP1), GMAP-210 (also known as TRIP11), Arp2/3 complex subunit-3 (ARPC3), COP9 signalosome subunit-1 (CSN1, also known as GPS1) and ERGIC-53 (also known as LMAN1). A direct interaction between IFT20 and both IFT54 and GMAP-210 was confirmed in pulldown assays. Confocal imaging of antigen-specific conjugates using T cells depleted of these proteins by RNA interference showed that TCR accumulation and phosphotyrosine signalling at the IS were impaired in the absence of IFT54, ARPC3 or ERGIC-53. Similar to in IFT20-deficient T cells, this defect resulted from a reduced ability of endosomal TCRs to polarize to the IS despite a correct translocation of the centrosome towards the antigen-presenting cell contact. Our data underscore the traffic-related role of an IFT20 complex that includes components of the intracellular trafficking machinery in IS assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Galgano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Elisa Pappalardo
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Federico Galvagni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Oreste Acuto
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
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93
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Identification of novel autoantigens via mass spectroscopy-based antibody-mediated identification of autoantigens (MS-AMIDA) using immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) as a model disease. J Proteomics 2017; 157:59-70. [PMID: 28137667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is one of the best characterized autoimmune diseases. Autoantibodies (AABs) against platelet antigens are considered as the diagnostic hallmark of ITP, but are detectable in only 50% of patients. We designed and applied a novel proteomic approach termed Mass Spectroscopy-based Antibody-Mediated Identification of Autoantigens (MS-AMIDA) for platelet antigens. Patients were separated into patients with classical AABs [ITP(+)] and patients without AABs [ITP(-)]. Altogether, 181 potential AAGs were found in ITP(+) and 135 AAGs in ITP(-), with 34 and 23 AAGs reproducibly found in two runs of MS-AMIDA. After subtracting identifiers from the controls, 57 AAGs in ITP(+) and 29 AAGs in ITP(+) remained, with 16 AAGs commonly found in ITP(+) and ITP(-) patients. Label-free quantification (LFQ) revealed 15 potential AAGs that are quantitatively stronger in ITP. Dot blot validation was performed on hexokinase 1 (HK1), E1 pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1-PDH), coagulation factor XIII, filamin A (FLNA), non-muscle myosin 9. Eleven patients were found to have anti-HK1 AABs, one patient had anti-E1-PDH AABs, and two patients had anti-FLNA AABs. Most antigens were of intracellular origin with significant association with actin-cytoskeleton and regulation of programmed cell death. In conclusion, novel AAGs for ITP were identified using MS-AMIDA.
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94
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Surface-bound bovine serum albumin carrier protein as present in recombinant cytokine preparations amplifies T helper 17 cell polarization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36598. [PMID: 27808281 PMCID: PMC5093436 DOI: 10.1038/srep36598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of T helper 17 lineage (TH17) polarization has been significantly promoted by cell culture experiments that reduce the complexity of the in vivo environment. We here investigated TH17 amplification by coating of cytokine preparations. Cytokine preparations coated to the surface compared to the same amount given in solution significantly enhanced TH17 polarization assessed by flow cytometry and interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-17F and RORγt mRNA expression. T cell proliferation and TH1 polarization were similarly enhanced while TREG polarization was impeded. TH17 amplification was replicated by coating the plate with low amounts of FCS or albumin as used as carrier protein for cytokines (0.5 μl 0.1%). It was unaltered by filtration, protein digestion and arylhydrocarbon receptor blockade, not replicated by LPS and independent of integrin stimulation. TH17 amplification required anti-CD3 stimulation and was T cell intrinsic. Supernatants of CD4+ cells polarized on coated cytokine preparations with carrier albumin conferred amplification to fresh splenocytes. Coating markedly elevated CD4+ IL-22 mRNA expression and IL-22 blockade significantly reduced TH17 amplification. Our data show TH17 amplification by coated albumin in the low amounts present in recombinant cytokine preparations. This unexpected adjuvant like effect underscores the need for controls also for temporal and spatial factors in cell culture.
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95
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Hatano A, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI. Phosphoproteomics analyses show subnetwork systems in T-cell receptor signaling. Genes Cells 2016; 21:1095-1112. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hatano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Medical Institute of Bioregulation; Kyushu University; 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
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96
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Hartzell CA, Jankowska KI, Burkhardt JK, Lewis RS. Calcium influx through CRAC channels controls actin organization and dynamics at the immune synapse. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27440222 PMCID: PMC4956410 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) engagement opens Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels and triggers formation of an immune synapse between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. At the synapse, actin reorganizes into a concentric lamellipod and lamella with retrograde actin flow that helps regulate the intensity and duration of TCR signaling. We find that Ca2+ influx is required to drive actin organization and dynamics at the synapse. Calcium acts by promoting actin depolymerization and localizing actin polymerization and the actin nucleation promotion factor WAVE2 to the periphery of the lamellipod while suppressing polymerization elsewhere. Ca2+-dependent retrograde actin flow corrals ER tubule extensions and STIM1/Orai1 complexes to the synapse center, creating a self-organizing process for CRAC channel localization. Our results demonstrate a new role for Ca2+ as a critical regulator of actin organization and dynamics at the synapse, and reveal potential feedback loops through which Ca2+ influx may modulate TCR signaling. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14850.001 An effective immune response requires the immune system to rapidly recognize and respond to foreign invaders. Immune cells known as T cells recognize infection through a protein on their surface known as the T cell receptor. The T cell receptor binds to foreign proteins displayed on the surface of other cells. This interaction initiates a chain of events, including the opening of calcium channels embedded in the T cell membrane known as CRAC channels, which allows calcium ions to flow into the cell. These events ultimately lead to the activation of the T cell, enabling it to mount an immune response against the foreign invader. As part of the activation process, the T cell spreads over the surface of the cell that is displaying foreign proteins to form an extensive interface known as an immune synapse. The movement of the T cell's internal skeleton (the cytoskeleton) is crucial for the formation and function of the synapse. Actin filaments, a key component of the cytoskeleton, flow from the edge of the synapse toward the center; these rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton help to transport clusters of T cell receptors to the center of the synapse and enable the T cell receptors to transmit signals that lead to the T cell being activated. It is not entirely clear how the binding of T cell receptors to foreign proteins drives the actin rearrangements, but there is indirect evidence suggesting that calcium ions may be involved. Hartzell et al. have now investigated the interactions between calcium and the actin cytoskeleton at the immune synapse in human T cells. T cells were placed on glass so that they formed immune synapse-like connections with the surface, and actin movements at the synapse were visualized using a specialized type of fluorescence microscopy. When calcium ions were prevented from entering the T cell, the movement of actin stopped almost entirely. Thus, the flow of calcium ions into the T cell through CRAC channels is essential for driving the actin movements that underlie immune synapse development and T cell activation. In further experiments, Hartzell et al. tracked the movements of CRAC channels and actin at the synapse and found that actin filaments create a constricting “corral” that concentrates CRAC channels in the center of the synapse. Thus, by driving cytoskeleton movement, calcium ions also help to organize calcium channels at the immune synapse. Future work will focus on identifying the actin remodeling proteins that enable calcium ions to control this process. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14850.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Hartzell
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Janis K Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Richard S Lewis
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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97
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Jung SH, Yoo EH, Yu MJ, Song HM, Kang HY, Cho JY, Lee JR. ARAP, a Novel Adaptor Protein, Is Required for TCR Signaling and Integrin-Mediated Adhesion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:942-52. [PMID: 27335501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel adaptor protein was identified by analyzing phosphotyrosine proteomes from membrane rafts of activated T cells. This protein showed sequence similarity to a well-known T cell adaptor protein, adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP); therefore, the novel protein was designated activation-dependent, raft-recruited ADAP-like phosphoprotein (ARAP). Suppression of ARAP impaired the major signaling pathways downstream of the TCR. ARAP associated with the Src homology 2 domain of Src homology 2-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa via the phosphorylation of two YDDV motifs in response to TCR stimulation. ARAP also mediated integrin activation but was not involved in actin polymerization. The results of this study indicate that a novel T cell adaptor protein, ARAP, plays a unique role in T cells as a part of both the proximal activation signaling and inside-out signaling pathways that result in integrin activation and T cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Jung
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Yoo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; and
| | - Mi Jin Yu
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; and
| | - Hyeon Myeong Song
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Hee Yoon Kang
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Ran Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; and
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98
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Hu KH, Butte MJ. T cell activation requires force generation. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:535-42. [PMID: 27241914 PMCID: PMC4896056 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201511053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor requires force for triggering. Here, Hu and Butte show that T cells generate pushing and pulling forces against an antigen-coated AFM cantilever in an actin-dependent fashion. Exogenous, oscillating forces delivered by the cantilever rescued T cell receptor signaling in the absence of an intact F-actin cytoskeleton. These findings highlight the importance of mechanical forces in T cell activation. Triggering of the T cell receptor (TCR) integrates both binding kinetics and mechanical forces. To understand the contribution of the T cell cytoskeleton to these forces, we triggered T cells using a novel application of atomic force microscopy (AFM). We presented antigenic stimulation using the AFM cantilever while simultaneously imaging with optical microscopy and measuring forces on the cantilever. T cells respond forcefully to antigen after calcium flux. All forces and calcium responses were abrogated upon treatment with an F-actin inhibitor. When we emulated the forces of the T cell using the AFM cantilever, even these actin-inhibited T cells became activated. Purely mechanical stimulation was not sufficient; the exogenous forces had to couple through the TCR. These studies suggest a mechanical–chemical feedback loop in which TCR-triggered T cells generate forceful contacts with antigen-presenting cells to improve access to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Hu
- Stanford Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Manish J Butte
- Stanford Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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99
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Impaired immunological synapse in sperm associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25840. [PMID: 27169488 PMCID: PMC4864328 DOI: 10.1038/srep25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm associated antigen 6 (SPAG6), a component of the central apparatus of the “9 + 2” axoneme, plays a central role in ciliary and flagellar motility; but, its contribution to adaptive immunity and immune system development is completely unknown. While immune cells lack a cilium, the immunological synapse is a surrogate cilium as it utilizes the same machinery as ciliogenesis including the nucleation of microtubules at the centrosome. This prompted our hypothesis that SPAG6 critically regulates the formation and function of immunological synapses. Using bone marrow reconstitution studies of adult WT mice, we demonstrate that SPAG6 is expressed in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, is associated with the centrosome in lymphocytes, and its deficiency results in synapse disruption due to loss of centrosome polarization and actin clearance at the synaptic cleft. Improper synapse formation in Spag6KO mice was associated with defective CTL functions and impaired humoral immunity as indicated by reduced germinal centers reactions, follicular CD4 T cells, and production of class-switched antibody, together with expansion of B1 B cells. This novel report demonstrates the requirement of SPAG6 for optimal synapse formation and function, its direct role in immune cell function, and provides a novel mechanism for infertility disorders related to SPAG6.
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100
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Roybal KT, Buck TE, Ruan X, Cho BH, Clark DJ, Ambler R, Tunbridge HM, Zhang J, Verkade P, Wülfing C, Murphy RF. Computational spatiotemporal analysis identifies WAVE2 and cofilin as joint regulators of costimulation-mediated T cell actin dynamics. Sci Signal 2016; 9:rs3. [PMID: 27095595 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important tools in cell biology research because it provides spatial and temporal information to investigate regulatory systems inside cells. This technique can generate data in the form of signal intensities at thousands of positions resolved inside individual live cells. However, given extensive cell-to-cell variation, these data cannot be readily assembled into three- or four-dimensional maps of protein concentration that can be compared across different cells and conditions. We have developed a method to enable comparison of imaging data from many cells and applied it to investigate actin dynamics in T cell activation. Antigen recognition in T cells by the T cell receptor (TCR) is amplified by engagement of the costimulatory receptor CD28. We imaged actin and eight core actin regulators to generate over a thousand movies of T cells under conditions in which CD28 was either engaged or blocked in the context of a strong TCR signal. Our computational analysis showed that the primary effect of costimulation blockade was to decrease recruitment of the activator of actin nucleation WAVE2 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 2) and the actin-severing protein cofilin to F-actin. Reconstitution of WAVE2 and cofilin activity restored the defect in actin signaling dynamics caused by costimulation blockade. Thus, we have developed and validated an approach to quantify protein distributions in time and space for the analysis of complex regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kole T Roybal
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Taráz E Buck
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiongtao Ruan
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Baek Hwan Cho
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Danielle J Clark
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Rachel Ambler
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Helen M Tunbridge
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Christoph Wülfing
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Robert F Murphy
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Departments of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau 79104, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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