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Elchaninov A, Vishnyakova P, Menyailo E, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. An Eye on Kupffer Cells: Development, Phenotype and the Macrophage Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179868. [PMID: 36077265 PMCID: PMC9456487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key participants in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis under normal and pathological conditions, and implement a rich diversity of functions. The largest population of resident tissue macrophages is found in the liver. Hepatic macrophages, termed Kupffer cells, are involved in the regulation of multiple liver functionalities. Specific differentiation profiles and functional activities of tissue macrophages have been attributed to the shaping role of the so-called tissue niche microenvironments. The fundamental macrophage niche concept was lately shaken by a flood of new data, leading to a revision and substantial update of the concept, which constitutes the main focus of this review. The macrophage community discusses contemporary evidence on the developmental origins of resident macrophages, notably Kupffer cells and the issues of heterogeneity of the hepatic macrophage populations, as well as the roles of proliferation, cell death and migration processes in the maintenance of macrophage populations of the liver. Special consideration is given to interactions of Kupffer cells with other local cell lineages, including Ito cells, sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes, which participate in the maintenance of their phenotypical and functional identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Menyailo
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery”, 117418 Moscow, Russia
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Watafua M, Ejiofor JI, Musa A, Ahmad MH. Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) attenuates paracetamol and Bile Duct Ligation-Induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:959661. [PMID: 36059962 PMCID: PMC9437914 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.959661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The plant Acacia sieberiana (Fabaceae) is traditionally used to manage hepatitis. This research work aims to investigate the hepatoprotective effectiveness of root bark extract of Acacia sieberiana (ASE) against paracetamol (PCM) and bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatotoxicity. The phytochemical and median lethal dose (LD50) investigations were conducted. The rats were pre-treated with the ASE (250, 750, and 1,500 mg/kg) once daily via oral route for 7 consecutive days. On the 8th day, liver injury was initiated by PCM administration (2 g/kg). Similarly, in the BDL-induced liver injury, the animals were administered ASE (125, 250, and 380 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 7 consecutive days. After 24 h, blood samples and hepatic tissues were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigations. Results: Phytocomponents determination revealed glycosides, triterpenes, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The oral and intraperitoneal LD50 values of the ASE were >5,000 and 1,300 mg/kg, respectively. The ASE efficiently (p < 0.05) decreased the alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels and elevated the albumin and total protein (TP) levels. The direct bilirubin effectively (p < 0.05) decreased at 750 mg/kg. Besides, the extract efficiently elevated the glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in relation to the PCM hepatotoxic group. Also, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was reduced by the ASE. Meanwhile, in the BDL-induced liver injury, the ASE remarkably (p < 0.05) declined the AST, ALP, bilirubin,and MDA. Besides, there was effective (p < 0.05) elevation in SOD, GPx and CAT in the ASE-treated groups. The morphology of liver tissue was preserved at 125 and 250 mg/kg ASE groups from BDL-induced necrosis and vascular congestion. Conclusion: The study shows that the ASE has hepatoprotective actions against liver damage by possible modulation of biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Watafua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, NG, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, KD, Nigeria
| | - Jane I. Ejiofor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, KD, Nigeria
| | - Aminu Musa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, KD, Nigeria
| | - Mubarak Hussaini Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, KD, Nigeria
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Zhang Q, Wei J, Liu Z, Huang X, Sun M, Lai W, Chen Z, Wu J, Chen Y, Guo X, Huang Q. STING signaling sensing of DRP1-dependent mtDNA release in kupffer cells contributes to lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in mice. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102367. [PMID: 35724543 PMCID: PMC9218162 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant pro-inflammatory activation of Kupffer cells (KCs) is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of septic liver injury. Recent evidence indicates the crucial roles of excessive stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling activation during sepsis. However, the role of STING signaling in septic liver injury remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that STING signaling was markedly activated in KCs isolated from wild type mice after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. STING deficiency effectively protected liver function, attenuated systemic inflammatory response and decreased mortality in LPS-treated mice, which were aggravated by STING agonist (DMXAA). Importantly, STING signaling activation in KCs contributed to LPS-induced liver injury through promoting hepatocyte death. Mechanistically, STING signaling could be activated by release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) through dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-dependent mitochondrial fission in LPS-treated KCs. Additionally, LPS stimulation enhanced DRP1-dependent mitochondrial ROS production, which promoted the leak of mtDNA into the cytosol and subsequent STING signaling activation in KCs. The in vivo experiments showed that pharmacological inhibition of DRP1 with Mdivi-1 partially prevented the activation of STING signaling in KCs isolated from LPS-challenged mice, as well as alleviated liver injury and inhibited systemic inflammatory response. In summary, our study comprehensively confirmed that STING signaling senses the DRP1-dependent release of mtDNA in KCs and its activation might play a key role in LPS-induced liver injury, which offers new sights and therapeutic targets for management of septic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiayi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhuanhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Maomao Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wujiang Lai
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhenfeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yanjia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Ding Q, Chen K, Liu X, Ding C, Zhao Y, Sun S, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu S, Liu W. Modification of taxifolin particles with an enteric coating material promotes repair of acute liver injury in mice through modulation of inflammation and autophagy signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 152:113242. [PMID: 35691160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Taxifolin (TAX) is a flavanol compound with hepatoprotective effect, but its application is severely limited by its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability. Therefore, it is important to urgently find a method to improve the oral bioavailability of TAX. METHODS In this study, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate modified taxifolin liposomes (HPMCAS-TAX-Lips) were prepared by a thin-film dispersion method, and a series of physicochemical properties of the liposomes were studied. The cumulative in vitro release rates of free TAX, taxifolin liposomes (TAX-Lips), and HPMCAS-TAX-Lips in the simulated gastrointestinal fluid were measured by in vitro release experiments, and the effect of HPMCAS-TAX-Lips on the human hepatoellular carcinomas (HepG2) cells was detected by MTT assay. Finally, the hepatoprotective mechanism of HPMCAS-TAX-Lips was explored through in vivo experiments. RESULTS The results showed that the particle size of HPMCAS-TAX-Lips was 100.44 ± 2.85 nm, the zeta potential was - 51.13 ± 0.57 mV, the PDI was 0.170 ± 0.088, and the EE was 87.9 ± 3.73%. The in vitro release results showed that the cumulative release rates of TAX-Lips and HPMCAS-TAX-Lips in simulated gastric fluid for 24 h were 92.60 ± 5.31% and 66.91 ± 1.20%, respectively. The cumulative release rates in simulated intestinal fluid for 24 h were 72.61 ± 4.38% and 53.94 ± 3.2%, respectively. The results of cytotoxicity experiments proved that HPMCAS-TAX-Lips had a significant inhibitory effect on HepG2 cells. In vivo experiments further showed that HPMCAS-TAX-Lips significantly improved the survival rate of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (D-GalN)-induced acute liver injury mice and exerted hepatoprotective effects by regulating the expression of autophagy proteins and inhibiting the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This study proved the significant hepatoprotective effect of HMPCAS-TAX-Lips and provided a new idea for the application of TAX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiteng Ding
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kecheng Chen
- Starsky Medical Research Center, 136001 Siping, Jilin, China
| | - Xinglong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuanbo Ding
- Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology College, Jilin, China
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuwen Sun
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Goldenwell Biotech, Inc, 50 West Liberty Street, Suite 880, Reno , NV 89501 USA.
| | - Wencong Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 130118 Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Lu YF, Zhou JP, Zhou QM, Yang XY, Wang XJ, Yu JN, Zhang JG, Du YZ, Yu RS. Ultra-thin layered double hydroxide-mediated photothermal therapy combine with asynchronous blockade of PD-L1 and NR2F6 inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:351. [PMID: 35907841 PMCID: PMC9338598 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is limited due to low levels of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and deficient checkpoint blockade in this immunologically "cool" tumor. Thus, combination approaches are needed to increase the response rates of ICB and induce synergistic antitumor immunity. Methods Herein, we designed a pH-sensitive multifunctional nanoplatform based on layered double hydroxides (LDHs) loaded with siRNA to block the intracellular immune checkpoint NR2F6, together with the asynchronous blockade surface receptor PD-L1 to induce strong synergistic antitumor immunity. Moreover, photothermal therapy (PTT) generated by LDHs after laser irradiation modified an immunologically “cold” microenvironment to potentiate Nr2f6-siRNA and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Flow cytometry was performed to assess the immune responses initiated by the multifunctional nanoplatform. Results Under the slightly acidic tumor extracellular environment, PEG detached and the re-exposed positively charged LDHs enhanced tumor accumulation and cell uptake. The accumulated siRNA suppressed the signal of dual protumor activity in both immune and H22 tumor cells by silencing the NR2F6 gene, which further reduced the tumor burden and enhanced systemic antitumor immunity. The responses include enhanced tumor infiltration by CD4+ helper T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and mature dendritic cells; the significantly decreased level of immune suppressed regulator T cells. The therapeutic responses were also attributed to the production of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. The prepared nanoparticles also exhibited potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ability, which could serve to guide synergistic immunotherapy treatment. Conclusions In summary, the three combinations of PTT, NR2F6 gene ablation and anti-PD-L1 can promote a synergistic immune response to inhibit the progression of primary HCC tumors and prevent metastasis. This study can be considered a proof-of-concept for the targeting of surface and intracellular immune checkpoints to supplement the existing HCC immunotherapy treatments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01565-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fei Lu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ping Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao-Mei Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Wang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Ni Yu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Guo Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ri-Sheng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Beyer D, Hoff J, Sommerfeld O, Zipprich A, Gaßler N, Press AT. The liver in sepsis: molecular mechanism of liver failure and their potential for clinical translation. Mol Med 2022; 28:84. [PMID: 35907792 PMCID: PMC9338540 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure is a life-threatening complication of infections restricting the host's response to infection. The pivotal role of the liver in metabolic, synthetic, and immunological pathways enforces limits the host's ability to control the immune response appropriately, making it vulnerable to ineffective pathogen resistance and tissue damage. Deregulated networks of liver diseases are gradually uncovered by high-throughput, single-cell resolved OMICS technologies visualizing an astonishing diversity of cell types and regulatory interaction driving tolerogenic signaling in health and inflammation in disease. Therefore, this review elucidates the effects of the dysregulated host response on the liver, consequences for the immune response, and possible avenues for personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Beyer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Jessica Hoff
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Bachstr. 18, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Sommerfeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Bachstr. 18, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Zipprich
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gaßler
- Pathology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Adrian T Press
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany. .,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Bachstr. 18, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Medical Faculty, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Kastanienstr. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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Xu HC, Huang J, Pandyra AA, Pandey P, Wang R, Zhang Z, Zhuang Y, Gertzen CG, Münk C, Herebian D, Borkhardt A, Recher M, Gohlke H, Esposito I, Oberbarnscheidt M, Häussinger D, Lang KS, Lang PA. Single MHC-I Expression Promotes Virus-Induced Liver Immunopathology. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:1620-1633. [PMID: 35166071 PMCID: PMC9234681 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) molecules present epitopes on the cellular surface of antigen-presenting cells to prime cytotoxic clusters of differentiation 8 (CD8)+ T cells (CTLs), which then identify and eliminate other cells such as virus-infected cells bearing the antigen. Human hepatitis virus cohort studies have previously identified MHC-I molecules as promising predictors of viral clearance. However, the underlying functional significance of these predictions is not fully understood. Here, we show that expression of single MHC-I isomers promotes virus-induced liver immunopathology. Specifically, using the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) model system, we found MHC-I proteins to be highly up-regulated during infection. Deletion of one of the two MHC-I isomers histocompatibility antigen 2 (H2)-Db or H2-Kb in C57Bl/6 mice resulted in CTL activation recognizing the remaining MHC-I with LCMV epitopes in increased paucity. This increased CTL response resulted in hepatocyte death, increased caspase activation, and severe metabolic changes in liver tissue following infection with LCMV. Moreover, depletion of CTLs abolished LCMV-induced pathology in these mice with resulting viral persistence. In turn, natural killer (NK) cell depletion further increased antiviral CTL immunity and clearance of LCMV even in the presence of a single MHC-I isomer. Conclusion: Our results suggest that uniform MHC-I molecule expression promotes enhanced CTL immunity during viral infection and contributes to increased CTL-mediated liver cell damage that was alleviated by CD8 or NK cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng C. Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Aleksandra A. Pandyra
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical FacultyCenter of Child and Adolescent HealthHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Zeli Zhang
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Christoph G.W. Gertzen
- John von Neumann Institute for ComputingJülich Supercomputing CenterInstitute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry) and Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (Bioinformatics)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
- Center for Structural StudiesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric CardiologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical ImmunologyMedical FacultyCenter of Child and Adolescent HealthHeinrich‐Heine‐UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Mike Recher
- Immunodeficiency ClinicMedical Outpatient Unit and Immunodeficiency LabDepartment BiomedicineBasel University HospitalBaselSwitzerland
| | - Holger Gohlke
- John von Neumann Institute for ComputingJülich Supercomputing CenterInstitute of Biological Information Processing (Structural Biochemistry) and Institute of Bio‐ and Geosciences (Bioinformatics)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHJülichGermany
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of PathologyMedical FacultyHeinrich‐Heine University and University Hospital of DuesseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | | | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious DiseasesMedical FacultyHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Karl S. Lang
- Institute of ImmunologyMedical FacultyUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Philipp A. Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical FacultyHeinrich Heine UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
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Block H, Rossaint J, Zarbock A. The Fatal Circle of NETs and NET-Associated DAMPs Contributing to Organ Dysfunction. Cells 2022; 11:1919. [PMID: 35741047 PMCID: PMC9222025 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading pathogens or sterile injuries. Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) sense molecules released from inflamed or damaged cells, or foreign molecules resulting from invading pathogens. PRRs can in turn induce inflammatory responses, comprising the generation of cytokines or chemokines, which further induce immune cell recruitment. Neutrophils represent an essential factor in the early immune response and fulfill numerous tasks to fight infection or heal injuries. The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is part of it and was originally attributed to the capture and elimination of pathogens. In the last decade studies revealed a detrimental role of NETs during several diseases, often correlated with an exaggerated immune response. Overwhelming inflammation in single organs can induce remote organ damage, thereby further perpetuating release of inflammatory molecules. Here, we review recent findings regarding damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which are able to induce NET formation, as well as NET components known to act as DAMPs, generating a putative fatal circle of inflammation contributing to organ damage and sequentially occurring remote organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Zarbock
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (H.B.); (J.R.)
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Chang H, Ni Y, Shen C, Li C, He K, Zhu X, Chen L, Chen L, Qiu J, Ji Y, Hou M, Ji M, Xu Z. Peritoneal GATA6 + macrophage drives hepatic immunopathogenesis and maintains the T reg cell niche in the liver. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:77-93. [PMID: 35689656 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The source of macrophages that contribute to human liver disease remains poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to investigate the functional mechanism of peritoneal macrophages in the development of hepatic immunopathology. By performing the natural infection with the blood fluke Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) and the chemically carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced liver injured mouse model, we identified the peritoneal cavity as an essential source of hepatic macrophages. Here, we show that a large number of F4/80+ macrophages was accumulated in the peritoneal cavity during liver injury. An unknown source population of macrophages, which highly expressed GATA6 that is specific to peritoneal macrophages, was found to exist in the injured livers. Peritoneal macrophage deletion by injection with clodronate-containing liposomes led to an attenuated hepatic pathology and the inflammatory microenvironment, while adoptive transfer of macrophages into the abdominal cavity, by contrast, results in restoring liver pathology. Importantly, there are set genes of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, -2, and -3 that are highly related to recruit GATA6+ macrophages during S. japonicum infection, while administration of bindarit, a selective inhibitor of MCPs synthesis, dramatically decreased the hepatic expression of GATA6+ macrophages and thus attenuated hepatic pathology. Furthermore, in vivo study showed that peritoneal macrophages promote hepatic immunopathology is dependent on the accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the liver. Altogether, these data provide the first clear evidence that GATA6+ peritoneal macrophages play critical roles in both the formation of hepatic immunopathology and the accumulation of Tregs cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyue Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunxiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaiyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingfan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minjun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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60
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Murphy JM, Ngai L, Mortha A, Crome SQ. Tissue-Dependent Adaptations and Functions of Innate Lymphoid Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836999. [PMID: 35359972 PMCID: PMC8960279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells reside in distinct niches across organs, where they contribute to tissue homeostasis and rapidly respond to perturbations in the local microenvironment. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a family of innate immune cells that regulate immune and tissue homeostasis. Across anatomical locations throughout the body, ILCs adopt tissue-specific fates, differing from circulating ILC populations. Adaptations of ILCs to microenvironmental changes have been documented in several inflammatory contexts, including obesity, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. While our understanding of ILC functions within tissues have predominantly been based on mouse studies, development of advanced single cell platforms to study tissue-resident ILCs in humans and emerging patient-based data is providing new insights into this lymphocyte family. Within this review, we discuss current concepts of ILC fate and function, exploring tissue-specific functions of ILCs and their contribution to health and disease across organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Murphy
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Q Crome
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Ajmera Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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61
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PD-L1 Silencing in Liver Using siRNAs Enhances Efficacy of Therapeutic Vaccination for Chronic Hepatitis B. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030470. [PMID: 35327662 PMCID: PMC8946278 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, virus-specific T cells are scarce and partially dysfunctional. Therapeutic vaccination is a promising strategy to induce and activate new virus-specific T cells. In long-term or high-level HBV carriers, however, therapeutic vaccination by itself may not suffice to cure HBV. One reason is the impairment of antiviral T cells by immune checkpoints. In this study, we used small-interfering RNA (siRNA) in combination with a heterologous prime-boost therapeutic vaccination scheme (TherVacB) to interfere with a major immune checkpoint, the interaction of programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PDL-1). In mice persistently replicating HBV after infection with an adeno-associated virus harboring the HBV genome, siRNA targeting PD-L1 resulted in a higher functionality of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells after therapeutic vaccination, and allowed for a more sustained antiviral effect and control of HBV in peripheral blood and in the liver. The antiviral effect was more pronounced if PD-L1 was down-regulated during prime than during boost vaccination. Thus, targeting PD-L1 using siRNA is a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination and finally cure HBV.
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Maudet C, Kheloufi M, Levallois S, Gaillard J, Huang L, Gaultier C, Tsai YH, Disson O, Lecuit M. Bacterial inhibition of Fas-mediated killing promotes neuroinvasion and persistence. Nature 2022; 603:900-906. [PMID: 35296858 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections of the central nervous system are among the most serious infections1,2, but the mechanisms by which pathogens access the brain remain poorly understood. The model microorganism Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a major foodborne pathogen that causes neurolisteriosis, one of the deadliest infections of the central nervous system3,4. Although immunosuppression is a well-established host risk factor for neurolisteriosis3,5, little is known about the bacterial factors that underlie the neuroinvasion of Lm. Here we develop a clinically relevant experimental model of neurolisteriosis, using hypervirulent neuroinvasive strains6 inoculated in a humanized mouse model of infection7, and we show that the bacterial surface protein InlB protects infected monocytes from Fas-mediated cell death by CD8+ T cells in a manner that depends on c-Met, PI3 kinase and FLIP. This blockade of specific anti-Lm cellular immune killing lengthens the lifespan of infected monocytes, and thereby favours the transfer of Lm from infected monocytes to the brain. The intracellular niche that is created by InlB-mediated cell-autonomous immune resistance also promotes Lm faecal shedding, which accounts for the selection of InlB as a core virulence gene of Lm. We have uncovered a specific mechanism by which a bacterial pathogen confers an increased lifespan to the cells it infects by rendering them resistant to cell-mediated immunity. This promotes the persistence of Lm within the host, its dissemination to the central nervous system and its transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Maudet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Marouane Kheloufi
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Levallois
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Julien Gaillard
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Lei Huang
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Gaultier
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Yu-Huan Tsai
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France. .,Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center Listeria, Paris, France. .,Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.
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63
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Hu HH, Jeng WJ, Pan MH, Luo WS, Chang CL, Huang YT, Su CY, Chiang CT, Jen CL, Chien YC, Lu SN, Wang LY, Huang LR, Lee MH, Liu J, Nguyen MH, Chen CJ, Yang HI. Serum soluble programmed cell death 1 levels predict spontaneous functional cure in inactive carriers with chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:558-567. [PMID: 35032052 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance is the most important milestone indicating favourable clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). However, it is difficult to achieve due to the impaired HBV-specific immunity, such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-associated T cell exhaustion. We assessed soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) as a novel seromarker for predicting spontaneous HBsAg loss. METHODS Serial serum levels of sPD-1 were evaluated in 1046 untreated hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-seronegative individuals who had achieved undetectable serum HBV DNA. Multiple regression analyses were applied to assess associations among baseline and subsequent sPD-1 levels, HBsAg decline during follow-up, and spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance. RESULTS A total of 390 individuals achieved spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance during 6464.4 person-years of follow-up. Baseline sPD-1 levels were inversely associated with baseline HBsAg levels (qHBsAg) as well as a greater decline in qHBsAg during follow-up. Incidence rates of HBsAg seroclearance were 11.5, 61.7, 96.7 and 151.0 per 1000 person-years for sPD-1 levels of ≥4000, 536-3999, 125-535 and <125 pg/mL, respectively (Ptrend < 0.0001). Compared with baseline sPD-1 levels ≥4000 pg/mL, the rate ratio (95% CI) of HBsAg seroclearance was 2.1 (1.1-3.9), 3.0 (1.6-5.5) and 5.1 (2.8-9.5), for baseline sPD-1 levels of 536-3999, 125-535 and <125 pg/mL, respectively, after adjustment for sex, age and serum alanine aminotransferase and HBsAg levels. CONCLUSION sPD-1 level is a novel marker which independently predicts spontaneous HBsAg seroclearance of HBeAg-negative inactive CHB patients with undetectable HBV DNA. (word count: 234, <250).
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64
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Brugger M, Laschinger M, Lampl S, Schneider A, Manske K, Esfandyari D, Hüser N, Hartmann D, Steiger K, Engelhardt S, Wohlleber D, Knolle PA. High precision-cut liver slice model to study cell-autonomous anti-viral defense of hepatocytes within their microenvironment. JHEP Rep 2022; 4:100465. [PMID: 35462860 PMCID: PMC9019249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Arias CF, Acosta FJ, Fernandez-Arias C. Killing the competition: a theoretical framework for liver-stage malaria. Open Biol 2022; 12:210341. [PMID: 35350863 PMCID: PMC8965401 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first stage of malaria infections takes place inside the host's hepatocytes. Remarkably, Plasmodium parasites do not infect hepatocytes immediately after reaching the liver. Instead, they migrate through several hepatocytes before infecting their definitive host cells, thus increasing their chances of immune destruction. Considering that malaria can proceed normally without cell traversal, this is indeed a puzzling behaviour. In fact, the role of hepatocyte traversal remains unknown to date, implying that the current understanding of malaria is incomplete. In this work, we hypothesize that the parasites traverse hepatocytes to actively trigger an immune response in the host. This behaviour would be part of a strategy of superinfection exclusion aimed to reduce intraspecific competition during the blood stage of the infection. Based on this hypothesis, we formulate a comprehensive theory of liver-stage malaria that integrates all the available knowledge about the infection. The interest of this new paradigm is not merely theoretical. It highlights major issues in the current empirical approach to the study of Plasmodium and suggests new strategies to fight malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente F. Arias
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain,Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Fernandez-Arias
- Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Rajakaruna H, O'Connor JH, Cockburn IA, Ganusov VV. Liver Environment-Imposed Constraints Diversify Movement Strategies of Liver-Localized CD8 T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1292-1304. [PMID: 35131868 PMCID: PMC9250760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific CD8 T cells face the problem of finding rare cells that present their cognate Ag either in the lymph node or in infected tissue. Although quantitative details of T cell movement strategies in some tissues such as lymph nodes or skin have been relatively well characterized, we still lack quantitative understanding of T cell movement in many other important tissues, such as the spleen, lung, liver, and gut. We developed a protocol to generate stable numbers of liver-located CD8 T cells, used intravital microscopy to record movement patterns of CD8 T cells in livers of live mice, and analyzed these and previously published data using well-established statistical and computational methods. We show that, in most of our experiments, Plasmodium-specific liver-localized CD8 T cells perform correlated random walks characterized by transiently superdiffusive displacement with persistence times of 10-15 min that exceed those observed for T cells in lymph nodes. Liver-localized CD8 T cells typically crawl on the luminal side of liver sinusoids (i.e., are in the blood); simulating T cell movement in digital structures derived from the liver sinusoids illustrates that liver structure alone is sufficient to explain the relatively long superdiffusive displacement of T cells. In experiments when CD8 T cells in the liver poorly attach to the sinusoids (e.g., 1 wk after immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites), T cells also undergo Lévy flights: large displacements occurring due to cells detaching from the endothelium, floating with the blood flow, and reattaching at another location. Our analysis thus provides quantitative details of movement patterns of liver-localized CD8 T cells and illustrates how structural and physiological details of the tissue may impact T cell movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James H O'Connor
- Division of Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; and
- Australian National University Medical School, Acton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Ian A Cockburn
- Division of Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia; and
| | - Vitaly V Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN;
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Xie X, Luo J, Zhu D, Zhou W, Yang X, Feng X, Lu M, Zheng X, Dittmer U, Yang D, Liu J. HBeAg Is Indispensable for Inducing Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell Activation by Hepatitis B Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:797915. [PMID: 35174107 PMCID: PMC8842949 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.797915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and AimsLiver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) serve as sentinel cells to detect microbial infection and actively contribute to regulating immune responses for surveillance against intrahepatic pathogens. We recently reported that hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) stimulation could induce LSEC maturation and abrogate LSEC-mediated T cell suppression in a TNF-α and IL27 dependent manner. However, it remains unclear how HBeAg deficiency during HBV infection influences LSEC immunoregulation function and intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses.MethodsThe function of LSECs in regulating effector T cell response, intrahepatic HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses and HBV viremia were characterized in both HBeAg-deficient and -competent HBV hydrodynamic injection (HDI) mouse models.ResultsLSECs isolated from HBeAg-deficient HBV HDI mice showed a reduced capacity to promote T cell immunity in vitro compared with those isolated from wild-type HBV HDI mice. HBeAg expression replenishment in HBeAg-deficient HBV HDI mice restored the HBV-induced LSEC maturation, and resulted in potent intrahepatic anti-HBV CD8 T cell responses and efficient control of HBV replication. Moreover, in vivo TNF-α, but not IL27 blockade in HBV HDI mice impaired HBV-specific CD8 T cell immunity and delayed HBV clearance.ConclusionOur study underlines that HBeAg is indispensable for HBV-induced LSEC maturation to trigger intrahepatic HBV-specific T cell activation, and provides a new mechanism to elucidate the intrahepatic immune microenvironment regulation upon HBV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinzhuo Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuemei Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Jia Liu,
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Englmeier L, Subburayalu J. What's happening where when SARS-CoV-2 infects: are TLR7 and MAFB sufficient to explain patient vulnerability? Immun Ageing 2022; 19:6. [PMID: 35065665 PMCID: PMC8783172 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The present COVID-19 pandemic has revealed that several characteristics render patients especially prone to developing severe COVID-19 disease, i.e., the male sex, obesity, and old age. An explanation for the observed pattern of vulnerability has been proposed which is based on the concept of low sensitivity of the TLR7-signaling pathway at the time of infection as a common denominator of vulnerable patient groups. We will discuss whether the concept of established TLR-tolerance in macrophages and dendritic cells of the obese and elderly prior to infection can explain not only the vulnerability of these two demographic groups towards development of a severe infection with SARS-CoV-2, but also the observed cytokine response in these vulnerable patients, which is skewed towards pro-inflammatory cytokines with a missing interferon signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Englmeier
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,Patent Attorney Dr. Ludwig Englmeier, scrIPtum, Erlenaustrasse 11, 83080, Oberaudorf, Germany. .,Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Julien Subburayalu
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany.,Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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McGowan EM, Lin Y, Chen S. Targeting Chronic Inflammation of the Digestive System in Cancer Prevention: Modulators of the Bioactive Sphingolipid Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030535. [PMID: 35158806 PMCID: PMC8833440 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers is increasing, and late-stage diagnosis makes these cancers difficult to treat. Chronic and low-grade inflammation are recognized risks for most GI cancers. The GI mucosal immune system maintains healthy homeostasis and signalling molecules made from saturated fats, bioactive sphingolipids, play essential roles in healthy GI immunity. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive sphingolipid, is a key mediator in a balanced GI immune response. Disruption in the S1P pathway underlies systemic chronic metabolic inflammatory disorders, including diabetes and GI cancers, providing a strong rationale for using modulators of the S1P pathway to treat pathological inflammation. Here, we discuss the effects of bioactive sphingolipids in immune homeostasis with a focus on S1P in chronic low-grade inflammation associated with increased risk of GI carcinogenesis. Contemporary information on S1P signalling involvement in cancers of the digestive system, from top to bottom, is reviewed. Further, we discuss the use of novel S1P receptor modulators currently in clinical trials and their potential as first-line drugs in the clinic for chronic inflammatory diseases. Recently, ozanimod (ZeposiaTM) and etrasimod have been approved for clinical use to treat ulcerative colitis and eosinophilic oesophagitis, respectively, which may have longer term benefits in reducing risk of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M. McGowan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.L.); (S.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-614-0581-4048
| | - Yiguang Lin
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.L.); (S.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Size Chen
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (Y.L.); (S.C.)
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Esophageal Cancer Precise Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Association of PD-L1 gene polymorphisms and circulating sPD-L1 levels with HBV infection susceptibility and related liver disease progression. Gene 2022; 806:145935. [PMID: 34478821 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Soluble molecules of programmed death ligand 1 (sPD-L1) are known to modulate T-cell depletion, an important mechanism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence and liver disease progression. In addition, PD-L1 polymorphisms in the 3'-UTR can influence PD-L1 expression and have been associated with cancer risk, although not definitively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of PD-L1 polymorphisms and circulating levels of sPD-L1 in HBV infection and live disease progression. In this study, five hundred fifty-one HBV infected patients of the three clinically well-defined subgroups chronic hepatitis B (CHB, n = 186), liver cirrhosis (LC, n = 142) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n = 223) and 240 healthy individuals (HC) were enrolled. PD-L1 polymorphisms (rs2297136 and rs4143815) were genotyped by in-house validated ARMS assays. Logistic regression models were applied in order to determine the association of PD-L1 polymorphisms with HBV infection as well as with progression of related liver diseases. Plasma sPD-L1 levels were quantified by ELISA assays. The PD-L1 rs2297136 AA genotype was associated with HBV infection susceptibility (HBV vs. HC: OR = 1.6; 95%CI = 1.1-2.3; p = 0.0087) and disease progression (LC vs. CHB: OR = 1.8; 95%CI = 1.1-2.9; p = 0.018). Whereas, the rs2297136 GG genotype was a protective factor for HCC development. Plasma sPD-L1 levels were significantly high in HBV patients (p < 0.0001) and higher in the LC followed by CHB and HCC groups. High sPD-L1 levels correlated with increased liver enzymes and with advanced liver disease progression (Child-pugh C > B > A, p < 0.0001) and BCLC classification (BCLC D > C > B > A, p = 0.031). We could, for the first time, conclude that PD-L1 rs2297136 polymorphism and plasma sPD-L1 protein levels associate with HBV infection and HBV-related liver disease progression.
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Hasanpourghadi M, Novikov M, Newman D, Xiang Z, Zhou XY, Magowan C, Ertl HCJ. Hepatitis B virus polymerase-specific T cell epitopes shift in a mouse model of chronic infection. Virol J 2021; 18:242. [PMID: 34876153 PMCID: PMC8650432 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB) is a significant public health problem that could benefit from treatment with immunomodulators. Here we describe a set of therapeutic HBV vaccines that target the internal viral proteins. METHODS Vaccines are delivered by chimpanzee adenovirus vectors (AdC) of serotype 6 (AdC6) and 7 (AdC7) used in prime only or prime-boost regimens. The HBV antigens are fused into an early T cell checkpoint inhibitor, herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD), which enhances and broadens vaccine-induced cluster of differentiation (CD8)+ T cell responses. RESULTS Our results show that the vaccines are immunogenic in mice. They induce potent CD8+ T cell responses that recognize multiple epitopes. CD8+ T cell responses increase after a boost, although the breadth remains similar. In mice, which carry high sustained loads of HBV particles due to a hepatic infection with an adeno-associated virus (AAV)8 vector expressing the 1.3HBV genome, CD8+ T cell responses to the vaccines are attenuated with a marked shift in the CD8+ T cells' epitope recognition profile. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that in different stains of mice including those that carry a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen HBV vaccines adjuvanted with a checkpoint inhibitor induce potent and broad HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses and lower but still detectable CD4+ T cell responses. CD8+ T cell responses are reduced and their epitope specificity changes in mice that are chronically exposed to HBV antigens. Implications for the design of therapeutic HBV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail Novikov
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dakota Newman
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - ZhiQuan Xiang
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiang Yang Zhou
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Colin Magowan
- Virion Therapeutics LLC, 7 Creek Bend Ct, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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72
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Descoeudres N, Jouneau L, Henry C, Gorrichon K, Derré-Bobillot A, Serror P, Gillespie LL, Archambaud C, Pagliuso A, Bierne H. An Immunomodulatory Transcriptional Signature Associated With Persistent Listeria Infection in Hepatocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:761945. [PMID: 34858876 PMCID: PMC8631403 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.761945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes causes severe foodborne illness in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. After the intestinal phase of infection, the liver plays a central role in the clearance of this pathogen through its important functions in immunity. However, recent evidence suggests that during long-term infection of hepatocytes, a subpopulation of Listeria may escape eradication by entering a persistence phase in intracellular vacuoles. Here, we examine whether this long-term infection alters hepatocyte defense pathways, which may be instrumental for bacterial persistence. We first optimized cell models of persistent infection in human hepatocyte cell lines HepG2 and Huh7 and primary mouse hepatocytes (PMH). In these cells, Listeria efficiently entered the persistence phase after three days of infection, while inducing a potent interferon response, of type I in PMH and type III in HepG2, while Huh7 remained unresponsive. RNA-sequencing analysis identified a common signature of long-term Listeria infection characterized by the overexpression of a set of genes involved in antiviral immunity and the under-expression of many acute phase protein (APP) genes, particularly involved in the complement and coagulation systems. Infection also altered the expression of cholesterol metabolism-associated genes in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. The decrease in APP transcripts was correlated with lower protein abundance in the secretome of infected cells, as shown by proteomics, and also occurred in the presence of APP inducers (IL-6 or IL-1β). Collectively, these results reveal that long-term infection with Listeria profoundly deregulates the innate immune functions of hepatocytes, which could generate an environment favorable to the establishment of persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Descoeudres
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Kevin Gorrichon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Pascale Serror
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laura Lee Gillespie
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratories, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Cristel Archambaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Alessandro Pagliuso
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hélène Bierne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Knolle PA, Huang LR, Kosinska A, Wohlleber D, Protzer U. Improving Therapeutic Vaccination against Hepatitis B-Insights from Preclinical Models of Immune Therapy against Persistent Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1333. [PMID: 34835264 PMCID: PMC8623083 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B affects more than 250 million individuals worldwide, putting them at risk of developing liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. While antiviral immune responses are key to eliminating hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, insufficient antiviral immunity characterized by failure to eliminate HBV-infected hepatocytes is associated with chronic hepatitis B. Prophylactic vaccination against hepatitis B successfully established protective immunity against infection with the hepatitis B virus and has been instrumental in controlling hepatitis B. However, prophylactic vaccination schemes have not been successful in mounting protective immunity to eliminate HBV infections in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the development and efficacy of therapeutic vaccination strategies against chronic hepatitis B with particular emphasis on the pathogenetic understanding of dysfunctional anti-viral immunity. We explore the development of additional immune stimulation measures within tissues, in particular activation of immunogenic myeloid cell populations, and their use for combination with therapeutic vaccination strategies to improve the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination against chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy A. Knolle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Li-Rung Huang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli City 350, Taiwan;
| | - Anna Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dirk Wohlleber
- Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- German Center for infection Research (DZIF), Munich Site, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of HBV Replicating Hepatocytes Allows for the Monitoring of Anti-Viral Immunity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112273. [PMID: 34835079 PMCID: PMC8619421 DOI: 10.3390/v13112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is complex and not entirely understood so far, including the decisive factors leading to the development of chronic hepatitis B. This lack of a mechanistic understanding of HBV-specific immunity is also caused by a limited number of suitable animal models. Here, we describe the generation of a recombinant adenovirus expressing an HBV 1.3-overlength genome linked to luciferase (Ad-HBV-Luc) allowing for precise analysis of the quantity of infected hepatocytes. This enables sensitive and close-meshed monitoring of HBV-specific CD8 T cells and the onset of anti-viral immunity in mice. A high dose of Ad-HBV-Luc developed into chronic hepatitis B accompanied by dysfunctional CD8 T cells characterized by high expression of PD1 and TOX and low expression of KLRG1 and GzmB. In contrast, a low dose of Ad-HBV-Luc infection resulted in acute hepatitis with CD8 T cell-mediated elimination of HBV-replicating hepatocytes associated with elevated sALT levels and increased numbers of cytotoxic HBV-specific CD8 T cells. Thus, the infectious dose was a critical factor to induce either acute self-limited or chronic HBV infection in mice. Taken together, the new Ad-HBV-Luc vector will allow for highly sensitive and time-resolved analysis of HBV-specific immune responses during acute and chronic infection.
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75
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Clinical and Preclinical Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of VIR-2218, an RNAi Therapeutic Targeting HBV Infection. Drugs R D 2021; 21:455-465. [PMID: 34741731 PMCID: PMC8602582 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-021-00369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective VIR-2218 is an investigational N-acetylgalactosamine–conjugated RNA interference therapeutic in development for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. VIR-2218 was designed to silence HBV transcripts across all genotypes and uses Enhanced Stabilization Chemistry Plus (ESC+) technology. This study was designed to evaluate the single-dose pharmacokinetics of VIR-2218 in preclinical species and healthy volunteers. Methods Preclinically, a single subcutaneous dose of VIR-2218 (10 mg/kg) was administered to rats and nonhuman primates (NHPs), and the pharmacokinetics were assessed in plasma, urine, and liver using standard noncompartmental analysis (NCA) methods. Clinically, healthy volunteers were randomized (6:2 active:placebo) to receive a single subcutaneous dose of VIR-2218 (50–900 mg) or placebo. Pharmacokinetics were similarly assessed within human plasma and urine using NCA methods. Results In rats and NHPs, VIR-2218 was stable in plasma and was converted to AS(N-1)3’VIR-2218, the most prominent circulating metabolite, at < 10% plasma exposure compared with parent. VIR-2218 rapidly distributed to the liver, reaching peak liver concentrations within 7 and 24 h in rats and NHPs, respectively. In humans, VIR-2218 was rapidly absorbed, with a median time to peak plasma concentration (tmax) of 4–7 h, and had a short median plasma half-life of 2–5 h. Plasma exposures for area under the plasma concentration–time curve up to 12 h (AUC0–12) and mean maximum concentrations (Cmax) increased in a slightly greater-than-dose-proportional manner across the dose range studied. Interindividual pharmacokinetic variability was low to moderate, with a percent coefficient of variation of < 32% for AUC and < 43% for Cmax. A portion of VIR-2218 was converted to an active metabolite, AS(N-1)3’VIR-2218, with a median tmax of 6–10 h, both of which declined below the lower limit of quantification in plasma within 48 h. The pharmacokinetic profile of AS(N-1)3’VIR-2218 was similar to that of VIR-2218, with plasma AUC0–12 and Cmax values ≤ 12% of VIR-2218. VIR-2218 and AS(N-1)3’VIR-2218 were detectable in urine through the last measured time point, with approximately 17–48% of the administered dose recovered in urine as unchanged VIR-2218 over 0–24 h postdose. Based on pharmacokinetics in preclinical species, VIR-2218 localizes to the liver and likely exhibits prolonged hepatic exposure. Overall, no severe or serious adverse events or discontinuations due to adverse events were observed within the dose range evaluated for VIR-2218 in healthy volunteers (Vir Biotechnology, Inc., unpublished data). Conclusions VIR-2218 showed favorable pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers supportive of subcutaneous dosing and continued development in patients with chronic HBV infection. Clinical Trial Registration No NCT03672188, September 14, 2018. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40268-021-00369-w.
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76
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Nicolay W, Moeller R, Kahl S, Vondran FWR, Pietschmann T, Kunz S, Gerold G. Characterization of RNA Sensing Pathways in Hepatoma Cell Lines and Primary Human Hepatocytes. Cells 2021; 10:3019. [PMID: 34831243 PMCID: PMC8616302 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is targeted by several human pathogenic RNA viruses for viral replication and dissemination; despite this, the extent of innate immune sensing of RNA viruses by human hepatocytes is insufficiently understood to date. In particular, for highly human tropic viruses such as hepatitis C virus, cell culture models are needed to study immune sensing. However, several human hepatoma cell lines have impaired RNA sensing pathways and fail to mimic innate immune responses in the human liver. Here we compare the RNA sensing properties of six human hepatoma cell lines, namely Huh-6, Huh-7, HepG2, HepG2-HFL, Hep3B, and HepaRG, with primary human hepatocytes. We show that primary liver cells sense RNA through retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptor (RLR) and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) pathways. Of the tested cell lines, Hep3B cells most closely mimicked the RLR and TLR3 mediated sensing in primary hepatocytes. This was shown by the expression of RLRs and TLR3 as well as the expression and release of bioactive interferon in primary hepatocytes and Hep3B cells. Our work shows that Hep3B cells partially mimic RNA sensing in primary hepatocytes and thus can serve as in vitro model to study innate immunity to RNA viruses in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Nicolay
- TWINCORE—Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (W.N.); (R.M.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- TWINCORE—Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (W.N.); (R.M.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
- Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Institute of Biochemistry & Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sina Kahl
- TWINCORE—Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (W.N.); (R.M.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 30100 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- TWINCORE—Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (W.N.); (R.M.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Gisa Gerold
- TWINCORE—Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Institute for Experimental Virology, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (W.N.); (R.M.); (S.K.); (T.P.)
- Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Institute of Biochemistry & Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden
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77
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Lefebvre MN, Surette FA, Anthony SM, Vijay R, Jensen IJ, Pewe LL, Hancox LS, Van Braeckel-Budimir N, van de Wall S, Urban SL, Mix MR, Kurup SP, Badovinac VP, Butler NS, Harty JT. Expeditious recruitment of circulating memory CD8 T cells to the liver facilitates control of malaria. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109956. [PMID: 34731605 PMCID: PMC8628427 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating memory CD8 T cell trafficking and protective capacity during liver-stage malaria infection remains undefined. We find that effector memory CD8 T cells (Tem) infiltrate the liver within 6 hours after malarial or bacterial infections and mediate pathogen clearance. Tem recruitment coincides with rapid transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory genes in Plasmodium-infected livers. Recruitment requires CD8 T cell-intrinsic LFA-1 expression and the presence of liver phagocytes. Rapid Tem liver infiltration is distinct from recruitment to other non-lymphoid tissues in that it occurs both in the absence of liver tissue resident memory "sensing-and-alarm" function and ∼42 hours earlier than in lung infection by influenza virus. These data demonstrate relevance for Tem in protection against malaria and provide generalizable mechanistic insights germane to control of liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell N Lefebvre
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Fionna A Surette
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Isaac J Jensen
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lisa S Hancox
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | | | - Stephanie van de Wall
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Stina L Urban
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Madison R Mix
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA.
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Quitt O, Luo S, Meyer M, Xie Z, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Loffredo-Verde E, Festag J, Bockmann JH, Zhao L, Stadler D, Chou WM, Tedjokusumo R, Wettengel JM, Ko C, Noeßner E, Bulbuc N, Shokri F, Lüttgau S, Heikenwälder M, Bohne F, Moldenhauer G, Momburg F, Protzer U. T-cell engager antibodies enable T cells to control HBV infection and to target HBsAg-positive hepatoma in mice. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1058-1071. [PMID: 34171437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current antiviral therapies control but rarely eliminate HBV, leaving chronic HBV carriers at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Lacking or dysfunctional virus-specific adaptive immunity prevents control of HBV and allows the virus to persist. Restoring antiviral T-cell immunity could lead to HBV elimination and cure of chronically infected patients. METHODS We constructed bispecific T-cell engager antibodies that are designed to induce antiviral immunity through simultaneous binding of HBV envelope proteins (HBVenv) on infected hepatocytes and CD3 or CD28 on T cells. T-cell engager antibodies were employed in co-cultures with healthy donor lymphocytes and HBV-infected target cells. Activation of the T-cell response was determined by detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines, effector function (by cytotoxicity) and antiviral effects. To study in vivo efficacy, immune-deficient mice were transplanted with HBVenv-positive and -negative hepatoma cells. RESULTS The 2 T-cell engager antibodies synergistically activated T cells to become polyfunctional effectors that in turn elicited potent antiviral effects by killing infected cells and in addition controlled HBV via non-cytolytic, cytokine-mediated antiviral mechanisms. In vivo in mice, the antibodies attracted T cells specifically to the tumors expressing HBVenv resulting in T-cell activation, tumor infiltration and reduction of tumor burden. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the administration of HBVenv-targeting T-cell engager antibodies facilitates a robust T-cell redirection towards HBV-positive target cells and provides a feasible and promising approach for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis and HBV-associated HCC. LAY SUMMARY T-cell engager antibodies are an interesting, novel therapeutic tool to restore immunity in patients with chronic hepatitis B. As bispecific antibodies, they bind envelope proteins on the surface of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and CD3 or CD28 on T cells. This way, they induce a potent antiviral and cytotoxic T-cell response that leads to the elimination of HBV-positive cells. These bispecific T-cell engager antibodies are exciting therapeutic candidates for chronic hepatitis B and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quitt
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marten Meyer
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhe Xie
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eva Loffredo-Verde
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Festag
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Bockmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich and Hamburg Partner sites, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadler
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wen-Min Chou
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Raindy Tedjokusumo
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Martin Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Chunkyu Ko
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elfriede Noeßner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja Bulbuc
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sandra Lüttgau
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Bohne
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Moldenhauer
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Momburg
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich and Hamburg Partner sites, Germany.
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Herschke F, Li C, Zhu R, Han Q, Wu Q, Lu Q, Barale-Thomas E, De Jonghe S, Lin TI, De Creus A. JNJ-64794964 (AL-034/TQ-A3334), a TLR7 agonist, induces sustained anti-HBV activity in AAV/HBV mice via non-cytolytic mechanisms. Antiviral Res 2021; 196:105196. [PMID: 34718044 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
JNJ-64794964 (JNJ-4964/AL-034/TQ-A3334), an oral toll-like receptor 7 agonist, is being investigated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), a condition with a high unmet medical need. The anti-hepatitis B (HBV) activity of JNJ-4964 was assessed preclinically in an adeno-associated virus vector expressing HBV (AAV/HBV) mouse model. Mice were treated orally with 2, 6 or 20 mg/kg of JNJ-4964 once-per-week for 12 weeks and then followed up for 4 weeks. At 6 mg/kg, a partial decrease in plasma HBV-DNA and plasma hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was observed, and anti-HBs antibodies and HBsAg-specific T cells were observed in 1/8 animals. At 20 mg/kg, plasma HBV-DNA and HBsAg levels were undetectable for all animals 3 weeks after start of treatment, with no rebound observed 4 weeks after JNJ-4964 treatment was stopped. High anti-HBs antibody levels were observed until 4 weeks after JNJ-4964 treatment was stopped. In parallel, HBsAg-specific immunoglobulin G-producing B cells and interferon-γ-producing CD4+ T cells were detected in the spleen. In 2/4 animals, liver HBV-DNA and HBV-RNA levels and liver hepatitis B core antigen expression dropped 4 weeks after JNJ-4964 treatment-stop. In these animals, HBsAg-specific CD8+ T cells were detectable. Throughout the study, normal levels of alanine aminotransferase were observed, with no hepatocyte cell death (end of treatment and 4 weeks later) and minimal infiltrations of B and T cells into the liver, suggesting induction of cytokine-mediated, non-cytolytic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Herschke
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Chris Li
- Janssen China R&D, Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren Zhu
- Janssen China R&D, Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglin Han
- Janssen China R&D, Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Janssen China R&D, Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Janssen China R&D, Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Sandra De Jonghe
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tse-I Lin
- Janssen Biopharma, 260 E Grand Ave., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, United States
| | - An De Creus
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
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Gane E, Pastagia M, Schwertschlag U, De Creus A, Schwabe C, Vandenbossche J, Slaets L, Fevery B, Smyej I, Wu LS, Li R, Siddiqui S, Oey A, Musto C, Van Remoortere P. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of oral JNJ-64794964, a TLR-7 agonist, in healthy adults. Antivir Ther 2021; 26:58-68. [DOI: 10.1177/13596535211056581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background This Phase I, two-part, first-in-human study assessed safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of single-ascending doses (SAD) and multiple doses (MD) of the oral toll-like receptor-7 agonist, JNJ-64794964 (JNJ-4964) in healthy adults. Methods In the SAD phase, participants received JNJ-4964 0.2 ( N = 6), 0.6 ( N = 6), 1.25 ( N = 8) or 1.8 mg ( N = 6) or placebo ( N = 2/dose cohort) in a fasted state. Food effect was evaluated for the 1.25 mg cohort following ≥6 weeks washout. In the MD phase, participants received JNJ-4964 1.25 mg ( N = 6) or placebo ( N = 2) weekly (fasted) for 4 weeks. Participants were followed-up for 4 weeks. Results No serious adverse events (AEs) occurred. 10/34 (SAD) and 5/8 (MD) participants reported mild-to-moderate (≤Grade 2), transient, reversible AEs possibly related to JNJ-4964. Five (SAD) participants had fever/flu-like AEs, coinciding with interferon-α serum levels ≥100 pg/mL and lymphopenia (<1 × 109/L), between 24–48 h after dosing and resolving approximately 96 h after dosing. One participant (MD) had an asymptomatic Grade 1 AE of retinal exudates (cotton wool spots) during follow-up, resolving 6 weeks after observation. JNJ-4964 exhibited dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, with rapid absorption (tmax 0.5–0.75 h) and distribution, and a long terminal half-life (150–591 h). Overall, no significant differences in JNJ-4964 pharmacokinetic parameters were observed in the fed versus fasted state. JNJ-4964 dose-dependently and transiently induced cytokines with potential anti-HBV activity, including interferon-α, IP-10, IL-1 RA, and/or MCP-1, and interferon-stimulated genes (ISG15, MX1, and OAS1) in serum. Conclusions In healthy adults, JNJ-4964 was generally well-tolerated, exhibited dose-proportional pharmacokinetics and induced cytokines/ISGs, with possible anti-HBV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Gane
- New Zealand Liver Transplant Unit, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mina Pastagia
- Janssen BioPharma Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - An De Creus
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Leen Slaets
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Fevery
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilham Smyej
- Janssen Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Rui Li
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Abbie Oey
- Janssen BioPharma Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Clark Musto
- Janssen BioPharma Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Niu M, Chen P. Crosstalk between gut microbiota and sepsis. BURNS & TRAUMA 2021; 9:tkab036. [PMID: 34712743 PMCID: PMC8547143 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is an overwhelming inflammatory response to microbial infection. Sepsis management remains a clinical challenge. The role of the gut microbiome in sepsis has gained some attention. Recent evidence has demonstrated that gut microbiota regulate host physiological homeostasis mediators, including the immune system, gut barrier function and disease susceptibility pathways. Therefore, maintenance or restoration of microbiota and metabolite composition might be a therapeutic or prophylactic target against critical illness. Fecal microbiota transplantation and supplementation of probiotics are microbiota-based treatment methods that are somewhat limited in terms of evidence-based efficacy. This review focuses on the importance of the crosstalk between the gastrointestinal ecosystem and sepsis to highlight novel microbiota-targeted therapies to improve the outcomes of sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Niu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Kaneko S, Kurosaki M, Inada K, Kirino S, Hayakawa Y, Yamashita K, Osawa L, Sekiguchi S, Higuchi M, Takaura K, Maeyashiki C, Tamaki N, Yasui Y, Itakura J, Takahashi Y, Tsuchiya K, Nakanishi H, Izumi N. Hepatitis B core-related antigen predicts disease progression and hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:2943-2951. [PMID: 34057248 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The serum hepatitis B core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is considered a surrogate marker of the amount and activity of intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA. This study aims to investigate the virological characteristics of HBcrAg in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and to reveal the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk factors of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative patients. METHODS Hepatitis B core-related antigen was measured in 245 naive CHB patients before receiving nucleoside/nucleotide analog (NA) therapy. All patients were receiving NA (entecavir, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and tenofovir alafenamide) continuously for more than 1 year until the end of follow-up, and they did not have a history of HCC. Hepatitis B viral status was compared between 106 HBeAg-positive and 139 HBeAg-negative patients. RESULTS Median HBcrAg levels were significantly higher in HBeAg-positive patients than in HBeAg-negative patients (> 6.8 vs 3.7 log U/mL, P < 0.01). In HBeAg-negative patients, higher HBcrAg levels were associated with cirrhosis (119 chronic hepatitis/20 cirrhosis = 3.5/4.7 log U/mL, P = 0.03) and higher serum hepatitis B virus DNA. During a median follow-up of 5.28 (1.03-12.0) years, the 5-year cumulative HCC incidence rate was 5.4% in the HBeAg-negative cohort. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, higher HBcrAg levels at 1 year were independent predictive factors for HCC development in HBeAg-negative patients who received NA therapy (cutoff value, 4.1 log U/mL; hazard ratio, 6.749; 95% confidence interval, 1.334-34.15, P < 0.01) and even in non-cirrhosis patients. CONCLUSION Hepatitis B core-related antigen was useful for understanding disease progression in CHB patients and for stratifying the risk for carcinogenesis in HBeAg-negative patients receiving NA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurosaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kento Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kirino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Leona Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sekiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Higuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Takaura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Maeyashiki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Tamaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Itakura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Namiki Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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83
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Li J, Qu L, Sun X, Liu Y, Gong Q, Yu D, Zhang D, Jiang J, Chen J, Wei D, Han Y, Gao Y, Zhang Q, She W, Chen L, Zhang J, Zhang X. Peg-interferon alpha add-on Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate achieved more HBsAg loss in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B naïve patients. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:1381-1391. [PMID: 34228855 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have showed that combining peg-interferon alpha (Peg-IFNα) with nucleotide analogues has complementary effects in chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but the optimal regimen and potential mechanisms remain unclear. This was a prospective, longitudinal and multicentre clinical trial (NCT03013556). HBeAg-positive CHB naïve patients were randomly assigned to three groups: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) monotherapy for 96 weeks, TDF alone for 48 weeks and sequentially Peg-IFNα added for 48 weeks, TDF de novo combination with Peg-IFNα for 48 weeks then TDF alone for 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was HBeAg seroconversion at week 96 and HBsAg loss as the secondary endpoint. Furthermore, the levels of 12 cytokines in serum were assessed at different time points. A total of 133 patients were included in the analysis. The rates of HBeAg seroconversion at 96 weeks were not significant different among the three groups (p = 0.157). Interestingly, patients in the Peg-IFNα add-on group showed markedly lower HBsAg level compared with the other two groups at week 96. In addition, only three patients in the Peg-IFNα add-on group achieved HBsAg loss. For the following 24 weeks from week 96, no HBsAg reappearance in the three patients and no new patients with HBsAg loss were observed in the three groups. Serum cytokine analysis showed that the baseline level of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) was strongly higher in HBeAg conversion patients and HBsAg loss patients. Compared with de novo combination and TDF alone, the addition of Peg-IFNα in TDF-treated group might be an effective strategy for HBsAg loss in HBeAg-positive CHB naïve patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehua Sun
- Liver Disease Department, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiming Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Demin Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiehong Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqiu Gao
- Liver Disease Department, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin She
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Hepatic Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Sino-French Research Centre for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sun L, Li Y, Misumi I, González-López O, Hensley L, Cullen JM, McGivern DR, Matsuda M, Suzuki R, Sen GC, Hirai-Yuki A, Whitmire JK, Lemon SM. IRF3-mediated pathogenicity in a murine model of human hepatitis A. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009960. [PMID: 34591933 PMCID: PMC8509855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HAV-infected Ifnar1-/- mice recapitulate many of the cardinal features of hepatitis A in humans, including serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation, hepatocellular apoptosis, and liver inflammation. Previous studies implicate MAVS-IRF3 signaling in pathogenesis, but leave unresolved the role of IRF3-mediated transcription versus the non-transcriptional, pro-apoptotic activity of ubiquitylated IRF3. Here, we compare the intrahepatic transcriptomes of infected versus naïve Mavs-/- and Ifnar1-/- mice using high-throughput sequencing, and identify IRF3-mediated transcriptional responses associated with hepatocyte apoptosis and liver inflammation. Infection was transcriptionally silent in Mavs-/- mice, in which HAV replicates robustly within the liver without inducing inflammation or hepatocellular apoptosis. By contrast, infection resulted in the upregulation of hundreds of genes in Ifnar1-/- mice that develop acute hepatitis closely modeling human disease. Upregulated genes included pattern recognition receptors, interferons, chemokines, cytokines and other interferon-stimulated genes. Compared with Ifnar1-/- mice, HAV-induced inflammation was markedly attenuated and there were few apoptotic hepatocytes in livers of infected Irf3S1/S1Ifnar1-/- mice in which IRF3 is transcriptionally-inactive due to alanine substitutions at Ser-388 and Ser-390. Although transcriptome profiling revealed remarkably similar sets of genes induced in Irf3S1/S1Ifnar1-/- and Ifnar1-/- mice, a subset of genes was differentially expressed in relation to the severity of the liver injury. Prominent among these were both type 1 and type III interferons and interferon-responsive genes associated previously with apoptosis, including multiple members of the ISG12 and 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase families. Ifnl3 and Ifnl2 transcript abundance correlated strongly with disease severity, but mice with dual type 1 and type III interferon receptor deficiency remained fully susceptible to liver injury. Collectively, our data show that IRF3-mediated transcription is required for HAV-induced liver injury in mice and identify key IRF3-responsive genes associated with pathogenicity, providing a clear distinction from the transcription-independent role of IRF3 in liver injury following binge exposure to alcohol. Hepatitis A is a common and potentially serious disease involving inflammation and liver cell death resulting from infection with the picornavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV). The pathogenesis of the disease is incompletely understood. Here, we have profiled changes in the RNA transcriptome of livers from mice with various genetic deficiencies in the innate immune response to HAV. We show that the liver injury associated with HAV infection in these mice results from the induction of genes under transcriptional control of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). We use high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify sets of genes induced in mice with wild-type versus transcriptionally-incompetent IRF3, rule out roles for type III interferons and IFIT proteins in disease pathogenesis, and identify genes with intrahepatic expression correlating closely with HAV-mediated liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - You Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ichiro Misumi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olga González-López
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucinda Hensley
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John M. Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. McGivern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mami Matsuda
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ganes C. Sen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Management Department of Biosafety and Laboratory Animal, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason K. Whitmire
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Inada K, Kaneko S, Kurosaki M, Yamashita K, Kirino S, Osawa L, Hayakawa Y, Sekiguchi S, Higuchi M, Takaura K, Maeyashiki C, Tamaki N, Yasui Y, Itakura J, Takahashi Y, Tsuchiya K, Nakanishi H, Okamoto R, Izumi N. Tenofovir alafenamide for prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation and de novo hepatitis. JGH Open 2021; 5:1085-1091. [PMID: 34584979 PMCID: PMC8454476 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Administration of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) as prevention or treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is not well known. The aim of this study is to reveal the efficacy and safety of TAF against HBV reactivation. Methods Entecavir (ETV) and TAF were given to 66 and 11 patients, respectively, as prophylaxis against or treatment of HBV reactivation during chemotherapy or immune suppression therapy from January 2010 to June 2020. The antiviral effects and safety were assessed. Results At week 24, the antiviral effects on patients receiving ETV and TAF were similar in terms of reduction of HBV DNA (-2.83 ± 1.45log IU/mL vs -3.05 ± 2.47log IU/mL; P = 0.857) and achieving undetectable levels of HBV DNA (78.8 vs 90.9%; P = 0.681). There was no significant difference in the decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between the two groups (-0.62 ± 11.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs -3.67 ± 13.2 mL/min/1.73 m2; P = 0.291). Conclusion TAF is safe and effective against HBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurosaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Koji Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Sakura Kirino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Leona Osawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuka Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuhei Sekiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Mayu Higuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenta Takaura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Chiaki Maeyashiki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Nobuharu Tamaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Itakura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Yuka Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Kaoru Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo Japan
| | - Namiki Izumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Musashino Red Cross Hospital Tokyo Japan
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Liu S, Yang L, Jia S, Zhao R, Jin Z. Interleukin-35 suppresses the activity of natural killer-like B cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108161. [PMID: 34555643 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer-like B (NKB) cells are newly identified lymphocyte subset, which present immunomodulatory property in infectious diseases through secretion of interleukin-18 (IL-18). However, the role of NKB cells function and its regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is not elucidated. Seventy-two HCC patients and twenty-five controls were enrolled. Peripheral and liver-infiltrating CD3-CD19+CD56+NKp46+ cells were investigated by flow cytometry. Serum IL-35 and NKB cell-secreting cytokine level was measured by ELISA. The regulatory activity of IL-35 to peripheral and liver-infiltrating NKB cells was assessed in direct co-culture system between CD8+ T cells and HepG2 cells. Peripheral NKB cells and IL-18 secretion were reduced in HCC patients, while liver-infiltrating NKB cells and IL-18 secretion were also decreased in HCC tumor sites. Increased IL-35 level was negatively correlated with NKB cell percentage and IL-18 production in HCC. NKB cells induced the elevation of CD8+ T cell cytotoxicty, and this enhancement could be inhibited by IL-18 binding protein. IL-35 stimulation dampened NKB cell percentage and IL-18 production, leading to the suppression of NKB cell-mediated CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity in HCC patients. Our current data revealed that IL-35 might suppress NKB cell activity in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Yang
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjing Jin
- Digestive Diseases Center, Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Medicine, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130041, People's Republic of China.
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Hao Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhan W, Wu D. OGDH is involved in sepsis induced acute lung injury through the MAPK pathway. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:5042-5054. [PMID: 34527342 PMCID: PMC8411135 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Acute lung injury (ALI) induced by sepsis is a common cause of death in clinical practice, and there remains a lack of clinical effective treatment. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) is a classic animal model of sepsis, which can induce ALI. Studies have shown that in the lung injury cell model, OGDH (oxoglutarate dehydrogenase) transcription is up-regulated, which is a potential therapeutic target for acute pneumonia. The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of OGDH on lung injury and inflammation in animal and cell models, and to explore its mechanism. Methods By analyzing the GSE16650 gene set, the upregulated OGDH gene was detected in the lung injury cell model. In a sepsis animal model established by CLP and a lung injury cell model, RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, WB, and other techniques were used to verify the upregulation of OGDH expression, which was then was down-regulated with shRNA to confirm its relationship with ALI. Further, ELISA, RT-PCR, and WB were used to detect the effect of OGDH on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α. The downstream pathway of OGDH was predicted using KEGG and GSEA tools and verified by WB and immunofluorescence. Results The results showed OGDH was highly expressed in a lung injury cell model and the lung tissue of ALI mice induced by CLP, and downregulation of OGDH alleviated sepsis induced ALI. In animal models and cell models, the expression of OGDH was positively correlated with the expression of pro-inflammatory factors. OGDH may act through the MAPK pathway. Conclusions Under the pathological condition of sepsis, OGDH amplifies the inflammatory response through the MAPK pathway, releases pro-inflammatory factors, and induces ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewei Hao
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Prehospital Emergency, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xinfang Wang
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Wenming Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular, Xishui People's Hospital, Xishui, China
| | - Dianshui Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Second Provincial General Hospital, Jinan, China
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Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent the first line of defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on the engagement of a complex receptor repertoire expressed on their surface, consisting of both activating and inhibitory receptors. Among the known NK cell receptors, the family of killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) consists in activating/inhibitory receptors that interact with specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules expressed on target cells. In particular, the expression of peculiar KIRs have been reported to be associated to viral infection susceptibility. Interestingly, a significant association between the development and onset of different human pathologies, such as tumors, neurodegeneration and infertility, and a clonal KIRs expression on NK cells has been described in presence of viral infections, supporting the crucial role of KIRs in defining the effect of viral infections in different tissues and organs. This review aims to report the state of art about the role of KIRs receptors in NK cell activation and viral infection control.
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Kouamé GM, Gabillard D, Moh R, Badje A, Ntakpé JB, Emième A, Maylin S, Toni TD, Ménan H, Zoulim F, Danel C, Anglaret X, Eholié S, Lacombe K, Boyd A. Higher risk of mortality in HIV-HBV co-infected patients from sub-Saharan Africa is observed at lower CD4+ cell counts. Antivir Ther 2021; 26:25-33. [DOI: 10.1177/13596535211039589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals increases the risk of overall mortality, especially when HBV DNA levels are high. The role of CD4+ cell counts in this association is poorly defined. We aimed to determine whether HIV–HBV co-infection influences changes in CD4+ cell count before and during antiretroviral therapy and whether it affects mortality risk at levels of CD4+. Methods 2052 HIV-positive participants from Côte d’Ivoire in a randomized-control trial assessing early or deferred ART were included. HBV-status was determined by hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Changes in CD4+ cell levels were estimated using a mixed-effect linear model. The incidence rates of all-cause mortality were estimated at CD4+ counts ≤350, 351–500, >500/mm3 and were compared between HBV-status groups as incidence rate ratios (IRR). Results At baseline, 190 (9%) were HBsAg-positive [135 (71%) with HBV DNA <2000 IU/mL, 55 (29%) ≥2000 IU/mL]. Follow-up was a median 58 months (IQR = 40–69). Between co-infection groups, there were no differences in CD4+ decline before ART initiation and no differences in CD4+ increase after ART initiation. After adjusting for sex, age, baseline HIV RNA level, and early/deferred ART arm, mortality rates were not significantly different between HBsAg-positive versus HBsAg-negative participants across strata of CD4+ levels. However, HBsAg-positive individuals with HBV-DNA ≥2000 IU/mL versus HBsAg-negative individuals had increased mortality rates at ≤350/mm3 (adjusted-IRR = 3.82, 95% CI = 1.11–9.70) and 351–500/mm3 (adjusted-IRR = 4.37, 95% CI = 0.98–13.02), but not >500/mm3 (adjusted-IRR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.01–4.91). Conclusion Despite no effect of HBV-infection on CD4+ levels, HIV-HBV co-infected individuals with high HBV replication are at higher risk of mortality when CD4+ is <500/mm3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard M Kouamé
- MEREVA, Programme PAC-CI Site ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1219 IDLIC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Gabillard
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1219 IDLIC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raoul Moh
- MEREVA, Programme PAC-CI Site ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Unité Pédagogique de Dermatologie et Infectiologie, UFR des Sciences Médicales, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Anani Badje
- MEREVA, Programme PAC-CI Site ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- INSERM UMR1219 IDLIC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean B Ntakpé
- MEREVA, Programme PAC-CI Site ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- INSERM UMR1219 IDLIC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arlette Emième
- Laboratoire CeDreS, CHU Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Sarah Maylin
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - Hervé Ménan
- Laboratoire CeDreS, CHU Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), Lyon, France
| | - Christine Danel
- MEREVA, Programme PAC-CI Site ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1219 IDLIC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Xavier Anglaret
- MEREVA, Programme PAC-CI Site ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM UMR1219 IDLIC, Bordeaux, France
| | - Serge Eholié
- MEREVA, Programme PAC-CI Site ANRS de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHU de Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Karine Lacombe
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Anders Boyd
- INSERM, UMR_S1136, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
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Li X, Ramadori P, Pfister D, Seehawer M, Zender L, Heikenwalder M. The immunological and metabolic landscape in primary and metastatic liver cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:541-557. [PMID: 34326518 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the sixth most common site of primary cancer in humans, and generally arises in a background of cirrhosis and inflammation. Moreover, the liver is frequently colonized by metastases from cancers of other organs (particularly the colon) because of its anatomical location and organization, as well as its unique metabolic and immunosuppressive environment. In this Review, we discuss how the hepatic microenvironment adapts to pathologies characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic alterations. We illustrate how these immunological or metabolic changes alter immunosurveillance and thus hinder or promote the development of primary liver cancer. In addition, we describe how inflammatory and metabolic niches affect the spreading of cancer metastases into or within the liver. Finally, we review the current therapeutic options in this context and the resulting challenges that must be surmounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierluigi Ramadori
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pfister
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Seehawer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Boudewijns R, Ma J, Neyts J, Dallmeier K. A novel therapeutic HBV vaccine candidate induces strong polyfunctional cytotoxic T cell responses in mice. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100295. [PMID: 34159304 PMCID: PMC8203848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current standard-of-care suppresses HBV replication, but does not lead to a functional cure. Treatment aiming to cure chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is believed to require the induction of strong cellular immune responses, such as by therapeutic vaccination. METHODS We designed a therapeutic HBV vaccine candidate (YF17D/HBc-C) using yellow fever vaccine YF17D as a live-attenuated vector to express HBV core antigen (HBc). Its ability to induce potent cellular immune responses was assessed in a mouse model that supports flavivirus replication. RESULTS Following a HBc protein prime, a booster of YF17D/HBc-C was found to induce vigorous cytotoxic T cell responses. In a direct head-to-head comparison, these HBc-specific responses exceeded those elicited by adenovirus-vectored HBc. Target-specific T cells were not only more abundant, but also showed a higher degree of polyfunctionality, with HBc-specific CD8+ T cells producing interferon γ and tumour necrosis factor α in addition to granzyme B. This immune phenotype translated into a superior cytotoxic effector activity toward HBc-positive cells in YF17D/HBc-C vaccinated animals in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The results presented here show the potential of YF17D/HBc-C as a vaccine candidate to treat CHB, and warrant follow-up studies in preclinical animal models of HBV persistence in which other candidate vaccines have been unable to achieve a sustained virologic response. LAY SUMMARY Resolution of CHB requires the induction of strong cellular immune responses. We used the yellow fever vaccine as a vector for HBV antigens and show that it is capable of inducing high levels of HBV-specific T cells that produce multiple cytokines simultaneously and are cytotoxic in vivo.
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Key Words
- CAR-T, chimeric antigen receptor T cells
- CFSE, carboxy-fluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CHB, chronic hepatitis B
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- Chronic hepatitis B
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ELISPOT, enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot
- GzmB, granzyme B
- HBV
- HBc, HBV core antigen
- HBp, HBV polymerase antigen
- HBs, HBV surface antigen
- ICS, intracellular cytokine staining
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NanoLuc, nanoluciferase
- STAT2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 2
- TNFα, tumour necrosis factor α
- Therapeutic vaccination
- YF, yellow fever
- Yellow fever vaccine
- aa, amino acids
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- ifnar, IFN-α/β receptor
- pfu, plaque-forming units
- rHBc, recombinant HBc
- t-SNE, t-stochastic neighbour embedding
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert Boudewijns
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
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Kosinska AD, Festag J, Mück-Häusl M, Festag MM, Asen T, Protzer U. Immunogenicity and Antiviral Response of Therapeutic Hepatitis B Vaccination in a Mouse Model of HBeAg-Negative, Persistent HBV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080841. [PMID: 34451966 PMCID: PMC8402308 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During the natural course of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is typically lost, while the direct transmission of HBeAg-negative HBV may result in fulminant hepatitis B. While the induction of HBV-specific immune responses by therapeutic vaccination is a promising, novel treatment option for chronic hepatitis B, it remains unclear whether a loss of HBeAg may influence its efficacy or tolerability. We therefore generated an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-vector that carries a 1.3-fold overlength HBV genome with a typical stop-codon mutation in the pre-core region and initiates the replication of HBeAg(-) HBV in mouse livers. Infection of C57BL/6 mice established persistent HBeAg(-) HBV-replication without any detectable anti-HBV immunity or liver damage. HBV-carrier mice were immunized with TherVacB, a therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine that uses a particulate HBV S and a core protein for prime vaccination, and a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) for boost vaccination. The TherVacB immunization of HBeAg(+) and HBeAg(-) HBV carrier mice resulted in the effective induction of HBV-specific antibodies and the loss of HBsAg but only mild liver damage. Intrahepatic, HBV-specific CD8 T cells induced in HBeAg(-) mice expressed more IFNγ but showed similar cytolytic activity. This indicates that the loss of HBeAg improves the performance of therapeutic vaccination by enhancing non-cytolytic effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (A.D.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.-H.); (M.M.F.); (T.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Festag
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (A.D.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.-H.); (M.M.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Martin Mück-Häusl
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (A.D.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.-H.); (M.M.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Marvin M. Festag
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (A.D.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.-H.); (M.M.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Theresa Asen
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (A.D.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.-H.); (M.M.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81675 Munich, Germany; (A.D.K.); (J.F.); (M.M.-H.); (M.M.F.); (T.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Apigenin Against Liver Injury via the Non-canonical NF-κB Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro. Inflammation 2021; 43:1634-1648. [PMID: 32458347 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apigenin, a flavonoid found in many plants, has various biological properties. We aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity of apigenin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury in mice and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and possible mechanism. In vivo, apigenin significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in serum of mice challenged by CCl4 and markedly alleviated the lipid peroxidation as indicated by the increased level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidases (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT), and the decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver tissue. Apigenin also ameliorated inflammation by downregulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and upregulating IL-10. Consistently, the elevated ALT and AST level; the impaired balance between SOD, GSH activity, and excessive ROS; and the increased gene expression of TNF-α and IL-6 resulting from H2O2-induced oxidative stress were restored by apigenin. Moreover, the results from Western blot, real-time qPCR, and immunofluorescence assay indicated that apigenin enhanced the activity of TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 2/3 and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein (c-IAP) 1, ameliorated NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), and mediated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB2, therefore had an inhibitory effect on the non-canonical NF-κB pathway which was activated in both models. siNIK canceled the protective effect of apigenin on H2O2-induced HepG2 cells. Altogether, our results demonstrated that apigenin mitigated liver injury by ameliorating inflammation and oxidative stress through suppression of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway, indicating the potential of apigenin for treatment of the liver injury.
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Devan AR, Kumar AR, Nair B, Anto NP, Muraleedharan A, Mathew B, Kim H, Nath LR. Insights into an Immunotherapeutic Approach to Combat Multidrug Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:656. [PMID: 34358082 PMCID: PMC8308499 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most lethal cancers worldwide because of its high refractoriness and multi-drug resistance to existing chemotherapies, which leads to poor patient survival. Novel pharmacological strategies to tackle HCC are based on oral multi-kinase inhibitors like sorafenib; however, the clinical use of the drug is restricted due to the limited survival rate and significant side effects, suggesting the existence of a primary or/and acquired drug-resistance mechanism. Because of this hurdle, HCC patients are forced through incomplete therapy. Although multiple approaches have been employed in parallel to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), the results are varying with insignificant outcomes. In the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a breakthrough approach and has played a critical role in HCC treatment. The liver is the main immune organ of the lymphatic system. Researchers utilize immunotherapy because immune evasion is considered a major reason for rapid HCC progression. Moreover, the immune response can be augmented and sustained, thus preventing cancer relapse over the post-treatment period. In this review, we provide detailed insights into the immunotherapeutic approaches to combat MDR by focusing on HCC, together with challenges in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy R. Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Ayana R. Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Bhagyalakshmi Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
| | - Nikhil Ponnoor Anto
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (N.P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Amitha Muraleedharan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (N.P.A.); (A.M.)
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India;
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India; (A.R.D.); (A.R.K.); (B.N.)
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Shahnaij M, Iyori M, Mizukami H, Kajino M, Yamagoshi I, Syafira I, Yusuf Y, Fujiwara K, Yamamoto DS, Kato H, Ohno N, Yoshida S. Liver-Directed AAV8 Booster Vaccine Expressing Plasmodium falciparum Antigen Following Adenovirus Vaccine Priming Elicits Sterile Protection in a Murine Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:612910. [PMID: 34248928 PMCID: PMC8261234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.612910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte infection by malaria sporozoites is a bottleneck in the life-cycle of Plasmodium spp. including P. falciparum, which causes the most lethal form of malaria. Therefore, developing an effective vaccine capable of inducing the strong humoral and cellular immune responses necessary to block the pre-erythrocytic stage has potential to overcome the spatiotemporal hindrances pertaining to parasite biology and hepatic microanatomy. We recently showed that when combined with a human adenovirus type 5 (AdHu5)-priming vaccine, adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) is a potent booster malaria vaccine vector capable of inducing strong and long-lasting protective immune responses in a rodent malaria model. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a hepatotropic virus, adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8), as a booster vector because it can deliver a transgene potently and rapidly to the liver, the organ malaria sporozoites initially infect and multiply in following sporozoite injection by the bite of an infected mosquito. We first generated an AAV8-vectored vaccine expressing P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP). Intravenous (i.v.) administration of AAV8-PfCSP to mice initially primed with AdHu5-PfCSP resulted in a hepatocyte transduction rate ~2.5 times above that seen with intramuscular (i.m.) administration. This immunization regimen provided a better protection rate (100% sterile protection) than that of the i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.m. AAV8-boost regimen (60%, p < 0.05), i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.v. AAV1-boost (78%), or i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.m. AAV1-boost (80%) against challenge with transgenic PfCSP-expressing P. berghei sporozoites. Compared with the i.m. AdHu5-prime/i.v. AAV1-boost regimen, three other regimens induced higher levels of PfCSP-specific humoral immune responses. Importantly, a single i.v. dose of AAV8-PfCSP recruited CD8+ T cells, especially resident memory CD8+ T cells, in the liver. These data suggest that boost with i.v. AAV8-PfCSP can improve humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice. Therefore, this regimen holds great promise as a next-generation platform for the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahnaij
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iyori
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Gene Therapy, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mayu Kajino
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Iroha Yamagoshi
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Intan Syafira
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yenni Yusuf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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96
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Zhu CL, Yao RQ, Li LX, Li P, Xie J, Wang JF, Deng XM. Mechanism of Mitophagy and Its Role in Sepsis Induced Organ Dysfunction: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664896. [PMID: 34164394 PMCID: PMC8215549 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202111-2484oc+10.3389/fcell.2021.664896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. It is widely believed that mitochondria influence the development of disease by regulating cellular metabolism. When challenged by different stimuli, mitochondria may experience morphological disorders and functional abnormalities, leading to a selective form of autophagy-mitophagy, which can clear damaged mitochondria to promote mitochondrial quality control. Sepsis is a complex global problem with multiple organ dysfunction, often accompanied by manifold mitochondrial damage. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can regulate both innate and acquired immune processes to protect against organ dysfunction in sepsis. Sepsis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may play a pathophysiological role in the initiation and progression of sepsis-induced organ failure. Mitophagy is reported to be beneficial for sepsis by eliminating disabled mitochondria and maintaining homeostasis to protect against organ failure. In this review, we summarize the recent findings and mechanisms of mitophagy and its involvement in septic organ dysfunction as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-long Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-xi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-ming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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97
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Zhu CL, Yao RQ, Li LX, Li P, Xie J, Wang JF, Deng XM. Mechanism of Mitophagy and Its Role in Sepsis Induced Organ Dysfunction: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664896. [PMID: 34164394 PMCID: PMC8215549 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202111-2484oc 10.3389/fcell.2021.664896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. It is widely believed that mitochondria influence the development of disease by regulating cellular metabolism. When challenged by different stimuli, mitochondria may experience morphological disorders and functional abnormalities, leading to a selective form of autophagy-mitophagy, which can clear damaged mitochondria to promote mitochondrial quality control. Sepsis is a complex global problem with multiple organ dysfunction, often accompanied by manifold mitochondrial damage. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can regulate both innate and acquired immune processes to protect against organ dysfunction in sepsis. Sepsis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may play a pathophysiological role in the initiation and progression of sepsis-induced organ failure. Mitophagy is reported to be beneficial for sepsis by eliminating disabled mitochondria and maintaining homeostasis to protect against organ failure. In this review, we summarize the recent findings and mechanisms of mitophagy and its involvement in septic organ dysfunction as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-long Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-xi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jia-feng Wang,
| | - Xiao-ming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Xiao-ming Deng,
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98
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Zhu CL, Yao RQ, Li LX, Li P, Xie J, Wang JF, Deng XM. Mechanism of Mitophagy and Its Role in Sepsis Induced Organ Dysfunction: A Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664896. [PMID: 34164394 PMCID: PMC8215549 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process, plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. It is widely believed that mitochondria influence the development of disease by regulating cellular metabolism. When challenged by different stimuli, mitochondria may experience morphological disorders and functional abnormalities, leading to a selective form of autophagy-mitophagy, which can clear damaged mitochondria to promote mitochondrial quality control. Sepsis is a complex global problem with multiple organ dysfunction, often accompanied by manifold mitochondrial damage. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can regulate both innate and acquired immune processes to protect against organ dysfunction in sepsis. Sepsis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may play a pathophysiological role in the initiation and progression of sepsis-induced organ failure. Mitophagy is reported to be beneficial for sepsis by eliminating disabled mitochondria and maintaining homeostasis to protect against organ failure. In this review, we summarize the recent findings and mechanisms of mitophagy and its involvement in septic organ dysfunction as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Long Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Xi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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99
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Gailhouste L, Sudoh M, Qin XY, Watashi K, Wakita T, Ochiya T, Matsuura T, Kojima S, Furutani Y. Epigenetic reprogramming promotes the antiviral action of IFNα in HBV-infected cells. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:130. [PMID: 34078875 PMCID: PMC8170866 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remain a health burden affecting ~250 million people worldwide. Thus far, available interferon-alpha (IFNα)-based therapies have shown unsatisfactory cure rates, and alternative therapeutic molecules are still required. However, their development has been hampered because accessible cell models supporting relevant HBV replication and appropriate antiviral activity are lacking. Strategies that reverse epigenetic alterations offer a unique opportunity for cell reprogramming, which is valuable for restoring altered cellular functions in human cell lines. This work aimed to investigate the feasibility of converting HepG2 cells that stably overexpress the HBV entry receptor (sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, NTCP) toward IFNα-responsive cells using epigenetic reprogramming. Herein, we showed that an epigenetic regimen with non-cytotoxic doses of the demethylating compound 5-azacytidine restored the anti-HBV action of IFNα in epigenetically reprogrammed HepG2-NTCP-C4 cells, named REP-HepG2-NTCP cells. Thus, a significant inhibition in HBV DNA levels was measured in REP-HepG2-NTCP cells after IFNα treatment. This inhibitory effect was associated with the enhancement of IFNα-mediated induction of critical interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which was limited in non-reprogrammed cells. In particular, our data indicated that re-expression of 2’-5’-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1) and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) was the result of an epigenetically driven unmasking of these genes in reprogrammed cells. At last, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of the IFN analog CDM-3008 in REP-HepG2-NTCP cells and demonstrated the efficiency of this chemical compound in triggering ISG induction and HBV inhibition. In summary, this study shows that epigenetic reprogramming promotes the IFNα response in HBV-infected cells and is potentially attractive for cell-based experimental screening of IFN-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Gailhouste
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Sudoh
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan.,Department of Translational Research, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsuura
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan
| | - Yutaka Furutani
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Japan.
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100
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Cross-talk between hepatic stellate cells and T lymphocytes in liver fibrosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:207-214. [PMID: 33972160 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis results from inflammation and healing following injury. The imbalance between extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion and degradation leads to the ECM accumulation and liver fibrosis. This process is regulated by immune cells. T lymphocytes, including alpha beta (αβ) T cells, which have adaptive immune functions, and gamma delta (γδ) T cells, which have innate immune functions, are considered regulators of liver fibrosis. This review aimed to present the current understanding of the cross-talk between T lymphocytes and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are the key cells in liver fibrosis. DATA SOURCES The keywords "liver fibrosis", "immune", and "T cells" were used to retrieve articles published in PubMed database before January 31, 2020. RESULTS The ratio of CD8+ (suppressor) T cells to CD4+ (helper) T cells is significantly higher in the liver than in the peripheral blood. T cells secrete a series of cytokines and chemokines to regulate the inflammation in the liver and the activation of HSCs to influence the course of liver fibrosis. In addition, HSCs also regulate the differentiation and proliferation of T cells. CONCLUSIONS The cross-talk between T cells and HSCs regulates liver fibrosis progression. The elucidation of this communication process will help us to understand the pathological process of liver fibrosis.
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