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Maigler F, Ladel S, Flamm J, Gänger S, Kurpiers B, Kiderlen S, Völk R, Hamp C, Hartung S, Spiegel S, Soleimanizadeh A, Eberle K, Hermann R, Krainer L, Pitzer C, Schindowski K. Selective CNS Targeting and Distribution with a Refined Region-Specific Intranasal Delivery Technique via the Olfactory Mucosa. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111904. [PMID: 34834319 PMCID: PMC8620656 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal drug delivery is a promising approach for the delivery of drugs to the CNS, but too heterogenous, unprecise delivery methods without standardization decrease the quality of many studies in rodents. Thus, the lack of a precise and region-specific application technique for mice is a major drawback. In this study, a previously developed catheter-based refined technique was validated against the conventional pipette-based method and used to specifically reach the olfactory or the respiratory nasal regions. This study successfully demonstrated region-specific administration at the olfactory mucosa resulting in over 20% of the administered fluorescein dose in the olfactory bulbs, and no peripheral bioactivity of insulin detemir and Fc-dependent uptake of two murine IgG1 (11C7 and P3X) along the olfactory pathway to cortex and hippocampus. An scFv of 11C7 showed hardly any uptake to the CNS. Elimination was dependent on the presence of the IgG’s antigen. In summary, it was successfully demonstrated that region-specific intranasal administration via the olfactory region resulted in improved brain targeting and reduced peripheral targeting in mice. The data are discussed with regard to their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Maigler
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Ladel
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Flamm
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
- Faculty of Natural Science, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stella Gänger
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
- Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Kurpiers
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.); (C.P.)
| | - Stefanie Kiderlen
- Prospective Instruments LK OG, Stadtstraße 33, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria; (S.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Ronja Völk
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
| | - Carmen Hamp
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
| | - Sunniva Hartung
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
| | - Sebastian Spiegel
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
| | - Arghavan Soleimanizadeh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
| | - Katharina Eberle
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
| | - Rebecca Hermann
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
| | - Lukas Krainer
- Prospective Instruments LK OG, Stadtstraße 33, 6850 Dornbirn, Austria; (S.K.); (L.K.)
| | - Claudia Pitzer
- Interdisciplinary Neurobehavioral Core, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 515, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (B.K.); (C.P.)
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, Hubertus-Liebrecht Straße 35, 88400 Biberach, Germany; (F.M.); (S.L.); (J.F.); (S.G.); (R.V.); (C.H.); (S.H.); (S.S.); (A.S.); (K.E.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Recurrent rewiring of the adult hippocampal mossy fiber system by a single transcriptional regulator, Id2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108239118. [PMID: 34599103 PMCID: PMC8501755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108239118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons have an exceptional capacity to grow axons and form synaptic circuits during development but not later life. In adults, the lack of circuit formation may support retention of skilled actions and memories but also limits regeneration and repair after injuries and in disorders. Research on developing and damaged neurons has revealed many molecules that help circuit formation and regeneration, and yet factors that could induce axon growth and synapse formation in adult brain neurons remain elusive. Here, we searched for such key molecules and find one that alone can induce complete circuit formation. After engineering a new circuit in adult mice, we also looked into its function and relevance for memories. Circuit formation in the central nervous system has been historically studied during development, after which cell-autonomous and nonautonomous wiring factors inactivate. In principle, balanced reactivation of such factors could enable further wiring in adults, but their relative contributions may be circuit dependent and are largely unknown. Here, we investigated hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting to gain insight into wiring mechanisms in mature circuits. We found that sole ectopic expression of Id2 in granule cells is capable of driving mossy fiber sprouting in healthy adult mouse and rat. Mice with the new mossy fiber circuit solved spatial problems equally well as controls but appeared to rely on local rather than global spatial cues. Our results demonstrate reprogrammed connectivity in mature neurons by one defined factor and an assembly of a new synaptic circuit in adult brain.
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Chen L, Hu Q, Liu H, Zhao Y, Chan SO, Wang J. Nogo-A Induced Polymerization of Microtubule Is Involved in the Inflammatory Heat Hyperalgesia in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910360. [PMID: 34638704 PMCID: PMC8508904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule, a major constituent of cytoskeletons, was shown to bind and interact with transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1), and serves a pivotal role to produce thermal hyperalgesia in inflammatory pain. Nogo-A is a modulator of microtubule assembly and plays a key role in maintaining the function of TRPV1 in inflammatory heat pain. However, whether the microtubule dynamics modulated by Nogo-A in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons participate in the inflammatory pain is not elucidated. Here we reported that the polymerization of microtubules in the DRG neurons, as indicated by the acetylated α-tubulin, tubulin polymerization-promoting protein 3 (TPPP3), and microtubule numbers, was significantly elevated in the complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammatory pain. Consistent with our previous results, knock-out (KO) of Nogo-A protein significantly attenuated the heat hyperalgesia 72 h after CFA injection and decreased the microtubule polymerization via up-regulation of phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) in DRG. The colocalization of acetylated α-tubulin and TRPV1 in DRG neurons was also reduced dramatically in Nogo-A KO rats under inflammatory pain. Moreover, the down-regulation of TRPV1 in DRG of Nogo-A KO rats after injection of CFA was reversed by intrathecal injection of paclitaxel, a microtubule stabilizer. Furthermore, intrathecal injection of nocodazole (a microtubule disruptor) attenuated significantly the CFA-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia and the mechanical pain in a rat model of spared nerve injury (SNI). In these SNI cases, the Nogo-A and acetylated α-tubulin in DRG were also significantly up-regulated. We conclude that the polymerization of microtubules promoted by Nogo-A in DRG contributes to the development of inflammatory heat hyperalgesia mediated by TRPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.C.); (Q.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qiguo Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.C.); (Q.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Huaicun Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.C.); (Q.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.C.); (Q.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Sun-On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (S.-O.C.); (J.W.); Tel.: +85-2-3943-6898 (S.-O.C.); +86-10-8280-1119 (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (L.C.); (Q.H.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.-O.C.); (J.W.); Tel.: +85-2-3943-6898 (S.-O.C.); +86-10-8280-1119 (J.W.)
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Metzdorf K, Fricke S, Balia MT, Korte M, Zagrebelsky M. Nogo-A Modulates the Synaptic Excitation of Hippocampal Neurons in a Ca 2+-Dependent Manner. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092299. [PMID: 34571950 PMCID: PMC8467072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A tight regulation of the balance between inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission is a prerequisite for synaptic plasticity in neuronal networks. In this context, the neurite growth inhibitor membrane protein Nogo-A modulates synaptic plasticity, strength, and neurotransmitter receptor dynamics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these actions are unknown. We show that Nogo-A loss-of-function in primary mouse hippocampal cultures by application of a function-blocking antibody leads to higher excitation following a decrease in GABAARs at inhibitory and an increase in the GluA1, but not GluA2 AMPAR subunit at excitatory synapses. This unbalanced regulation of AMPAR subunits results in the incorporation of Ca2+-permeable GluA2-lacking AMPARs and increased intracellular Ca2+ levels due to a higher Ca2+ influx without affecting its release from the internal stores. Increased neuronal activation upon Nogo-A loss-of-function prompts the phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB and the expression of c-Fos. These results contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the excitation/inhibition balance and thereby of plasticity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Metzdorf
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fricke
- Division of Cell Physiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Maria Teresa Balia
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marta Zagrebelsky
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (K.M.); (M.T.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-531-3913225
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Klimaschewski L, Claus P. Fibroblast Growth Factor Signalling in the Diseased Nervous System. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3884-3902. [PMID: 33860438 PMCID: PMC8280051 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as key signalling molecules in brain development, maintenance, and repair. They influence the intricate relationship between myelinating cells and axons as well as the association of astrocytic and microglial processes with neuronal perikarya and synapses. Advances in molecular genetics and imaging techniques have allowed novel insights into FGF signalling in recent years. Conditional mouse mutants have revealed the functional significance of neuronal and glial FGF receptors, not only in tissue protection, axon regeneration, and glial proliferation but also in instant behavioural changes. This review provides a summary of recent findings regarding the role of FGFs and their receptors in the nervous system and in the pathogenesis of major neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Klimaschewski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Dietz V. Restoration of motor function after CNS damage: is there a potential beyond spontaneous recovery? Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab171. [PMID: 34396118 PMCID: PMC8361425 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What determines the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation approaches on the outcome of function in stroke or spinal cord injured subjects? Many studies claim that an improvement of function is based on the intensity of training, while some actual studies indicate no additional gain in function by a more intensive training after a stroke. Inherent factors seem to determine outcome, such as damage of specific tracts in stroke and level of lesion in spinal cord injured subjects, while the improvement of function achieved by an intensive training is small in relation to the spontaneous recovery. It is argued that an individual capacity of recovery exists depending on such factors. This capacity can be exploited by a repetitive execution of functional movements (supported as far as required), irrespective of the intensity and technology applied. Elderly subjects have difficulties to translate the recovery of motor deficit into function. Alternative, non-training approaches to restore motor function, such as epidural or deep brain stimulation as well as CNS repair are still in an early clinical or in a translational stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Dietz
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, University Hospital Balgrist, Zürich, Switzerland
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Kirolos SA, Rijal R, Consalvo KM, Gomer RH. Using Dictyostelium to Develop Therapeutics for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:710005. [PMID: 34350188 PMCID: PMC8326840 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.710005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves damage to lungs causing an influx of neutrophils from the blood into the lung airspaces, and the neutrophils causing further damage, which attracts more neutrophils in a vicious cycle. There are ∼190,000 cases of ARDS per year in the US, and because of the lack of therapeutics, the mortality rate is ∼40%. Repelling neutrophils out of the lung airspaces, or simply preventing neutrophil entry, is a potential therapeutic. In this minireview, we discuss how our lab noticed that a protein called AprA secreted by growing Dictyostelium cells functions as a repellent for Dictyostelium cells, causing cells to move away from a source of AprA. We then found that AprA has structural similarity to a human secreted protein called dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), and that DPPIV is a repellent for human neutrophils. In animal models of ARDS, inhalation of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics blocks neutrophil influx into the lungs. To move DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics into the clinic, we need to know how this repulsion works to understand possible drug interactions and side effects. Combining biochemistry and genetics in Dictyostelium to elucidate the AprA signal transduction pathway, followed by drug studies in human neutrophils to determine similarities and differences between neutrophil and Dictyostelium chemorepulsion, will hopefully lead to the safe use of DPPIV or DPPIV mimetics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard H. Gomer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Pikatza-Menoio O, Elicegui A, Bengoetxea X, Naldaiz-Gastesi N, López de Munain A, Gerenu G, Gil-Bea FJ, Alonso-Martín S. The Skeletal Muscle Emerges as a New Disease Target in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. J Pers Med 2021; 11:671. [PMID: 34357138 PMCID: PMC8307751 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder that leads to progressive degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) and severe muscle atrophy without effective treatment. Most research on ALS has been focused on the study of MNs and supporting cells of the central nervous system. Strikingly, the recent observations of pathological changes in muscle occurring before disease onset and independent from MN degeneration have bolstered the interest for the study of muscle tissue as a potential target for delivery of therapies for ALS. Skeletal muscle has just been described as a tissue with an important secretory function that is toxic to MNs in the context of ALS. Moreover, a fine-tuning balance between biosynthetic and atrophic pathways is necessary to induce myogenesis for muscle tissue repair. Compromising this response due to primary metabolic abnormalities in the muscle could trigger defective muscle regeneration and neuromuscular junction restoration, with deleterious consequences for MNs and thereby hastening the development of ALS. However, it remains puzzling how backward signaling from the muscle could impinge on MN death. This review provides a comprehensive analysis on the current state-of-the-art of the role of the skeletal muscle in ALS, highlighting its contribution to the neurodegeneration in ALS through backward-signaling processes as a newly uncovered mechanism for a peripheral etiopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Pikatza-Menoio
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Elicegui
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xabier Bengoetxea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
| | - Neia Naldaiz-Gastesi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munain
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Gorka Gerenu
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Alonso-Martín
- Neuromuscular Diseases Group, Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; (O.P.-M.); (A.E.); (X.B.); (N.N.-G.); (A.L.d.M.); (G.G.); (F.J.G.-B.)
- CIBERNED, Carlos III Institute, Spanish Ministry of Economy & Competitiveness, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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Parcerisas A, Ortega-Gascó A, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Odena MA, Ulloa F, de Oliveira E, Bosch M, Pujadas L, Soriano E. New Partners Identified by Mass Spectrometry Assay Reveal Functions of NCAM2 in Neural Cytoskeleton Organization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147404. [PMID: 34299022 PMCID: PMC8304497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell adhesion molecule 2 (NCAM2) is a membrane protein with an important role in the morphological development of neurons. In the cortex and the hippocampus, NCAM2 is essential for proper neuronal differentiation, dendritic and axonal outgrowth and synapse formation. However, little is known about NCAM2 functional mechanisms and its interactive partners during brain development. Here we used mass spectrometry to study the molecular interactome of NCAM2 in the second postnatal week of the mouse cerebral cortex. We found that NCAM2 interacts with >100 proteins involved in numerous processes, including neuronal morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. We validated the most relevant interactors, including Neurofilaments (NEFs), Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), Calcium/calmodulin kinase II alpha (CaMKIIα), Actin and Nogo. An in silico analysis of the cytosolic tail of the NCAM2.1 isoform revealed specific phosphorylation site motifs with a putative affinity for some of these interactors. Our results expand the knowledge of NCAM2 interactome and confirm the key role of NCAM2 in cytoskeleton organization, neuronal morphogenesis and synaptogenesis. These findings are of interest in explaining the phenotypes observed in different pathologies with alterations in the NCAM2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Parcerisas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Alba Ortega-Gascó
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Hernaiz-Llorens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Odena
- Plataforma de Proteòmica, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.O.); (E.d.O.)
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eliandre de Oliveira
- Plataforma de Proteòmica, Parc Científic de Barcelona (PCB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.O.); (E.d.O.)
| | - Miquel Bosch
- Department of Basic Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08195 Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Lluís Pujadas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Barcelona and Institute of Neurosciences, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.O.-G.); (M.H.-L.); (F.U.); (L.P.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (E.S.)
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Zhang N, Cui Y, Li Y, Mi Y. A Novel Role of Nogo Proteins: Regulating Macrophages in Inflammatory Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2439-2448. [PMID: 34224050 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nogo proteins, also known as Reticulon-4, have been identified as myelin-derived inhibitors of neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system (CNS). There are three Nogo variants, Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Recent studies have shown that Nogo-A/B is abundant in macrophages and may have a wider effect on inflammation. In this review, we focus mainly on the possible roles of Nogo-A/B on polarization and recruitment of macrophages and their involvement in a variety of inflammatory diseases. We then discuss the Nogo receptor1 (NgR1), a common receptor for Nogo proteins that is also abundant in microglia/macrophage in the CNS. Interaction of Nogo and NgR1 in microglia/macrophage may affect the adhesion and polarization of macrophages that are involved in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Overall, this review provides insights into the roles of Nogo proteins in regulating macrophage functions and suggests that, potentially, Nogo proteins maybe a new target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Mi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhao CG, Qin J, Li J, Jiang S, Ju F, Sun W, Ren Z, Ji YQ, Wang R, Sun XL, Mou X, Yuan H. LINGO-1 regulates Wnt5a signaling during neural stem and progenitor cell differentiation by modulating miR-15b-3p levels. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:372. [PMID: 34187584 PMCID: PMC8243903 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manipulation of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) is critical for the successful treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) by NSPC transplantation, since their differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes can be inhibited by factors present in inflamed myelin. In this study, we examined the effects of LINGO-1 on spinal cord-derived NSPC (sp-NSPC) differentiation, the underlying mechanisms of action, and the functional recovery of mice after transplantation of manipulated cells. Methods sp-NSPCs were harvested from female adult C57/BL6 mice after SCI induced with an NYU impactor. These cells were infected with lentiviral vectors containing LINGO-1 shRNA sequence or a scrambled control and transplanted into SCI mice. Tuj-1- and GFAP-positive cells were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. Wnt5a, p-JNK, JNK, and β-catenin expression was determined by Western blot and RT-qPCR. miRNAs were sequenced to detect changes in miRNA expression. Motor function was evaluated 0–35 days post-surgery by means of the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) and by the rotarod performance test. Results We discovered that LINGO-1 shRNA increased neuronal differentiation of sp-NSPCs while decreasing astrocyte differentiation. These effects were accompanied by elevated Wnt5a protein expression, but unexpectedly, no changes in Wnt5a mRNA levels. miRNA-sequence analysis demonstrated that miR-15b-3p was a downstream mediator of LINGO-1 which suppressed Wnt5a expression. Transplantation of LINGO-1 shRNA-treated sp-NSPCs into SCI mice promoted neural differentiation, wound compaction, and motor function recovery. Conclusions LINGO-1 shRNA promotes neural differentiation of sp-NSPCs and Wnt5a expression, probably by downregulating miR-15b-3p. Transplantation of LINGO-1 shRNA-treated NSPCs promotes recovery of motor function after SCI, highlighting its potential as a target for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Guang Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Medicine and Health, University Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Ju
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhen Ren
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ji
- Department of Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Xi'an, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Long Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiang Mou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Roy A, Pathak Z, Kumar H. Strategies to neutralize RhoA/ROCK pathway after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 343:113794. [PMID: 34166685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration is bungled following CNS injuries, including spinal cord injury (SCI). Inherent decay of permissive conditions restricts the regrowth of the mature CNS after an injury. Hypertrophic scarring, insignificant intrinsic axon-growth activity, and axon-growth inhibitory molecules such as myelin inhibitors and scar inhibitors constitute a significant hindrance to spinal cord repair. Besides these molecules, a combined absence of various mechanisms responsible for axonal regeneration is the main reason behind the dereliction of the adult CNS to regenerate. The neutralization of specific inhibitors/proteins by stymieing antibodies or encouraging enzymatic degradation results in improved axon regeneration. Previous efforts to induce regeneration after SCI have stimulated axonal development in or near lesion sites, but not beyond them. Several pathways are responsible for the axonal growth obstruction after a CNS injury, including SCI. Herein, we summarize the axonal, glial, and intrinsic factor which impedes the regeneration. We have also discussed the methods to stabilize microtubules and through this to maintain the proper cytoskeletal dynamics of growth cone as disorganized microtubules lead to the failure of axonal regeneration. Moreover, we primarily focus on diverse inhibitors of axonal growth and molecular approaches to counteract them and their downstream intracellular signaling through the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Zarna Pathak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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Jiang J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Ji Y, Guo H, Wang X, Yu S. Effects of Nogo-A and its receptor on the repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10842. [PMID: 34076142 PMCID: PMC8186374 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2020e10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of injured peripheral nerves is an extremely complex process. Nogo-A (neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A) inhibits axonal regeneration by interacting with Nogo receptor in the myelin sheath of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Nogo-A and its receptor on the repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=96) were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (control), sciatic nerve transection group (model), immediate repair group (immediate repair), and delayed repair group (delayed repair). The rats were euthanized 1 week and 6 weeks after operation. The injured end tissues of the spinal cord and sciatic nerve were obtained. The protein expressions of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expressions of Nogo-A, NgR, and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) were detected by western blot. At 1 week after operation, the pathological changes in the immediate repaired group were less, and the protein expressions of Nogo-A, NgR, and RhoA in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues were decreased (P<0.05) compared with the model group. After 6 weeks, the pathological changes in the immediate repair group and the delayed repair group were alleviated and the protein expressions decreased (P<0.05). The situation of the immediate repair group was better than that of the delayed repair group. Our data suggest that the expression of Nogo-A and its receptor increased after sciatic nerve injury, indicating that Nogo-A and its receptor play an inhibitory role in the repair process of sciatic nerve injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Jiang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yuanchen Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Yantai City Municipal Government Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Shengjun Yu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Bix G. The CNS/PNS Extracellular Matrix Provides Instructive Guidance Cues to Neural Cells and Neuroregulatory Proteins in Neural Development and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5583. [PMID: 34070424 PMCID: PMC8197505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix of the PNS/CNS is unusual in that it is dominated by glycosaminoglycans, especially hyaluronan, whose space filling and hydrating properties make essential contributions to the functional properties of this tissue. Hyaluronan has a relatively simple structure but its space-filling properties ensure micro-compartments are maintained in the brain ultrastructure, ensuring ionic niches and gradients are maintained for optimal cellular function. Hyaluronan has cell-instructive, anti-inflammatory properties and forms macro-molecular aggregates with the lectican CS-proteoglycans, forming dense protective perineuronal net structures that provide neural and synaptic plasticity and support cognitive learning. AIMS To highlight the central nervous system/peripheral nervous system (CNS/PNS) and its diverse extracellular and cell-associated proteoglycans that have cell-instructive properties regulating neural repair processes and functional recovery through interactions with cell adhesive molecules, receptors and neuroregulatory proteins. Despite a general lack of stabilising fibrillar collagenous and elastic structures in the CNS/PNS, a sophisticated dynamic extracellular matrix is nevertheless important in tissue form and function. CONCLUSIONS This review provides examples of the sophistication of the CNS/PNS extracellular matrix, showing how it maintains homeostasis and regulates neural repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Gregory Bix
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
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Zhou D, Cen K, Liu W, Liu F, Liu R, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Chang J, Zhu L. Xuesaitong exerts long-term neuroprotection for stroke recovery by inhibiting the ROCKII pathway, in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 272:113943. [PMID: 33617967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xuesaitong (XST) is a traditional Chinese medicine injection with neuroprotective properties and has been extensively used to treat stroke for many years. The main component of XST is Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), which is the main extract of the Chinese herbal medicine Panax notoginseng. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we investigated whether XST provided long-term neuroprotection by inhibiting neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A (Nogo-A) and the ROCKII pathway in experimental rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats with permanent MCAO were administered XST, Y27632, XST plus Y27632, and nimodipine for 14 and 28 days. Successful MCAO onset was confirmed by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Neurological deficit score (NDS) was used to assess neurological impairment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of synaptophysin (SYN) and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) were performed to evaluate cerebral ischemic injury and the neuroprotective capability of XST. Nogo-A levels and the ROCKII pathway were detected by IHC analysis, western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to explore the protective mechanism of XST. OGD/R model was established in SH-SY5Y cells. Cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) was applied to detect the optimum OGD time and XST concentration. The expression levels Nogo-A and ROCKII pathway were determined using western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that XST reduced neurological dysfunction and pathological damage, promoted weight gain and synaptic regeneration, reduced Nogo-A mRNA and protein levels, and inhibited the ROCKII pathway in MCAO rats. CCK8 assay displayed that the optimal OGD time and optimal XST concentration were 7 h and 20 μg/mL respectively in SH-SY5Y cells. XST could evidently inhibit OGD/R-induced Nogo-A protein expression and ROCKII pathway activation in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that XST exerted long-term neuroprotective effects that assisted in stroke recovery, possibly through inhibition of the ROCKII pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongrui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Kai Cen
- Department of Stomatology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100045, Beijing, China.
| | - Fengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Yikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Yizhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Jingling Chang
- Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Lingqun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Educational Ministry and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China; Department of Neurology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
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The Implication of Reticulons (RTNs) in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094630. [PMID: 33924890 PMCID: PMC8125174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reticulons (RTNs) are crucial regulatory factors in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as immune system and play pleiotropic functions. In CNS, RTNs are transmembrane proteins mediating neuroanatomical plasticity and functional recovery after central nervous system injury or diseases. Moreover, RTNs, particularly RTN4 and RTN3, are involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation processes. The crucial role of RTNs in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or other neurological conditions such as brain injury or spinal cord injury, has attracted scientific interest. Reticulons, particularly RTN-4A (Nogo-A), could provide both an understanding of early pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and be potential therapeutic targets which may offer effective treatment or inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and functions of RTNs and their potential usefulness in clinical practice as a diagnostic tool or therapeutic strategy.
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67
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Lim ZQ, Ng QY, Oo Y, Chu JJH, Ng SY, Sze SK, Alonso S. Enterovirus-A71 exploits peripherin and Rac1 to invade the central nervous system. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51777. [PMID: 33871166 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) has been associated with severe neurological forms of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-A71 infects motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) to invade the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigate the role of peripherin (PRPH) during EV-A71 infection, a type III intermediate neurofilament involved in neurodegenerative conditions. In mice infected with EV-A71, PRPH co-localizes with viral particles in the muscles at NMJs and in the spinal cord. In motor neuron-like and neuroblastoma cell lines, surface-expressed PRPH facilitates viral entry, while intracellular PRPH influences viral genome replication through interactions with structural and non-structural viral components. Importantly, PRPH does not play a role during infection with coxsackievirus A16, another causative agent of HFMD rarely associated with neurological complications, suggesting that EV-A71 ability to exploit PRPH represents a unique attribute for successful CNS invasion. Finally, we show that EV-A71 also exploits some of the many PRPH-interacting partners. Of these, small GTP-binding protein Rac1 represents a potential druggable host target to limit neuroinvasion of EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin Lim
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yong Ng
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukei Oo
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Services Core Facility, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Wang JL, Chen WG, Zhang JJ, Xu CJ. Nogo-A-Δ20/EphA4 interaction antagonizes apoptosis of neural stem cells by integrating p38 and JNK MAPK signaling. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:521-537. [PMID: 33555537 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-09960-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nogo-A protein consists of two main extracellular domains: Nogo-66 (rat amino acid [aa] 1019-1083) and Nogo-A-Δ20 (extracellular, active 180 amino acid Nogo-A region), which serve as strong inhibitors of axon regeneration in the adult CNS (Central Nervous System). Although receptors S1PR2 and HSPGs have been identified as Nogo-A-Δ20 binding proteins, it remains at present elusive whether other receptors directly interacting with Nogo-A-Δ20 exist, and decrease cell death. On the other hand, the key roles of EphA4 in the regulation of glioblastoma, axon regeneration and NSCs (Neural Stem Cells) proliferation or differentiation are well understood, but little is known the relationship between EphA4 and Nogo-A-Δ20 in NSCs apoptosis. Thus, we aim to determine whether Nogo-A-Δ20 can bind to EphA4 and affect survival of NSCs. Here, we discover that EphA4, belonging to a member of erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptors family, could be acting as a high affinity ligand for Nogo-A-Δ20. Trans-membrane protein of EphA4 is needed for Nogo-A-Δ20-triggered inhibition of NSCs apoptosis, which are mediated by balancing p38 inactivation and JNK MAPK pathway activation. Finally, we predict at the atomic level that essential residues Lys-205, Ile-190, Pro-194 in Nogo-A-Δ20 and EphA4 residues Gln-390, Asn-425, Pro-426 might play critical roles in Nogo-A-Δ20/EphA4 binding via molecular docking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1 of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guang Chen
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Cha Shan University Town, No.1 Central North Road, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Jia Zhang
- School of 1St Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Jin Xu
- Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Cha Shan University Town, No.1 Central North Road, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Hu W, Liu Z, Salato V, North PE, Bischoff J, Kumar SN, Fang Z, Rajan S, Hussain MM, Miao QR. NOGOB receptor-mediated RAS signaling pathway is a target for suppressing proliferating hemangioma. JCI Insight 2021; 6:142299. [PMID: 33400686 PMCID: PMC7934876 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma is a vascular tumor characterized by the rapid growth of disorganized blood vessels followed by slow spontaneous involution. The underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate hemangioma proliferation and involution still are not well elucidated. Our previous studies reported that NOGOB receptor (NGBR), a transmembrane protein, is required for the translocation of prenylated RAS from the cytosol to the plasma membrane and promotes RAS activation. Here, we show that NGBR was highly expressed in the proliferating phase of infantile hemangioma, but its expression decreased in the involuting phase, suggesting that NGBR may have been involved in regulating the growth of proliferating hemangioma. Moreover, we demonstrate that NGBR knockdown in hemangioma stem cells (HemSCs) attenuated growth factor-stimulated RAS activation and diminished the migration and proliferation of HemSCs, which is consistent with the effects of RAS knockdown in HemSCs. In vivo differentiation assay further shows that NGBR knockdown inhibited blood vessel formation and adipocyte differentiation of HemSCs in immunodeficient mice. Our data suggest that NGBR served as a RAS modulator in controlling the growth and differentiation of HemSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Hu
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, and.,Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhong Liu
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, and.,Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Valerie Salato
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Paula E North
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Suresh N Kumar
- Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, and.,Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sujith Rajan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Qing R Miao
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, New York, USA.,Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, and.,Division of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Nogo-A Is Critical for Pro-Inflammatory Gene Regulation in Myocytes and Macrophages. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020282. [PMID: 33572505 PMCID: PMC7912613 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nogo-A (Rtn 4A), a member of the reticulon 4 (Rtn4) protein family, is a neurite outgrowth inhibitor protein that is primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). However, previous studies revealed that Nogo-A was upregulated in skeletal muscles of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Additionally, experiments showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), was upregulated in gastrocnemius muscle of a murine model of ALS. We therefore hypothesized that Nogo-A might relate to skeletal muscle diseases. According to our knocking down and overexpression results in muscle cell line (C2C12), we have found that upregulation of Nogo-A resulted in upregulation of CHOP, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, while downregulation of Nogo-A led to downregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Immunofluorescence results showed that Nogo-A and CHOP were expressed by myofibers as well as tissue macrophages. Since resident macrophages share similar functions as bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM), we therefore, isolated macrophages from bone marrow to study the role of Nogo-A in activation of these cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BMDM in Nogo-KO mice showed low mRNA expression of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to BMDM in wild type (WT) mice. Interestingly, Nogo knockout (KO) BMDM exhibited lower migratory activity and phagocytic ability compared with WT BMDM after LPS treatment. In addition, mice experiments data revealed that upregulation of Nogo-A in notexin- and tunicamycin-treated muscles was associated with upregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α in WT group, while in Nogo-KO group resulted in low expression level of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, upregulation of Nogo-A in dystrophin-deficient (mdx) murine model, myopathy and Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) clinical biopsies was associated with upregulation of CHOP, IL-6 and TNF-α. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate Nogo-A as a regulator of inflammation in diseased muscle and bone marrow macrophages and that deletion of Nogo-A alleviates muscle inflammation and it can be utilized as a therapeutic target for improving muscle diseases.
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71
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Espírito-Santo S, Coutinho VG, Dezonne RS, Stipursky J, Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Batista C, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Fuss B, Gomes FCA. Astrocytes as a target for Nogo-A and implications for synapse formation in vitro and in a model of acute demyelination. Glia 2021; 69:1429-1443. [PMID: 33497496 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function depends on precise synaptogenesis, which is shaped by environmental cues and cellular interactions. Astrocytes are outstanding regulators of synapse development and plasticity through contact-dependent signals and through the release of pro- and antisynaptogenic factors. Conversely, myelin and its associated proteins, including Nogo-A, affect synapses in a inhibitory fashion and contribute to neural circuitry stabilization. However, the roles of Nogo-A-astrocyte interactions and their implications in synapse development and plasticity have not been characterized. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether Nogo-A affects the capacity of astrocytes to induce synaptogenesis. Additionally, we assessed whether downregulation of Nogo-A signaling in an in vivo demyelination model impacts the synaptogenic potential of astrocytes. Our in vitro data show that cortical astrocytes respond to Nogo-A through RhoA pathway activation, exhibiting stress fiber formation and decreased ramified morphology. This phenotype was associated with reduced levels of GLAST protein and aspartate uptake, decreased mRNA levels of the synaptogenesis-associated genes Hevin, glypican-4, TGF-β1 and BDNF, and decreased and increased protein levels of Hevin and SPARC, respectively. Corroborating these findings, conditioned medium from Nogo-A-treated astrocytes suppressed the formation of structurally and functionally mature synapses in cortical neuronal cultures. After cuprizone-induced acute demyelination, we observed reduced immunostaining for Nogo-A in the visual cortex accompanied by higher levels of Hevin expression in astrocytes and an increase in excitatory synapse density. Hence, we suggest that interactions between Nogo-A and astrocytes might represent an important pathway of plasticity regulation and could be a target for therapeutic intervention in demyelinating diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Espírito-Santo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius G Coutinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo S Dezonne
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Batista
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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72
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Liu LR, Wang YX, He L, Xu YX, Huang JY, Peng TT, Yang XB, Pan J, Tang HM, Xu KS. Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Promotes Neural Remodeling and Functional Reorganization by Overcoming Nogo-A/NgR/RhoA/ROCK Signals in Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy Mice. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:145-157. [PMID: 33410385 DOI: 10.1177/1545968320981962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Little is known about the induction of functional and brain structural reorganization in hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP) by constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). Objective. We aimed to explore the specific molecular mechanism of functional and structural plasticity related to CIMT in HCP. Methods. The mice were divided into a control group and HCP groups with different interventions (unconstraint-induced movement therapy [UNCIMT], CIMT or siRNA-Nogo-A [SN] treatment): the HCP, HCP+UNCIMT, HCP+CIMT, HCP+SN, and HCP+SN+CIMT groups. Rotarod and front-limb suspension tests, immunohistochemistry, Golgi-Cox staining, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot analyses were applied to measure motor function, neurons and neurofilament density, dendrites/axon areas, myelin integrity, and Nogo-A/NgR/RhoA/ROCK expression in the motor cortex. Results. The mice in the HCP+CIMT group had better motor function, greater neurons and neurofilament density, dendrites/axon areas, myelin integrity, and lower Nogo-A/NgR/RhoA/ROCK expression in the motor cortex than the HCP and HCP+UNCIMT groups (P < .05). Moreover, the expression of Nogo-A/NgR/RhoA/ROCK, the improvement of neural remodeling and motor function of mice in the HCP+SN group were similar to those in the HCP+CIMT group (P > .05). The neural remodeling and motor function of the HCP+SN+CIMT group were significantly greater than those in the HCP+SN and HCP+CIMT groups (P < .05). Motor function were positively correlated with the density of neurons (r = 0.450 and 0.309, respectively; P < .05) and neurofilament (r = 0.717 and 0.567, respectively; P < .05). Conclusions. CIMT might promote the remodeling of neurons, neurofilament, dendrites/axon areas, and myelin in the motor cortex by partially inhibiting the Nogo-A/NgR/RhoA/ROCK pathway, thereby promoting the improvement of motor function in HCP mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ru Liu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu-Xin Wang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu He
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Xian Xu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Yu Huang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting-Ting Peng
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu-Bo Yang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Mei Tang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai-Shou Xu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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73
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Multi-Omics Approach Reveals miR-SNPs Affecting Muscle Fatty Acids Profile in Nelore Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010067. [PMID: 33419037 PMCID: PMC7825288 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, potentially affecting several biological processes, whose function can be altered by sequence variation. Hence, the integration of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and miRNAs can explain individual differences in economic traits. To provide new insights into the effects of SNPs on miRNAs and their related target genes, we carried out a multi-omic analysis to identify SNPs in miRNA mature sequences (miR-SNPs) associated with fatty acid (FA) composition in the Nelore cattle. As a result, we identified 3 miR-SNPs in different miRNAs (bta-miR-2419-3p, bta-miR-193a-2, and bta-miR-1291) significantly associated with FA traits (p-value < 0.02, Bonferroni corrected). Among these, the rs110817643C>T, located in the seed sequence of the bta-miR-1291, was associated with different ω6 FAs, polyunsaturated FA, and polyunsaturated:saturated FA ratios. Concerning the other two miR-SNPs, the rs43400521T>C (located in the bta-miR-2419-3p) was associated with C12:0 and C18:1 cis-11 FA, whereas the rs516857374A>G (located in the bta-miR-193a-2) was associated with C18:3 ω6 and ratio of ω6/ω3 traits. Additionally, to identify potential biomarkers for FA composition, we described target genes affected by these miR-SNPs at the mRNA or protein level. Our multi-omics analysis outlines the effects of genetic polymorphism on miRNA, and it highlights miR-SNPs and target candidate genes that control beef fatty acid composition.
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74
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Abstract
Nogo-A is considered one of the most important inhibitors of myelin-associated axonal regeneration in the central nervous system. It is mainly expressed by oligodendrocytes. Although previous studies have found regulatory roles for Nogo-A in neurite outgrowth inhibition, neuronal homeostasis, precursor migration, plasticity, and neurodegeneration, its functions in the process of oxidative injury are largely uncharacterized. In this study, oligodendrocytes were extracted from the cerebral cortex of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats. We used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce an in vitro oligodendrocyte oxidative damage model and found that endogenously expressed Nogo-A is significantly upregulated in oligodendrocytes. After recombinant virus Ad-ZsGreen-rat Nogo-A infection of oligodendrocytes, Nogo-A expression was increased, and the infected oligodendrocytes were more susceptible to acute oxidative insults and exhibited a markedly elevated rate of cell death. Furthermore, knockdown of Nogo-A expression in oligodendrocytes by Ad-ZsGreen-shRNA-Nogo-A almost completely protected against oxidative stress induced by exogenous H2O2. Intervention with a Nogo-66 antibody, a LINGO1 blocker, or Y27632, an inhibitor in the Nogo-66-NgR/p75/LINGO-1-RhoA-ROCK pathway, did not affect the death of oligodendrocytes. Ad-ZsGreen-shRNA-Nogo-A also increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and inhibited BCL2 expression in oligodendrocytes. In conclusion, Nogo-A aggravated reactive oxygen species damage in oligodendrocytes, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and BCL2 might be involved in this process. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University People’s Hospital, China (approval No. 2018PHC081) on December 18, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dao-Jun Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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75
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Arvidsson E, Gabulya S, Brodin AT, Karlsson TE, Olson L. Forebrain NgR1 Overexpression Impairs DA Release Suggesting Synergy of Local and Global Synaptic Plasticity Mechanisms. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:545854. [PMID: 33362526 PMCID: PMC7758427 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.545854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural synaptic reorganizations needed to permanently embed novel memories in the brain involve complex plasticity-enhancing and plasticity-inhibiting systems. Increased neural activity is linked to rapid downregulation of Nogo receptor 1 (NgR1), needed to allow local structural synaptic plasticity. This local regulation of plasticity is thought to be moderated by global systems, such as the ascending cholinergic and monoaminergic systems, adding significance to locally increased neural activity. Here we address the reverse possibility that the global systems may also be influenced by the status of local plasticity. Using NgR1-overexpressing mice, with impaired plasticity and long-term memory, we measured the ability to release dopamine (DA), implicated in regulating plasticity and memory. In vivo chronoamperometric recording with high temporal and spatial resolution revealed severe impairment of potassium chloride (KCl)-induced increase of extracellular DA in the dorsal striatum of mice overexpressing NgR1 in forebrain neurons. A similar, but lesser, impairment of DA release was seen following amphetamine delivery. In contrast, potassium chloride-evoked DA release in NgR1 knockout (KO) mice led to increased levels of extracellular DA. That NgR1 can impair DA signaling, thereby further dampening synaptic plasticity, suggests a new role for NgR1 signaling, acting in synergy with DA signaling to control synaptic plasticity. Significance Statement:The inverse correlation between local NgR1 levels and magnitude of KCl-inducible amounts of DA release in the striatum reinforces the rule of NgR1 as a regulator of structural synaptic plasticity and suggests synergy between local and global plasticity regulating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Arvidsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarolta Gabulya
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alvin Tore Brodin
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Olson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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76
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Zhao C, Zhao S, Guan M, Cheng X, Wang H, Liu C, Zhong S, Zhou Z, Liang Y. Forced forelimb use following stroke enhances oligodendrogenesis and functional recovery in the rat. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147016. [PMID: 32679116 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Forced limb use, which forces the use of the impaired arm following stroke, improves functional recovery. The study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of recovery underlying forced impaired limbuse. Furthermore, forced unimpaired arm use was also performed in order to explore its effect on functional behavior. We hypothesized that forced forelimb use could improve functional recovery in rats that have had an experimentally induced ischemic stroke, through promoting the recruitment and differentiation of the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Indeed the proliferation of Olig2 and NG2 positive cells, as well as the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP)were increased in the perilesional striatum, whereas quantitative changes of Olig2+ and NG2+ oligodendrocyte progenitor cells was not observed in the subventricular zone. Through comparing rats forced to rely on affected or unaffected forelimb, the results demonstrated that forced impaired limb use boosted functional recovery. At the same time forced unimpaired limb use deteriorated limb movement of injured side. In addition, the expression of NogoA is reduced, when the injured limb was used more, suggesting that it played a role in the repair of white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansheng Zhao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Meiting Guan
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Xi Cheng
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Huibin Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Chang Liu
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Zhike Zhou
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yifan Liang
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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77
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Tang H, Xu Y, Liu L, He L, Huang J, Pan J, He W, Wang Y, Yang X, Hou X, Xu K. Nogo-A/S1PR2 Signaling Pathway Inactivation Decreases Microvascular Damage and Enhances Microvascular Regeneration in PDMCI Mice. Neuroscience 2020; 449:21-34. [PMID: 33039527 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PDMCI) is as high as 18-55%. However, the pathological mechanism of PDMCI is not yet clear. Our previous research showed that microvascular pathology and chronic cerebral hypoperfusion participated in the occurrence and development of PDMCI. Nogo-A has been suggested to be a negative regulator of microvascular regeneration in the central nervous system. Moreover, few insights have illuminated the mechanisms of Nogo-A and microvascular pathology in PDMCI. Therefore, we hypothesized that Nogo-A might be involved in the negative regulation of PDMCI angiogenesis. In this study, C57BL/6J mice were injected with Nogo-A-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA-Nogo-A) in the lateral ventricle and intraperitoneally injected with a combination of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probenecid. Subjects were classified into the following five groups for the Morris water maze test: control (CON), CON + shRNA-GFP, CON + shRNA-Nogo-A, PDMCI, and PDMCI + shRNA-Nogo-A. Furthermore, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated dextran, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed. The results showed that MPTP could cause spatial memory and behavioral impairment, significant microvascular impairment and increased Nogo-A expression. When Nogo-A expression was downregulated, the cognitive and microvascular impairments were alleviated, and the expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) and the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway were inhibited. These findings suggested that Nogo-A could bind to S1PR2, activate related signaling pathways, and lead to the inhibition of vascular remodeling in PDMCI mice. This study indicated that Nogo-A downregulation could mediate microvascular remodeling and provide further insights into the pathogenesis of PDMCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yunxian Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Liru Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jingyu Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Wenjie He
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xubo Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Kaishou Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Stengel ST, Fazio A, Lipinski S, Jahn MT, Aden K, Ito G, Wottawa F, Kuiper JW, Coleman OI, Tran F, Bordoni D, Bernardes JP, Jentzsch M, Luzius A, Bierwirth S, Messner B, Henning A, Welz L, Kakavand N, Falk-Paulsen M, Imm S, Hinrichsen F, Zilbauer M, Schreiber S, Kaser A, Blumberg R, Haller D, Rosenstiel P. Activating Transcription Factor 6 Mediates Inflammatory Signals in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Upon Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:1357-1374.e10. [PMID: 32673694 PMCID: PMC7923714 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Excess and unresolved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) promotes intestinal inflammation. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) is one of the signaling mediators of ER stress. We studied the pathways that regulate ATF6 and its role for inflammation in IECs. METHODS We performed an RNA interference screen, using 23,349 unique small interfering RNAs targeting 7783 genes and a luciferase reporter controlled by an ATF6-dependent ERSE (ER stress-response element) promoter, to identify proteins that activate or inhibit the ATF6 signaling pathway in HEK293 cells. To validate the screening results, intestinal epithelial cell lines (Caco-2 cells) were transfected with small interfering RNAs or with a plasmid overexpressing a constitutively active form of ATF6. Caco-2 cells with a CRISPR-mediated disruption of autophagy related 16 like 1 gene (ATG16L1) were used to study the effect of ATF6 on ER stress in autophagy-deficient cells. We also studied intestinal organoids derived from mice that overexpress constitutively active ATF6, from mice with deletion of the autophagy related 16 like 1 or X-Box binding protein 1 gene in IECs (Atg16l1ΔIEC or Xbp1ΔIEC, which both develop spontaneous ileitis), from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and healthy individuals (controls). Cells and organoids were incubated with tunicamycin to induce ER stress and/or chemical inhibitors of newly identified activator proteins of ATF6 signaling, and analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblots. Atg16l1ΔIEC and control (Atg16l1fl/fl) mice were given intraperitoneal injections of tunicamycin and were treated with chemical inhibitors of ATF6 activating proteins. RESULTS We identified and validated 15 suppressors and 7 activators of the ATF6 signaling pathway; activators included the regulatory subunit of casein kinase 2 (CSNK2B) and acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1). Knockdown or chemical inhibition of CSNK2B and ACSL1 in Caco-2 cells reduced activity of the ATF6-dependent ERSE reporter gene, diminished transcription of the ATF6 target genes HSP90B1 and HSPA5 and reduced NF-κB reporter gene activation on tunicamycin stimulation. Atg16l1ΔIEC and or Xbp1ΔIEC organoids showed increased expression of ATF6 and its target genes. Inhibitors of ACSL1 or CSNK2B prevented activation of ATF6 and reduced CXCL1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression in these organoids on induction of ER stress with tunicamycin. Injection of mice with inhibitors of ACSL1 or CSNK2B significantly reduced tunicamycin-mediated intestinal inflammation and IEC death and expression of CXCL1 and TNF in Atg16l1ΔIEC mice. Purified ileal IECs from patients with CD had higher levels of ATF6, CSNK2B, and HSPA5 messenger RNAs than controls; early-passage organoids from patients with active CD show increased levels of activated ATF6 protein, incubation of these organoids with inhibitors of ACSL1 or CSNK2B reduced transcription of ATF6 target genes, including TNF. CONCLUSIONS Ileal IECs from patients with CD have higher levels of activated ATF6, which is regulated by CSNK2B and HSPA5. ATF6 increases expression of TNF and other inflammatory cytokines in response to ER stress in these cells and in organoids from Atg16l1ΔIEC and Xbp1ΔIEC mice. Strategies to inhibit the ATF6 signaling pathway might be developed for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie T. Stengel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Antonella Fazio
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin T. Jahn
- RD3 Marine Microbiology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Go Ito
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Felix Wottawa
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan W.P. Kuiper
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olivia I. Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dora Bordoni
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joana P. Bernardes
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlene Jentzsch
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Luzius
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Bierwirth
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Berith Messner
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Henning
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Welz
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nassim Kakavand
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Imm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Finn Hinrichsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK MA
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK MA
| | - Richard Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, US
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
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Wang YH, Ding ZY, Cheng YJ, Chien CT, Huang ML. An Efficient Screen for Cell-Intrinsic Factors Identifies the Chaperonin CCT and Multiple Conserved Mechanisms as Mediating Dendrite Morphogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:577315. [PMID: 33100975 PMCID: PMC7546278 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.577315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic morphology is inextricably linked to neuronal function. Systematic large-scale screens combined with genetic mapping have uncovered several mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis. However, a comprehensive overview of participating molecular mechanisms is still lacking. Here, we conducted an efficient clonal screen using a collection of mapped P-element insertions that were previously shown to cause lethality and eye defects in Drosophila melanogaster. Of 280 mutants, 52 exhibited dendritic defects. Further database analyses, complementation tests, and RNA interference validations verified 40 P-element insertion genes as being responsible for the dendritic defects. Twenty-eight mutants presented severe arbor reduction, and the remainder displayed other abnormalities. The intrinsic regulators encoded by the identified genes participate in multiple conserved mechanisms and pathways, including the protein folding machinery and the chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) complex that facilitates tubulin folding. Mutant neurons in which expression of CCT4 or CCT5 was depleted exhibited severely retarded dendrite growth. We show that CCT localizes in dendrites and is required for dendritic microtubule organization and tubulin stability, suggesting that CCT-mediated tubulin folding occurs locally within dendrites. Our study also reveals novel mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis. For example, we show that Drosophila Nogo signaling is required for dendrite development and that Mummy and Wech also regulate dendrite morphogenesis, potentially via Dpp- and integrin-independent pathways. Our methodology represents an efficient strategy for identifying intrinsic dendrite regulators, and provides insights into the plethora of molecular mechanisms underlying dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zhao-Ying Ding
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Cheng
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Min-Lang Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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80
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Alibardi L. Appendage regeneration in anamniotes utilizes genes active during larval-metamorphic stages that have been lost or altered in amniotes: The case for studying lizard tail regeneration. J Morphol 2020; 281:1358-1381. [PMID: 32865265 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review elaborates the idea that organ regeneration derives from specific evolutionary histories of vertebrates. Regenerative ability depends on genomic regulation of genes specific to the life-cycles that have differentially evolved in anamniotes and amniotes. In aquatic environments, where fish and amphibians live, one or multiple metamorphic transitions occur before the adult stage is reached. Each transition involves the destruction and remodeling of larval organs that are replaced with adult organs. After organ injury or loss in adult anamniotes, regeneration uses similar genes and developmental process than those operating during larval growth and metamorphosis. Therefore, the broad presence of regenerative capability across anamniotes is possible because generating new organs is included in their life history at metamorphic stages. Soft hyaluronate-rich regenerative blastemas grow in submersed or in hydrated environments, that is, essential conditions for regeneration, like during development. In adult anamniotes, the ability to regenerate different organs decreases in comparison to larval stages and becomes limited during aging. Comparisons of genes activated during metamorphosis and regeneration in anamniotes identify key genes unique to these processes, and include thyroid, wnt and non-coding RNAs developmental pathways. In the terrestrial environment, some genes or developmental pathways for metamorphic transitions were lost during amniote evolution, determining loss of regeneration. Among amniotes, the formation of soft and hydrated blastemas only occurs in lizards, a morphogenetic process that evolved favoring their survival through tail autotomy, leading to a massive although imperfect regeneration of the tail. Deciphering genes activity during lizard tail regeneration would address future attempts to recreate in other amniotes regenerative blastemas that grow into variably completed organs.
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81
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Alibardi L. NOGO-A immunolabeling is present in glial cells and some neurons of the recovering lumbar spinal cord in lizards. J Morphol 2020; 281:1260-1270. [PMID: 32770765 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transected lumbar spinal cord of lizards was studied for its ability to recover after paralysis. At 34 days post-lesion about 50% of lizards were capable of walking with a limited coordination, likely due to the regeneration of few connecting axons crossing the transection site of the spinal cord. This region, indicated as "bridge", contains glial cells among which oligodendrocytes and their elongation that are immunolabeled for NOGO-A. A main reactive protein band occurs at 100-110 kDa but a weaker band is also observed around 240 kDa, suggesting fragmentation of the native protein due to extraction or to physiological processing of the original protein. Most of the cytoplasmic immunolabeling observed in oligodendrocytes is associated with vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum. Also, the nucleus is labeled in some oligodendrocytes that are myelinating sparse axons observed within the bridge at 22-34 days post-transection. This suggests that axonal regeneration is present within the bridge region. Immunolabeling for NOGO-A shows that the protein is also present in numerous reactive neurons, in particular motor-neurons localized in the proximal stump of the transected spinal cord. Ultrastructural immunolocalization suggests that NOGO is synthesized in the ribosomes of these neurons and becomes associated with the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, probably following a secretory pathway addressed toward the axon. The present observations suggest that, like for the regenerating spinal cord of fish and amphibians, also in lizard NOGO-A is present in reactive neurons and appears associated to axonal regeneration and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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82
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Wang J, Ni G, Liu Y, Han Y, Jia L, Wang Y. Tanshinone IIA Promotes Axonal Regeneration in Rats with Focal Cerebral Ischemia Through the Inhibition of Nogo-A/NgR1/RhoA/ROCKII/MLC Signaling. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2775-2787. [PMID: 32764877 PMCID: PMC7371607 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s253280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of tanshinone IIA (TSA) on focal cerebral ischemia in rats and to investigate whether it was associated with Nogo-A/NgR1/RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase 2 (ROCKII)/myosin light chain (MLC) signaling. Methods In this study, focal cerebral ischemia animal model was used. Neurological deficit scores and infarction volume were investigated to evaluate the neuroprotection of TSA. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, Nissl staining, and immunofluorescence staining were conducted to detect ischemic changes in brain tissue and changes in neurofilament protein 200 (NF200) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) expression, respectively. Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses were used to detect the expression levels of NF200, GAP-43 and Nogo-A/NgR1/RhoA/ROCKII/MLC pathway-related signaling molecules. Results TSA treatment can improve the survival rate of rats, reduce the neurological score and infarct volume, and reduce neuron damage. In addition, TSA also increased axon length and enhanced expression of NF200 and GAP-43. Importantly, TSA significantly attenuated the expression of Nogo-A, NgR1, RhoA, ROCKII, and p-MLC, and thus inhibiting the activation of this signaling pathway. Conclusion TSA promoted axonal regeneration by inhibiting the Nogo-A/NgR1/RhoA/ROCKII/MLC signaling pathway, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia rats, which provided support for the clinical application of TSA in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxiao Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanming Liu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Jia
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Hebei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Diagnostics, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, People's Republic of China.,College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, People's Republic of China
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83
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Gonçalves NP, Jager SE, Richner M, Murray SS, Mohseni S, Jensen TS, Vaegter CB. Schwann cell p75 neurotrophin receptor modulates small fiber degeneration in diabetic neuropathy. Glia 2020; 68:2725-2743. [PMID: 32658363 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy has an incidence as high as 50% of diabetic patients and is characterized by damage to neurons, Schwann cells and blood vessels within the peripheral nervous system. The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR ), particularly expressed by the Schwann cells in the peripheral nerve, has previously been reported to play a role in developmental myelination and cell survival/death. Increased levels of p75NTR , in the endoneurium and plasma from diabetic patients and rodent models of disease, have been observed, proposing that this receptor might be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Therefore, in this study, we addressed this hypothesis by utilizing a mouse model of selective nerve growth factor receptor (Ngfr) deletion in Schwann cells (SC-p75NTR -KO). Electron microscopy of sciatic nerves from mice with high fat diet induced obesity demonstrated how loss of Schwann cell-p75NTR aggravated axonal atrophy and loss of C-fibers. RNA sequencing disclosed several pre-clinical signaling alterations in the diabetic peripheral nerves, dependent on Schwann cell p75NTR signaling, specially related with lysosome, phagosome, and immune pathways. Morphological and biochemical analyses identified abundant lysosomes and autophagosomes in the C-fiber axoplasm of the diabetic SC-p75NTR -KO nerves, which together with increased Cathepsin B protein levels corroborates gene upregulation from the phagolysosomal pathways. Altogether, this study demonstrates that Schwann cell p75NTR deficiency amplifies diabetic neuropathy disease by triggering overactivation of immune-related pathways and increased lysosomal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia P Gonçalves
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Sara E Jager
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mette Richner
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon S Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simin Mohseni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Troels S Jensen
- International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Neurology and Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience-DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium (IDNC), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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84
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Liu H, Su D, Liu L, Chen L, Zhao Y, Chan SO, Zhang W, Wang Y, Wang J. Identification of a new functional domain of Nogo-A that promotes inflammatory pain and inhibits neurite growth through binding to NgR1. FASEB J 2020; 34:10948-10965. [PMID: 32598099 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000377r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nogo-A is a key inhibitory molecule to axon regeneration, and plays diverse roles in other pathological conditions, such as stroke, schizophrenia, and neurodegenerative diseases. Nogo-66 and Nogo-Δ20 fragments are two known functional domains of Nogo-A, which act through the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), respectively. Here, we reported a new functional domain of Nogo-A, Nogo-A aa 846-861, was identified in the Nogo-A-specific segment that promotes complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain. Intrathecal injection of its antagonist peptide 846-861PE or the specific antibody attenuated the CFA-induced inflammatory heat hyperalgesia. The 846-861 PE reduced the content of transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and decreased the response of DRG neurons to capsaicin. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in LIMK/cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization. GST pull-down and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays both showed that Nogo-A aa 846-861 bound to NgR1. Moreover, we demonstrated that Nogo-A aa 846-861 inhibited neurite outgrowth from cortical neurons and DRG explants. We concluded that Nogo-A aa 846-861 is a novel ligand of NgR1, which activates the downstream signaling pathways that inhibit axon growth and promote inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaicun Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqiang Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sun-On Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Institute, Key Lab for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China and National Health Commission and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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85
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Nagappan PG, Chen H, Wang DY. Neuroregeneration and plasticity: a review of the physiological mechanisms for achieving functional recovery postinjury. Mil Med Res 2020; 7:30. [PMID: 32527334 PMCID: PMC7288425 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-020-00259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal networks, especially those in the central nervous system (CNS), evolved to support extensive functional capabilities while ensuring stability. Several physiological "brakes" that maintain the stability of the neuronal networks in a healthy state quickly become a hinderance postinjury. These "brakes" include inhibition from the extracellular environment, intrinsic factors of neurons and the control of neuronal plasticity. There are distinct differences between the neuronal networks in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the CNS. Underpinning these differences is the trade-off between reduced functional capabilities with increased adaptability through the formation of new connections and new neurons. The PNS has "facilitators" that stimulate neuroregeneration and plasticity, while the CNS has "brakes" that limit them. By studying how these "facilitators" and "brakes" work and identifying the key processes and molecules involved, we can attempt to apply these theories to the neuronal networks of the CNS to increase its adaptability. The difference in adaptability between the CNS and PNS leads to a difference in neuroregenerative properties and plasticity. Plasticity ensures quick functional recovery of abilities in the short and medium term. Neuroregeneration involves synthesizing new neurons and connections, providing extra resources in the long term to replace those damaged by the injury, and achieving a lasting functional recovery. Therefore, by understanding the factors that affect neuroregeneration and plasticity, we can combine their advantages and develop rehabilitation techniques. Rehabilitation training methods, coordinated with pharmacological interventions and/or electrical stimulation, contributes to a precise, holistic treatment plan that achieves functional recovery from nervous system injuries. Furthermore, these techniques are not limited to limb movement, as other functions lost as a result of brain injury, such as speech, can also be recovered with an appropriate training program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Chen
- Shengli Clinical College of Fujian Medical University; Department of Neurology, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - De-Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
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86
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NUS1 mutation in a family with epilepsy, cerebellar ataxia, and tremor. Epilepsy Res 2020; 164:106371. [PMID: 32485575 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We report on familial 5 epilepsy patients with autosomal dominant inheritance of a novel heterozygous NUS1 frameshift mutation. All patients had cerebellar ataxia and tremor. Three patients were diagnosed with childhood absence epilepsy, 1 patient with generalized epilepsy, and 1 patient with parkinsonism without epilepsy. Our cases and previously reported cases with deletions of chromosome 6q22 that include NUS1 share these common symptoms. In a cellular experiment, NUS1 mutation led to a substantial reduction of the protein level of NUS1. NUS1 mutation could contribute to epilepsy pathogenesis and also constitute a distinct syndromic entity with cerebellar ataxia and tremor.
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87
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González-Nieto D, Fernández-Serra R, Pérez-Rigueiro J, Panetsos F, Martinez-Murillo R, Guinea GV. Biomaterials to Neuroprotect the Stroke Brain: A Large Opportunity for Narrow Time Windows. Cells 2020; 9:E1074. [PMID: 32357544 PMCID: PMC7291200 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke represents one of the most prevalent pathologies in humans and is a leading cause of death and disability. Anti-thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and surgical thrombectomy are the primary treatments to recanalize occluded vessels and normalize the blood flow in ischemic and peri-ischemic regions. A large majority of stroke patients are refractory to treatment or are not eligible due to the narrow time window of therapeutic efficacy. In recent decades, we have significantly increased our knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that inexorably lead to progressive damage in infarcted and peri-lesional brain areas. As a result, promising neuroprotective targets have been identified and exploited in several stroke models. However, these considerable advances have been unsuccessful in clinical contexts. This lack of clinical translatability and the emerging use of biomaterials in different biomedical disciplines have contributed to developing a new class of biomaterial-based systems for the better control of drug delivery in cerebral disorders. These systems are based on specific polymer formulations structured in nanoparticles and hydrogels that can be administered through different routes and, in general, bring the concentrations of drugs to therapeutic levels for prolonged times. In this review, we first provide the general context of the molecular and cellular mechanisms impaired by cerebral ischemia, highlighting the role of excitotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and depolarization waves as the main pathways and targets to promote neuroprotection avoiding neuronal dysfunction. In the second part, we discuss the versatile role played by distinct biomaterials and formats to support the sustained administration of particular compounds to neuroprotect the cerebral tissue at risk of damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González-Nieto
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Fernández-Serra
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Departamento de Tecnología Fotónica y Bioingeniería, ETSI Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Pérez-Rigueiro
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fivos Panetsos
- Neurocomputing and Neurorobotics Research Group: Faculty of Biology and Faculty of Optics, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Brain Plasticity Group, Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gustavo V. Guinea
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (R.F.-S.); (J.P.-R.); (G.V.G.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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88
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Liu Q, Lv HW, Yang S, He YQ, Ma QR, Liu J. NEP1-40 alleviates behavioral phenotypes and promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation in the hippocampus of cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134872. [PMID: 32112820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that the failure of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiation as a major cause of remyelination failure in demyelinating disease. The reasons for this failure are not completely understood. We hypothesized that the present of myelin debris in CNS play an important role in poor OPCs differentiation in the mouse model of demyelinating disease. METHODS Mice were fed by the food mixed with normal or 0.2 % cuprizone (CPZ) for 6 weeks. Then the learning and memory impairment were tested by Morris water maze test. The spontaneous alternation behavior and depression-like symptoms were assessed by tail suspension test and open filed test. The number of OPCs and oligodendrocytes were counted by immunofluorescence. After exposed to CPZ for 6 weeks, the mice were then receiving stereotactic injection of NEP1-40 into the CA3 of hippocampus. The behavioral, learning and memory changes were assessed by tail suspension test and open field test. The differentiation of OPCs were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot. RESULTS The mice in CPZ group are more likely to show signs of depression and they showed impairment of long-term learning and memory function. The differentiation of OPCs were impaired in CPZ group. We found that mice treated with NEP1-40 showed less depression-like symptom in TST and higher locomotor activity in the OFT than the mice treated with PBS. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggest that NEP1-40 can promote OPC differentiation and survival. Further study should focus on the effect of NEP1-40 on the differentiation and survival of OPCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hao-Wen Lv
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Qing He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Quan-Rui Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Juan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.
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89
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Shahidi SH, Kordi MR, Rajabi H, Malm C, Shah F, Quchan ASK. Exercise modulates the levels of growth inhibitor genes before and after multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 341:577172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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90
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Sartori AM, Hofer AS, Schwab ME. Recovery after spinal cord injury is enhanced by anti-Nogo-A antibody therapy — from animal models to clinical trials. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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He Y, Ji P, Li Y, Wang R, Ma H, Yuan H. Genetic Variants Were Associated With the Prognosis of Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:372. [PMID: 32266149 PMCID: PMC7099049 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As the sixth most common cancer of worldwide, head and neck cancers (HNC) are springing from oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and there is no strong biomarker for prognosis. Rates of 5 years survival with HNC remain relatively low in decades with improvement of treatments. Evidence that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play a part in cancer prognosis is growing. Methods: We conducted an exome-wide association study among 261 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and then validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for survival by using the Cox proportional hazards regression models and Kaplan–Meier analyses. Results: After combining the result of the two stages, 4 SNPs were significantly associated with HNSCC survival (rs16879870 at 6q14.3: adjusted HR = 2.02, 95%CI = 1.50–2.73, P = 3.88 × 10−6; rs2641256 at 17p13.2: adjusted HR = 0.67, 95%CI = 0.56–0.80, P = 7.51 × 10−6; rs2761591 at 11p13: adjusted HR = 2.07, 95%CI = 1.50–2.87, P = 1.16 × 10−5; and rs854936 at 22q11.21: adjusted HR = 1.92, 95%CI = 1.43–2.57, P = 1.27 × 10−5). Besides, we constructed a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) model to estimate predictive effect of the novel SNPs combined with clinical stage in HNSCC prognosis (AUC = 0.715). We also found the genotype of rs16879870 and rs854936 was significantly associated with the expression of gene GJB7 (P = 0.013) and RTN4R (P = 0.047) in cancer tissues of TCGA, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that the SNPs (rs16879870, rs2641256, rs2761591, rs854936) might play a crucial role in prognosis of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruixia Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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92
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Ghosh T, Maity N, Sur VP, Konar A, Hazra S. Mitigating fibrosis-An impediment to corneal re-innervation following lamellar flap surgery. Exp Eye Res 2020; 194:108009. [PMID: 32205135 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of corneal sensitivity is of utmost importance to maintain corneal homeostasis following any injury or insult, for which, both corneal nerve regeneration and re-innervation are essential. Fibrosis poses a major impediment for re-innervation. We have in this study evaluated the influence of various nerve growth factors and corneal fibrosis on corneal nerve regeneration and reinnervation following lamellar flap surgery (LFS) and its modulation using antifibrotic drug pirfenidone. To achieve this, trigeminal ganglion cells were treated with pirfenidone, NGF, and NT-3 to evaluate their effect on trigeminal cell neurite growth. Following LFS, the gene expression of nerve growth factors NGF, BDNF and NT-3, Gap 43, Nogo-A and profibrotic factors Tenascin C, TGF-beta 1 were evaluated with and without pirfenidone. Wound fibrosis and corneal nerve regeneration using pirfenidone following LFS were evaluated by staining whole corneal mounts with α SMA and β tubulin 3. Safety of NGF and pirfenidone topical drops in normal unoperated cornea and its efficacy in enhancing corneal healing was evaluated following LFS. Our study shows, pirfenidone did not influence trigeminal cell neurite elongation; NGF and NT-3 significantly enhanced trigeminal cell neurite elongation. NT-3 also significantly increased neurite branching. There was significant increase in the gene expression of NGF, BDNF, NT-3, Gap- 43, TGF beta-1, Tenascin C, Nogo-A genes in the operated cornea compared to normal cornea, treatment of operated corneas with pirfenidone prevented the increased expression of these genes except Gap 43 which remained unchanged. The treatment of operated eyes with combination of NGF and pirfenidone positively influenced corneal healing compared to treatment with NGF alone, and had no adverse influence on the cornea. Pirfenidone appreciably reduced corneal fibrosis which aided in re-innervation. Both NGF and NT3 positively influence trigeminal neurite elongation. NGF and pirfenidone have complementary influence on corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushri Ghosh
- Dept of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37& 68 Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata, 700037, India
| | - Namrata Maity
- Dept of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37& 68 Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata, 700037, India
| | | | | | - Sarbani Hazra
- Dept of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, 37& 68 Khudiram Bose Sarani, Kolkata, 700037, India.
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93
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Orfila JE, Dietz RM, Rodgers KM, Dingman A, Patsos OP, Cruz-Torres I, Grewal H, Strnad F, Schroeder C, Herson PS. Experimental pediatric stroke shows age-specific recovery of cognition and role of hippocampal Nogo-A receptor signaling. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:588-599. [PMID: 30762478 PMCID: PMC7026845 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19828581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide and clinical data suggest that children may recover from stroke better than adults; however, supporting experimental data are lacking. We used our novel mouse model of experimental juvenile ischemic stroke (MCAO) to characterize age-specific cognitive dysfunction following ischemia. Juvenile and adult mice subjected to 45-min MCAO, and extracellular field recordings of CA1 neurons were performed to assess hippocampal synaptic plasticity changes after MCAO, and contextual fear conditioning was performed to evaluate memory and biochemistry used to analyze Nogo-A expression. Juvenile mice showed impaired synaptic plasticity seven days after MCAO, followed by full recovery by 30 days. Memory behavior was consistent with synaptic impairments and recovery after juvenile MCAO. Nogo-A expression increased in ipsilateral hippocampus seven days after MCAO compared to contralateral and sham hippocampus. Further, inhibition of Nogo-A receptors reversed MCAO-induced synaptic impairment in slices obtained seven days after juvenile MCAO. Adult MCAO-induced impairment of LTP was not associated with increased Nogo-A. This study demonstrates that stroke causes functional impairment in the hippocampus and recovery of behavioral and synaptic function is more robust in the young brain. Nogo-A receptor activity may account for the impairments seen following juvenile ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Orfila
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert M Dietz
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Krista M Rodgers
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andra Dingman
- Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Olivia P Patsos
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ivelisse Cruz-Torres
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Himmat Grewal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Frank Strnad
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christian Schroeder
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Neuronal Injury & Plasticity Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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94
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Akter M, Kaneko N, Herranz-Pérez V, Nakamura S, Oishi H, García-Verdugo JM, Sawamoto K. Dynamic Changes in the Neurogenic Potential in the Ventricular-Subventricular Zone of Common Marmoset during Postnatal Brain Development. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4092-4109. [PMID: 32108222 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even after birth, neuronal production continues in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and hippocampus in many mammals. The immature new neurons ("neuroblasts") migrate and then mature at their final destination. In humans, neuroblast production and migration toward the neocortex and the olfactory bulb (OB) occur actively only for a few months after birth and then sharply decline with age. However, the precise spatiotemporal profiles and fates of postnatally born neurons remain unclear due to methodological limitations. We previously found that common marmosets, small nonhuman primates, share many features of V-SVZ organization with humans. Here, using marmosets injected with thymidine analogue(s) during various postnatal periods, we demonstrated spatiotemporal changes in neurogenesis during development. V-SVZ progenitor proliferation and neuroblast migration toward the OB and neocortex sharply decreased by 4 months, most strikingly in a V-SVZ subregion from which neuroblasts migrated toward the neocortex. Postnatally born neurons matured within a few months in the OB and hippocampus but remained immature until 6 months in the neocortex. While neurogenic activity was sustained for a month after birth, the distribution and/or differentiation diversity was more restricted in 1-month-born cells than in the neonatal-born population. These findings shed light on distinctive features of postnatal neurogenesis in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Akter
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Naoko Kaneko
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain.,Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Sayuri Nakamura
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Oishi
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
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95
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Blockade of Nogo-A/Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) Inhibits Autophagic Activation and Prevents Secondary Neuronal Damage in the Thalamus after Focal Cerebral Infarction in Hypertensive Rats. Neuroscience 2020; 431:103-114. [PMID: 32068082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Focal cerebral infarction leads to autophagic activation, which contributes to secondary neuronal damage in the ipsilateral thalamus. Although Nogo-A deactivation enhances neuronal plasticity, its role in autophagic activation in the thalamus after ischemic stroke remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of Nogo-A/Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) in autophagic activation in the ipsilateral thalamus after cerebral infarction. Focal neocortical infarction was established using the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. Secondary damage in the ipsilateral thalamus was assessed by Nissl staining and immunostaining. The expression of Nogo-A, NgR1, Rho-A and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) as well as autophagic flux were evaluated by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. The roles of Nogo-A-NgR1 signaling in autophagic activation were determined by intraventricular delivery of an NgR1 antagonist peptide, NEP1-40, at 24 h after MCAO. The results showed that Nogo-A and NgR1 overexpression temporally coincided with marked increases in the levels of Beclin1, LC3-II and sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 in the ipsilateral thalamus at seven and fourteen days after MCAO. In contrast, NEP1-40 treatment significantly reduced the expression of Rho-A and ROCK1 which was accompanied by marked reductions of LC3-II conversion as well as the levels of Beclin1 and SQSTM1/p62. Furthermore, NEP1-40 treatment significantly reduced neuronal loss and gliosis in the ipsilateral thalamus, and accelerated somatosensory recovery at the observed time-points after MCAO. These results suggest that blockade of Nogo-A-NgR1 signaling inhibits autophagic activation, attenuates secondary neuronal damage in the ipsilateral thalamus, and promotes functional recovery after focal cerebral cortical infarction.
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96
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Nogo-A-targeting antibody promotes visual recovery and inhibits neuroinflammation after retinal injury. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:101. [PMID: 32029703 PMCID: PMC7005317 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neuronal cell death is involved in a large spectrum of diseases affecting the brain and the retina such as Alzheimer’s disease and diabetic retinopathy. Associated neurological impairments may result from the inhibition of neuronal plasticity by Nogo-A. The objective of the current study was to determine the contribution of Nogo-A to NMDA excitotoxicity in the mouse retina. We observed that Nogo-A is upregulated in the mouse vitreous during NMDA-induced inflammation. Intraocular injection of a function-blocking antibody specific to Nogo-A (11C7) was carried out 2 days after NMDA-induced injury. This treatment significantly enhanced visual function recovery in injured animals. Strikingly, the expression of potent pro-inflammatory molecules was downregulated by 11C7, among which TNFα was the most durably decreased cytokine in microglia/macrophages. Additional analyses suggest that TNFα downregulation may stem from cofilin inactivation in microglia/macrophages. 11C7 also limited gliosis presumably via P.Stat3 downregulation. Diabetic retinopathy was associated with increased levels of Nogo-A in the eyes of donors. In summary, our results reveal that Nogo-A-targeting antibody can stimulate visual recovery after retinal injury and that Nogo-A is a potent modulator of excitotoxicity-induced neuroinflammation. These data may be used to design treatments against inflammatory eye diseases.
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97
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Cyclic-AMP induces Nogo-A receptor NgR1 internalization and inhibits Nogo-A-mediated collapse of growth cone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 523:678-684. [PMID: 31948754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The promotion of axonal regeneration is required for functional recovery from stroke and various neuronal injuries. However, axonal regeneration is inhibited by diverse axonal growth inhibitors, such as Nogo-A. Nogo-66, a C-terminal domain of Nogo-A, binds to the Nogo-A receptor 1 (NgR1) and induces the collapse of growth cones and inhibits neurite outgrowth. NgR1 is also a receptor for additional axonal growth inhibitors, suggesting it is an important target for the prevention of axonal growth inhibition. By using the indirect immunofluorescence method, we show for the first time that a cell-permeable cAMP analog (dibutyryl-cAMP) induced a rapid decrease in the cell surface expression of NgR1 in Neuroscreen-1 (NS-1) cells. The biotinylation method revealed that cAMP indeed induced internalization of NgR1 within minutes. Other intracellular cAMP-elevating agents, such as forskolin, which directly activates adenylyl cyclase, and rolipram, which inhibits cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, also induced this process. This internalization was found to be reversible and influenced by intracellular levels of cAMP. Using selective activators and inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA) and the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), we found that NgR1 internalization is independent of PKA, but dependent on Epac. The decrease in cell surface expression of NgR1 desensitized NS-1 cells to Nogo-66-induced growth cone collapse. Therefore, it is likely that besides axonal growth inhibitors affecting neurons, neurons themselves also self-regulate their sensitivity to axonal growth inhibitors, as influenced by intracellular cAMP/Epac. This normal cellular regulatory mechanism may be pharmacologically exploited to overcome axonal growth inhibitors, and enhance functional recovery after stroke and neuronal injuries.
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98
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Mohammed R, Opara K, Lall R, Ojha U, Xiang J. Evaluating the effectiveness of anti-Nogo treatment in spinal cord injuries. Neural Dev 2020; 15:1. [PMID: 31918754 PMCID: PMC6953157 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-0138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As humans, we cannot regenerate axons within the central nervous system (CNS), therefore, making any damage to it permanent. This leads to the loss of sensory and motor function below the site of injury and can be crippling to a person’s health. Spontaneous recovery can occur from plastic changes, but it is minimal. The absence of regeneration is due to the inhibitory environment of the CNS as well as the inherent inability of CNS axons to form growth cones. Amongst many factors, one of the major inhibitory signals of the CNS environment is the myelin-associated Nogo pathway. Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C (Nogo), stimulate the Nogo receptor, inhibiting neurite outgrowth by causing growth cones to collapse through activation of Rho Kinase (ROCK). Antibodies can be used to target this signalling pathway by binding to Nogo and thus promote the outgrowth of neuronal axons in the CNS. This use of anti-Nogo antibodies has been shown to upregulate CNS regeneration as well as drastically improve sensory and motor function in both rats and primates when coupled with adequate training. Here, we evaluate whether the experimental success of anti-Nogo at improving CNS regeneration can be carried over into the clinical setting to treat spinal cord injuries (SCI) and their symptoms successfully. Furthermore, we also discuss potential methods to improve the current treatment and any developmental obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raihan Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.
| | - Kaesi Opara
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Rahul Lall
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Utkarsh Ojha
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jinpo Xiang
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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99
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Takei K. LOTUS as an endogenous protein converting the adult central nervous system environment from nonpermissive to permissive for axonal regrowth after brain injury. Neuropathology 2020; 40:14-20. [PMID: 31908040 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), results in severe sensory and motor deficits due to the poor regenerative capacity of the adult CNS primarily caused by a damaged CNS environment containing a large amount of axonal growth inhibitors, such as Nogo receptor-1 (NgR1), which inhibits axonal regrowth strongly after SCI, and its five ligands. Lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS), identified in the developing brain, completely antagonizes NgR1 function, promoting neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI. Therefore, we hypothesized that LOTUS might be a useful natural agent for the clinical treatment of SCI in order to increase functional recovery by converting the CNS environment from nonpermissive to permissive for neuronal regeneration. Currently, we are attempting to administer LOTUS after SCI by protein injection or gene transfection. In this report, I discuss the probability of clinical application of LOTUS for future therapy of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Takei
- Department of Medical Life Science, Molecular Medical Bioscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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100
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Lucchese G, Flöel A, Stahl B. A Peptide Link Between Human Cytomegalovirus Infection, Neuronal Migration, and Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:349. [PMID: 32457660 PMCID: PMC7225321 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alongside biological, psychological, and social risk factors, psychotic syndromes may be related to disturbances of neuronal migration. This highly complex process characterizes the developing brain of the fetus, the early postnatal brain, and the adult brain, as reflected by changes within the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where neurogenesis persists throughout life. Psychosis also appears to be linked to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. However, little is known about the connection between psychosis, HCMV infection, and disruption of neuronal migration. The present study addresses the hypothesis that HCMV infection may lead to mental disorders through mechanisms of autoimmune cross-reactivity. Searching for common peptides that underlie immune cross-reactions, the analyses focus on HCMV and human proteins involved in neuronal migration. Results demonstrate a large overlap of viral peptides with human proteins associated with neuronal migration, such as ventral anterior homeobox 1 and cell adhesion molecule 1 implicated in GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. The present findings support the possibility of immune cross-reactivity between HCMV and human proteins that-when altered, mutated, or improperly functioning-may disrupt normal neuronal migration. In addition, these findings are consistent with a molecular and mechanistic framework for pathological sequences of events, beginning with HCMV infection, followed by immune activation, cross-reactivity, and neuronal protein variations that may ultimately contribute to the emergence of mental disorders, including psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Lucchese
- Department of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Partner Site Rostock/Greifswald, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stahl
- Department of Neurology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Psychologische Hochschule Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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