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Benedetto Tiz D, Bagnoli L, Rosati O, Marini F, Santi C, Sancineto L. FDA-Approved Small Molecules in 2022: Clinical Uses and Their Synthesis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112538. [PMID: 36432728 PMCID: PMC9695118 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the recently FDA-approved drugs (in the year 2022). Many of these products contain active moieties that FDA had not previously approved, either as a single ingredient or as part of a combination. These products frequently provide important new therapies for patients with multiple unmet diseases. The diverse small molecules are described according to the date of approval and their syntheses is discussed. This review comprises classical chemical scaffolds together with innovative drugs such as a deuterium-containing drug.
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52
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Schottelkotte KM, Crone SA. Forebrain control of breathing: Anatomy and potential functions. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1041887. [PMID: 36388186 PMCID: PMC9663927 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1041887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The forebrain plays important roles in many critical functions, including the control of breathing. We propose that the forebrain is important for ensuring that breathing matches current and anticipated behavioral, emotional, and physiological needs. This review will summarize anatomical and functional evidence implicating forebrain regions in the control of breathing. These regions include the cerebral cortex, extended amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus. We will also point out areas where additional research is needed to better understand the specific roles of forebrain regions in the control of breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Schottelkotte
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Steven A. Crone
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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53
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Gao X, Wang X, Wang X, Li H, Xu L, Fang Y, Cao S, Huang B, Chen H, Xing R, Liu B. Effect of winter feeding frequency on growth performance, biochemical blood parameters, oxidative stress, and appetite-related genes in Takifugu rubripes. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1167-1181. [PMID: 35941472 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tiger pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) is one of Asia's most economically valuable aquaculture species. However, winter production of this species in North China is limited by low water temperature and unavailability of high-quality feed, resulting in high mortality and low profitability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency (F1: one daily meal; F2: two daily meals; F3: four daily meals; F4: continuous diurnal feeding using a belt feeder) on the growth performance, plasma biochemistry, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activities, and expression of appetite-related genes in T. rubripes (initial weight: 266.80 ± 12.32 g) cultured during winter (18.0 ± 1.0 °C) for 60 days. The results showed that fish in the F3 group had the highest final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, survival rate, and best feed conversion ratio. Additionally, daily feed intake increased significantly with increasing feeding frequency. The protein efficiency and lipid efficiency ratios of fish in the F3 group were significantly higher than those of fish in the other groups. Furthermore, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels increased with increasing feeding frequency, peaking in the F2 group and decreasing under higher feeding frequencies. The antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase) and digestive (trypsin, amylase, and lipase) enzyme activities of fish in the F1 group were significantly higher than those of fish in the F3 and F4 groups. Additionally, there was a decrease in orexin expression with increasing feeding frequency. In contrast, the expression levels of tachykinin, cholecystokinin, and leptin increased with increasing feeding frequency, peaking in the F4 group. Overall, the findings of this study indicated that a feeding frequency of four meals per day was optimal for improved growth performance of pufferfish juveniles cultured during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxu Li
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Fang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuquan Cao
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Chen
- Yuhai Hongqi Ocean Engineering Co. LTD, Rizhao, 276800, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Xing
- Yuhai Hongqi Ocean Engineering Co. LTD, Rizhao, 276800, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoliang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory for Marine Fish Breeding and Biotechnology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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54
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Koba S, Kumada N, Narai E, Kataoka N, Nakamura K, Watanabe T. A brainstem monosynaptic excitatory pathway that drives locomotor activities and sympathetic cardiovascular responses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5079. [PMID: 36038592 PMCID: PMC9424289 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise including locomotion requires appropriate autonomic cardiovascular adjustments to meet the metabolic demands of contracting muscles, yet the functional brain architecture underlying these adjustments remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate brainstem circuitry that plays an essential role in relaying volitional motor signals, i.e., central command, to drive locomotor activities and sympathetic cardiovascular responses. Mesencephalic locomotor neurons in rats transmit central command-driven excitatory signals onto the rostral ventrolateral medulla at least partially via glutamatergic processes, to activate both somatomotor and sympathetic nervous systems. Optogenetic excitation of this monosynaptic pathway elicits locomotor and cardiovascular responses as seen during running exercise, whereas pathway inhibition suppresses the locomotor activities and blood pressure elevation during voluntary running without affecting basal cardiovascular homeostasis. These results demonstrate an important subcortical pathway that transmits central command signals, providing a key insight into the central circuit mechanism required for the physiological conditioning essential to maximize exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koba
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.
| | - Nao Kumada
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan.,Division of Integrative Bioscience, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago, Japan
| | - Emi Narai
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
| | - Naoya Kataoka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Nagoya University Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Watanabe
- Division of Integrative Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
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55
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Soejima Y, Iwata N, Nakayama N, Hirata S, Nakano Y, Yamamoto K, Suyama A, Oguni K, Nada T, Fujisawa S, Otsuka F. Mutual Effects of Orexin and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins on Gonadotropin Expression by Mouse Gonadotrope Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179782. [PMID: 36077179 PMCID: PMC9456022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin plays a key role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and in feeding behavior in the central nervous system, but its receptors are expressed in various peripheral tissues including endocrine tissues. In the present study, we elucidated the effects of orexin on pituitary gonadotropin regulation by focusing on the functional involvement of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and clock genes using mouse gonadotrope LβT2 cells that express orexin type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R) receptors. Treatments with orexin A enhanced LHβ and FSHβ mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner in the absence of GnRH, whereas orexin A in turn suppressed GnRH-induced gonadotropin expression in LβT2 cells. Orexin A downregulated GnRH receptor expression, while GnRH enhanced OX1R and OX2R mRNA expression. Treatments with orexin A as well as GnRH increased the mRNA levels of Bmal1 and Clock, which are oscillational regulators for gonadotropin expression. Of note, treatments with BMP-6 and -15 enhanced OX1R and OX2R mRNA expression with upregulation of clock gene expression. On the other hand, orexin A enhanced BMP receptor signaling of Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation through upregulation of ALK-2/BMPRII among the BMP receptors expressed in LβT2 cells. Collectively, the results indicate that orexin regulates gonadotropin expression via clock gene expression by mutually interacting with GnRH action and the pituitary BMP system in gonadotrope cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Soejima
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nahoko Iwata
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nanako Nakayama
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hirata
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakano
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yamamoto
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Suyama
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kohei Oguni
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nada
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-86-235-7342; Fax: +81-86-235-7345
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56
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You WR, Lin LC, Lin WC, Tsai MC. Differences in orexin-A level in the functional brain network of HUD patients undergoing harm reduction therapy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30093. [PMID: 35984180 PMCID: PMC9387983 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexins regulate the reward-seeking pathway and also play a role in drug addiction. The aim of this study was an investigation of the changes in serum level of orexin-A as well as changes in the functional brain network in heroin use disorder (HUD) patients undergoing harm reduction therapy (HRT). Twenty-five HUD patients undergoing HRT that included methadone and buprenorphine, and 31 healthy control (HC) subjects, were enrolled for this study. Serum orexin-A levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were measured with assay kits. The functional brain network in HUD patients and HC was investigated and assessed using seed-based analysis and functional brain MRI scans. t Tested orexin-A levels were found to be significantly higher in HUD patients undergoing HRT than in HCs (P < .05). Analysis showed the functional activity of the right ventral anterior insula (RVAI) in HUD patients to be significantly lower than in HCs (P < .05, Family-Wise Error) corrected). In addition, the internetwork functional connectivity was significantly lower in the left nucleus accumbens and left dorsal anterior insula in the HUD subjects than in HCs (P < .05, Family-Wise Error corrected). In this study, no significant correlation between orexin-A levels and functional brain networks was found. However, the results suggest that HRT might increase orexin-A levels and decrease functional activity in RVAI in HUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ru You
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Che Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chang Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Meng-Chang Tsai, Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung, Kaohsiung 83305, Taiwan (e-mail: )
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57
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Fifel K, El Farissi A, Cherasse Y, Yanagisawa M. Motivational and Valence-Related Modulation of Sleep/Wake Behavior are Mediated by Midbrain Dopamine and Uncoupled from the Homeostatic and Circadian Processes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200640. [PMID: 35794435 PMCID: PMC9403635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Motivation and its hedonic valence are powerful modulators of sleep/wake behavior, yet its underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. Given the well-established role of midbrain dopamine (mDA) neurons in encoding motivation and emotional valence, here, neuronal mechanisms mediating sleep/wake regulation are systematically investigated by DA neurotransmission. It is discovered that mDA mediates the strong modulation of sleep/wake states by motivational valence. Surprisingly, this modulation can be uncoupled from the classically employed measures of circadian and homeostatic processes of sleep regulation. These results establish the experimental foundation for an additional new factor of sleep regulation. Furthermore, an electroencephalographic marker during wakefulness at the theta range is identified that can be used to reliably track valence-related modulation of sleep. Taken together, this study identifies mDA signaling as an important neural substrate mediating sleep modulation by motivational valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Fifel
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
| | - Amina El Farissi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8577Japan
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58
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Tang Q, Assali DR, Güler AD, Steele AD. Dopamine systems and biological rhythms: Let's get a move on. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:957193. [PMID: 35965599 PMCID: PMC9364481 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.957193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How dopamine signaling regulates biological rhythms is an area of emerging interest. Here we review experiments focused on delineating dopamine signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum to mediate a range of biological rhythms including photoentrainment, activity cycles, rest phase eating of palatable food, diet-induced obesity, and food anticipatory activity. Enthusiasm for causal roles for dopamine in the regulation of circadian rhythms, particularly those associated with food and other rewarding events, is warranted. However, determining that there is rhythmic gene expression in dopamine neurons and target structures does not mean that they are bona fide circadian pacemakers. Given that dopamine has such a profound role in promoting voluntary movements, interpretation of circadian phenotypes associated with locomotor activity must be differentiated at the molecular and behavioral levels. Here we review our current understanding of dopamine signaling in relation to biological rhythms and suggest future experiments that are aimed at teasing apart the roles of dopamine subpopulations and dopamine receptor expressing neurons in causally mediating biological rhythms, particularly in relation to feeding, reward, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Dina R. Assali
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
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59
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Yamamoto H, Nagumo Y, Ishikawa Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Namekawa Y, Nemoto T, Tanaka H, Takahashi G, Tokuda A, Saitoh T, Nagase H, Funato H, Yanagisawa M. OX2R-selective orexin agonism is sufficient to ameliorate cataplexy and sleep/wake fragmentation without inducing drug-seeking behavior in mouse model of narcolepsy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271901. [PMID: 35867683 PMCID: PMC9307173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired loss of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin)-producing neurons causes the chronic sleep disorder narcolepsy-cataplexy. Orexin replacement therapy using orexin receptor agonists is expected as a mechanistic treatment for narcolepsy. Orexins act on two receptor subtypes, OX1R and OX2R, the latter being more strongly implicated in sleep/wake regulation. However, it has been unclear whether the activation of only OX2R, or both OX1R and OX2R, is required to replace the endogenous orexin functions in the brain. In the present study, we examined whether the selective activation of OX2R is sufficient to rescue the phenotype of cataplexy and sleep/wake fragmentation in orexin knockout mice. Intracerebroventricular [Ala11, D-Leu15]-orexin-B, a peptidic OX2R-selective agonist, selectively activated OX2R-expressing histaminergic neurons in vivo, whereas intracerebroventricular orexin-A, an OX1R/OX2R non-selective agonist, additionally activated OX1R-positive noradrenergic neurons in vivo. Administration of [Ala11, D-Leu15]-orexin-B extended wake time, reduced state transition frequency between wake and NREM sleep, and reduced the number of cataplexy-like episodes, to the same degree as compared with orexin-A. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular orexin-A but not [Ala11, D-Leu15]-orexin-B induced drug-seeking behaviors in a dose-dependent manner in wild-type mice, suggesting that OX2R-selective agonism has a lower propensity for reinforcing/drug-seeking effects. Collectively, these findings provide a proof-of-concept for safer mechanistic treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy through OX2R-selective agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukiko Namekawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nemoto
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromu Tanaka
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Genki Takahashi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akihisa Tokuda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- R&D Center for Frontiers of MIRAI in Policy and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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60
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Villano I, La Marra M, Di Maio G, Monda V, Chieffi S, Guatteo E, Messina G, Moscatelli F, Monda M, Messina A. Physiological Role of Orexinergic System for Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:8353. [PMID: 35886210 PMCID: PMC9323672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Orexins, or hypocretins, are excitatory neuropeptides involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and the sleep and wakefulness states. Since their discovery, several lines of evidence have highlighted that orexin neurons regulate a great range of physiological functions, giving it the definition of a multitasking system. In the present review, we firstly describe the mechanisms underlining the orexin system and their interactions with the central nervous system (CNS). Then, the system's involvement in goal-directed behaviors, sleep/wakefulness state regulation, feeding behavior and energy homeostasis, reward system, and aging and neurodegenerative diseases are described. Advanced evidence suggests that the orexin system is crucial for regulating many physiological functions and could represent a promising target for therapeutical approaches to obesity, drug addiction, and emotional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Marco La Marra
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Ezia Guatteo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (V.M.); (E.G.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (G.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.L.M.); (G.D.M.); (S.C.); (M.M.); (A.M.)
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61
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Vasiliu O. Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Depression (Part 1): Monoaminergic, Orexinergic, GABA-Ergic, and Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:884143. [PMID: 35774601 PMCID: PMC9237478 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.884143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic management of depression has currently important limitations, and its low efficacy is reflected in high rates of non-response even after multiple trials of antidepressants. Almost two-thirds of the patients diagnosed with major depression who received a 4–6 weeks trial of antidepressant could not reach remission, and more than 30% of these patients are considered treatment-resistant. In bipolar depression, the situation is also discouraging if we analyze the high suicide rate, the risk for the treatment-emergent affective switch when antidepressants are added, the high rate of treatment resistance (up to 25%), and the severe functional impairments associated with these episodes. Therefore, new therapeutic agents are needed, as well as new pathogenetic models for depression. The vast majority of the currently approved antidepressants are based on the monoamine hypothesis, although new drugs exploiting different neurotransmitter pathways have been recently approved by FDA. Brexanolone, an allopregnanolone analog, is an example of such new antidepressants, and its approval for post-partum depression inspired the search for a new generation of neurosteroids and GABA-ergic modulators, with an easier way of administration and superior tolerability profile. Orexin receptors antagonists are also extensively studied for different psychiatric disorders, depression included, in phase II trials. Antiinflammatory drugs, both cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors and biological therapy, are investigated in patients with depressive disorders based on the proven correlation between inflammation and mood disorders in preclinical and clinical studies. Also, a new generation of monoamine-based investigational drugs is explored, ranging from triple reuptake inhibitors to atypical antipsychotics, in patients with major depression. In conclusion, there is hope for new treatments in uni- and bipolar depression, as it became clear, after almost seven decades, that new pathogenetic pathways should be targeted to increase these patients’ response rate.
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62
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Pizza F, Barateau L, Dauvilliers Y, Plazzi G. The orexin story, sleep and sleep disturbances. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13665. [PMID: 35698789 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The orexins, also known as hypocretins, are two neuropeptides (orexin A and B or hypocretin 1 and 2) produced by a few thousand neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus that were independently discovered by two research groups in 1998. Those two peptides bind two receptors (orexin/hypocretin receptor 1 and receptor 2) that are widely distributed in the brain and involved in the central physiological regulation of sleep and wakefulness, orexin receptor 2 having the major role in the maintenance of arousal. They are also implicated in a multiplicity of other functions, such as reward seeking, energy balance, autonomic regulation and emotional behaviours. The destruction of orexin neurons is responsible for the sleep disorder narcolepsy with cataplexy (type 1) in humans, and a defect of orexin signalling also causes a narcoleptic phenotype in several animal species. Orexin discovery is unprecedented in the history of sleep research, and pharmacological manipulations of orexin may have multiple therapeutic applications. Several orexin receptor antagonists were recently developed as new drugs for insomnia, and orexin agonists may be the next-generation drugs for narcolepsy. Given the broad range of functions of the orexin system, these drugs might also be beneficial for treating various conditions other than sleep disorders in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pizza
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucie Barateau
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Sleep-Wake Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia, and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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63
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Demidova A, Kahl E, Fendt M. Orexin deficiency affects sensorimotor gating and its amphetamine-induced impairment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 116:110517. [PMID: 35101602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The orexin neuropeptides have an important role in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle and foraging, as well as in reward processing and emotions. Furthermore, recent research implicates the orexin system in different behavioral endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric diseases such as social avoidance and cognitive flexibility. Utilizing orexin-deficient mice, the present study tested the hypothesis that orexin is involved in two further mouse behavioral endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders, i.e., sensorimotor gating and amphetamine sensitivity. The data revealed that orexin-deficient mice expressed a deficit in sensorimotor gating, measured by prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Amphetamine treatment impaired prepulse inhibition in wildtype and heterozygous orexin-deficient mice, but had no effects in homozygous orexin-deficient mice. Furthermore, locomotor activity and center time in the open field was not affected by orexin deficiency but was similarly increased or decreased, respectively, by amphetamine treatment in all genotypes. These data indicate that the orexin system modulates prepulse inhibition and is involved in mediating amphetamine's effect on prepulse inhibition. Future studies should investigate whether pharmacological manipulations of the orexin system can be used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases associated with deficits in sensorimotor gating, such as schizophrenia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrina Demidova
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Psychology Master Program, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kahl
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fendt
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Psychology Master Program, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
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64
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Saitoh T, Amezawa M, Horiuchi J, Nagumo Y, Yamamoto N, Kutsumura N, Ohshita R, Tokuda A, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Ogawa Y, Ishikawa Y, Hasegawa E, Sakurai T, Uchida Y, Sato T, Gouda H, Tanimura R, Yanagisawa M, Nagase H. Discovery of novel orexin receptor antagonists using a 1,3,5-trioxazatriquinane bearing multiple effective residues (TriMER) library. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) protein distribution measured by autoradiography using radiolabeled OX2R-selective antagonist EMPA in rodent brain and peripheral tissues. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8473. [PMID: 35589803 PMCID: PMC9120030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin, a neuropeptide, performs various physiological functions, including the regulation of emotion, feeding, metabolism, respiration, and sleep/wakefulness, by activating the orexin 1 receptor and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R). Owing to the pivotal role of OX2R in wakefulness and other biological functions, OX2R agonists are being developed. A detailed understanding of OX2R protein distribution is essential for determining the mechanisms of action of OX2R agonists; however, this has been hindered by the lack of selective antibodies. In this study, we first confirmed the OX2R-selective binding of [3H]-EMPA in in vitro autoradiography studies, using brain slices from OX2R knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. Subsequently, OX2R protein distribution in rats was comprehensively assessed in 51 brain regions and 10 peripheral tissues using in vitro autoradiography with [3H]-EMPA. The widespread distribution of OX2R protein, including that in previously unrecognized regions of the retrosplenial cortex, was identified. In contrast, OX2R protein expression was negligible/very low in peripheral tissues, suggesting that orexin exerts OX2R-dependent physiological functions primarily through activation of the central nervous system. These findings will be useful for understanding the wide range of biological functions of OX2R and the application of OX2R agonists in various disorders.
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66
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Mattar P, Uribe-Cerda S, Pezoa C, Guarnieri T, Kotz CM, Teske JA, Morselli E, Perez-Leighton C. Brain site-specific regulation of hedonic intake by orexin and DYN peptides: role of the PVN and obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 25:1105-1114. [PMID: 33151127 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1840049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The orexin peptides promote hedonic intake and other reward behaviors through different brain sites. The opioid dynorphin peptides are co-released with orexin peptides but block their effects on reward in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We previously showed that in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), dynorphin and not orexin peptides enhance hedonic intake, suggesting they have brain-site-specific effects. Obesity alters the expression of orexin and dynorphin receptors, but whether their expression across different brain sites is important to hedonic intake is unclear. We hypothesized that hedonic intake is regulated by orexin and dynorphin peptides in PVN and that hedonic intake in obesity correlates with expression of their receptors. Here we show that in mice, injection of DYN-A1-13 (an opioid dynorphin peptide) in the PVN enhanced hedonic intake, whereas in the VTA, injection of OXA (orexin-A, an orexin peptide) enhanced hedonic intake. In PVN, OXA blunted the increase in hedonic intake caused by DYN-A1-13. In PVN, injection of norBNI (opioid receptor antagonist) reduced hedonic intake but a subsequent OXA injection failed to increase hedonic intake, suggesting that OXA activity in PVN is not influenced by endogenous opioid activity. In the PVN, DYN-A1-13 increased the intake of the less-preferred food in a two-food choice task. In obese mice fed a cafeteria diet, orexin 1 receptor mRNA across brain sites involved in hedonic intake correlated with fat preference but not caloric intake. Together, these data support that orexin and dynorphin peptides regulate hedonic intake in an opposing manner with brain-site-specific effects.
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Key Words
- CeA, central amygdala
- DH, dorsal hypothalamus
- DYN, dynorphin
- KOR, kappa opioid receptor
- LH, lateral hypothalamus
- NAc, nucleus accumbens
- OFC, orbitofrontal cortex
- OR, opioid receptor
- OX1R, orexin 1 receptor
- OX2R, orexin 2 receptor
- OXA, 1orexin-A
- Orexin
- PVN, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
- PVT, paraventricular thalamic nucleus
- VH, ventral hypothalamus
- VTA, ventral tegmental area
- cafeteria diet
- dynorphin
- fat
- feeding behavior
- food choice
- hedonic intake
- hypocretin
- hypothalamus
- norBNI, nor-binaltorphimine
- obesity
- opioid receptors
- orexin 1 receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mattar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Uribe-Cerda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Pezoa
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Guarnieri
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J A Teske
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - E Morselli
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Perez-Leighton
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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67
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Ten-Blanco M, Flores Á, Pereda-Pérez I, Piscitelli F, Izquierdo-Luengo C, Cristino L, Romero J, Hillard CJ, Maldonado R, Di Marzo V, Berrendero F. Amygdalar CB2 cannabinoid receptor mediates fear extinction deficits promoted by orexin-A/hypocretin-1. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112925. [PMID: 35477218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety and stress disorders are often characterized by an inability to extinguish learned fear responses. Orexins/hypocretins are involved in the modulation of aversive memories, and dysregulation of this system may contribute to the aetiology of anxiety disorders characterized by pathological fear. The mechanisms by which orexins regulate fear are unknown. Here we investigated the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the impaired fear extinction induced by orexin-A (OXA) in male mice. The selective inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) biosynthesis O7460 abolished the fear extinction deficits induced by OXA. Accordingly, increased 2-AG levels were observed in the amygdala and hippocampus of mice treated with OXA that do not extinguish fear, suggesting that high levels of this endocannabinoid are related to poor extinction. Impairment of fear extinction induced by OXA was associated with increased expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) in microglial cells of the basolateral amygdala. Consistently, the intra-amygdala infusion of the CB2R antagonist AM630 completely blocked the impaired extinction promoted by OXA. Microglial and CB2R expression depletion in the amygdala with PLX5622 chow also prevented these extinction deficits. These results show that overactivation of the orexin system leads to impaired fear extinction through 2-AG and amygdalar CB2R. This novel mechanism could be of relevance for the development of novel potential approaches to treat diseases associated with inappropriate retention of fear, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, panic anxiety and phobias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ten-Blanco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - África Flores
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cristina Izquierdo-Luengo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Julián Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cecilia J Hillard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Hearth and Lung Research Institute (IUCPQ), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF) and NUTRISS Center, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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68
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Abstract
SignificanceAnxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental illnesses worldwide. Despite significant advances in their treatment, many patients remain treatment resistant. Thus, new treatment modalities and targets are much needed. Therefore, we developed a deep brain stimulation therapy that targets a recently identified anxiety center in the lateral hypothalamus. We show that this therapy rapidly silences anxiety-implicated neurons and immediately relieves diverse anxiety symptoms in a variety of stressful situations. This therapeutic effect occurs without acute or chronic side effects that are typical of many existing treatments, such as physical sedation or memory deficits. These findings identify a clinically applicable new therapeutic strategy for helping patients to manage treatment-resistant anxiety.
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69
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Abstract
Peptidoglycans from gut microbiota modulate appetite through hypothalamic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Adamantidis
- Zentrum für Experimentelle Neurologie, Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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70
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Dale NC, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Pfleger KDG, Johnstone EKM. Orexin Signaling: A Complex, Multifaceted Process. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:812359. [PMID: 35496914 PMCID: PMC9044999 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.812359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin system comprises two G protein-coupled receptors, OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX1R and OX2R, respectively), along with two endogenous agonists cleaved from a common precursor (prepro-orexin), orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B). For the receptors, a complex array of signaling behaviors has been reported. In particular, it becomes obvious that orexin receptor coupling is very diverse and can be tissue-, cell- and context-dependent. Here, the early signal transduction interactions of the orexin receptors will be discussed in depth, with particular emphasis on the direct G protein interactions of each receptor. In doing so, it is evident that ligands, additional receptor-protein interactions and cellular environment all play important roles in the G protein coupling profiles of the orexin receptors. This has potential implications for our understanding of the orexin system's function in vivo in both central and peripheral environments, as well as the development of novel agonists, antagonists and possibly allosteric modulators targeting the orexin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura H. Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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71
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Zhou S, Yamashita A, Su J, Zhang Y, Wang W, Hao L, Yamanaka A, Kuwaki T. Activity of putative orexin neurons during cataplexy. Mol Brain 2022; 15:21. [PMID: 35246205 PMCID: PMC8896372 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear why orexin-deficient animals, but not wild-type mice, show cataplexy. The current hypothesis predicts simultaneous excitation of cataplexy-inhibiting orexin neurons and cataplexy-inducing amygdala neurons. To test this hypothesis, we measured the activity of putative orexin neurons in orexin-knockout mice during cataplexy episodes using fiber photometry. We created two animal models of orexin-knockout mice with a GCaMP6 fluorescent indicator expressed in putative orexin neurons. We first prepared orexin-knockout mice crossed with transgenic mice carrying a tetracycline-controlled transactivator transgene under the control of the orexin promoter. TetO-GCaMP6 was then introduced into mice via an adeno-associated virus injection or natural crossing. The resulting two models showed restricted expression of GCaMP6 in the hypothalamus, where orexin neurons should be located, and showed excitation to an intruder stress that was similar to that observed in orexin-intact mice in our previous study. The activity of these putative orexin neurons increased immediately before the onset of cataplexy-like behavior but decreased (approximately − 20% of the baseline) during the cataplexy-like episode. We propose that the activity of orexin neurons during cataplexy is moderately inhibited by an unknown mechanism. The absence of cataplexy in wild-type mice may be explained by basal or residual activity-induced orexin release, and emotional stimulus-induced counter activation of orexin neurons may not be necessary. This study will serve as a basis for better treatment of cataplexy in narcolepsy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Akira Yamashita
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Jingyang Su
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.,Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wuyang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liying Hao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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72
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Ruiz-Tejada A, Neisewander J, Katsanos CS. Regulation of Voluntary Physical Activity Behavior: A Review of Evidence Involving Dopaminergic Pathways in the Brain. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030333. [PMID: 35326289 PMCID: PMC8946175 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity leads to well-established health benefits. Current efforts to enhance physical activity have targeted mainly socioeconomic factors. However, despite these efforts, only a small number of adults engage in regular physical activity to the point of meeting current recommendations. Evidence collected in rodent models and humans establish a strong central nervous system component that regulates physical activity behavior. In particular, dopaminergic pathways in the central nervous system are among the best-characterized biological mechanisms to date with respect to regulating reward, motivation, and habit formation, which are critical for establishing regular physical activity. Herein, we discuss evidence for a role of brain dopamine in the regulation of voluntary physical activity behavior based on selective breeding and pharmacological studies in rodents, as well as genetic studies in both rodents and humans. While these studies establish a role of dopamine and associated mechanisms in the brain in the regulation of voluntary physical activity behavior, there is clearly need for more research on the underlying biology involved in motivation for physical activity and the formation of a physical activity habit. Such knowledge at the basic science level may ultimately be translated into better strategies to enhance physical activity levels within the society.
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73
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Duffet L, Kosar S, Panniello M, Viberti B, Bracey E, Zych AD, Radoux-Mergault A, Zhou X, Dernic J, Ravotto L, Tsai YC, Figueiredo M, Tyagarajan SK, Weber B, Stoeber M, Gogolla N, Schmidt MH, Adamantidis AR, Fellin T, Burdakov D, Patriarchi T. A genetically encoded sensor for in vivo imaging of orexin neuropeptides. Nat Methods 2022; 19:231-241. [PMID: 35145320 PMCID: PMC8831244 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orexins (also called hypocretins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides that carry out essential functions in the central nervous system; however, little is known about their release and range of action in vivo owing to the limited resolution of current detection technologies. Here we developed a genetically encoded orexin sensor (OxLight1) based on the engineering of circularly permutated green fluorescent protein into the human type-2 orexin receptor. In mice OxLight1 detects optogenetically evoked release of endogenous orexins in vivo with high sensitivity. Photometry recordings of OxLight1 in mice show rapid orexin release associated with spontaneous running behavior, acute stress and sleep-to-wake transitions in different brain areas. Moreover, two-photon imaging of OxLight1 reveals orexin release in layer 2/3 of the mouse somatosensory cortex during emergence from anesthesia. Thus, OxLight1 enables sensitive and direct optical detection of orexin neuropeptides with high spatiotemporal resolution in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Duffet
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Seher Kosar
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariangela Panniello
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Bianca Viberti
- Center for Experimental Neurology (ZEN), Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Edward Bracey
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna D Zych
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Xuehan Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Dernic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Ravotto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yuan-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Figueiredo
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shiva K Tyagarajan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Miriam Stoeber
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Gogolla
- Circuits for Emotion Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Markus H Schmidt
- Center for Experimental Neurology (ZEN), Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antoine R Adamantidis
- Center for Experimental Neurology (ZEN), Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tommaso Patriarchi
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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74
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Durairaja A, Steinecke CS, Fendt M. Intracerebroventricular infusion of the selective orexin 1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 impairs cognitive flexibility in a sex-dependent manner. Behav Brain Res 2022; 424:113791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Katoh K, Kutsumura N, Yamamoto N, Nagumo Y, Saitoh T, Ishikawa Y, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Tanimura R, Yanagisawa M, Nagase H. Essential structure of orexin 1 receptor antagonist YNT-707: Conversion of the 16-cyclopropylmethyl group to the 16-sulfonamide group in D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128550. [PMID: 35041942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The five-membered D-ring nalfurafine (D-nor-nalfurafine) derivatives with a 16-sulfonamide group were synthesized. Conversion of the 16-cyclopropylmethyl group to the 16-benzenesulfonamide group in the D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives drastically improved the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) antagonist activities. The intramolecular hydrogen bond between the 14-hydroxy and the 16-sulfonamide groups may play an important role in increasing the probability that the 6-amide group would be located at the lower side of the C-ring, leading to an active conformation for OX1R. The assay results and the conformational analyses of the 14-OH, 14-H, and 14-dehydrated D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives suggested that the 14- and 16-substituents of the D-nor-nalfurafine derivatives had a greater effect on the affinities for the OX1R than did the 14- and 17-substituents of nalfurafine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Katoh
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuji Tanimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., 10-1, Tebiro 6-choume, Kamakura, Kanagawa 248-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of MIRAI in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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76
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Agee LA, Nemchek V, Malone CA, Lee HJ, Monfils MH. Appetitive Behavior in the Social Transmission of Food Preference Paradigm Predicts Activation of Orexin-A producing Neurons in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Neuroscience 2022; 481:30-46. [PMID: 34843892 PMCID: PMC9246717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-producing cells in the lateral hypothalamic area have been shown to be involved in a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive functions, including the recall of appetitive associations and a variety of social behaviors. Here, we investigated the role of orexin in the acquisition and recall of socially transmitted food preferences in the rat. Rats were euthanized following either acquisition, short-term recall, or long-term recall of a socially transmitted food preference and their brains were processed for orexin-A and c-Fos expression. We found that while there were no significant differences in c-Fos expression between control and experimental subjects at any of the tested timepoints, females displayed significantly more activity in both orexinergic and non-orexinergic cells in the lateral hypothalamus. In the infralimbic cortex, we found that social behavior was significantly predictive of c-Fos expression, with social behaviors related to olfactory exploration appearing to be particularly influential. We additionally found that appetitive behavior was significantly predictive of orexin-A activity in a sex-dependent matter, with the total amount eaten correlating negatively with orexin-A/c-Fos colocalization in male rats but not female rats. These findings suggest a potential sex-specific role for the orexin system in balancing the stimulation of feeding behavior with the sleep/wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Agee
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Victoria Nemchek
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Cassidy A Malone
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hongjoo J Lee
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marie-H Monfils
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Psychology, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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77
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Mavanji V, Pomonis B, Kotz CM. Orexin, serotonin, and energy balance. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1536. [PMID: 35023323 PMCID: PMC9286346 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The lateral hypothalamus is critical for the control of ingestive behavior and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), as lesion or stimulation of this region alters these behaviors. Evidence points to lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons as modulators of feeding and SPA. These neurons affect a broad range of systems, and project to multiple brain regions such as the dorsal raphe nucleus, which contains serotoninergic neurons (DRN) important to energy homeostasis. Physical activity is comprised of intentional exercise and SPA. These are opposite ends of a continuum of physical activity intensity and structure. Non‐goal‐oriented behaviors, such as fidgeting, standing, and ambulating, constitute SPA in humans, and reflect a propensity for activity separate from intentional activity, such as high‐intensity voluntary exercise. In animals, SPA is activity not influenced by rewards such as food or a running wheel. Spontaneous physical activity in humans and animals burns calories and could theoretically be manipulated pharmacologically to expend calories and protect against obesity. The DRN neurons receive orexin inputs, and project heavily onto cortical and subcortical areas involved in movement, feeding and energy expenditure (EE). This review discusses the function of hypothalamic orexin in energy‐homeostasis, the interaction with DRN serotonin neurons, and the role of this orexin‐serotonin axis in regulating food intake, SPA, and EE. In addition, we discuss possible brain areas involved in orexin–serotonin cross‐talk; the role of serotonin receptors, transporters and uptake‐inhibitors in the pathogenesis and treatment of obesity; animal models of obesity with impaired serotonin‐function; single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the serotonin system and obesity; and future directions in the orexin–serotonin field. This article is categorized under:Metabolic Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Mavanji
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brianna Pomonis
- Research Service, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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78
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Hino T, Saitoh T, Nagumo Y, Yamamoto N, Kutsumura N, Irukayama-Tomobe Y, Ishikawa Y, Tanimura R, Yanagisawa M, Nagase H. Design and synthesis of novel orexin 2 receptor agonists based on naphthalene skeleton. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128530. [PMID: 35007725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of naphthalene derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the strategy focusing on the restriction of the flexible bond rotation of OX2R selective agonist YNT-185 (1) and their agonist activities against orexin receptors were evaluated. The 1,7-naphthalene derivatives showed superior agonist activity than 2,7-naphthalene derivatives, suggesting that the bent form of 1 would be favorable for the agonist activity. The conformational analysis of 1,7-naphthalene derivatives indicated that the twisting of the amide unit out from the naphthalene plane is important for the enhancement of activity. The introduction of a methyl group on the 2-position of 1,7-naphthalene ring effectively increased the activity, which led to the discovery of the potent OX2R agonist 28c (EC50 = 9.21 nM for OX2R, 148 nM for OX1R). The structure-activity relationship results were well supported by a comparison of the docking simulation results of the most potent derivative 28c with an active state of agonist-bound OX2R cryo-EM SPA structure. These results suggested important information for understanding the active conformation and orientation of pharmacophores in the orexin receptor agonists, which is expected as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Hino
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nagumo
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoshi Yamamoto
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Irukayama-Tomobe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishikawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ryuji Tanimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries Inc., 10-1, Tebiro 6-choume, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 248-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of Mirai in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibarak i305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX75390, US
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Insulin-like growth factor I mitigates post-traumatic stress by inhibiting AMP-kinase in orexin neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2182-2196. [PMID: 35115701 PMCID: PMC9126821 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maladaptive coping behaviors are probably involved in post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD), but underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We now report that mice lacking functional insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors in orexin neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (Firoc mice) are unresponsive to the anxiolytic actions of IGF-I and develop PTSD-like behavior that is ameliorated by inhibition of orexin neurons. Conversely, systemic IGF-I treatment ameliorated PTSD-like behavior in a wild-type mouse model of PTSD (PTSD mice). Further, systemic IGF-I modified the GABA/Glutamate synaptic structure in orexin neurons of naïve wild-type mice by increasing the dephosphorylation of GABA(B) receptor subunit through inhibition of AMP-kinase (AMPK). Significantly, pharmacological inhibition of AMPK mimicked IGF-I, normalizing fear behavior in PTSD mice. Thus, we suggest that IGF-I enables coping behaviors by balancing E/I input onto orexin neurons in a context-dependent manner. These observations provide a novel therapeutic approach to PTSD through modulation of AMPK.
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Orexin receptor blockers: A tool for lowering alcohol intake and alcohol addictive behavior in the light of preclinical studies. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a severe and globally widespread neurological and psychiatric problem. The treatment with currently used drugs often does not bring the expected effect. New optimization methods or directions in pharmacotherapy are still being sought. The group of bioactive ligands, targeted at neuropeptides called orexins (OXs) and their receptors (OXRs), affects a number of functions including ingestion, sleep-wake regulation, as well as the brain reward system which is the basis of addiction.
The purpose of this paper is to systematize the knowledge in the field of preclinical behavioral studies on rodents (rats and mice) in several models of alcohol consumption using the OXRs antagonists.
The results of the experiments indicated a potential efficacy of particular OXRs antagonists in the AUD treatment, especially those selectively blocking the OX1R. Among them, SB-334867 in the lowest effective dose of 3 mg/kg i.p. was most studied, as shown in the model of two-bottle choice using C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, this compound did not affect the reduction of cognitive functions. GSK1059865 was also involved in the selective reduction of ethanol intake, and simultaneously did not alter the consumption of sugar solution. The other group of selective OX2R antagonists, such as TCS-OX2-29 and LSN2424100, was less efficient.
In summary, the OX1R antagonists proved to have the potential in AUD therapy, not only through the reduction of ethanol consumption but also in the treatment of coexisting behavioral and physiological disorders, such as insomnia and anxiety.
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81
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Lessel U, Ferrara M, Heine N, Marelli C, Carrettoni L, Pfau R, Schmidt E, Riether D. Identification of Highly Selective Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonists Driven by Structure-Based Design. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:5893-5905. [PMID: 34817173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OX1 receptor antagonists are of interest to treat, for example, substance abuse disorders, personality disorders, eating disorders, or anxiety-related disorders. However, known dual OX1/OX2 receptor antagonists are not suitable due to their sleep-inducing effects; therefore, we were interested in identifying a highly OX1 selective antagonist with a sufficient window to OX2-mediated effects. Herein, we describe the design of highly selective OX1 receptor antagonists driven by the X-ray structure of OX1 with suvorexant, a dual OX1/OX2 receptor antagonist. Moderately selective OX1 antagonists comprising a [2.2.1]-bicyclic scaffold served as our starting point. Based on our binding mode hypothesis, we postulated which part of the scaffold points toward one of the regions where the two binding pockets differ. Structural changes in this part resulted in a modified core with higher inherent selectivity compared to the [2.2.1]-bicyclic template. The structure-based design, synthesis, and hit-to-lead evaluation of this novel OX1 receptor-selective scaffold are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Lessel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Marco Ferrara
- Boehringer Ingelheim Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via Giovanni Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Niklas Heine
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Chiara Marelli
- Boehringer Ingelheim Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via Giovanni Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Carrettoni
- Boehringer Ingelheim Research Italia S.a.s. di BI IT S.r.l., Via Giovanni Lorenzini 8, 20139 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Roland Pfau
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Esther Schmidt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Doris Riether
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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82
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Yves D, Barateau L, Middleton B, Van Der Veen D, Skene DJ. Metabolomic Signature of Patients With Narcolepsy. Neurology 2021; 98:e493-e505. [PMID: 34845055 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is an orphan brain disorder caused by the irreversible destruction of orexin neurons. Metabolic disturbances are common in patients with NT1 who have a body mass index (BMI) 10-20% higher than the general population, with one third being obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Besides the destruction of orexin neurons in NT1, the metabolic alterations in obese and non-obese patients with narcolepsy type 1 remain unknown. The aim of the study was to identify possible differences in plasma metabolic profiles between patients with NT1 and controls as a function of their BMI status. METHODS We used a targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics approach to measure 141 circulating, low molecular weight metabolites in drug-free fasted plasma samples from 117 NT1 patients (including 41 obese subjects) compared with 116 BMI-matched controls (including 57 obese subjects). RESULTS Common metabolites driving the difference between NT1 and controls, irrespective of BMI, were identified, namely sarcosine, glutamate, nonaylcarnitine (C9), 5 long chain lysophosphatidylcholine acyls, one sphingolipid, 12 phosphatidylcholine diacyls and 11 phosphatidylcholine acyl-akyls, all showing increased concentrations in NT1. Metabolite concentrations significantly affected by NT1 (n = 42) and BMI category (n = 40) showed little overlap (n = 5). Quantitative enrichment analysis revealed common metabolic pathways that were implicated in the NT1/control differences, in both normal BMI and obese comparisons, namely glycine and serine, arachidonic acid, and tryptophan metabolisms. The metabolites driving these differences were glutamate, sarcosine and ornithine (glycine and serine metabolism), glutamate and PC aa C34:4 (arachidonic acid metabolism) and glutamate, serotonin and tryptophan (tryptophan metabolism). Linear metabolite-endophenotype regression analyses highlight that as part of the NT1 metabolic phenotype, most of the relationships between the sleep parameters (i.e. slow wave sleep duration, sleep latency and periodic leg movement) and metabolite concentrations seen in the controls were lost. DISCUSSION These results represented the most comprehensive metabolic profiling of patients with NT1 as a function of BMI and propose some metabolic diagnostic biomarkers for NT1, namely glutamate, sarcosine, serotonin, tryptophan, nonaylcarnitine and some phosphatidylcholines. The metabolic pathways identified offer, if confirmed, possible targets for treatment of obesity in NT1. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that a distinct metabolic profile can differentiate patients with Narcolepsy Type 1 from patients without the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauvilliers Yves
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy - Rare hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France .,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- National Reference Centre for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy - Rare hypersomnias, Sleep Unit, Department of Neurology, CHU Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier INM, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Benita Middleton
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Daan Van Der Veen
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Debra J Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Liu J, Guo ZN, Yan XL, Yang Y, Huang S. Brain Pathogenesis and Potential Therapeutic Strategies in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:755392. [PMID: 34867280 PMCID: PMC8634727 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.755392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy that affects multiple systems including the muscle and heart. The mutant CTG expansion at the 3'-UTR of the DMPK gene causes the expression of toxic RNA that aggregate as nuclear foci. The foci then interfere with RNA-binding proteins, affecting hundreds of mis-spliced effector genes, leading to aberrant alternative splicing and loss of effector gene product functions, ultimately resulting in systemic disorders. In recent years, increasing clinical, imaging, and pathological evidence have indicated that DM1, though to a lesser extent, could also be recognized as true brain diseases, with more and more researchers dedicating to develop novel therapeutic tools dealing with it. In this review, we summarize the current advances in the pathogenesis and pathology of central nervous system (CNS) deficits in DM1, intervention measures currently being investigated are also highlighted, aiming to promote novel and cutting-edge therapeutic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yan
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
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84
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O'Hearn LA. The therapeutic properties of ketogenic diets, slow-wave sleep, and circadian synchrony. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2021; 28:503-508. [PMID: 34269711 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize emerging connections between sleep, ketogenic diets, and health. RECENT FINDINGS Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic benefits of ketogenic diets continue to be elucidated. Concurrently, the importance of sleep quality and circadian rhythms in their effects on metabolic and cognitive health is increasingly appreciated. Advances in the understanding of the actions of adenosine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and slow-wave sleep underscore connections between these areas of research. SUMMARY Many molecular pathways activated during ketogenic diets are known to modulate sleep-wake cycles, circadian rhythms, and sleep stages. Ketogenic diets often have beneficial effects on sleep at the same time as having beneficial effects on particular medical conditions. Enhancement of slow-wave sleep and rejuvenation of circadian programming may be synergistic with or causally involved in the benefits of ketogenic diets.
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85
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Early life and adult stress promote sex dependent changes in hypothalamic miRNAs and environmental enrichment prevents stress-induced miRNA and gene expression changes in rats. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:701. [PMID: 34583641 PMCID: PMC8480023 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus plays a key role in the stress response. While early life stress (ELS) increases susceptibility to psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder (MDD), acute stress during adulthood can also precipitate MDD after ELS. AIM Here, we tested the expression of miRNAs following ELS and susceptibility to depression-like behavior and whether sex or acute stress exacerbates this response. We also tested whether environmental enrichment (Enr) promotes early life and adult behavioral stress resilience and its effect on hypothalamic miRNA and gene expression. Following rat maternal separation (MS) as an ELS model, Enr from weaning through adulthood, and restraint (RS) as acute adult stress, we tested both animal behavior and miRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Target genes and their enrichment and ontology were analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Target gene expression changes were tested using qPCR, and miRNA promoter methylation was studied using methylated-DNA immunoprecipitation qPCR. RESULTS MS, Enr, RS, and sex altered hypothalamic miRNAs, including several previously reported in MS literature: miRs-29, - 124, - 132, - 144, - 504. Sex had a significant effect on the greatest number of miRNAs. Also, Enr reversed downregulation of miR-29b-1-5p and -301b-3p in MS. qPCR showed that MAPK6 and MMP19, targets of miR-301b-3p, were upregulated in MS and reversed by Enr. Additionally, miR-219a was hypermethylated in MS coinciding with decreased miR-219a expression. CONCLUSIONS This study found that sex plays a critical role in the hypothalamic miRNA response to both ELS and acute stress, with males expressing greater changes following postnatal stress. Moreover, enrichment significantly altered behavior as well as hypothalamic miRNA expression and their gene targets. Because of its role as the initiator of the autonomic stress response and connection to hedonic and motivational behavior, the hypothalamic miRNA landscape may significantly alter both the short and long-term behavioral response to stress.
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86
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Orexin-A Regulates Follicular Growth, Proliferation, Cell Cycle and Apoptosis in Mouse Primary Granulosa Cells via the AKT/ERK Signaling Pathway. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185635. [PMID: 34577105 PMCID: PMC8467508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulosa cells (GCs) are essential for follicular growth, development, and atresia. The orexin-A (OXA) neuropeptide is widely involved in the regulation of various biological functions. OXA selectively binds to orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and mediates all its biological actions via OX1R. This study aimed to explore the expression of OXA and OX1R and their regulatory role in GCs proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, oocyte maturation, and underlying molecular mechanisms of these processes and elucidate its novel signaling pathway. Western blotting and RT-qPCR showed that OXA and OX1R were expressed during different developmental stages of GCs, and siRNA transfection successfully inhibited the expression of OX1R at the translational and transcriptional levels. Flow cytometry revealed that OX1R knockdown upregulated GCs apoptosis and triggered S-phase arrest in cell cycle progression. RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed significantly reduced expression of Bcl-2 and elevated expression of Bax, caspase-3, TNF-α, and P21 in OX1R-silenced GCs. Furthermore, the CCK-8 assay showed that knockdown of OX1R suppressed GCs proliferation by downregulating the expression of PCNA, a proliferation marker gene, at the translational and transcriptional levels. Western blotting revealed that knockdown of OX1R resulted in a considerable decrease of the phosphorylation level of the AKT and ERK1/2 proteins, indicating that the AKT/ERK1/2 pathway is involved in regulating GCs proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, OX1R silencing enhanced the mRNA expression of GDF9 and suppressed the mRNA expression of BMP15 in mouse GCs. Collectively, these results reveal a novel regulatory role of OXA in the development of GCs and folliculogenesis by regulating proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. Therefore, OXA can be a promising therapeutic agent for female infertility.
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87
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Soler JE, Xiong H, Samad F, Manfredsson FP, Robison AJ, Núñez AA, Yan L. Orexin (hypocretin) mediates light-dependent fluctuation of hippocampal function in a diurnal rodent. Hippocampus 2021; 31:1104-1114. [PMID: 34263969 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental lighting conditions play a central role in cognitive function, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Utilizing a diurnal rodent model, the Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus), we previously found that daytime light intensity affects hippocampal function in this species in a manner similar to its effects in humans. Compared to animals housed in a 12:12 h bright light-dark (brLD) cycle, grass rats kept in a 12:12 h dim light-dark (dimLD) cycle showed impaired spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) and reduced CA1 apical dendritic spine density. The present study explored the neural substrates mediating the effects of daylight intensity on hippocampal function focusing on the hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) system. First, animals housed in dimLD were treated with daily intranasal administration of orexin A peptide over five training days of the MWM task. Compared to vehicle controls, this treatment led to superior spatial memory accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α and glutamate receptor 1 within the CA1. To assess the role of hippocampal orexinergic signaling, an adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) expressing an orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) shRNA was injected into the dorsal hippocampus targeting the CA1 of animals housed in brLD. AAV-mediated knockdown of OX1R within the hippocampus resulted in deficits in MWM performance and reduced CA1 apical dendritic spine density. These results are consistent with the view that the hypothalamic orexinergic system underlies the modulatory role of daytime illumination on hippocampal function in diurnal mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E Soler
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Hang Xiong
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Faiez Samad
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Alfred J Robison
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Antonio A Núñez
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lily Yan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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88
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De Groote A, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A. Thalamo-Nucleus Accumbens Projections in Motivated Behaviors and Addiction. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:711350. [PMID: 34335197 PMCID: PMC8322971 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.711350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral striatum, also called nucleus accumbens (NAc), has long been known to integrate information from cortical, thalamic, midbrain and limbic nuclei to mediate goal-directed behaviors. Until recently thalamic afferents have been overlooked when studying the functions and connectivity of the NAc. However, findings from recent studies have shed light on the importance and roles of precise Thalamus to NAc connections in motivated behaviors and in addiction. In this review, we summarize studies using techniques such as chemo- and optogenetics, electrophysiology and in vivo calcium imaging to elucidate the complex functioning of the thalamo-NAc afferents, with a particular highlight on the projections from the Paraventricular Thalamus (PVT) to the NAc. We will focus on the recent advances in the understanding of the roles of these neuronal connections in motivated behaviors, with a special emphasis on their implications in addiction, from cue-reward association to the mechanisms driving relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie De Groote
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alban de Kerchove d'Exaerde
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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89
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Yamashita A, Moriya S, Nishi R, Kaminosono J, Yamanaka A, Kuwaki T. Aversive emotion rapidly activates orexin neurons and increases heart rate in freely moving mice. Mol Brain 2021; 14:104. [PMID: 34193206 PMCID: PMC8247171 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-021-00818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The perifornical area of the hypothalamus has been known as the center for the defense response, or fight-or-flight response, which is characterized by a concomitant rise in arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory frequency. It is well established that orexin neurons, which are located in this region, play a critical role in this response. In this study, we further examined this role by recording orexin neuronal activity and heart rate in freely moving mice using an original dual-channel fiber photometry system in vivo. Analysis of orexin neuron activity in relation to autonomic responses to aversive stimuli revealed a rapid increase in neuronal activity just prior to changes in heart rate. In addition, we examined whether orexin neurons would be activated by a conditioned neutral sound that was previously associated with aversive stimulus. We show that the memory of the aversive stimulus activated orexin neurons and increased heart rate. Our data suggest that orexin neurons are a key component linking aversive emotions to autonomic defense response. Our data also suggest that targeting orexin neurons may enable treatment of psychiatric disorders associated with chronic stress and traumatic memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamashita
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shunpei Moriya
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Ryusei Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Jun Kaminosono
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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90
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Soares VPMN, de Andrade TGCS, Canteras NS, Coimbra NC, Wotjak CT, Almada RC. Orexin 1 and 2 Receptors in the Prelimbic Cortex Modulate Threat Valuation. Neuroscience 2021; 468:158-167. [PMID: 34126185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish between threatening (repulsors), neutral and appetitive stimuli (attractors) stimuli is essential for survival. The orexinergic neurons of hypothalamus send projections to the limbic structures, such as different subregions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), suggesting that the orexinergic mechanism in the prelimbic cortex (PL) is involved in the processing of fear and anxiety. We investigated the role of orexin receptors type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R) in the PL in such processes upon confrontation with an erratically moving robo-beetle in mice. The selective blockade of OX1R and OX2R in the PL with SB 334867 (3, 30, 300 nM) and TCS OX2 29 (3, 30, 300 nM), respectively, did not affect general exploratory behavior or reactive fear such as avoidance, jumping or freezing, but significantly enhances tolerance and approach behavior at the highest dose of each antagonist tested (300 nM). We interpret these findings as evidence for an altered cognitive appraisal of the potential threatening stimulus. Consequently, the orexin system seems to bias the perception of stimuli towards danger or threat via OX1R and OX2R in the PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor P M N Soares
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma G C S de Andrade
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Newton S Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Institute of the University of São Paulo (ICB-USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Norberto C Coimbra
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Behavioural Neuroscience Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; NAP-USP-Neurobiology of Emotions Research Centre (NuPNE), Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Neuronal Plasticity Research Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Die Gesellschaft mit Beschränkter Haftung & Compagnie Kommanditgesellschaft, Biberach Riss, Germany
| | - Rafael C Almada
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil; Behavioural Neuroscience Institute (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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91
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Li P, Li SB, Wang X, Phillips CD, Schwarz LA, Luo L, de Lecea L, Krasnow MA. Brain Circuit of Claustrophobia-like Behavior in Mice Identified by Upstream Tracing of Sighing. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107779. [PMID: 32553161 PMCID: PMC8576489 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotions are distinct patterns of behavioral and physiological responses triggered by stimuli that induce different brain states. Elucidating the circuits is difficult because of challenges in interrogating emotional brain states and their complex outputs. Here, we leverage the recent discovery in mice of a neural circuit for sighing, a simple, quantifiable output of various emotions. We show that mouse confinement triggers sighing, and this "claustrophobic" sighing, but not accompanying tachypnea, requires the same medullary neuromedin B (Nmb)-expressing neurons as physiological sighing. Retrograde tracing from the Nmb neurons identified 12 forebrain centers providing presynaptic input, including hypocretin (Hcrt)-expressing lateral hypothalamic neurons. Confinement activates Hcrt neurons, and optogenetic activation induces sighing and tachypnea whereas pharmacologic inhibition suppresses both responses. The effect on sighing is mediated by HCRT directly on Nmbneurons. We propose that this HCRT-NMB neuropeptide relay circuit mediates claustrophobic sighing and that activated Hcrt neurons are a claustrophobia brain state that directly controls claustrophobic outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Biologic and Materials Sciences and of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Shi-Bin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xuenan Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Biologic and Materials Sciences and of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chrystian D Phillips
- Life Sciences Institute, Departments of Biologic and Materials Sciences and of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark A Krasnow
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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92
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 18F-labeled phenylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide derivative for detection of orexin 1 receptor in the brain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128098. [PMID: 33984472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in the brain is considered to regulate reward and feeding, the in vivo function of OX1R has not been fully elucidated. In vivo imaging of OX1R with positron emission tomography (PET) may be useful to further understand the molecular details of OX1R. In this study, we newly designed and synthesized a phenylbenzofuran-2-carboxamide (PBC) derivative ([18F]PBC-1) and evaluated its utility as a PET probe targeting OX1R in the brain. The results of cell binding assays suggested that [18F]PBC-1 has affinity for OX1R. In an in vitro competitive inhibition assay, PBC-1 showed selective binding affinity for OX1R (IC50 = 19.5 nM) over orexin 2 receptor (IC50 = 456.7 nM). Furthermore, [18F]PBC-1 displayed sufficient brain uptake for in vivo imaging with PET in a biodistribution study using normal mice, but in vivo instability was observed. These results suggest that further modifications for improvement of the pharmacokinetics are needed, but the PBC scaffold has potential for the development of useful PET probes targeting OX1R in the brain.
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93
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Kuwaki T. Orexin (hypocretin) participates in central autonomic regulation during fight-or-flight response. Peptides 2021; 139:170530. [PMID: 33741478 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our daily life does not only involve a calm resting state but is rather full of perturbations that induce active states such as moving, eating, and communicating. During such active conditions, cardiorespiratory regulation should be adjusted according to bodily demand, which differs from that during the resting state, by modulating or resetting the operating point. To explore neural mechanisms in the state-dependent adjustment of central autonomic regulation, my research group has recently focused on the fight-or-flight response because the stressor induces not only cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes but also autonomic changes. In this brief review, I will summarize our discovery using orexin knockout mice and orexin neuron-ablated mice for the possible contribution of orexin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide, to the state-dependent adjustment of the central autonomic regulation. In addition, I will introduce some recent discovery using optogenetic manipulation of the orexin and related systems. The diversity of synaptic control of the cardiovascular and respiratory neurons appears necessary for animals to adapt themselves to ever-changing life circumstances and behavioral states. The orexin system is likely to function as one of the essential modulators for coordinating the circuits controlling autonomic functions and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
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94
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Pang TY, Yaeger JDW, Summers CH, Mitra R. Cardinal role of the environment in stress induced changes across life stages and generations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:137-150. [PMID: 33549740 PMCID: PMC9286069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The stress response in rodents and humans is exquisitely dependent on the environmental context. The interactive element of the environment is typically studied by creating laboratory models of stress-induced plasticity manifested in behavior or the underlying neuroendocrine mediators of the behavior. Here, we discuss three representative sets of studies where the role of the environment in mediating stress sensitivity or stress resilience is considered across varying windows of time. Collectively, these studies testify that environmental variation at an earlier time point modifies the relationship between stressor and stress response at a later stage. The metaplastic effects of the environment on the stress response remain possible across various endpoints, including behavior, neuroendocrine regulation, region-specific neural plasticity, and regulation of receptors. The timescale of such variation spans adulthood, across stages of life history and generational boundaries. Thus, environmental variables are powerful determinants of the observed diversity in stress response. The predominant role of the environment suggests that it is possible to promote stress resilience through purposeful modification of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Y Pang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, 3052, VIC, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Jazmine D W Yaeger
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
| | - Cliff H Summers
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Neuroscience Group, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA; Veterans Affairs Research Service, Sioux Falls VA Health Care System, Sioux Falls, SD, 57105, USA
| | - Rupshi Mitra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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95
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Nakajo H, Chou MY, Kinoshita M, Appelbaum L, Shimazaki H, Tsuboi T, Okamoto H. Hunger Potentiates the Habenular Winner Pathway for Social Conflict by Orexin-Promoted Biased Alternative Splicing of the AMPA Receptor Gene. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107790. [PMID: 32579920 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many animals fight for dominance between conspecifics. Because winners could obtain more resources than losers, fighting outcomes are important for the animal's survival, especially in a situation with insufficient resources, such as hunger. However, it remains unclear whether and how hunger affects fighting outcomes. Herein, we investigate the effects of food deprivation on brain activity and fighting behaviors in zebrafish. We report that starvation induces winning in social conflicts. Before the fights, starved fish show potentiation of the lateral subregion of the dorsal habenula (dHbL)-dorsal/intermediate interpeduncular nucleus (d/iIPN) pathway, which is known to be essential for and potentiated after winning fights. Circuit potentiation is mediated by hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides, which prolong AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) activity by increasing the expression of a flip type of alternative splicing variant of the AMPAR subunit. This mechanism may underlie how hungry vertebrates win fights and may be commonly shared across animal phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Nakajo
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ming-Yi Chou
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Masae Kinoshita
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Lior Appelbaum
- The Faculty of Life Sciences and the Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Hideaki Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamoto
- Laboratory for Neural Circuit Dynamics of Decision Making, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN CBS-Kao Collaboration Center, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
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96
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Fujisawa S, Komatsubara M, Tsukamoto-Yamauchi N, Iwata N, Nada T, Wada J, Otsuka F. Orexin A Enhances Pro-Opiomelanocortin Transcription Regulated by BMP-4 in Mouse Corticotrope AtT20 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4553. [PMID: 33925368 PMCID: PMC8123825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin is expressed mainly in the hypothalamus and is known to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that is involved in various stress responses and its resilience. However, the effects of orexin on the endocrine function of pituitary corticotrope cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the roles of orexin A in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription using mouse corticotrope AtT20 cells, focusing on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) system expressed in the pituitary. Regarding the receptors for orexin, type 2 (OXR2) rather than type 1 (OX1R) receptor mRNA was predominantly expressed in AtT20 cells. It was found that orexin A treatment enhanced POMC expression, induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulation through upregulation of CRH receptor type-1 (CRHR1). Orexin A had no direct effect on the POMC transcription suppressed by BMP-4 treatment, whereas it suppressed Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation and Id-1 mRNA expression induced by BMP-4. It was further revealed that orexin A had no significant effect on the expression levels of type I and II BMP receptors but upregulated inhibitory Smad6/7 mRNA and protein levels in AtT20 cells. The results demonstrated that orexin A upregulated CRHR signaling and downregulated BMP-Smad signaling, leading to an enhancement of POMC transcription by corticotrope cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.F.); (M.K.); (N.T.-Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Motoshi Komatsubara
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.F.); (M.K.); (N.T.-Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Naoko Tsukamoto-Yamauchi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.F.); (M.K.); (N.T.-Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Nahoko Iwata
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (N.I.); (T.N.)
| | - Takahiro Nada
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (N.I.); (T.N.)
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (S.F.); (M.K.); (N.T.-Y.); (J.W.)
| | - Fumio Otsuka
- Department of General Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kitaku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (N.I.); (T.N.)
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97
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Georgoulas A, Jones L, Laudiano-Dray MP, Meek J, Fabrizi L, Whitehead K. Sleep-wake regulation in preterm and term infants. Sleep 2021; 44:5889156. [PMID: 32770211 PMCID: PMC7819838 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives In adults, wakefulness can be markedly prolonged at the expense of sleep, e.g. to stay vigilant in the presence of a stressor. These extra-long wake bouts result in a heavy-tailed distribution (highly right-skewed) of wake but not sleep durations. In infants, the relative importance of wakefulness and sleep are reversed, as sleep is necessary for brain maturation. Here, we tested whether these developmental pressures are associated with the unique regulation of sleep–wake states. Methods In 175 infants of 28–40 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), we monitored sleep–wake states using electroencephalography and behavior. We constructed survival models of sleep–wake bout durations and the effect of PMA and other factors, including stress (salivary cortisol), and examined whether sleep is resilient to nociceptive perturbations (a clinically necessary heel lance). Results Wake durations followed a heavy-tailed distribution as in adults and lengthened with PMA and stress. However, differently from adults, active sleep durations also had a heavy-tailed distribution, and with PMA, these shortened and became vulnerable to nociception-associated awakenings. Conclusions Sleep bouts are differently regulated in infants, with especially long active sleep durations that could consolidate this state’s maturational functions. Curtailment of sleep by stress and nociception may be disadvantageous, especially for preterm infants given the limited value of wakefulness at this age. This could be addressed by environmental interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Jones
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pureza Laudiano-Dray
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Meek
- Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Wing, University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Fabrizi
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberley Whitehead
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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98
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Ægidius HM, Kruse L, Christensen GL, Lorentzen MP, Jørgensen NR, Moresco M, Pizza F, Plazzi G, Jennum PJ, Kornum BR. Pre-treatment of blood samples reveal normal blood hypocretin/orexin signal in narcolepsy type 1. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab050. [PMID: 33977264 PMCID: PMC8100001 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin system regulates arousal through central nervous system mechanisms and plays an important role in sleep, wakefulness and energy homeostasis. It is unclear whether hypocretin peptides are also present in blood due to difficulties in measuring reliable and reproducible levels of the peptides in blood samples. Lack of hypocretin signalling causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy type 1, and low concentration of cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1/orexin-A peptide is a hallmark of the disease. This measurement has high diagnostic value, but performing a lumbar puncture is not without discomfort and possible complications for the patient. A blood-based test to assess hypocretin-1 deficiency would therefore be of obvious benefit. We here demonstrate that heating plasma or serum samples to 65°C for 30 min at pH 8 significantly increases hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity enabling stable and reproducible measurement of hypocretin-1 in blood samples. Specificity of the signal was verified by high-performance liquid chromatography and by measuring blood samples from mice lacking hypocretin. Unspecific background signal in the assay was high. Using our method, we show that hypocretin-1 immunoreactivity in blood samples from narcolepsy type 1 patients does not differ from the levels detected in control samples. The data presented here suggest that hypocretin-1 is present in the blood stream in the low picograms per millilitres range and that peripheral hypocretin-1 concentrations are unchanged in narcolepsy type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Ægidius
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lars Kruse
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Marc P Lorentzen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Niklas R Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Monica Moresco
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Ospedale Bellaria, IRCCS Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizza
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Ospedale Bellaria, IRCCS Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Plazzi
- Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Ospedale Bellaria, IRCCS Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio-Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Poul J Jennum
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte R Kornum
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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99
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Gaowa N, Zhang X, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hao Y, Cao Z, Li S. Effects of Rumen-Protected Niacin on Dry Matter Intake, Milk Production, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility, and Faecal Bacterial Community in Multiparous Holstein Dairy Cow during the Postpartum Period. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:617. [PMID: 33652794 PMCID: PMC7996887 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive studies about rumen-protected niacin (RPN) supplementation on dairy cows in early-lactation have been done, but the effects of RPN on changes in dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, feed digestibility, and fecal bacterial community were conflicting. The aim of this study was to investigate them affected by RPN in postpartum cows. Multiparous Holstein dairy cows (n = 12, parity = 3.5 ± 0.5, body weights = 740 ± 28 kg) were divided into two groups supplemented with either 0 (CON) or 20 g/d RPN (RPN). Our results showed that RPN supplementation increased DMI and milk production of cows during the first three weeks after calving (p < 0.05). The concentrations of neuropeptide Y and orexin A were significantly higher in RPN group than that in the CON group during postpartum period (p < 0.05). The apparent total-tract digestibility of nutrients was similar between the CON and RPN groups at 2 weeks after calving (p > 0.05). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that RPN had no impact on the alpha and beta diversity, although 4 genera were changed in cow feces at 14 days after calving. Overall, 20 g/d RPN added to the diet could improve DMI and milk yield up to two weeks after calving with little influence on feed digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Gaowa
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (N.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (N.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.)
| | - Huanxu Li
- Beijing Oriental Kingherd Biotechnology Company, Beijing 100069, China;
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (N.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (N.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (N.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (N.G.); (X.Z.); (Y.W.); (Y.H.); (Z.C.)
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100
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A Discrete Glycinergic Neuronal Population in the Ventromedial Medulla That Induces Muscle Atonia during REM Sleep and Cataplexy in Mice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:1582-1596. [PMID: 33372061 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0688-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, anti-gravity muscle tone and bodily movements are mostly absent, because somatic motoneurons are inhibited by descending inhibitory pathways. Recent studies showed that glycine/GABA neurons in the ventromedial medulla (VMM; GlyVMM neurons) play an important role in generating muscle atonia during REM sleep (REM-atonia). However, how these REM-atonia-inducing neurons interconnect with other neuronal populations has been unknown. In the present study, we first identified a specific subpopulation of GlyVMM neurons that play an important role in induction of REM-atonia by virus vector-mediated tracing in male mice in which glycinergic neurons expressed Cre recombinase. We found these neurons receive direct synaptic input from neurons in several brain stem regions, including glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD; GluSLD neurons). Silencing this circuit by specifically expressing tetanus toxin light chain (TeTNLC) resulted in REM sleep without atonia. This manipulation also caused a marked decrease in time spent in cataplexy-like episodes (CLEs) when applied to narcoleptic orexin-ataxin-3 mice. We also showed that GlyVMM neurons play an important role in maintenance of sleep. This present study identified a population of glycinergic neurons in the VMM that are commonly involved in REM-atonia and cataplexy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We identified a population of glycinergic neurons in the ventral medulla that plays an important role in inducing muscle atonia during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. It sends axonal projections almost exclusively to motoneurons in the spinal cord and brain stem except to those that innervate extraocular muscles, while other glycinergic neurons in the same region also send projections to other regions including monoaminergic nuclei. Furthermore, these neurons receive direct inputs from several brainstem regions including glutamatergic neurons in the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD). Genetic silencing of this pathway resulted in REM sleep without atonia and a decrease of cataplexy when applied to narcoleptic mice. This work identified a neural population involved in generating muscle atonia during REM sleep and cataplexy.
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