51
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Daskalakis NP, Schultz LM, Visoki E, Moore TM, Argabright ST, Harnett NG, DiDomenico GE, Warrier V, Almasy L, Barzilay R. Contributions of PTSD polygenic risk and environmental stress to suicidality in preadolescents. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100411. [PMID: 34765698 PMCID: PMC8569631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal ideation and attempts (i.e., suicidality) are complex behaviors driven by environmental stress, genetic susceptibility, and their interaction. Preadolescent suicidality is a major health problem with rising rates, yet its underlying biology is understudied. Here we studied effects of genetic stress susceptibility, approximated by the polygenic risk score (PRS) for post-traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD), on preadolescent suicidality in participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. We further evaluated PTSD-PRS effects on suicidality in the presence of environmental stressors that are established suicide risk factors. Analyses included both European and African ancestry participants using PRS calculated based on summary statistics from ancestry-specific genome-wide association studies. In European ancestry participants (N = 4,619, n = 378 suicidal), PTSD-PRS was associated with preadolescent suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95%CI 1-1.25, p = 0.038). Results in African ancestry participants (N = 1,334, n = 130 suicidal) showed a similar direction but were not statistically significant (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 0.93-1.57, p = 0.153). Sensitivity analyses using non-psychiatric polygenic score for height and using cross-ancestry PTSD-PRS did not reveal any association with suicidality, supporting the specificity of the association of ancestry-specific PTSD-PRS with suicidality. Environmental stressors were robustly associated with suicidality across ancestries with moderate effect size for negative life events and family conflict (OR 1.27-1.6); and with large effect size (OR ∼ 4) for sexual-orientation discrimination. When combined with environmental factors, PTSD-PRS showed marginal additive effects in explaining variability in suicidality, with no evidence for G × E interaction. Results support use of cross-phenotype PRS, specifically stress-susceptibility, as a genetic marker for suicidality risk early in the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elina Visoki
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel G. Harnett
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corresponding author. 10th floor, Gates Pavilion, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 34th and Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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52
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De Angelis F, Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Tylee DS, Goswami A, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. Drinking and smoking polygenic risk is associated with childhood and early-adulthood psychiatric and behavioral traits independently of substance use and psychiatric genetic risk. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:586. [PMID: 34775470 PMCID: PMC8590689 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking are hazardous behaviors associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. In this study, we explored the association of polygenic risk scores (PRS) related to drinks per week, age of smoking initiation, smoking initiation, cigarettes per day, and smoking cessation with 433 psychiatric and behavioral traits in 4498 children and young adults (aged 8-21) of European ancestry from the Philadelphia neurodevelopmental cohort. After applying a false discovery rate multiple testing correction accounting for the number of PRS and traits tested, we identified 36 associations related to psychotic symptoms, emotion and age recognition social competencies, verbal reasoning, anxiety-related traits, parents' education, and substance use. These associations were independent of the genetic correlations among the alcohol-drinking and tobacco-smoking traits and those with cognitive performance, educational attainment, risk-taking behaviors, and psychopathology. The removal of participants endorsing substance use did not affect the associations of each PRS with psychiatric and behavioral traits identified as significant in the discovery analyses. Gene-ontology enrichment analyses identified several neurobiological processes underlying mechanisms of the PRS associations we report. In conclusion, we provide novel insights into the genetic overlap of smoking and drinking behaviors in children and young adults, highlighting their independence from psychopathology and substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio De Angelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gita A Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel S Tylee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aranyak Goswami
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Veteran Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
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53
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Muniz Carvalho C, Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Maihofer AX, Stein DJ, Sumner JA, Hemmings SM, Nievergelt CM, Koenen KC, Gelernter J, Belangero SI, Polimanti R. Disentangling sex differences in the shared genetic architecture of posttraumatic stress disorder, traumatic experiences, and social support with body size and composition. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100400. [PMID: 34611531 PMCID: PMC8477211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a well-known association of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with body size and composition, including consistent differences between sexes. However, the biology underlying these associations is unclear. To understand the genetic underpinnings of this complex relationship, we investigated genome-wide datasets informative of African and European ancestries from the Psychiatric Genomic Consortium, the UK Biobank, the GIANT Consortium, and the Million Veteran Program. We used genome-wide association statistics to estimate sex-specific genetic correlations (r g ) of traumatic experiences, social support, and PTSD with multiple anthropometric traits. After multiple testing corrections (false discovery rate, FDR q < 0.05), we observed 58 significant r g relationships in females (e.g., childhood physical abuse and body mass index, BMI r g = 0.245, p = 3.88 × 10-10) and 21 significant r g relationships in males (e.g., been involved in combat or exposed to warzone and leg fat percentage; r g = 0.405, p = 4.42 × 10-10). We performed causal inference analyses of these genetic overlaps using Mendelian randomization and latent causal variable approaches. Multiple female-specific putative causal relationships were observed linking body composition/size with PTSD (e.g., leg fat percentage→PTSD; beta = 0.319, p = 3.13 × 10-9), traumatic experiences (e.g., childhood physical abuse→waist circumference; beta = 0.055, p = 5.07 × 10-4), and childhood neglect (e.g., "someone to take you to doctor when needed as a child"→BMI; beta = -0.594, p = 1.09 × 10-5). In males, we observed putative causal effects linking anthropometric-trait genetic liabilities to traumatic experiences (e.g., BMI→childhood physical abuse; beta = 0.028, p = 8.19 × 10-3). Some of these findings were replicated in individuals of African descent although the limited sample size available did not permit us to conduct a sex-stratified analysis in this ancestry group. In conclusion, our findings provide insights regarding sex-specific causal networks linking anthropometric traits to PTSD, traumatic experiences, and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muniz Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Frank R. Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Gita A. Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Adam X. Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dan J. Stein
- MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer A. Sumner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sian M.J. Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Caroline M. Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Sintia I. Belangero
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
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54
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Salagre E, Vieta E. Precision psychiatry: Complex problems require complex solutions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 52:94-95. [PMID: 34325190 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Estela Salagre
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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55
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Ma Y, Zhou X. Genetic prediction of complex traits with polygenic scores: a statistical review. Trends Genet 2021; 37:995-1011. [PMID: 34243982 PMCID: PMC8511058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate genetic prediction of complex traits can facilitate disease screening, improve early intervention, and aid in the development of personalized medicine. Genetic prediction of complex traits requires the development of statistical methods that can properly model polygenic architecture and construct a polygenic score (PGS). We present a comprehensive review of 46 methods for PGS construction. We connect the majority of these methods through a multiple linear regression framework which can be instrumental for understanding their prediction performance for traits with distinct genetic architectures. We discuss the practical considerations of PGS analysis as well as challenges and future directions of PGS method development. We hope our review serves as a useful reference both for statistical geneticists who develop PGS methods and for data analysts who perform PGS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ma
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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56
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Green C, Stolicyn A, Harris MA, Shen X, Romaniuk L, Barbu MC, Hawkins EL, Wardlaw JM, Steele JD, Waiter GD, Sandu AL, Campbell A, Porteous DJ, Seckl JR, Lawrie SM, Reynolds RM, Cavanagh J, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC. Hair glucocorticoids are associated with childhood adversity, depressive symptoms and reduced global and lobar grey matter in Generation Scotland. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:523. [PMID: 34642301 PMCID: PMC8511057 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation has been commonly reported in major depressive disorder (MDD), but with considerable heterogeneity of results; potentially due to the predominant use of acute measures of an inherently variable/phasic system. Chronic longer-term measures of HPA-axis activity have yet to be systematically examined in MDD, particularly in relation to brain phenotypes, and in the context of early-life/contemporaneous stress. Here, we utilise a temporally stable measure of cumulative HPA-axis function (hair glucocorticoids) to investigate associations between cortisol, cortisone and total glucocorticoids with concurrent measures of (i) lifetime-MDD case/control status and current symptom severity, (ii) early/current-life stress and (iii) structural neuroimaging phenotypes, in N = 993 individuals from Generation Scotland (mean age = 59.1 yrs). Increased levels of hair cortisol were significantly associated with reduced global and lobar brain volumes with reductions in the frontal, temporal and cingulate regions (βrange = -0.057 to -0.104, all PFDR < 0.05). Increased levels of hair cortisone were significantly associated with MDD (lifetime-MDD status, current symptoms, and severity; βrange = 0.071 to 0.115, all PFDR = < 0.05), with early-life adversity (β = 0.083, P = 0.017), and with reduced global and regional brain volumes (global: β = -0.059, P = 0.043; nucleus accumbens: β = -0.075, PFDR = 0.044). Associations with total glucocorticoids followed a similar pattern to the cortisol findings. In this large community-based sample, elevated glucocorticoids were significantly associated with MDD, with early, but not later-life stress, and with reduced global and regional brain phenotypes. These findings provide important foundations for future mechanistic studies to formally explore causal relationships between early adversity, chronic rather than acute measures of glucocorticoids, and neurobiological associations relevant to the aetiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Green
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Aleks Stolicyn
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathew A Harris
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Liana Romaniuk
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miruna C Barbu
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma L Hawkins
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Douglas Steele
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gordon D Waiter
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Anca-Larisa Sandu
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R Seckl
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, College of Medical and Veterinary Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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57
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A Polygenic Approach to Understanding Resilience to Peer Victimisation. Behav Genet 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34635963 PMCID: PMC8770424 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-021-10085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest an individual’s risk of depression following adversity may be moderated by their genetic liability. No study, however, has examined peer victimisation, an experience repeatedly associated with mental illness. We explore whether the negative mental health outcomes following victimisation can be partly attributed to genetic factors using polygenic scores for depression and wellbeing. Among participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we show that polygenic scores and peer victimisation are significant independent predictors of depressive symptoms (n=2268) and wellbeing (n=2299) in early adulthood. When testing for interaction effects, our results lead us to conclude that low mental health and wellbeing following peer victimisation is unlikely to be explained by a moderating effect of genetic factors, as indexed by current polygenic scores. Genetic profiling is therefore unlikely to be effective in identifying those more vulnerable to the effects of victimisation at present. The reasons why some go on to experience mental health problems following victimisation, while others remain resilient, requires further exploration, but our results rule out a major influence of current polygenic scores.
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58
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McQuaid RJ. Transdiagnostic biomarker approaches to mental health disorders: Consideration of symptom complexity, comorbidity and context. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100303. [PMID: 34589795 PMCID: PMC8474161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a multifaceted disorder characterized by heterogeneous symptom profiles and high rates of comorbidity with other commonly occurring mental illnesses. Considering the burden of mental health disorders and the lack of efficacy of available treatments, there is a need for biomarkers to predict tailored or personalized treatments. However, identifying reliable biomarkers for complex mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety and PTSD, has been challenging, likely owing to the heterogeneity, comorbidity and differences in experiences and histories of individuals. For these reasons, taking a transdiagnostic approach, which identifies biomarkers that map onto shared symptoms/constructs across disorders could be most effective for informing personalized or precision medicine approaches in psychiatry. Transdiagnostic features of anxiety, depression and anhedonia have been examined in relation to brain activity and connectivity patterns. Neuroendocrine and inflammatory markers, which are altered in depression and other comorbid illness, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), might be useful in differentiating transdiagnostic symptom profiles as well as treatment responses. Ultimately, biomarker research that looks beyond diagnostic categories and embraces the complexity of individuals' lives and experiences might be more effective in moving towards precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J. McQuaid
- Carleton University, Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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59
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Kendall KM, Van Assche E, Andlauer TFM, Choi KW, Luykx JJ, Schulte EC, Lu Y. The genetic basis of major depression. Psychol Med 2021; 51:2217-2230. [PMID: 33682643 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, debilitating, phenotypically heterogeneous disorder with heritability ranges from 30% to 50%. Compared to other psychiatric disorders, its high prevalence, moderate heritability, and strong polygenicity have posed major challenges for gene-mapping in MDD. Studies of common genetic variation in MDD, driven by large international collaborations such as the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, have confirmed the highly polygenic nature of the disorder and implicated over 100 genetic risk loci to date. Rare copy number variants associated with MDD risk were also recently identified. The goal of this review is to present a broad picture of our current understanding of the epidemiology, genetic epidemiology, molecular genetics, and gene-environment interplay in MDD. Insights into the impact of genetic factors on the aetiology of this complex disorder hold great promise for improving clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Kendall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Van Assche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - T F M Andlauer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K W Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA02114, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - J J Luykx
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Outpatient Second Opinion Clinic, GGNet Mental Health, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
| | - E C Schulte
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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60
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Korda AI, Ruef A, Neufang S, Davatzikos C, Borgwardt S, Meisenzahl EM, Koutsouleris N. Identification of voxel-based texture abnormalities as new biomarkers for schizophrenia and major depressive patients using layer-wise relevance propagation on deep learning decisions. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 313:111303. [PMID: 34034096 PMCID: PMC9060641 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-segmented MRI brain images are used for the identification of new Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) biomarkers able to differentiate between schizophrenic patients (SCZ), major depressive patients (MD) and healthy controls (HC). Brain texture measures such as entropy and contrast, capturing the neighboring variation of MRI voxel intensities, were computed and fed into deep learning technique for group classification. Layer-wise relevance was applied for the localization of the classification results. Texture feature map of non-segmented brain MRI scans were extracted from 141 SCZ, 103 MD and 238 HC. The gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) was calculated on a voxel-by-voxel basis in a cube of voxels. Deep learning tested if texture feature map could predict diagnostic group membership of three classes under a binary classification (SCZ vs. HC, MD vs. HC, SCZ vs. MD). The method was applied in a repeated nested cross-validation scheme and cross-validated feature selection. The regions with the highest relevance (positive/negative) are presented. The method was applied on non-segmented images reducing the computation complexity and the error associated with segmentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Korda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Lübeck (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - A Ruef
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - S Neufang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Davatzikos
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3700 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - S Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Lübeck (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - E M Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - N Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Nussbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany
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61
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Zhu X, Ward J, Cullen B, Lyall DM, Strawbridge RJ, Lyall LM, Smith DJ. Phenotypic and genetic associations between anhedonia and brain structure in UK Biobank. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:395. [PMID: 34282121 PMCID: PMC8289859 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia is a core symptom of multiple psychiatric disorders and has been associated with alterations in brain structure. Genome-wide association studies suggest that anhedonia is heritable, with a polygenic architecture, but few studies have explored the association between genetic loading for anhedonia-indexed by polygenic risk scores for anhedonia (PRS-anhedonia)-and structural brain imaging phenotypes. Here, we investigated how anhedonia and PRS-anhedonia were associated with brain structure within the UK Biobank cohort. Brain measures (including total grey/white matter volumes, subcortical volumes, cortical thickness (CT) and white matter integrity) were analysed using linear mixed models in relation to anhedonia and PRS-anhedonia in 19,592 participants (9225 males; mean age = 62.6 years, SD = 7.44). We found that state anhedonia was significantly associated with reduced total grey matter volume (GMV); increased total white matter volume (WMV); smaller volumes in thalamus and nucleus accumbens; reduced CT within the paracentral cortex, the opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus, precentral cortex, insula and rostral anterior cingulate cortex; and poorer integrity of many white matter tracts. PRS-anhedonia was associated with reduced total GMV; increased total WMV; reduced white matter integrity; and reduced CT within the parahippocampal cortex, superior temporal gyrus and insula. Overall, both state anhedonia and PRS-anhedonia were associated with individual differences in multiple brain structures, including within reward-related circuits. These associations may represent vulnerability markers for psychopathology relevant to a range of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhu
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Breda Cullen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Health Data Research (HDR), Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Kennedy Tower, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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62
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Lawrence KE, Hernandez LM, Fuster E, Padgaonkar NT, Patterson G, Jung J, Okada NJ, Lowe JK, Hoekstra JN, Jack A, Aylward E, Gaab N, Van Horn JD, Bernier RA, McPartland JC, Webb SJ, Pelphrey KA, Green SA, Bookheimer SY, Geschwind DH, Dapretto M. Impact of autism genetic risk on brain connectivity: a mechanism for the female protective effect. Brain 2021; 145:378-387. [PMID: 34050743 PMCID: PMC8967090 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological mechanisms underlying the greater prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in males than females remain poorly understood. One hypothesis posits that this female protective effect arises from genetic load for autism spectrum disorder differentially impacting male and female brains. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the impact of cumulative genetic risk for autism spectrum disorder on functional brain connectivity in a balanced sample of boys and girls with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing boys and girls (127 youth, ages 8-17). Brain connectivity analyses focused on the salience network, a core intrinsic functional connectivity network which has previously been implicated in autism spectrum disorder. The effects of polygenic risk on salience network functional connectivity were significantly modulated by participant sex, with genetic load for autism spectrum disorder influencing functional connectivity in boys with and without autism spectrum disorder but not girls. These findings support the hypothesis that autism spectrum disorder risk genes interact with sex differential processes, thereby contributing to the male bias in autism prevalence and proposing an underlying neurobiological mechanism for the female protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Lawrence
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Correspondence to: Mirella Dapretto Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center 660 Charles E. Young Drive South Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA E-mail:
| | - Leanna M Hernandez
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Emily Fuster
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Namita T Padgaonkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Genevieve Patterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jiwon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nana J Okada
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer K Lowe
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jackson N Hoekstra
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allison Jack
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Elizabeth Aylward
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Nadine Gaab
- Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - John D Van Horn
- Department of Psychology and School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Sara J Webb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Center on Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kevin A Pelphrey
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Shulamite A Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel H Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Mirella Dapretto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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63
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Roughan WH, Campos AI, García-Marín LM, Cuéllar-Partida G, Lupton MK, Hickie IB, Medland SE, Wray NR, Byrne EM, Ngo TT, Martin NG, Rentería ME. Comorbid Chronic Pain and Depression: Shared Risk Factors and Differential Antidepressant Effectiveness. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:643609. [PMID: 33912086 PMCID: PMC8072020 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.643609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional relationship between depression and chronic pain is well-recognized, but their clinical management remains challenging. Here we characterize the shared risk factors and outcomes for their comorbidity in the Australian Genetics of Depression cohort study (N = 13,839). Participants completed online questionnaires about chronic pain, psychiatric symptoms, comorbidities, treatment response and general health. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between chronic pain and clinical and demographic factors. Cumulative linked logistic regressions assessed the effect of chronic pain on treatment response for 10 different antidepressants. Chronic pain was associated with an increased risk of depression (OR = 1.86 [1.37-2.54]), recent suicide attempt (OR = 1.88 [1.14-3.09]), higher use of tobacco (OR = 1.05 [1.02-1.09]) and misuse of painkillers (e.g., opioids; OR = 1.31 [1.06-1.62]). Participants with comorbid chronic pain and depression reported fewer functional benefits from antidepressant use and lower benefits from sertraline (OR = 0.75 [0.68-0.83]), escitalopram (OR = 0.75 [0.67-0.85]) and venlafaxine (OR = 0.78 [0.68-0.88]) when compared to participants without chronic pain. Furthermore, participants taking sertraline (OR = 0.45 [0.30-0.67]), escitalopram (OR = 0.45 [0.27-0.74]) and citalopram (OR = 0.32 [0.15-0.67]) specifically for chronic pain (among other indications) reported lower benefits compared to other participants taking these same medications but not for chronic pain. These findings reveal novel insights into the complex relationship between chronic pain and depression. Treatment response analyses indicate differential effectiveness between particular antidepressants and poorer functional outcomes for these comorbid conditions. Further examination is warranted in targeted interventional clinical trials, which also include neuroimaging genetics and pharmacogenomics protocols. This work will advance the delineation of disease risk indicators and novel aetiological pathways for therapeutic intervention in comorbid pain and depression as well as other psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H. Roughan
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrián I. Campos
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luis M. García-Marín
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gabriel Cuéllar-Partida
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle K. Lupton
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Enda M. Byrne
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Trung Thanh Ngo
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Miguel E. Rentería
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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64
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Polygenic risk score, healthy lifestyles, and risk of incident depression. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:189. [PMID: 33782378 PMCID: PMC8007584 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01306-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors increase the risk of depression, but the extent to which this can be offset by modifiable lifestyle factors is unknown. We investigated whether a combination of healthy lifestyles is associated with lower risk of depression regardless of genetic risk. Data were obtained from the UK Biobank and consisted of 339,767 participants (37-73 years old) without depression between 2006 and 2010. Genetic risk was categorized as low, intermediate, or high according to polygenic risk score for depression. A combination of healthy lifestyles factors-including no current smoking, regular physical activity, a healthy diet, moderate alcohol intake and a body mass index <30 kg/m2-was categorized into favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable lifestyles. The risk of depression was 22% higher among those at high genetic risk compared with those at low genetic risk (HR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.14-1.30). Participants with high genetic risk and unfavorable lifestyle had a more than two-fold risk of incident depression compared with low genetic risk and favorable lifestyle (HR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.84-2.58). There was no significant interaction between genetic risk and lifestyle factors (P for interaction = 0.69). Among participants at high genetic risk, a favorable lifestyle was associated with nearly 50% lower relative risk of depression than an unfavorable lifestyle (HR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.43-0.60). We concluded that genetic and lifestyle factors were independently associated with risk of incident depression. Adherence to healthy lifestyles may lower the risk of depression regardless of genetic risk.
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65
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Martucci VL, Richmond B, Davis LK, Blackwell TS, Cox NJ, Samuels D, Velez Edwards D, Aldrich MC. Fate or coincidence: do COPD and major depression share genetic risk factors? Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:619-628. [PMID: 33704461 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), affecting up to 57% of patients with COPD. Although the comorbidity of COPD and MDD is well established, the causal relationship between these two diseases is unclear. A large-scale electronic health record clinical biobank and genome-wide association study summary statistics for MDD and lung function traits were used to investigate potential shared underlying genetic susceptibility between COPD and MDD. Linkage disequilibrium score regression was used to estimate genetic correlation between phenotypes. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for MDD and lung function traits were developed and used to perform a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). Multi-trait-based conditional and joint analysis identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing both lung function and MDD. We found genetic correlations between MDD and all lung function traits were small and not statistically significant. A PRS-MDD was significantly associated with an increased risk of COPD in a PheWAS [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09-1.16] when adjusting for age, sex and genetic ancestry, but this relationship became attenuated when controlling for smoking history (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.04-1.13). No significant associations were found between the lung function PRS and MDD. Multi-trait-based conditional and joint analysis identified three SNPs that may contribute to both traits, two of which were previously associated with mood disorders and COPD. Our findings suggest that the observed relationship between COPD and MDD may not be driven by a strong shared genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Martucci
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bradley Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David Samuels
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Digna Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Quantitative Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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66
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Lee PH, Feng YCA, Smoller JW. Pleiotropy and Cross-Disorder Genetics Among Psychiatric Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:20-31. [PMID: 33131714 PMCID: PMC7898275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide analyses of common and rare genetic variations have documented the heritability of major psychiatric disorders, established their highly polygenic genetic architecture, and identified hundreds of contributing variants. In recent years, these studies have illuminated another key feature of the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders: the important role and pervasive nature of pleiotropy. It is now clear that a substantial fraction of genetic influences on psychopathology transcend clinical diagnostic boundaries. In this review, we summarize evidence in psychiatry for pleiotropy at multiple levels of analysis: from overall genome-wide correlation to biological pathways and down to the level of individual loci. We examine underlying mechanisms of observed pleiotropy, including genetic effects on neurodevelopment, diverse actions of regulatory elements, mediated effects, and spurious associations of genomic variation with multiple phenotypes. We conclude with an exploration of the implications of pleiotropy for understanding the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders, informing nosology, and advancing the aims of precision psychiatry and genomic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil H Lee
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yen-Chen A Feng
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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