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Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics of the Human-Gut Microbiota Symbiosis in a Changing Nutritional Environment. Evol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-022-09569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe operational harmony between living beings and their circumstances, their ever-changing environment, is a constitutive condition of their existence. Nutrition and symbiosis are two essential aspects of this harmony. Disruption of the symbiosis between host and gut microbiota, the so-called dysbiosis, as well as the inadequate diet from which it results, contribute to the etiology of immunometabolic disorders. Research into the development of these diseases is highly influenced by our understanding of the evolutionary roots of metabolic functioning, thereby considering that chronic non-communicable diseases arise from an evolutionary mismatch. However, the lens has been mostly directed toward energy availability and metabolism, but away from our closest environmental factor, the gut microbiota. Thus, this paper proposes a narrative thread that places symbiosis in an evolutionary perspective, expanding the traditional framework of humans’ adaptation to their food environment.
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Han LX, Yao WL, Pan J, Wang BS, He WH, Fan XP, Wang WH, Zhang WD. Moniezia benedeni Infection Restrain IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ Cells Residence in Sheep (Ovis aries) Small Intestine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878467. [PMID: 35573414 PMCID: PMC9096708 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted immunoglobulin A (SIgA), IgG, and IgM play a crucial role in forming the intestinal mucosal immune barrier, and parasites could disturb the host's immune response by releasing various immunomodulatory molecules. Moniezia benedeni is an important pathogen parasitizing in the sheep small intestine. It is aimed to explore the residence characteristics of IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells in the sheep small intestine, and the influence of Moniezia benedeni infection on them. Control group (n = 6) and infected group (n = 6) were selected, respectively, and the three subtype cells residing in the small intestine were systematically observed and analyzed. The results showed that in the Control group, the three types of positive cells were all distributed diffusely, and the total densities in jejunum, duodenum and ileum was gradually declined in turn. Notably, the change trend of IgA+ and IgG+ cells densities were both congruent with the total densities, and the differences among them were significant, respectively (P < 0.05); the IgM+ cells density was the highest in duodenum, followed by jejunum and ileum, there was no significant difference between duodenum and jejunum (P > 0.05), but both significantly higher than in ileum (P < 0.05). In the Infected group, their total densities in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were gradually declined in turn. Notably, the IgA+ and IgM+ cells densities change trend was the same as the total densities, and the differences among them were significant, respectively (P < 0.05). The IgG+ cells density in duodenum was the highest, followed by ileum and jejunum and there was significantly difference among them (P < 0.05). The comparison results between Control and Infected groups showed that from the duodenum, jejunum to ileum, IgA+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells were all reduced significantly, respectively. The results suggest that the three types of positive cells were resided heterogeneously in the small intestinal mucosa, that is, significant region-specificity; Moniezia benedeni infection could not change their diffuse distribution characteristics, but strikingly, reduce their resident densities, and the forming mucosal immune barrier were significantly inhibited. It provided powerful evidence for studying on the molecular mechanism of Moniezia benedeni evasion from immune surveillance by strongly inhibiting the host's mucosal immune barrier.
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Yao WL, Liu LP, Wen YQ, Wang BS, Dong JQ, He WH, Fan XP, Wang WH, Zhang WD. Moniezia benedeni infection enhances neuromedin U (NMU) expression in sheep (Ovis aries) small intestine. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:143. [PMID: 35439995 PMCID: PMC9016964 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromedin U (NMU) plays an important role in activating the group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and initiating the host's anti-parasitic immune responses. It is aimed to explore the distribution characteristics of NMU in the sheep small intestine and the influence of Moniezia benedeni infection on them. In the present study, the pET-28a-NMU recombinant plasmids were constructed, and Escherichia coli. BL21 (DE3) were induced to express the recombinant protein. And then, the rabbit anti-sheep NMU polyclonal antibody was prepared and immunofluorescence staining was performed with it. The expression levels of NMU in the intestine of normal and Moniezia benedeni-infected sheep were detected by ELISA. RESULTS The results showed that the molecular weight of the obtained NMU recombinant protein was consistent with the expected molecular (13 kDa) and it was expressed in the form of inclusion body. The titer and specificity of obtained rabbit anti-sheep NMU polyclonal antibody were good. The results of immunofluorescence analysis showed that the nerve fibers which specifically expressed NMU mainly extended from the ganglion in the submucosal to lamina propria (LP) in the sheep small intestine, and the expression level was relatively high; especially on the nerve fibers of LP around the intestinal glands. The expression levels were gradually increased from the duodenum to the ileum, and the levels in the jejunum and ileum were significantly higher than that in the duodenum (P < 0.05). In addition, scattered NMU positive cells were distributed in the epithelium of the jejunal crypts. Moniezia benedeni infection increased the expression of NMU in each intestinal segment, especially in the jejunum and ileum there were significant increase (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It was suggested that Moniezia benedeni infection could be detected by the high expression of NMU in sheep enteric nervous, and which laid the foundation for further studies on whether NMU exerts anti-parasitic immunity by activating ILC2s. In addition, NMU was expressed in some intestinal gland epitheliums, which also provided a basis for studying its roles in regulation of the immune homeostasis. The present study laid the foundation for further revealing the molecular mechanism of sheep's neural-immune interaction network perceiving the colacobiosis of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ling Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Yan-Qiao Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jia-Qi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wan-Hong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Xi-Ping Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Wang-Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China.
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Mao R, Yang M, Yang R, Chen Y, Diao E, Zhang T, Li D, Chang X, Chi Z, Wang Y. Oral delivery of the intracellular domain of the insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2ic) by bacterium-like particles (BLPs) prevents type 1 diabetes mellitus in NOD mice. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:925-936. [PMID: 35311607 PMCID: PMC8942491 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2053760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immune tolerance, which possesses great potential in preventing or curing type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), can be induced by oral vaccination with T1DM-related autoantigens. However, direct administration of autoantigens via oral route exhibits a low tolerance-inducing effect as a result of the digestion of protein antigens in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and therefore, a large dosage of autoantigens may be needed. In this study, bacterium-like particles (BLPs) made from food-grade lactic acid bacteria were used to deliver the intracellular domain of the insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2ic). For this purpose, BLPs-IA-2ic vaccine in which IA-2ic bound to the surface of BLPs was constructed. BLPs enhanced the stability of the delivered IA-2ic based on the stability analysis in vitro. Oral administration of BLPs-IA-2ic significantly reduced T1DM incidence in NOD mice. The mice fed BLPs-IA-2ic exhibited a significant reduction in insulitis and preserved the ability to secrete insulin. Immunologic analysis showed that oral vaccination with BLPs-IA-2ic induced antigen-specific T cell tolerance. The results revealed that the successful induction of immune tolerance was dependent on the immune deviation (in favor of T helper 2 responses) and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Hence, oral vaccination with BLPs-IA-2ic shows potential for application in preventing T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Menglan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Enjie Diao
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Dengchao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xin Chang
- Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjing Chi
- Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Yefu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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55
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Gut microbiota and immunity relevance in eubiosis and dysbiosis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1628-1643. [PMID: 35280528 PMCID: PMC8913379 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human gut is colonized by numerous microorganisms, in which bacteria present the highest proportion of this colonization that live in a symbiotic relationship with the host. This microbial collection is commonly known as the microbiota. The gut microbiota can mediate gut epithelial and immune cells interaction through vitamins synthesis or metabolic products. The microbiota plays a vital role in growth and development of the main components of human’s adaptive and innate immune system, while the immune system regulates host-microbe symbiosis. On the other hand, negative alteration in gut microbiota composition or gut dysbiosis, can disturb immune responses. This review highlights the gut microbiota-immune system cross-talk in both eubiosis and dysbiosis.
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56
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Singh V, Ahlawat S, Mohan H, Gill SS, Sharma KK. Balancing reactive oxygen species generation by rebooting gut microbiota. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 132:4112-4129. [PMID: 35199405 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radical form O2 •‾ , superoxide radical; OH• , hydroxyl radical; ROO• , peroxyl; RO• , alkoxyl and non-radical form 1 O2 , singlet oxygen; H2 O2 , hydrogen peroxide) are inevitable companions of aerobic life with crucial role in gut health. But, overwhelming production of ROS can cause serious damage to biomolecules. In this review, we have discussed several sources of ROS production that can be beneficial or dangerous to the human gut. Microorganisms, organelles and enzymes play crucial role in ROS generation, where, NOX1 is the main intestinal enzyme, which produce ROS in the intestine epithelial cells. Previous studies have reported that probiotics play significant role in gut homeostasis by checking the ROS generation, maintaining the antioxidant level, immune system and barrier protection. With current knowledge, we have critically analyzed the available literature and presented the outcome in the form of bubble maps to suggest the probiotics that help in controlling the ROS-specific intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer. Finally, it has been concluded that rebooting of the gut microbiota with probiotics, postbiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can have crucial implications in the structuring of gut communities for the personalized management of the gastrointestinal (GI) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandna Singh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Shruti Ahlawat
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.,Presently at SGT University, Badli Road Chandu, Budhera, Gurugr, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Hari Mohan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Sarvajeet Singh Gill
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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57
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Luciani C, Hager FT, Cerovic V, Lelouard H. Dendritic cell functions in the inductive and effector sites of intestinal immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:40-50. [PMID: 34465895 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is constantly exposed to foreign antigens, which are mostly innocuous but can sometimes be harmful. Therefore, the intestinal immune system has the delicate task of maintaining immune tolerance to harmless food antigens while inducing tailored immune responses to pathogens and regulating but tolerating the microbiota. Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in these functions as sentinel cells able to prime and polarize the T cell responses. DCs are deployed throughout the intestinal mucosa but with local specializations along the gut length and between the diffuse effector sites of the gut lamina propria (LP) and the well-organized immune inductive sites comprising isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs), Peyer's patches (PPs), and other species-specific gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). Understanding the specificities of each intestinal DC subset, how environmental factors influence DC functions, and how these can be modulated is key to harnessing the therapeutic potential of mucosal adaptive immune responses, whether by enhancing the efficacy of mucosal vaccines or by increasing tolerogenic responses in inflammatory disorders. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to intestinal DCs in steady state and upon inflammation, with a special focus on their functional specializations, highly dependent on their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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58
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Jensen SK, Pærregaard SI, Brandum EP, Jørgensen AS, Hjortø GM, Jensen BAH. OUP accepted manuscript. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac008. [PMID: 35291443 PMCID: PMC8915887 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal survival depends on a well-balanced immune system and maintenance of host–microbe mutualism. The fine-tuned relationship between the gut microbiota and host immunity is constantly challenged by opportunistic bacteria testing the integrity of gastrointestinal (GI) barrier defenses. Barrier dysfunction reduces immunological tolerance towards otherwise innocuous microbes; it is a process that may instigate chronic inflammation. Paradoxically, sustained inflammation further diminishes barrier function, enabling bacterial translocation to extra-intestinal tissues. Once translocated, these bacteria stimulate systemic inflammation, thereby compromising organ function. While genetic risk alleles associate with barrier dysfunction, environmental stressors are key triggers of GI inflammation and associated breakdown in immune tolerance towards resident gut microbes. As dietary components dictate substrate availability, they also orchestrate microbiota composition and function, including migratory and pro-inflammatory potential, thus holding the capacity to fuel both GI and extra-intestinal inflammation. Additionally, Western diet consumption may weaken barrier defenses via curbed Paneth cell function and diminished host-defense peptide secretion. This review focuses on intervenable niches of host–microbe interactions and mucosal immunity with the ambition to provide a framework of plausible strategies to improve barrier function and regain tolerance in the inflamed mucosa via nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune K Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone I Pærregaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emma P Brandum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid S Jørgensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gertrud M Hjortø
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin A H Jensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Corresponding author. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Build. 22.5.39, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark. Tel: +45-35330188;
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59
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Udayan S, Stamou P, Crispie F, Hickey A, Floyd AN, Hsieh CS, Cotter PD, O'Sullivan O, Melgar S, O'Toole PW, Newberry RD, Rossini V, Nally K. Identification of Gut Bacteria such as Lactobacillus johnsonii that Disseminate to Systemic Tissues of Wild Type and MyD88-/- Mice. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2007743. [PMID: 35023810 PMCID: PMC8765072 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy hosts the gut microbiota is restricted to gut tissues by several barriers some of which require MyD88-dependent innate immune sensor pathways. Nevertheless, some gut taxa have been reported to disseminate to systemic tissues. However, the extent to which this normally occurs during homeostasis in healthy organisms is still unknown. In this study, we recovered viable gut bacteria from systemic tissues of healthy wild type (WT) and MyD88-/- mice. Shotgun metagenomic-sequencing revealed a marked increase in the relative abundance of L. johnsonii in intestinal tissues of MyD88-/- mice compared to WT mice. Lactobacillus johnsonii was detected most frequently from multiple systemic tissues and at higher levels in MyD88-/- mice compared to WT mice. Viable L. johnsonii strains were recovered from different cell types sorted from intestinal and systemic tissues of WT and MyD88-/- mice. L. johnsonii could persist in dendritic cells and may represent murine immunomodulatory endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeram Udayan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Fiona Crispie
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana Hickey
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alexandria N Floyd
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul D Cotter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Center, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rodney D Newberry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Valerio Rossini
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken Nally
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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60
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Lu L, Liu YJ, Cheng PQ, Hu D, Xu HC, Ji G. Macrophages play a role in inflammatory transformation of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:2013-2028. [PMID: 35070038 PMCID: PMC8713318 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide, and it is also a typical inflammatory cancer. The function of macrophages is very important in the tissue immune microenvironment during inflammatory and carcinogenic transformation. Here, we evaluated the function and mechanism of macrophages in intestinal physiology and in different pathological stages. Furthermore, the role of macrophages in the immune microenvironment of CRC and the influence of the intestinal population and hypoxic environment on macrophage function are summarized. In addition, in the era of tumor immunotherapy, CRC currently has a limited response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and we summarize potential therapeutic strategies for targeting tumor-associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Jing Liu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pei-Qiu Cheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Han-Chen Xu
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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61
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Frigerio S, Lartey DA, D’Haens GR, Grootjans J. The Role of the Immune System in IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer: From Pro to Anti-Tumorigenic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12739. [PMID: 34884543 PMCID: PMC8657929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). IBD-associated cancer follows a well-characterized sequence of intestinal epithelial changes, in which genetic mutations and molecular aberrations play a key role. IBD-associated cancer develops against a background of chronic inflammation and pro-inflammatory immune cells, and their products contribute to cancer development and progression. In recent years, the effect of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer development and progression has gained more attention, mainly because of the unprecedented anti-tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in selected groups of patients. Even though IBD-associated cancer develops in the background of chronic inflammation which is associated with activation of endogenous anti-inflammatory or suppressive mechanisms, the potential role of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in these cancers is largely unknown. In this review, we outline the role of the immune system in promoting cancer development in chronic inflammatory diseases such as IBD, with a specific focus on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms and suppressive immune cells that may play a role in IBD-associated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Frigerio
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dalia A. Lartey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R. D’Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
| | - Joep Grootjans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.F.); (D.A.L.); (G.R.D.)
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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62
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DOK3 maintains intestinal homeostasis by suppressing JAK2/STAT3 signaling and S100a8/9 production in neutrophils. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1054. [PMID: 34743196 PMCID: PMC8572282 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
How pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) depends on the complex interplay of host genetics, microbiome and the immune system is not fully understood. Here, we showed that Downstream of Kinase 3 (DOK3), an adapter protein involved in immune signaling, confers protection of mice from dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. DOK3-deficiency promotes gut microbial dysbiosis and enhanced colitis susceptibility, which can be reversed by the transfer of normal microbiota from wild-type mice. Mechanistically, DOK3 exerts its protective effect by suppressing JAK2/STAT3 signaling in colonic neutrophils to limit their S100a8/9 production, thereby maintaining gut microbial ecology and colon homeostasis. Hence, our findings reveal that the immune system and microbiome function in a feed-forward manner, whereby DOK3 maintains colonic neutrophils in a quiescent state to establish a gut microbiome essential for intestinal homeostasis and protection from IBD.
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63
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Disulfiram-loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles for treating inflammatory diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1913-1920. [PMID: 34561552 PMCID: PMC8461433 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a dysregulated immune response to infection and potentially leads to life-threatening organ dysfunction, which is often seen in serious Covid-19 patients. Disulfiram (DSF), an old drug that has been used to treat alcohol addiction for decades, has recently been identified as a potent inhibitor of the gasdermin D (GSDMD)-induced pore formation that causes pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokine release. Therefore, DSF represents a promising therapeutic for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities that acts by neutralizing circulating endotoxins and activating cellular responses. In addition, LF has been well exploited as a drug nanocarrier and targeting ligands. In this study, we developed a DSF-LF nanoparticulate system (DSF-LF NP) for combining the immunosuppressive activities of both DSF and LF. DSF-LF NPs could effectively block pyroptosis and inflammatory cytokine release from macrophages. Treatment with DSF-LF NPs showed remarkable therapeutic effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis. In addition, this therapeutic strategy was also applied to treat ulcerative colitis (UC), and substantial treatment efficacy was achieved in a murine colitis model. The underlying mode of action of these DSF-LF-NPs may contribute to efficiently suppressing macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and ameliorating the complications caused by sepsis and UC. As macrophage pyroptosis plays a pivotal role in inflammation, this safe and effective biomimetic nanomedicine may offer a versatile therapeutic strategy for treating various inflammatory diseases by repurposing DSF. ![]()
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64
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Tian L, Zhao JL, Kang JQ, Guo SB, Zhang N, Shang L, Zhang YL, Zhang J, Jiang X, Lin Y. Astragaloside IV Alleviates the Experimental DSS-Induced Colitis by Remodeling Macrophage Polarization Through STAT Signaling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:740565. [PMID: 34589089 PMCID: PMC8473681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.740565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation, which currently lacks safe and effective medicine. Some previous studies indicated that Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a natural saponin extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine herb Ligusticum chuanxiong, alleviates the experimental colitis symptoms in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of AS-IV on IBD remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that M2-polarized intestinal macrophages play a pivotal role in IBD progression. Here, we found that AS-IV attenuated clinical activity of DSS-induced colitis that mimics human IBD and resulted in the phenotypic transition of macrophages from immature pro-inflammatory macrophages to mature pro-resolving macrophages. In vitro, the phenotype changes of macrophages were observed by qRT-PCR after bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were induced to M1/M2 and incubated with AS-IV, respectively. In addition, AS-IV was effective in inhibiting pro-inflammatory macrophages and promoting the pro-resolving macrophages to ameliorate experimental colitis via the regulation of the STAT signaling pathway. Hence, we propose that AS-IV can ameliorate experimental colitis partially by modulating macrophage phenotype by remodeling the STAT signaling, which seems to have an essential function in the ability of AS-IV to alleviate the pathological progress of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian-Qin Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi-Bo Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nini Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Health Statistics and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ya-Long Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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65
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Liao X, Lan Y, Shao R, Liu J, Liang S, Yin Z, Gudmundsson GH, Bergman P, Wan M. Vitamin D Enhances Neutrophil Generation and Function in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Innate Immun 2021; 14:229-242. [PMID: 34564076 DOI: 10.1159/000519183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VD) is a major regulator of calcium metabolism in many living organisms. In addition, VD plays a key role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity in vertebrates. Neutrophils constitute an important part of the first line of defense against invading microbes; however, the potential effect of VD on neutrophils remains elusive. Thus, in this study zebrafish in different developmental stages were utilized to identify the potential role of VD in the basal homeostasis and functions of neutrophils. Our results showed that addition of exogenous VD3 promoted granulopoiesis in zebrafish larvae. Reciprocally, neutrophil abundance in the intestine of adult zebrafish with a cyp2r1 mutant, lacking the capacity to 25-hydroxylate VD, was reduced. Moreover, VD-mediated granulopoiesis was still observed in gnotobiotic zebrafish larvae, indicating that VD regulates neutrophil generation independent of the microbiota during early development. In contrast, VD was incapable to influence granulopoiesis in adult zebrafish when the commensal bacteria were depleted by antibiotic treatment, suggesting that VD might modulate neutrophil activity via different mechanisms depending on the developmental stage. In addition, we found that VD3 augmented the expression of il-8 and neutrophil recruitment to the site of caudal fin amputation. Finally, VD3 treatment significantly decreased bacterial counts and mortality in zebrafish infected with Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) in a neutrophil-dependent manner. Combined, these findings demonstrate that VD regulates granulopoiesis and neutrophil function in zebrafish immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yawen Lan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shufei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Immunodeficiency Unit, Infectious Disease Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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66
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Corcos N, Culina S, Deligne C, Lavaud C, You S, Mallone R. Oral Fc-Coupled Preproinsulin Achieves Systemic and Thymic Delivery Through the Neonatal Fc Receptor and Partially Delays Autoimmune Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:616215. [PMID: 34447366 PMCID: PMC8382691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.616215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic vaccinations using beta-cell antigens are attractive for type 1 diabetes prevention, but clinical trials have been disappointing. This is probably due to the late timing of intervention, when multiple auto-antibodies are already present. We therefore devised a strategy to introduce the initiating antigen preproinsulin (PPI) during neonatal life, when autoimmunity is still silent and central tolerance mechanisms, which remain therapeutically unexploited, are more active. This strategy employs an oral administration of PPI-Fc, i.e. PPI fused with an IgG Fc to bind the intestinal neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) that physiologically delivers maternal antibodies to the offspring during breastfeeding. Neonatal oral PPI-Fc vaccination did not prevent diabetes development in PPI T-cell receptor-transgenic G9C8.NOD mice. However, PPI-Fc was efficiently transferred through the intestinal epithelium in an Fc- and FcRn-dependent manner, was taken up by antigen presenting cells, and reached the spleen and thymus. Although not statistically significant, neonatal oral PPI-Fc vaccination delayed diabetes onset in polyclonal Ins2-/-.NOD mice that spontaneously develop accelerated diabetes. Thus, this strategy shows promise in terms of systemic and thymic antigen delivery via the intestinal FcRn pathway, but the current PPI-Fc formulation/regimen requires further improvements to achieve diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Corcos
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Slobodan Culina
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Claire Deligne
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Cassandra Lavaud
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sylvaine You
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
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67
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Brea D, Poon C, Benakis C, Lubitz G, Murphy M, Iadecola C, Anrather J. Stroke affects intestinal immune cell trafficking to the central nervous system. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 96:295-302. [PMID: 33989742 PMCID: PMC8672365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is an acute neurological disease with a strong inflammatory component that can be regulated by the intestinal microbiota and intestinal immune cells. Although stroke has been shown to alter immune cell populations in the gut, the dynamics of cell trafficking have not been elucidated. To study the trafficking of gut-derived immune cells after stroke, we used mice expressing the photoconvertible protein Kikume Green-Red, which turns form green to red when exposed to violet light. Mice underwent laparotomy and the small intestine was exposed to violet laser light. Immune cells were isolated from the small intestine immediately after photoconversion and 2 days later. Percentage of immune cells (CD45+KikR+) that expressed the red variant of the protein (KikR) was higher immediately after photoconversion than 2 days later, indicating cell egress from the small intestine. To investigate whether intestinal immune cells traffic to the periphery and/or the central nervous system (CNS) after stroke, we analyzed KikR+ immune cells (2 days after photoconversion) in peripheral lymphoid organs, meninges and brain, 3 and 14 days after transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAo) or sham-surgery. Although migration was observed in naïve and sham animals, stroke induced a higher mobilization of gut KikR+ immune cells, especially at 3 days after stroke, to all the organs analyzed. Notably, we detected a significant migration of CD45hi immune cells from the gut to the brain and meninges at 3 days after stroke. Comparison of cell trafficking between organs revealed a significant preference of intestinal CD11c+ cells to migrate from the small intestine to brain and meninges after stroke. We conclude that stroke increases immune cell trafficking from the small intestine to peripheral lymphoid organs and the CNS where they might contribute to post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Brea
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States.
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68
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Zeng XY, Li M. Looking into key bacterial proteins involved in gut dysbiosis. World J Methodol 2021; 11:130-143. [PMID: 34322365 PMCID: PMC8299906 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i4.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in health and has been linked to many diseases. With the rapid accumulation of pyrosequencing data of the bacterial composition, the causal-effect relationship between specific dysbiosis features and diseases is now being explored. The aim of this review is to describe the key functional bacterial proteins and antigens in the context of dysbiosis related-diseases. We subjectively classify the key functional proteins into two categories: Primary key proteins and secondary key proteins. The primary key proteins mainly act by themselves and include biofilm inhibitors, toxin degraders, oncogene degraders, adipose metabolism modulators, anti-inflammatory peptides, bacteriocins, host cell regulators, adhesion and invasion molecules, and intestinal barrier regulators. The secondary key proteins mainly act by eliciting host immune responses and include flagellin, outer membrane proteins, and other autoantibody-related antigens. Knowledge of key bacterial proteins is limited compared to the rich microbiome data. Understanding and focusing on these key proteins will pave the way for future mechanistic level cause-effect studies of gut dysbiosis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumors, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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69
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Gatekeepers of the Gut: The Roles of Proteasomes at the Gastrointestinal Barrier. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070989. [PMID: 34356615 PMCID: PMC8301830 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelial barrier provides the first line of defense protecting the internal milieu from the environment. To circumvent the exposure to constant challenges such as pathogenic infections and commensal bacteria, epithelial and immune cells at the gut barrier require rapid and efficient means to dynamically sense and respond to stimuli. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of proteolysis in maintaining homeostasis and adapting to the dynamic changes of the conditions in the gut environment. Primarily, proteolytic activities that are involved in immune regulation and inflammation have been examined in the context of the lysosome and inflammasome activation. Yet, the key to cellular and tissue proteostasis is the ubiquitin–proteasome system, which tightly regulates fundamental aspects of inflammatory signaling and protein quality control to provide rapid responses and protect from the accumulation of proteotoxic damage. In this review, we discuss proteasome-dependent regulation of the gut and highlight the pathophysiological consequences of the disarray of proteasomal control in the gut, in the context of aberrant inflammatory disorders and tumorigenesis.
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70
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Yu Y, Jin QR, Mi Y, Liu JQ, Liu ZQ, Wang S, Liu ZG, Yang PC, Zheng PY. Intestinal Epithelial Cell-Derived CD83 Contributes to Regulatory T-Cell Generation and Inhibition of Food Allergy. J Innate Immun 2021; 13:295-305. [PMID: 34182560 PMCID: PMC8460988 DOI: 10.1159/000515332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of generation of antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg) is not fully understood yet. This study aimed to investigate the role of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-derived CD83 in the Treg generation in the intestine. In this study, the role of CD83 in the generation of Tregs was assessed in a cell-culture model and a food allergy (FA) mouse model. We found that mouse IECs expressed CD83; its levels were markedly lower in sensitized mice. Mice with CD83-deficient IECs failed to induce Tregs in the intestine. CD83 promoted the transforming growth factor-β-inducible early gene 1 (TIEG1) expression in CD4+ T cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) complex mediated the effects of CD83 on the expression of TIEG1. Activation of the CD83/TLR4/MD-2/TIEG1 promoted the Treg generation. Concomitant administration of CD83 and specific antigens, but not either one alone, efficiently inhibited experimental FA via inducing the Treg generation in the intestine. In Conclusion, IEC expresses CD83 that is low in sensitized mice. Concomitant administration of CD83 and specific antigens efficiently inhibits FA in a murine model via inducing Tregs in the intestine. The data suggest that CD83 has translation potential in the treatment of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Ruo Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Qi Liu
- Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen ENT Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen ENT Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Longgang ENT Hospital and Shenzhen ENT Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- Research Center of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Shenzhen, China
- Research Center of Allergy and Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng-Yuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fifth Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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71
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Cottrell JJ, Le HH, Artaiz O, Iqbal Y, Suleria HA, Ali A, Celi P, Dunshea FR. Recent advances in the use of phytochemicals to manage gastrointestinal oxidative stress in poultry and pigs. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants are integral components of pig and poultry feed, and aside from their raw nutritive value, some phytochemicals contain bioactive compounds. The aim of the present paper is to review recent advances in the use of some phytochemicals in pig and poultry feed, focusing on the examples of isoquinoline alkaloids, polyphenol rich sugarcane extracts and superoxide dismutase-rich melon pulp extracts. As gut health is critical for efficient production, the review will focus on recent results modulating oxidative stress within the gastrointestinal tract and the potential mechanisms of action.
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72
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Liu M, Thijssen S, van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE, Garssen J, Willemsen LEM. Inhibition of cow's milk allergy development in mice by oral delivery of β-lactoglobulin-derived peptides loaded PLGA nanoparticles is associated with systemic whey-specific immune silencing. Clin Exp Allergy 2021; 52:137-148. [PMID: 34145667 PMCID: PMC9291823 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Two to four percentage of infants are affected by cow's milk allergy (CMA), which persists in 20% of cases. Intervention approaches using early oral exposure to cow's milk protein or hydrolysed cow's milk formula are being studied for CMA prevention. Yet, concerns regarding safety and/or efficacy remain to be tackled in particular for high‐risk non‐exclusively breastfed infants. Therefore, safe and effective strategies to improve early life oral tolerance induction may be considered. Objective We aim to investigate the efficacy of CMA prevention using oral pre‐exposure of two selected 18‐AA β‐lactoglobulin‐derived peptides loaded poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) in a whey‐protein induced CMA murine model. Methods The peptides were loaded in PLGA NPs via a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique. In vivo, 3‐week‐old female C3H/HeOuJ mice received 6 daily gavages with PBS, whey, Peptide‐mix, a high‐ or low‐dose Peptide‐NPs or empty‐NP plus Peptide‐mix, prior to 5 weekly oral sensitizations with cholera toxin plus whey or PBS (sham). One week after the last sensitization, the challenge induced acute allergic skin response, anaphylactic shock score, allergen‐specific serum immunoglobulins and ex vivo whey‐stimulated cytokine release by splenocytes was measured. Results Mice pre‐treated with high‐dose Peptide‐NPs but not low‐dose or empty‐NP plus Peptide‐mix, were protected from anaphylaxis and showed a significantly lower acute allergic skin response upon intradermal whey challenge compared to whey‐sensitized mice. Compared with the Peptide‐mix or empty‐NP plus Peptide‐mix pre‐treatment, the high‐dose Peptide‐NPs‐pre‐treatment inhibited ex vivo whey‐stimulated pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNF‐α release by splenocytes. Conclusion & Clinical relevance Oral pre‐exposure of mice to two β‐lactoglobulin‐derived peptides loaded PLGA NPs induced a dose‐related partial prevention of CMA symptoms upon challenge to whole whey protein and silenced whey‐specific systemic immune response. These findings encourage further development of the concept of peptide‐loaded PLGA NPs for CMA prevention towards clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshan Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan Thijssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F van Nostrum
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Nutricia Research B.V, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E M Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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73
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The role of the microbiome in gastrointestinal inflammation. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:228872. [PMID: 34076695 PMCID: PMC8201460 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiome plays an important role in maintaining human health. Despite multiple factors being attributed to the shaping of the human microbiome, extrinsic factors such diet and use of medications including antibiotics appear to dominate. Mucosal surfaces, particularly in the gut, are highly adapted to be able to tolerate a large population of microorganisms whilst still being able to produce a rapid and effective immune response against infection. The intestinal microbiome is not functionally independent from the host mucosa and can, through presentation of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and generation of microbe-derived metabolites, fundamentally influence mucosal barrier integrity and modulate host immunity. In a healthy gut there is an abundance of beneficial bacteria that help to preserve intestinal homoeostasis, promote protective immune responses, and limit excessive inflammation. The importance of the microbiome is further highlighted during dysbiosis where a loss of this finely balanced microbial population can lead to mucosal barrier dysfunction, aberrant immune responses, and chronic inflammation that increases the risk of disease development. Improvements in our understanding of the microbiome are providing opportunities to harness members of a healthy microbiota to help reverse dysbiosis, reduce inflammation, and ultimately prevent disease progression.
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74
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Wagner C, Torow N, Hornef MW, Lelouard H. Spatial and temporal key steps in early-life intestinal immune system development and education. FEBS J 2021; 289:4731-4757. [PMID: 34076962 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Education of our intestinal immune system early in life strongly influences adult health. This education strongly relies on series of events that must occur in well-defined time windows. From initial colonization by maternal-derived microbiota during delivery to dietary changes from mother's milk to solid foods at weaning, these early-life events have indeed long-standing consequences on our immunity, facilitating tolerance to environmental exposures or, on the contrary, increasing the risk of developing noncommunicable diseases such as allergies, asthma, obesity, and inflammatory bowel diseases. In this review, we provide an outline of the recent advances in our understanding of these events and how they are mechanistically related to intestinal immunity development and education. First, we review the susceptibility of neonates to infections and inflammatory diseases, related to their immune system and microbiota changes. Then, we highlight the maternal factors involved in protection and education of the mucosal immune system of the offspring, the role of the microbiota, and the nature of neonatal immune system until weaning. We also present how the development of some immune responses is intertwined in temporal and spatial windows of opportunity. Finally, we discuss pending questions regarding the neonate particular immune status and the activation of the intestinal immune system at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Wagner
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Natalia Torow
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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75
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Gasaly N, de Vos P, Hermoso MA. Impact of Bacterial Metabolites on Gut Barrier Function and Host Immunity: A Focus on Bacterial Metabolism and Its Relevance for Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658354. [PMID: 34122415 PMCID: PMC8187770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse and dynamic microbial community of the human gastrointestinal tract plays a vital role in health, with gut microbiota supporting the development and function of the gut immune barrier. Crosstalk between microbiota-gut epithelium and the gut immune system determine the individual health status, and any crosstalk disturbance may lead to chronic intestinal conditions, such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and celiac disease. Microbiota-derived metabolites are crucial mediators of host-microbial interactions. Some beneficially affect host physiology such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids. Also, tryptophan catabolites determine immune responses, such as through binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR is abundantly present at mucosal surfaces and when activated enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function as well as regulatory immune responses. Exogenous diet-derived indoles (tryptophan) are a major source of endogenous AhR ligand precursors and together with SCFAs and secondary bile acids regulate inflammation by lowering stress in epithelium and gut immunity, and in IBD, AhR expression is downregulated together with tryptophan metabolites. Here, we present an overview of host microbiota-epithelium- gut immunity crosstalk and review how microbial-derived metabolites contribute to host immune homeostasis. Also, we discuss the therapeutic potential of bacterial catabolites for IBD and celiac disease and how essential dietary components such as dietary fibers and bacterial tryptophan catabolites may contribute to intestinal and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naschla Gasaly
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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76
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Chen XY, Du GS, Sun X. Targeting Lymphoid Tissues to Promote Immune Tolerance. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Guang Sheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology West China School of Pharmacy Sichuan University No.17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road Chengdu 610041 China
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77
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Luo Y, Zhou T. Connecting the dots: Targeting the microbiome in drug toxicity. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:83-111. [PMID: 33856076 DOI: 10.1002/med.21805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has a vast influence on human health and its role in initiating, aggravating, or ameliorating diseases is beginning to emerge. Recently, its contribution to heterogeneous toxicological responses is also gaining attention, especially in drug-induced toxicity. Whether they are orally administered or not, drugs may interact with the gut microbiota directly or indirectly, which leads to altered toxicity. Present studies focus more on the unidirectional influence of how xenobiotics disturb intestinal microbial composition and functions, and thus induce altered homeostasis. However, interactions between the gut microbiota and xenobiotics are bidirectional and the impact of the gut microbiota on xenobiotics, especially on drugs, should not be neglected. Thus, in this review, we focus on how the gut microbiota modulates drug toxicity by highlighting the microbiome, microbial enzyme, and microbial metabolites. We connect the dots between drugs, the microbiome, microbial enzymes or metabolites, drug metabolites, and host toxicological responses to facilitate the discovery of microbial targets and mechanisms associated with drug toxicity. Besides this, current mainstream strategies to manipulate drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome are summarized and discussed. The review provides technical reference for the evaluation of medicinal properties in the research and development of innovative drugs, and for the future exploitation of strategies to reduce drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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78
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Martin OCB, Bergonzini A, Lopez Chiloeches M, Paparouna E, Butter D, Theodorou SDP, Haykal MM, Boutet-Robinet E, Tebaldi T, Wakeham A, Rhen M, Gorgoulis VG, Mak T, Pateras IS, Frisan T. Influence of the microenvironment on modulation of the host response by typhoid toxin. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108931. [PMID: 33826883 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins cause DNA damage in eukaryotic cells, resulting in activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in vitro. These toxins are produced by Gram-negative bacteria, enriched in the microbiota of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, their role in infection remains poorly characterized. We address the role of typhoid toxin in modulation of the host-microbial interaction in health and disease. Infection with a genotoxigenic Salmonella protects mice from intestinal inflammation. We show that the presence of an active genotoxin promotes DNA fragmentation and senescence in vivo, which is uncoupled from an inflammatory response and unexpectedly associated with induction of an anti-inflammatory environment. The anti-inflammatory response is lost when infection occurs in mice with acute colitis. These data highlight a complex context-dependent crosstalk between bacterial-genotoxin-induced DDR and the host immune response, underlining an unexpected role for bacterial genotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane C B Martin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Bergonzini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Lopez Chiloeches
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eleni Paparouna
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Deborah Butter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia D P Theodorou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria M Haykal
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Inserm U981, Biomarqueurs prédictifs et nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques en oncologie, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Wakeham
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael Rhen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Tak Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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79
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Khan I, Daniell H. Oral delivery of therapeutic proteins bioencapsulated in plant cells: preclinical and clinical advances. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 54. [PMID: 33967586 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral delivery of protein drugs (PDs) made in plant cells could revolutionize current approaches of their production and delivery. Expression of PDs reduces their production cost by elimination of prohibitively expensive fermentation, purification, cold transportation/storage, and sterile injections and increases their shelf life for several years. Ability of plant cell wall to protect PDs from digestive acids/enzymes, commensal bacteria to release PDs in gut lumen after lysis of plant cell wall and role of GALT in inducing tolerance facilitate prevention or treatment allergic, autoimmune diseases or anti-drug antibody responses. Delivery of functional proteins facilitate treatment of inherited or metabolic disorders. Recent advances in making PDs free of antibiotic resistance genes in edible plant cells, long-term storage at ambient temperature maintaining their efficacy, production in cGMP facilities, IND enabling studies for clinical advancement and FDA approval of orally delivered PDs augur well for advancing this novel drug delivery platform technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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80
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Wu Y, Zhou X, Zhang X, Niu H, Lyu L, Liang C, Chen S, Gong P, Pan J, Li Y, Jiang S, Han X, Zhang L. Breast milk flora plays an important role in infantile eczema: cohort study in Northeast China. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2981-2993. [PMID: 33735474 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Infantile eczema, usually coupled with a range of hypersensitive phenotypes, has come into notice with its rising prevalence and unclear pathogenesis. Recent studies show close ties between eczema and an infant's intestinal flora. To gain a further understanding of the interactions between microbiota and eczema, we studied the breast milk flora as a new factor and present the links among breast milk flora, infant intestinal flora and infantile eczema through a cohort study in Northeast China. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty-two families were recruited with either an eczema or healthy infant younger than 6 months. Analysis and predictions using amplicon sequencing of microbiota found that Bifidobacterium and Bacteroidetes were enriched in healthy and eczema infant stools, respectively, consistent with previous reports. For breast milk flora, more 'positive' bacteria such as Akkermansia were enriched in breast milk from healthy infants' mothers. Further, higher bacterial delivery efficiencies were found in pairs of breast milk flora and infants' stool flora of families with eczema infants compared with families with healthy infants. Bacteroidetes, a widely known indicator of eczema, was found delivered more in eczema pairs. Further metagenomic predictions revealed that the breast milk microbiota participated significantly less in metabolism and immune system pathways, particularly in antigen processing and presentation and in Th17 cell-related pathways. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, as with other components of breast milk, the breast milk microbiota closely associates with infants' health via mother-infant bacterial delivery and metabolic functions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our research aimed to fill the gap between the eczema and breast milk flora and describe the connections among breast milk and intestinal flora and eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - X Zhou
- Department of Adolescent Medical Clinic, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - X Zhang
- Child Healthcare Department, Harbin Children's Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - H Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - L Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - C Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - S Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - P Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - J Pan
- Feihe Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Y Li
- Feihe Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - S Jiang
- Feihe Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - X Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - L Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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81
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Wu X, Xia Y, He F, Zhu C, Ren W. Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 33715629 PMCID: PMC7958491 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi establish a complex ecosystem in the gut. Like other microbiota, gut mycobiota plays an indispensable role in modulating intestinal physiology. Notably, the most striking characteristics of intestinal fungi are their extraintestinal functions. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the importance of gut fungi in the regulation of intestinal, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and brain functions, and we present possible opportunities for the application of gut mycobiota to alleviate/treat human diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Fang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 China
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS USA
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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82
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Han X, Ding S, Jiang H, Liu G. Roles of Macrophages in the Development and Treatment of Gut Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625423. [PMID: 33738283 PMCID: PMC7960654 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which are functional plasticity cells, have the ability to phagocytize and digest foreign substances and acquire pro-(M1-like) or anti-inflammatory (M2-like) phenotypes according to their microenvironment. The large number of macrophages in the intestinal tract, play a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of microorganisms on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and in the continuous renewal of intestinal epithelial cells. They are not only responsible for innate immunity, but also participate in the development of intestinal inflammation. A clear understanding of the function of macrophages, as well as their role in pathogens and inflammatory response, will delineate the next steps in the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the origin and development of macrophages and their role in the intestinal inflammatory response or infection. In addition, the effects of macrophages in the occurrence and development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their role in inducing fibrosis, activating T cells, reducing colitis, and treating intestinal inflammation were also reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Han
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
| | - Sujuan Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Applied Microbial Resources Development for Livestock and Poultry, Changsha, China
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83
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Caër C, Gorreja F, Forsskåhl SK, Brynjolfsson SF, Szeponik L, Magnusson MK, Börjesson LG, Block M, Bexe-Lindskog E, Wick MJ. TREM-1+ Macrophages Define a Pathogenic Cell Subset in the Intestine of Crohn's Disease Patients. J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1346-1361. [PMID: 33537747 PMCID: PMC8328300 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Uncontrolled activation of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes [MNPs] drives chronic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 [TREM-1] has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. However, the role of TREM-1+ cell subsets in driving IBD pathology and the link with clinical parameters are not understood. We investigated TREM-1 expression in human intestinal MNP subsets and examined blocking TREM-1 as a potential IBD therapy. METHODS TREM-1 gene expression was analysed in intestinal mucosa, enriched epithelial and lamina propria [LP] layers, and purified cells from controls and IBD patients. TREM-1 protein on immune cells was assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Blood monocyte activation was examined by large-scale gene expression using a TREM-1 agonist or LP conditioned media [LP-CM] from patients in the presence or absence of TREM-1 and tumour necrosis factor [TNF] antagonist antibodies. RESULTS TREM-1 gene expression increases in intestinal mucosa from IBD patients and correlates with disease score. TREM-1+ cells, which are mainly immature macrophages and CD11b+ granulocytes, increase among LP cells from Crohn's disease patients and their frequency correlates with inflammatory molecules in LP-CM. LP-CM from Crohn's disease patients induces an inflammatory transcriptome in blood monocytes, including increased IL-6 expression, which is reduced by simultaneous blocking of TREM-1 and TNF. CONCLUSIONS High intestinal TREM-1 expression, reflecting a high frequency of TREM-1+ immature macrophages and TREM-1+CD11b+ granulocytes, is linked to the deleterious inflammatory microenvironment in IBD patients. Therefore, blocking the TREM-1 pathway, especially simultaneously with anti-TNF therapy, has potential as a new IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Caër
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frida Gorreja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sophia K Forsskåhl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Siggeir F Brynjolfsson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland,Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Louis Szeponik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria K Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars G Börjesson
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias Block
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elinor Bexe-Lindskog
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Jo Wick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Corresponding author: Mary Jo Wick, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Tel.: +46 786 6325;
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Russler-Germain EV, Yi J, Young S, Nutsch K, Wong HS, Ai TL, Chai JN, Durai V, Kaplan DH, Germain RN, Murphy KM, Hsieh CS. Gut Helicobacter presentation by multiple dendritic cell subsets enables context-specific regulatory T cell generation. eLife 2021; 10:54792. [PMID: 33533717 PMCID: PMC7877908 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of tolerogenic peripheral regulatory T (pTreg) cells is commonly thought to involve CD103+ gut dendritic cells (DCs), yet their role in commensal-reactive pTreg development is unclear. Using two Helicobacter-specific T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mouse lines, we found that both CD103+ and CD103- migratory, but not resident, DCs from the colon-draining mesenteric lymph node presented Helicobacter antigens to T cells ex vivo. Loss of most CD103+ migratory DCs in vivo using murine genetic models did not affect the frequency of Helicobacter-specific pTreg cell generation or induce compensatory tolerogenic changes in the remaining CD103- DCs. By contrast, activation in a Th1-promoting niche in vivo blocked Helicobacter-specific pTreg generation. Thus, these data suggest a model where DC-mediated effector T cell differentiation is 'dominant', necessitating that all DC subsets presenting antigen are permissive for pTreg cell induction to maintain gut tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie V Russler-Germain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Shannon Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Katherine Nutsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Harikesh S Wong
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Teresa L Ai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jiani N Chai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Vivek Durai
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Immunology, Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Chyi-Song Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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86
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Chirdo FG, Auricchio S, Troncone R, Barone MV. The gliadin p31-43 peptide: Inducer of multiple proinflammatory effects. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:165-205. [PMID: 33707054 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is the prototype of an inflammatory chronic disease induced by food. In this context, gliadin p31-43 peptide comes into the spotlight as an important player of the inflammatory/innate immune response to gliadin in CD. The p31-43 peptide is part of the p31-55 peptide from α-gliadins that remains undigested for a long time, and can be present in the small intestine after ingestion of a gluten-containing diet. Different biophysical methods and molecular dynamic simulations have shown that p31-43 spontaneously forms oligomeric nanostructures, whereas experimental approaches using in vitro assays, mouse models, and human duodenal tissues have shown that p31-43 is able to induce different forms of cellular stress by driving multiple inflammatory pathways. Increased proliferative activity of the epithelial cells in the crypts, enterocyte stress, activation of TG2, induction of Ca2+, IL-15, and NFκB signaling, inhibition of CFTR, alteration of vesicular trafficking, and activation of the inflammasome platform are some of the biological effects of p31-43, which, in the presence of appropriate genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, may act together to drive CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos-IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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87
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Biram A, Shulman Z. T cell help to B cells: Cognate and atypical interactions in peripheral and intestinal lymphoid tissues. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:36-47. [PMID: 32557712 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enduring immunity against harmful pathogens depends on the generation of immunological memory. Serum immunoglobulins are constantly secreted by long-lived antibody-producing cells, which provide extended protection from recurrent exposures. These cells originate mainly from germinal center structures, wherein B cells introduce mutations to their immunoglobulin genes followed by affinity-based selection. Generation of high-affinity antibodies relies on physical contacts between T and B cells, a process that facilitates the delivery of fate decision signals. T-B cellular engagements are mediated through interactions between the T cell receptor and its cognate peptide presented on B cell major histocompatibility class II molecules. Here, we describe the cellular and molecular aspects of these cognate T-B interactions, and highlight exceptional cases, especially those arising at intestinal lymphoid organs, at which T cells provide help to B cells in an atypical manner, independent of T cell specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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88
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Ménage à trois: regulation of host immunity by enteric neuro-immune-microbiota cross talks. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 62:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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89
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Abstract
The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis. In a genetically susceptible host, imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and disease, while providing examples of molecular mechanisms orchestrating these interactions in the intestine and extra-intestinal organs. We highlight aspects of the current knowledge, challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions, as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases, and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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90
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Kuai Y, Liu H, Liu D, Liu Y, Sun Y, Xie J, Sun J, Fang Y, Pan H, Han W. An ultralow dose of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is an economical and effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6743-6757. [PMID: 32550901 PMCID: PMC7295061 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term inflammatory stimulation is considered one of the most important causes of colorectal cancer. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, can inhibit a variety of inflammatory responses. However, the systemic toxicity of DPI limits its clinical application. Whether DPI can inhibit colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) at ultralow concentrations remains unknown. Methods: CAC was induced by azoxymethane (AOM) injection followed by treatment with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), and DPI was intraperitoneally injected (i.p.) in the first cycle for 21 days. Colon tissue was collected and analyzed by western blotting. Immune cell infiltration and macrophage polarization were examined by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, or real-time polymerase-chain reaction (PCR). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by flow cytometry. Results: Ultralow dose DPI significantly ameliorated the DSS-induced colitis and attenuated the colon tumorigenesis in the mouse model of AOM/ DSS-induced CAC. Mechanistically, an ultralow dose of DPI inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6), reduced the macrophage infiltration and classical polarization, and induced the ROS generation. These effects were found to be related to the inhibition of the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF -κB). Conclusion: The present study revealed that an ultralow dose of DPI, with no significant systemic toxicity involved, may be an effective way to prevent the occurrence and development of CAC.
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91
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Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Cell Res 2020; 30:492-506. [PMID: 32433595 PMCID: PMC7264227 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1669] [Impact Index Per Article: 417.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the commensal microbiota and the mammalian immune system development and function includes multifold interactions in homeostasis and disease. The microbiome plays critical roles in the training and development of major components of the host's innate and adaptive immune system, while the immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis. In a genetically susceptible host, imbalances in microbiota-immunity interactions under defined environmental contexts are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of a multitude of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of microbiome-immunity crosstalk and their roles in health and disease, while providing examples of molecular mechanisms orchestrating these interactions in the intestine and extra-intestinal organs. We highlight aspects of the current knowledge, challenges and limitations in achieving causal understanding of host immune-microbiome interactions, as well as their impact on immune-mediated diseases, and discuss how these insights may translate towards future development of microbiome-targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Zheng
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Timur Liwinski
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.,1st Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eran Elinav
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel. .,Cancer-Microbiome Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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92
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Ayechu-Muruzabal V, Overbeek SA, Kostadinova AI, Stahl B, Garssen J, van’t Land B, Willemsen LE. Exposure of Intestinal Epithelial Cells to 2'-Fucosyllactose and CpG Enhances Galectin Release and Instructs Dendritic Cells to Drive Th1 and Regulatory-Type Immune Development. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E784. [PMID: 32438601 PMCID: PMC7278199 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) release immunomodulatory galectins upon exposure to CpG DNA (mimicking bacterial triggers) and short-chain galacto- and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (GF). This study aims to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), a non-digestible oligosaccharide (NDO) abundantly present in human milk, using a co-culture model developed to study the crosstalk between IEC and innate and adaptive immune cells. IECs, co-cultured with αCD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), were apically exposed to NDOs and CpG, washed and co-cultured with immature monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC). Subsequently, moDC were co-cultured with naïve CD4+ T-cells. In the presence of CpG, both 2'-FL or GF-exposed IEC enhanced Th1-type IFNγ and regulatory IL-10 secretion of PBMCs, compared to CpG alone, while Th2-type IL-13 was reduced. Both NDOs increased IEC-derived galectin-3, -4, -9 and TGF-β1 of CpG-exposed IEC. Only galectin-9 correlated with all modified immune parameters and TGF-β1 secretion. MoDCs exposed to 2'-FL and CpG-conditioned IEC instructed IFNγ and IL-10 secretion by CD4+ T-cells, suggesting the development of a regulatory Th1 response. These results reveal that 2'-FL and GF could contribute to the mucosal immune development by supporting the effect of microbial CpG DNA associated with the modulation of epithelial galectin and TGF-β1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ayechu-Muruzabal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (J.G.)
| | - Saskia A. Overbeek
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
| | - Atanaska I. Kostadinova
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Global Centre of Excellence in Human Milk Research & Analytical Sciences, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands;
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (J.G.)
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
| | - Belinda van’t Land
- Global Centre of Excellence in Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.A.O.); (A.I.K.); (B.v.L.)
- Center for Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linette E.M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands; (V.A.-M.); (J.G.)
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93
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Zuurveld M, van Witzenburg NP, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Stahl B, van't Land B, Willemsen LEM. Immunomodulation by Human Milk Oligosaccharides: The Potential Role in Prevention of Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:801. [PMID: 32457747 PMCID: PMC7221186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of allergic diseases is rising and these diseases have become the most common chronic diseases during childhood in Westernized countries. Early life forms a critical window predisposing for health or disease. Therefore, this can also be a window of opportunity for allergy prevention. Postnatally the gut needs to mature, and the microbiome is built which further drives the training of infant's immune system. Immunomodulatory components in breastmilk protect the infant in this crucial period by; providing nutrients that contain substrates for the microbiome, supporting intestinal barrier function, protecting against pathogenic infections, enhancing immune development and facilitating immune tolerance. The presence of a diverse human milk oligosaccharide (HMOS) mixture, containing several types of functional groups, points to engagement in several mechanisms related to immune and microbiome maturation in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. In recent years, several pathways impacted by HMOS have been elucidated, including their capacity to; fortify the microbiome composition, enhance production of short chain fatty acids, bind directly to pathogens and interact directly with the intestinal epithelium and immune cells. The exact mechanisms underlying the immune protective effects have not been fully elucidated yet. We hypothesize that HMOS may be involved in and can be utilized to provide protection from developing allergic diseases at a young age. In this review, we highlight several pathways involved in the immunomodulatory effects of HMOS and the potential role in prevention of allergic diseases. Recent studies have proposed possible mechanisms through which HMOS may contribute, either directly or indirectly, via microbiome modification, to induce oral tolerance. Future research should focus on the identification of specific pathways by which individual HMOS structures exert protective actions and thereby contribute to the capacity of the authentic HMOS mixture in early life allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Zuurveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nikita P. van Witzenburg
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Global Centre of Excellence Human Milk Research and Analytical Sciences, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
- Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Belinda van't Land
- Global Centre of Excellence Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research B.V., Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Linette E. M. Willemsen
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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94
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Burgueño JF, Abreu MT. Epithelial Toll-like receptors and their role in gut homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:263-278. [PMID: 32103203 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of microorganisms that interact with the host to maintain structural and functional homeostasis. Acting as the interface between the site of the highest microbial burden in the human body and the richest immune compartment, a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells specializes in nutrient absorption, stratifies microorganisms to limit colonization of tissues and shapes the responses of the subepithelial immune cells. In this Review, we focus on the expression, regulation and functions of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the different intestinal epithelial lineages to analyse how epithelial recognition of bacteria participates in establishing homeostasis in the gut. In particular, we elaborate on the involvement of epithelial TLR signalling in controlling crypt dynamics, enhancing epithelial barrier integrity and promoting immune tolerance towards the gut microbiota. Furthermore, we comment on the regulatory mechanisms that fine-tune TLR-driven immune responses towards pathogens and revisit the role of TLRs in epithelial repair after injury. Finally, we discuss how dysregulation of epithelial TLRs can lead to the generation of dysbiosis, thereby increasing susceptibility to colitis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Burgueño
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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95
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Caër C, Wick MJ. Human Intestinal Mononuclear Phagocytes in Health and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32256490 PMCID: PMC7093381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a complex immune-mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract that increases morbidity and negatively influences the quality of life. Intestinal mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) have a crucial role in maintaining epithelial barrier integrity while controlling pathogen invasion by activating an appropriate immune response. However, in genetically predisposed individuals, uncontrolled immune activation to intestinal flora is thought to underlie the chronic mucosal inflammation that can ultimately result in IBD. Thus, MNPs are involved in fine-tuning mucosal immune system responsiveness and have a critical role in maintaining homeostasis or, potentially, the emergence of IBD. MNPs include monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, which are functionally diverse but highly complementary. Despite their crucial role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, specific functions of human MNP subsets are poorly understood, especially during diseases such as IBD. Here we review the current understanding of MNP ontogeny, as well as the recently identified human intestinal MNP subsets, and discuss their role in health and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Caër
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mary Jo Wick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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96
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Reuveni D, Aricha R, Souroujon MC, Fuchs S. MuSK EAMG: Immunological Characterization and Suppression by Induction of Oral Tolerance. Front Immunol 2020; 11:403. [PMID: 32256489 PMCID: PMC7089875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) with antibodies to the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) is a distinct sub-group of MG, affecting 5–8% of all MG patients. MuSK, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is expressed at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) from the earliest stages of synaptogenesis and plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the NMJ. MuSK-MG patients are more severely affected and more refractory to treatments currently used for MG. Most patients require long-term immunosuppression, stressing the need for improved treatments. Ideally, preferred treatments should specifically delete the antigen-specific autoimmune response, without affecting the entire immune system. Mucosal tolerance, induced by oral or nasal administration of an auto-antigen through the mucosal system, resulting in an antigen-specific immunological systemic hyporesponsiveness, might be considered as a treatment of choice for MuSK-MG. In the present study we have characterized several immunological parameters of murine MuSK-EAMG and have employed induction of oral tolerance in mouse MuSK-EAMG, by feeding with a recombinant MuSK protein one week before disease induction. Such a treatment has been shown to attenuate MuSK-EAMG. Both induction and progression of disease were ameliorated following oral treatment with the recombinant MuSK fragment, as indicated by lower clinical scores and lower anti-MuSK antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Reuveni
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Revital Aricha
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Miriam C Souroujon
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Sara Fuchs
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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97
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Escudero-Hernández C, Martín Á, de Pedro Andrés R, Fernández-Salazar L, Garrote JA, Bernardo D, Arranz E. Circulating Dendritic Cells from Celiac Disease Patients Display a Gut-Homing Profile and are Differentially Modulated by Different Gliadin-Derived Peptides. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e1900989. [PMID: 31970917 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Circulating dendritic cell (DC) and monocyte subsets contribute to the pool of intestinal DC and macrophages in celiac disease (CeD), an autoimmune gut disorder triggered by dietary gluten. Here, this study aims to characterize these circulating subsets in CeD and assess the effect of different gliadin-derived peptides on conventional DC (cDC). METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometry profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveals a slight decrease in the proportion of plasmacytoid and type 1 cDC in gluten-free diet (GFD)-treated CeD patients. In comparison to healthy donors, DC and monocyte subsets from active and GFD-treated CeD patients display an increased gut-homing profile. Type 2 cDC (cDC2) are sorted and stimulated with the gliadin-derived peptides 8-mer, 19-mer, and 33-mer. All peptides induce cDC2 maturation, although the profile is different. While peptide 8-mer induces a Th1/Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in active CeD patients, cDC2 primed with peptide 33-mer displays a higher capacity to promote gut-homing CCR9+ expression onto autologous T-cells. CONCLUSION Distinct gliadin-derived peptides elicit different effects on cDC2 phenotype and function. This effect is compatible with a model where diverse gliadin peptides may cooperate to promote full cDC2 activation and the subsequent T-cell response in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Escudero-Hernández
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Álvaro Martín
- Flow Cytometry facility. Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo de Pedro Andrés
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luis Fernández-Salazar
- Digestive Disease Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Avda Ramón y Cajal 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, C/ Dulzaina 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), University of Valladolid-CSIC, C/ Sanz y Forés 3, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
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98
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Tindemans I, Joosse ME, Samsom JN. Dissecting the Heterogeneity in T-Cell Mediated Inflammation in IBD. Cells 2020; 9:E110. [PMID: 31906479 PMCID: PMC7016883 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltration of the lamina propria by inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is a key characteristic of chronic intestinal inflammation. Memory-phenotype CD4+ T-cell frequencies are increased in inflamed intestinal tissue of IBD patients compared to tissue of healthy controls and are associated with disease flares and a more complicated disease course. Therefore, a tightly controlled balance between regulatory and inflammatory CD4+ T-cell populations is crucial to prevent uncontrolled CD4+ T-cell responses and subsequent intestinal tissue damage. While at steady state, T-cells display mainly a regulatory phenotype, increased in Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, and Th17.1 responses, and reduced Treg and Tr1 responses have all been suggested to play a role in IBD pathophysiology. However, it is highly unlikely that all these responses are altered in each individual patient. With the rapidly expanding plethora of therapeutic options to inhibit inflammatory T-cell responses and stimulate regulatory T-cell responses, a crucial need is emerging for a robust set of immunological assays to predict and monitor therapeutic success at an individual level. Consequently, it is crucial to differentiate dominant inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T helper responses in patients and relate these to disease course and therapy response. In this review, we provide an overview of how intestinal CD4+ T-cell responses arise, discuss the main phenotypes of CD4+ T helper responses, and review how they are implicated in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke N. Samsom
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Division Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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99
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Butler TD, Gibbs JE. Circadian Host-Microbiome Interactions in Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1783. [PMID: 32922391 PMCID: PMC7456996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating host immunity and can no longer be regarded as a bystander in human health and disease. In recent years, circadian (24 h) oscillations have been identified in the composition of the microbiota, its biophysical localization within the intestinal tract and its metabolic outputs. The gut microbiome and its key metabolic outputs, such as short chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites contribute to maintenance of intestinal immunity by promoting barrier function, regulating the host mucosal immune system and maintaining the function of gut-associated immune cell populations. Loss of rhythmic host-microbiome interactions disrupts host immunity and increases risk of inflammation and metabolic complications. Here we review factors that drive circadian variation in the microbiome, including meal timing, dietary composition and host circadian clocks. We also consider how host-microbiome interactions impact the core molecular clock and its rhythmic outputs in addition to the potential impact of this relationship on circadian control of immunity.
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100
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Fernández-Tomé S, Marin AC, Ortega Moreno L, Baldan-Martin M, Mora-Gutiérrez I, Lanas-Gimeno A, Moreno-Monteagudo JA, Santander C, Sánchez B, Chaparro M, Gisbert JP, Bernardo D. Immunomodulatory Effect of Gut Microbiota-Derived Bioactive Peptides on Human Immune System from Healthy Controls and Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112605. [PMID: 31683517 PMCID: PMC6893616 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive peptides secreted by probiotic Bifidobacterium longum (peptide B7) and opportunistic pathogen Bacteroides fragilis (peptide B12) modulate the intestinal cytokine milieu in health. Here, we characterized their capacity to modulate both the mucosal cytokine production and the phenotype of circulating antigen presenting cells (APCs) in active inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The IBD mucosa produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines referred to healthy controls (HCs). Peptides B7 and B12, however, did not ameliorate the mucosal cytokine milieu in IBD. Human circulating APCs (B-cells, monocytes, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs)) were characterized by flow cytometry in presence/absence of the peptides. Circulating B-cells, monocytes, and cDCs from IBD patients were more activated than those from HCs. Peptide B7, but not B12, decreased CCR2 expression on all APC subsets from HC, but not IBD patients. Moreover, both peptides tend to further increase their pro-inflammatory profile in IBD. In summary, IBD patients display mucosal and circulating APC pro-inflammatory properties. Peptide B7 immunomodulatory capacity elicited over circulating APCs from HC, but not IBD patients, suggests the presence of disrupted modulatory mechanisms for this peptide in IBD. Future studies should address the effect of bacteria-derived immunomodulatory peptides in non-inflamed (quiescent) IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fernández-Tomé
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alicia C Marin
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lorena Ortega Moreno
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Baldan-Martin
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Mora-Gutiérrez
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aitor Lanas-Gimeno
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Andrés Moreno-Monteagudo
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cecilio Santander
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Borja Sánchez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), 33300 Asturias, Spain.
| | - María Chaparro
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier P Gisbert
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Bernardo
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
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