51
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Yuan F, Zhou Z, Wu S, Jiao F, Chen L, Fang L, Yin H, Hu X, Jiang X, Liu K, Xiao F, Jiang H, Chen S, Liu Z, Shu Y, Guo F. Intestinal activating transcription factor 4 regulates stress-related behavioral alterations via paraventricular thalamus in male mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215590120. [PMID: 37126693 PMCID: PMC10175747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215590120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress induces depression- and anxiety-related behaviors, which are common mental disorders accompanied not only by dysfunction of the brain but also of the intestine. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a stress-induced gene, and we previously show that it is important for gut functions; however, the contribution of the intestinal ATF4 to stress-related behaviors is not known. Here, we show that chronic stress inhibits the expression of ATF4 in gut epithelial cells. ATF4 overexpression in the colon relieves stress-related behavioral alterations in male mice, as measured by open-field test, elevated plus-maze test, and tail suspension test, whereas intestine-specific ATF4 knockout induces stress-related behavioral alterations in male mice. Furthermore, glutamatergic neurons are inhibited in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) of two strains of intestinal ATF4-deficient mice, and selective activation of these neurons alleviates stress-related behavioral alterations in intestinal ATF4-deficient mice. The highly expressed gut-secreted peptide trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is chosen from RNA-Seq data from ATF4 deletion mice and demonstrated decreased in gut epithelial cells, which is directly regulated by ATF4. Injection of TFF3 reverses stress-related behaviors in ATF4 knockout mice, and the beneficial effects of TFF3 are blocked by inhibiting PVT glutamatergic neurons using DREADDs. In summary, this study demonstrates the function of ATF4 in the gut-brain regulation of stress-related behavioral alterations, via TFF3 modulating PVT neural activity. This research provides evidence of gut signals regulating stress-related behavioral alterations and identifies possible drug targets for the treatment of stress-related behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Yuan
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Minister of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Ziheng Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Shangming Wu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Fuxin Jiao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai200072, China
| | - Leilei Fang
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai200072, China
| | - Hanrui Yin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Minister of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Xiaoxue Jiang
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Minister of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Kan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Minister of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Haizhou Jiang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Shanghai Chen
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Minister of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai200072, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Minister of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Minister of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
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Sclafani A, Castillo A, Carata I, Pines R, Berglas E, Joseph S, Sarker J, Nashed M, Roland M, Arzayus S, Williams N, Glendinning JI, Bodnar RJ. Conditioned preference and avoidance induced in mice by the rare sugars isomaltulose and allulose. Physiol Behav 2023; 267:114221. [PMID: 37146897 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isomaltulose, a slowly digested isocaloric analog of sucrose, and allulose, a noncaloric fructose analog, are promoted as "healthful" sugar alternatives in human food products. Here we investigated the appetite and preference conditioning actions of these sugar analogs in inbred mouse strains. In brief-access lick tests (Experiment 1), C57BL/6 (B6) mice showed similar concentration dependent increases in licking for allulose and fructose, but less pronounced concentration-dependent increases in licking for isomaltulose than sucrose. In Experiment 2, B6 male were given one-bottle training with a CS+ flavor (e.g., grape) mixed with 8% isomaltulose or allulose and a CS- flavor (e.g., cherry) mixed in water followed by two-bottle CS flavor tests. The isomaltulose mice showed only a weak CS+ flavor preference but a strong preference for the sugar over water. The allulose mice strongly preferred the CS- flavor and water over the sugar. The allulose avoidance may be due to gut discomfort as reported in humans consuming high amounts of the sugar. Experiment 3 found that the preference for 8% sucrose over 8% isomaltulose could be reversed or blocked by adding different concentrations of a noncaloric sweetener mixture (sucralose + saccharin, SS) to the isomaltulose. Experiment 4 revealed that the preference of B6 or FVB/N mice for isomaltulose+0.01%SS or sucrose over 0.1%SS increased after separate experience with the sugars and SS. This indicates that isomaltulose, like sucrose, has postoral appetition effects that enhances the appetite for the sugar. In Experiments 5 and 6, the appetition actions of the two sugars were directly compared by giving mice isomaltulose+0.05%SS vs. sucrose choice tests before and after separate experience with the two sugars. In general, the initial preference the mice displayed for isomaltulose+0.05%SS was reduced or reversed after separate experience with the two sugars although some strain and sex differences were obtained. This indicates that isomaltulose has weaker postoral appetition effects than sucrose.
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53
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Song Z, Song R, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhang X. Effects of ultra-processed foods on the microbiota-gut-brain axis: The bread-and-butter issue. Food Res Int 2023; 167:112730. [PMID: 37087282 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The topic of gut microbiota and the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis has become the forefront of research and reports in the past few years. The gut microbiota is a dynamic interface between the environment, food, and the host, reflecting the health status as well as maintaining normal physiological metabolism. Modern ultra-processed foods (UPF) contain large quantities of saturated and trans fat, added sugar, salt, and food additives that seriously affect the gut and physical health. In addition, these unhealthy components directly cause changes in gut microbiota functions and microbial metabolism, subsequently having the potential to impact the neural network. This paper reviews an overview of the link between UPF ingredients and the MGB axis. Considerable studies have examined that high intake of trans fat, added sugar and salt have deleterious effects on gut and brain functions, but relatively less focus has been placed on the impact of food additives on the MGB axis. Data from several studies suggest that food additives might be linked to metabolic diseases and inflammation. They may also alter the gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolites, which potentially affect cognition and behavior. Therefore, we emphasize that food additives including emulsifiers, artificial sweeteners, colorants, and preservatives interact with the gut microbiota and their possible effects on altering the brain and behavior based on the latest research. Future studies should further investigate whether gut dysbiosis mediates the effect of UPF on brain diseases and behavior. This thesis here sheds new light on future research pointing to the potentially detrimental effects of processed food consumption on brain health.
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54
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Hamada S, Mikami K, Ueda S, Nagase M, Nagashima T, Yamamoto M, Bito H, Takemoto-Kimura S, Ohtsuka T, Watabe AM. Experience-dependent changes in affective valence of taste in male mice. Mol Brain 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 36906607 PMCID: PMC10007816 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Taste plays an essential role in the evaluation of food quality by detecting potential harm and benefit in what animals are about to eat and drink. While the affective valence of taste signals is supposed to be innately determined, taste preference can also be drastically modified by previous taste experiences of the animals. However, how the experience-dependent taste preference is developed and the neuronal mechanisms involved in this process are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of prolonged exposure to umami and bitter tastants on taste preference using two-bottle tests in male mice. Prolonged umami exposure significantly enhanced umami preference with no changes in bitter preference, while prolonged bitter exposure significantly decreased bitter avoidance with no changes in umami preference. Because the central amygdala (CeA) is postulated as a critical node for the valence processing of sensory information including taste, we examined the responses of cells in the CeA to sweet, umami, and bitter tastants using in vivo calcium imaging. Interestingly, both protein kinase C delta (Prkcd)-positive and Somatostatin (Sst)-positive neurons in the CeA showed an umami response comparable to the bitter response, and no difference in cell type-specific activity patterns to different tastants was observed. Meanwhile, fluorescence in situ hybridization with c-Fos antisense probe revealed that a single umami experience significantly activates the CeA and several other gustatory-related nuclei, and especially CeA Sst-positive neurons were strongly activated. Intriguingly, after prolonged umami experience, umami tastant also significantly activates the CeA neurons, but the Prkcd-positive neurons instead of Sst-positive neurons were highly activated. These results suggest a relationship between amygdala activity and experience-dependent plasticity developed in taste preference and the involvement of the genetically defined neural populations in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Hamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Kaori Mikami
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ueda
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Nagase
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagashima
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan
| | - Mikiyasu Yamamoto
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takemoto-Kimura
- Department of Neuroscience I, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Molecular/Cellular Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Ayako M Watabe
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Research, Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 163-1 Kashiwashita, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8567, Japan.
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55
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Ross RC, He Y, Townsend RL, Schauer PR, Berthoud HR, Morrison CD, Albaugh VL. The Vagus Nerve Mediates Gut-Brain Response to Duodenal Nutrient Administration. Am Surg 2023:31348231161680. [PMID: 36867071 DOI: 10.1177/00031348231161680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity contributes significant disease burden worldwide, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. While bariatric surgery is the most effective and durable obesity treatment, the mechanisms underlying its effects remain unknown. Although neuro-hormonal mechanisms have been suspected to mediate at least some of the gut-brain axis changes following bariatric surgery, studies examining the intestine and its regionally specific post-gastric alterations to these signals remain unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vagus nerve recording was performed following the implantation of duodenal feeding tubes in mice. Testing conditions and measurements were made under anesthesia during baseline, nutrient or vehicle solution delivery, and post-delivery. Solutions tested included water, glucose, glucose with an inhibitor of glucose absorption (phlorizin), and a hydrolyzed protein solution. RESULTS Vagus nerve signaling was detectable from the duodenum and exhibited stable baseline activity without responding to osmotic pressure gradients. Duodenal-delivered glucose and protein robustly increased vagus nerve signaling, but increased signaling was abolished during the co-administration of glucose and phlorizin. DISCUSSION Gut-brain communication via the vagus nerve emanating from the duodenum is nutrient sensitive and easily measurable in mice. Examination of these signaling pathways may help elucidate how the nutrient signals from the intestine are altered when applied to obesity and bariatric surgery mouse models. Future studies will address quantifying the changes in neuroendocrine nutrient signals in health and obesity, with specific emphasis on identifying the changes associated with bariatric surgery and other gastrointestinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ross
- Translational and Integrative Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Research Laboratory, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Yanlin He
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - R Leigh Townsend
- Translational and Integrative Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Research Laboratory, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Philip R Schauer
- Metamor Institute, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Hans-Rudolph Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Christopher D Morrison
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Vance L Albaugh
- Translational and Integrative Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Research Laboratory, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Metamor Institute, 14464Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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56
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Marques LS, Jung JT, Zborowski VA, Pinheiro RC, Nogueira CW, Zeni G. Emotional-Single Prolonged Stress: A promising model to illustrate the gut-brain interaction. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114070. [PMID: 36574940 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Excessive stress can precipitate depression and anxiety diseases, and damage gastrointestinal functionality and microbiota changes, favoring the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) - defined by dysregulation in the brain-gut interaction. Therefore, the present study investigated if Emotional-Single Prolonged Stress (E-SPS) induces depressive/anxiety-like phenotype and gut dysfunction in adult Swiss male mice. For this, mice of the E-SPS group were subjected to three stressors sequential exposure: immobilization, swimming, and odor of the predator for 7 days (incubation period). Next, animals performed behavior tests and 24 h later, samples of feces, blood, and colon tissue were collected. E-SPS increased the plasma corticosterone levels, immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim test, decreased the grooming time in the splash test, OAT%, and OAE% in the elevated plus-maze test, as well as increased anxiety index. Mice of E-SPS had increased % of intestinal transit rate, % of fecal moisture content, and fecal pellets number, and decreased Claudin1 content in the colon. E-SPS decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidia class, Bacteroidales order, Muribaculaceae and Porphyromonadaceae family, Muribaculum, and Duncaniella genus. However, E-SPS increased Firmicutes and Actinobacteria phylum, Coriobacteriales order, and the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, and demonstrated Mucispirillum genus presence. The present study showed that E-SPS induced depressive/anxiety-like phenotype, predominant diarrhea gut dysfunction, and modulated the gut bacterial microbiota profile in male adult Swiss mice. E-SPS might be a promising model for future studies on the brain-gut interaction and the development of FGIDs with psychological comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza S Marques
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliano Tk Jung
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Zborowski
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto C Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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57
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The phenomenon of abnormal eating and taste perception: What’s the link in subjects with obesity and eating disorders? Food Qual Prefer 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Korgan AC, Oliveira-Abreu K, Wei W, Martin SLA, Bridges ZJD, Leal-Cardoso JH, Kaczorowski CC, O'Connell KMS. High sucrose consumption decouples intrinsic and synaptic excitability of AgRP neurons without altering body weight. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:224-235. [PMID: 36725979 PMCID: PMC10023568 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01265-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE As the obesity epidemic continues, the understanding of macronutrient influence on central nervous system function is critical for understanding diet-induced obesity and potential therapeutics, particularly in light of the increased sugar content in processed foods. Previous research showed mixed effects of sucrose feeding on body weight gain but has yet to reveal insight into the impact of sucrose on hypothalamic functioning. Here, we explore the impact of liquid sucrose feeding for 12 weeks on body weight, body composition, caloric intake, and hypothalamic AgRP neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. METHODS Patch-clamp electrophysiology of hypothalamic AgRP neurons, metabolic phenotyping and food intake were performed on C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS While mice given sugar-sweetened water do not gain significant weight, they do show subtle differences in body composition and caloric intake. When given sugar-sweetened water, mice show similar alterations to AgRP neuronal excitability as in high-fat diet obese models. Increased sugar consumption also primes mice for increased caloric intake and weight gain when given access to a HFD. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that elevated sucrose consumption increased activity of AgRP neurons and altered synaptic excitability. This may contribute to obesity in mice and humans with access to more palatable (HFD) diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Korgan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - Klausen Oliveira-Abreu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Wei Wei
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Zoey J D Bridges
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | - Catherine C Kaczorowski
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen M S O'Connell
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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59
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Hayashi M, Kaye JA, Douglas ER, Joshi NR, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Liberles SD. Enteroendocrine cell lineages that differentially control feeding and gut motility. eLife 2023; 12:78512. [PMID: 36810133 PMCID: PMC10032656 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells are specialized sensory cells of the gut-brain axis that are sparsely distributed along the intestinal epithelium. The functions of enteroendocrine cells have classically been inferred by the gut hormones they release. However, individual enteroendocrine cells typically produce multiple, sometimes apparently opposing, gut hormones in combination, and some gut hormones are also produced elsewhere in the body. Here, we developed approaches involving intersectional genetics to enable selective access to enteroendocrine cells in vivo in mice. We targeted FlpO expression to the endogenous Villin1 locus (in Vil1-p2a-FlpO knock-in mice) to restrict reporter expression to intestinal epithelium. Combined use of Cre and Flp alleles effectively targeted major transcriptome-defined enteroendocrine cell lineages that produce serotonin, glucagon-like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, somatostatin, or glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Chemogenetic activation of different enteroendocrine cell types variably impacted feeding behavior and gut motility. Defining the physiological roles of different enteroendocrine cell types provides an essential framework for understanding sensory biology of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marito Hayashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Judith A Kaye
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Ella R Douglas
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Narendra R Joshi
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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60
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Kim J, Kim DG, Jung W, Suh GSB. Evaluation of mouse behavioral responses to nutritive versus nonnutritive sugar using a deep learning-based 3D real-time pose estimation system. J Neurogenet 2023:1-6. [PMID: 36790034 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2023.2174982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Animals are able to detect the nutritional content of sugar independently of taste. When given a choice between nutritive sugar and nonnutritive sugar, animals develop a preference for nutritive sugar over nonnutritive sugar during a period of food deprivation (Buchanan et al., 2022; Dus et al., 2011; 2015; Tan et al., 2020; Tellez et al., 2016). To quantify behavioral features during an episode of licking nutritive versus nonnutritive sugar, we implemented a multi-vision, deep learning-based 3D pose estimation system, termed the AI Vision Analysis for Three-dimensional Action in Real-Time (AVATAR)(Kim et al., 2022). Using this method, we found that mice exhibit significantly different approach behavioral responses toward nutritive sugar versus nonnutritive sugar even before licking a sugar solution. Notably, the behavioral sequences during the approach toward nutritive versus nonnutritive sugar became significantly different over time. These results suggest that the nutritional value of sugar not only promotes its consumption but also elicits distinct repertoires of feeding behavior in deprived mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jineun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Gun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongyo Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Greg S B Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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61
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Malaguarnera G, Graute M, Homs Corbera A. The translational roadmap of the gut models, focusing on gut-on-chip. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2023; 1:62. [PMID: 37645178 PMCID: PMC10445823 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13709.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to model in vitro the intestine when seeking to include crosstalk with the gut microbiota, immune and neuroendocrine systems. Here we present a roadmap of the current models to facilitate the choice in preclinical and translational research with a focus on gut-on-chip. These micro physiological systems (MPS) are microfluidic devices that recapitulate in vitro the physiology of the intestine. We reviewed the gut-on-chips that had been developed in academia and industries as single chip and that have three main purpose: replicate the intestinal physiology, the intestinal pathological features, and for pharmacological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Graute
- R&D department, Cherry Biotech SAS, Rennes, Brittany, 35000, France
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Malaguarnera G, Graute M, Homs Corbera A. The translational roadmap of the gut models, focusing on gut-on-chip. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2023; 1:62. [PMID: 37645178 PMCID: PMC10445823 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13709.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to model in vitro the intestine when seeking to include crosstalk with the gut microbiota, immune and neuroendocrine systems. Here we present a roadmap of the current models to facilitate the choice in preclinical and translational research with a focus on gut-on-chip. These micro physiological systems (MPS) are microfluidic devices that recapitulate in vitro the physiology of the intestine. We reviewed the gut-on-chips that had been developed in academia and industries as single chip and that have three main purpose: replicate the intestinal physiology, the intestinal pathological features, and for pharmacological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Graute
- R&D department, Cherry Biotech SAS, Rennes, Brittany, 35000, France
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63
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Yu KB, Hsiao EY. Gut microbiota: A sweet tale of mice and microbes. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R18-R20. [PMID: 36626856 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota regulates host metabolism and feeding behavior. A new study shows that microbiota depletion leads to sucrose overconsumption and increases motivation to obtain sucrose in mice, suggesting that the gut microbiota suppresses overconsumption of palatable foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie B Yu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elaine Y Hsiao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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64
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Altınkaya Z, Öztürk L, Büyükgüdük İ, Yanık H, Yılmaz DD, Yar B, Değirmenci E, Dal U, Veldhuizen MG. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation in a hungry state decreases heart rate variability. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114016. [PMID: 36334796 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve signals from the gut to brain carry information about nutrients and drive food reward. Such signals are disrupted by consuming large amounts of high-calorie foods, necessitating greater food intake to elicit a similar neural response. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) via a branch innervating the ear is a candidate treatment for obesity in humans. There is disagreement on the optimal location of nVNS in the ear for experimental and clinical studies. There are also no studies comparing nVNS in hungry and post-prandial states. We aimed to compare ear position(s) for nVNS and explore the effects of nVNS during hungry and post-prandial states on proxies for autonomic outflow (heart-rate variability) and efferent metabolism (gastric wave frequency and resting energy expenditure). In a within-subject design, 14 participants (10 women, on average 29.4 +/- 6.7 years old) received nVNS in four different locations (cymba conchae, tragus, earlobe, or tragus AND cymba conchae) on separate days. In each session, participants were asked to consume a palatable chocolate flavored milk. With electrography on the abdomen and indirect calorimetry in a canopy, we measured electro-cardiogram, electro-gastrogram and resting energy expenditure for 15 min before and at least 35 min after consumption of the palatable drink. We also collected ratings of the palatable drink and internal and other states. Pre-drink consumption (in a hungry state) we observed no differences in the effect of location of acute nVNS on resting energy expenditure and gastric wave measures. However, nVNS in cymba conchae decreases heart-rate variability (relative to sham) and ratings of how much participants want to consume the drink (relative to tragus AND cymba conchae and a trend relative to sham). After drink consumption and with continued nVNS, gastric wave frequency is unchanged, and resting energy expenditure increases regardless of stimulation location. Heart-rate variability decreases in all locations, except cymba conchae. We also observe a trend for an increase in gastric wave amplitude in late post-drink consumption time-points in cymba conchae. We observe no support for the combined stimulation of tragus AND cymba conchae being more effective than either of the individual locations. These results suggest that nVNS in the cymba conchae in a hungry state has a similar acute effect on vagal tone as food consumption: to decrease heart rate variability. This effect then negates the usual postprandial effects of a decrease in heart rate variability as seen in the other nVNS locations. These preliminary observations suggest that nVNS in cymba conchae may act primarily on vagal afferent autonomic (and only modestly on metabolic output) in a similar way as food consumption does.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lina Öztürk
- Mersin University, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | - İlkim Büyükgüdük
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Yanık
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Dilan Deniz Yılmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Berçem Yar
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Evren Değirmenci
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey; Biotechnology Research and Applications Center, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Uğur Dal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Maria Geraldine Veldhuizen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey; Biotechnology Research and Applications Center, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey.
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65
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Tan HE. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in stress and depression. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1151478. [PMID: 37123352 PMCID: PMC10140437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1151478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and animals are evolved to have instinctive physiological responses to threats. The perception of threat by the brain triggers a multitude of changes across the brain and body. A large body of research have demonstrated that our hardwired survival instinct, the stress response, can become maladaptive and promote major depressive disorders and other neuropsychiatric impairments. However, gaps in our understanding of how chronic stress contributes to depression and mental disorders suggest that we also need to consider factors beyond the biology of the host. The unravelling of the structure and function of microorganisms that humans and animals are host to have driven a paradigm shift in understanding the individual as a collective network composed of the host plus microbes. Well over 90% of bacteria in the body reside in the large intestines, and these microbes in the lower gut function almost like an organ in the body in the way it interacts with the host. Importantly, bidirectional interactions between the gut microbiota and the brain (i.e., the two-way microbiota-gut-brain axis) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mental disorders including depression. Here, in summarizing the emerging literature, we envisage that further research particularly on the efferent brain-gut-microbiota axis will uncover transformative links in the biology of stress and depression.
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66
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Diet-induced gut dysbiosis and inflammation: Key drivers of obesity-driven NASH. iScience 2022; 26:105905. [PMID: 36691622 PMCID: PMC9860397 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose, the primary circulating sugar in plants, contains equal amounts of fructose and glucose. The latter is the predominant circulating sugar in animals and thus the primary fuel source for various tissue and cell types in the body. Chronic excessive energy intake has, however, emerged as a major driver of obesity and associated pathologies including nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) and the more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Consumption of a high-caloric, western-style diet induces gut dysbiosis and inflammation resulting in leaky gut. Translocation of gut-derived bacterial content promotes hepatic inflammation and ER stress, and when either or both of these are combined with steatosis, it can cause NASH. Here, we review the metabolic links between diet-induced changes in the gut and NASH. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions for the treatment of obesity and liver metabolic diseases are also discussed with a focus on restoring the gut-liver axis.
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67
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Jeong H, Taylor A, Floeder JR, Lohmann M, Mihalas S, Wu B, Zhou M, Burke DA, Namboodiri VMK. Mesolimbic dopamine release conveys causal associations. Science 2022; 378:eabq6740. [PMID: 36480599 PMCID: PMC9910357 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq6740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Learning to predict rewards based on environmental cues is essential for survival. It is believed that animals learn to predict rewards by updating predictions whenever the outcome deviates from expectations, and that such reward prediction errors (RPEs) are signaled by the mesolimbic dopamine system-a key controller of learning. However, instead of learning prospective predictions from RPEs, animals can infer predictions by learning the retrospective cause of rewards. Hence, whether mesolimbic dopamine instead conveys a causal associative signal that sometimes resembles RPE remains unknown. We developed an algorithm for retrospective causal learning and found that mesolimbic dopamine release conveys causal associations but not RPE, thereby challenging the dominant theory of reward learning. Our results reshape the conceptual and biological framework for associative learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijeong Jeong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Annie Taylor
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph R Floeder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Stefan Mihalas
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brenda Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mingkang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dennis A Burke
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Mohan K Namboodiri
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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68
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Ribeiro G, Torres S, Fernandes AB, Camacho M, Branco TL, Martins SS, Raimundo A, Oliveira-Maia AJ. Enhanced sweet taste perception in obesity: Joint analysis of gustatory data from multiple studies. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1028261. [PMID: 36606228 PMCID: PMC9807659 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1028261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction While sweet taste perception is a potential determinant of feeding behavior in obesity, the supporting evidence is inconsistent and is typically associated with methodological limitations. Notably, possible associations between sweet taste perception and measures of food reward remain undetermined. Materials and methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis comparing 246 individuals with severe obesity and 174 healthy volunteers using a validated method for taste perception assessment. We included gustatory variables, namely intensity and pleasantness ratings of sour, salt, sweet, and bitter tastants, and taste thresholds assessed by electrogustometry. Reward-related feeding behavior, including hedonic hunger, food addiction, feeding behavior traits, and acceptance of foods and alcohol, was evaluated using self-rated scales for comparison with gustatory measures. Result In logistic regressions adjusted for age, gender, educational level, and research center, we found that a greater likelihood of belonging to the obesity group was associated with higher sweet intensity ratings (OR = 1.4, P = 0.01), hedonic hunger, food addiction symptoms, restrained and emotional eating (1.7 < OR ≤ 4.6, all P ≤ 0.001), and lower alcohol acceptance (OR = 0.6, P = 0.0002). Using principal component analysis, we found that while hedonic hunger, food addiction, and emotional eating were strongly interrelated, they were not associated with sweet intensity perception that, in turn, had a closer relationship with alcohol acceptance and restrained eating. Conclusion We found that individuals with obesity report higher sweet taste intensity ratings than healthy controls. Furthermore, while psychological measures of reward-related feeding behavior assess a common construct, sweet intensity perception may represent a different obesity-related dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ribeiro
- Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal,Lisbon Academic Medical Centre PhD Program, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Torres
- Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal,Centro de Psicologia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana B. Fernandes
- Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal,NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Camacho
- Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa L. Branco
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Sandra S. Martins
- Universidade Europeia, Lisbon, Portugal,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental (ISAMB), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Armando Raimundo
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Albino J. Oliveira-Maia
- Champalimaud Research and Clinical Centre, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal,NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal,*Correspondence: Albino J. Oliveira-Maia,
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69
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Fowler BE, Ye J, Humayun S, Lee H, Macpherson LJ. Regional specialization of the tongue revealed by gustatory ganglion imaging. iScience 2022; 25:105700. [PMID: 36582484 PMCID: PMC9792408 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gustatory information is relayed from the anterior tongue by geniculate ganglion neurons and from the posterior tongue by neurons of the petrosal portion of the jugular/nodose/petrosal ganglion complex. Here, we use in vivo calcium imaging in mice to compare the encoding of taste information in the geniculate and petrosal ganglia, at single-neuron resolution. Our data support an anterior/posterior specialization of taste information coding from the tongue to the ganglia, with petrosal neurons more responsive to umami or bitter and less responsive to sweet or salty stimuli than geniculate neurons. We found that umami (50 mM MPG + 1 mM IMP) promotes salivation when applied to the posterior, but not anterior, tongue. This suggests a functional taste map of the mammalian tongue where the anterior and posterior taste pathways are differentially responsive to specific taste qualities, and differentially regulate downstream physiological functions of taste, such as promoting salivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E. Fowler
- Department of Neuroscience Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jiahao Ye
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Saima Humayun
- Department of Neuroscience Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hojoon Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lindsey J. Macpherson
- Department of Neuroscience Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Corresponding author
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70
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Nakamura Y, Takahashi M, Inoue Y, Yanagimoto S, Okanoya K, Koike S. Nutrient infusion evoked magnetic resonance imaging signal in the human hypothalamus. Nutr Neurosci 2022; 25:2528-2535. [PMID: 34590989 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1983102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothalamus receives ingested nutrient information via ascending gut-related projections and plays a significant role in the regulation of food intake. Human neuroimaging studies have observed changes in the activity or connectivity of the hypothalamus in response to nutrient ingestion. However, previous neuroimaging studies have not yet assessed differences in temporal changes of hypothalamic responses to various nutrients in humans. Thus a repeated measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study using 30-min scans was designed to examine differences in hypothalamic responses to various nutrients. METHODS In this study, 18 healthy adults (mean age, 22.4 years; standard deviation, 4.8; age range, 19-39 years; 11 males and seven females) underwent fMRI sessions. On the day of each session, one of the four solutions (200 ml of monosodium glutamate, glucose, safflower oil emulsion, or saline) was administered to participants while fMRI scanning. RESULTS Infused amino acid and glucose, but not lipid emulsion, increased lateral hypothalamic responses as compared to a saline infusion ([x, y, z] = [4, -4, -10], z = 2.96). In addition, only hypothalamic responses to saline, but not those to the infusion of other nutrients, elicited a subjective sensation of hunger. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that lateral hypothalamic responses to ingested nutrients may mediate homeostatic sensations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Takahashi
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yanagimoto
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Cognition and Behavior Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- The UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Tokyo Institute for Diversity & Adaptation of Human Mind (UTIDAHM), Tokyo, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), Tokyo, Japan
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71
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Stojanović O, Miguel-Aliaga I, Trajkovski M. Intestinal plasticity and metabolism as regulators of organismal energy homeostasis. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1444-1458. [PMID: 36396854 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine displays marked anatomical and functional plasticity that includes adaptive alterations in adult gut morphology, enteroendocrine cell profile and their hormone secretion, as well as nutrient utilization and storage. In this Perspective, we examine how shifts in dietary and environmental conditions bring about changes in gut size, and describe how the intestine adapts to changes in internal state, bowel resection and gastric bypass surgery. We highlight the critical importance of these intestinal remodelling processes in maintaining energy balance of the organism, and in protecting the metabolism of other organs. The intestinal resizing is supported by changes in the microbiota composition, and by activation of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, which govern the intestinal stem cell proliferation, intestinal cell fate, as well as survivability of differentiated epithelial cells. The discovery that intestinal remodelling is part of the normal physiological adaptation to various triggers, and the potential for harnessing the reversible gut plasticity, in our view, holds extraordinary promise for developing therapeutic approaches against metabolic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozren Stojanović
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Mirko Trajkovski
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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72
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Furlan A, Corona A, Boyle S, Sharma R, Rubino R, Habel J, Gablenz EC, Giovanniello J, Beyaz S, Janowitz T, Shea SD, Li B. Neurotensin neurons in the extended amygdala control dietary choice and energy homeostasis. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1470-1480. [PMID: 36266470 PMCID: PMC9682790 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a global pandemic that is causally linked to many life-threatening diseases. Apart from some rare genetic conditions, the biological drivers of overeating and reduced activity are unclear. Here, we show that neurotensin-expressing neurons in the mouse interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC), a nucleus of the central extended amygdala, encode dietary preference for unhealthy energy-dense foods. Optogenetic activation of IPACNts neurons promotes obesogenic behaviors, such as hedonic eating, and modulates food preference. Conversely, acute inhibition of IPACNts neurons reduces feeding and decreases hedonic eating. Chronic inactivation of IPACNts neurons recapitulates these effects, reduces preference for sweet, non-caloric tastants and, furthermore, enhances locomotion and energy expenditure; as a result, mice display long-term weight loss and improved metabolic health and are protected from obesity. Thus, the activity of a single neuronal population bidirectionally regulates energy homeostasis. Our findings could lead to new therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Furlan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Correspondence: (A.F.); (B.L.)
| | - Alberto Corona
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Sara Boyle
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Rachel Rubino
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Jill Habel
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Eva Carlotta Gablenz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Giovanniello
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Tobias Janowitz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Bo Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA,Correspondence: (A.F.); (B.L.)
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Abstract
When it comes to food, one tempting substance is sugar. Although sweetness is detected by the tongue, the desire to consume sugar arises from the gut. Even when sweet taste is impaired, animals can distinguish sugars from non-nutritive sweeteners guided by sensory cues arising from the gut epithelium. Here, we review the molecular receptors, cells, circuits and behavioural consequences associated with sugar sensing in the gut. Recent work demonstrates that some duodenal cells, termed neuropod cells, can detect glucose using sodium-glucose co-transporter 1 and release glutamate onto vagal afferent neurons. Based on these and other data, we propose a model in which specific populations of vagal neurons relay these sensory cues to distinct sets of neurons in the brain, including neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract, dopaminergic reward circuits in the basal ganglia and homeostatic feeding circuits in the hypothalamus, that alter current and future sugar consumption. This emerging model highlights the critical role of the gut in sensing the chemical properties of ingested nutrients to guide appetitive decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston W Liu
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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74
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Zeng W, Yang F, Shen WL, Zhan C, Zheng P, Hu J. Interactions between central nervous system and peripheral metabolic organs. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1929-1958. [PMID: 35771484 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
According to Descartes, minds and bodies are distinct kinds of "substance", and they cannot have causal interactions. However, in neuroscience, the two-way interaction between the brain and peripheral organs is an emerging field of research. Several lines of evidence highlight the importance of such interactions. For example, the peripheral metabolic systems are overwhelmingly regulated by the mind (brain), and anxiety and depression greatly affect the functioning of these systems. Also, psychological stress can cause a variety of physical symptoms, such as bone loss. Moreover, the gut microbiota appears to play a key role in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Mechanistically, as the command center of the body, the brain can regulate our internal organs and glands through the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine system, although it is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control. The autonomic nervous system itself can be further subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. The sympathetic division functions a bit like the accelerator pedal on a car, and the parasympathetic division functions as the brake. The high center of the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system is the hypothalamus, which contains several subnuclei that control several basic physiological functions, such as the digestion of food and regulation of body temperature. Also, numerous peripheral signals contribute to the regulation of brain functions. Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones, insulin, and leptin are transported into the brain, where they regulate innate behaviors such as feeding, and they are also involved in emotional and cognitive functions. The brain can recognize peripheral inflammatory cytokines and induce a transient syndrome called sick behavior (SB), characterized by fatigue, reduced physical and social activity, and cognitive impairment. In summary, knowledge of the biological basis of the interactions between the central nervous system and peripheral organs will promote the full understanding of how our body works and the rational treatment of disorders. Thus, we summarize current development in our understanding of five types of central-peripheral interactions, including neural control of adipose tissues, energy expenditure, bone metabolism, feeding involving the brain-gut axis and gut microbiota. These interactions are essential for maintaining vital bodily functions, which result in homeostasis, i.e., a natural balance in the body's systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zeng
- Institute for Immunology, and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Wei L Shen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Cheng Zhan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Institute of Neuroscience and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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Jayasinghe M, Prathiraja O, Kayani AMA, Jena R, Caldera D, Silva MS, Singhal M, Pierre J. The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e28975. [PMID: 36237764 PMCID: PMC9548326 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Wang J, Beecher K, Chehrehasa F, Moody H. The limitations of investigating appetite through circuit manipulations: are we biting off more than we can chew? Rev Neurosci 2022; 34:295-311. [PMID: 36054842 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Disordered eating can underpin a number of debilitating and prevalent chronic diseases, such as obesity. Broader advances in psychopharmacology and biology have motivated some neuroscientists to address diet-induced obesity through reductionist, pre-clinical eating investigations on the rodent brain. Specifically, chemogenetic and optogenetic methods developed in the 21st century allow neuroscientists to perform in vivo, region-specific/projection-specific/promoter-specific circuit manipulations and immediately assess the impact of these manipulations on rodent feeding. These studies are able to rigorously conclude whether a specific neuronal population regulates feeding behaviour in the hope of eventually developing a mechanistic neuroanatomical map of appetite regulation. However, an artificially stimulated/inhibited rodent neuronal population that changes feeding behaviour does not necessarily represent a pharmacological target for treating eating disorders in humans. Chemogenetic/optogenetic findings must therefore be triangulated with the array of theories that contribute to our understanding of appetite. The objective of this review is to provide a wide-ranging discussion of the limitations of chemogenetic/optogenetic circuit manipulation experiments in rodents that are used to investigate appetite. Stepping into and outside of medical science epistemologies, this paper draws on philosophy of science, nutrition, addiction biology and neurophilosophy to prompt more integrative, transdisciplinary interpretations of chemogenetic/optogenetic appetite data. Through discussing the various technical and epistemological limitations of these data, we provide both an overview of chemogenetics and optogenetics accessible to non-neuroscientist obesity researchers, as well as a resource for neuroscientists to expand the number of lenses through which they interpret their circuit manipulation findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wang
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Kate Beecher
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Building 71/918 Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital Campus, Herston 4029, QLD, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Chehrehasa
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
| | - Hayley Moody
- Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane 4000, QLD, Australia
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77
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Ran C, Boettcher JC, Kaye JA, Gallori CE, Liberles SD. A brainstem map for visceral sensations. Nature 2022; 609:320-326. [PMID: 36045291 PMCID: PMC9452305 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system uses various coding strategies to process sensory inputs. For example, the olfactory system uses large receptor repertoires and is wired to recognize diverse odours, whereas the visual system provides high acuity of object position, form and movement1-5. Compared to external sensory systems, principles that underlie sensory processing by the interoceptive nervous system remain poorly defined. Here we developed a two-photon calcium imaging preparation to understand internal organ representations in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), a sensory gateway in the brainstem that receives vagal and other inputs from the body. Focusing on gut and upper airway stimuli, we observed that individual NTS neurons are tuned to detect signals from particular organs and are topographically organized on the basis of body position. Moreover, some mechanosensory and chemosensory inputs from the same organ converge centrally. Sensory inputs engage specific NTS domains with defined locations, each containing heterogeneous cell types. Spatial representations of different organs are further sharpened in the NTS beyond what is achieved by vagal axon sorting alone, as blockade of brainstem inhibition broadens neural tuning and disorganizes visceral representations. These findings reveal basic organizational features used by the brain to process interoceptive inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ran
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack C Boettcher
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith A Kaye
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Gallori
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Department of Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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78
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ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN DEPRESSION: UNDERSTANDING MOLECULAR PATHWAYS, RECENT RESEARCH, AND FUTURE DIRECTION. Behav Brain Res 2022; 436:114081. [PMID: 36037843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota, also known as the "second brain" in humans because of the regulatory role it has on the central nervous system via neuronal, chemical and immune pathways. It has been proven that there exists a bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Increasing evidence supports that this crosstalk is linked to the etiology and treatment of depression. Reports suggest that the gut microbiota control the host epigenetic machinery in depression and gut dysbiosis causes negative epigenetic modifications via mechanisms like histone acetylation, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA mediated gene inhibition. The gut microbiome can be a promising approach for the management of depression. The diet and dietary metabolites like kynurenine, tryptophan, and propionic acid also greatly influence the microbiome composition and thereby, the physiological activities. This review gives a bird-eye view on the pathological updates and currently used treatment approaches targeting the gut microbiota in depression.
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79
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Ki SY, Jeong YT. Taste Receptors beyond Taste Buds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179677. [PMID: 36077074 PMCID: PMC9455917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors are responsible for detecting their ligands not only in taste receptor cells (TRCs) but also in non-gustatory organs. For several decades, many research groups have accumulated evidence for such “ectopic” expression of taste receptors. More recently, some of the physiologic functions (apart from taste) of these ectopic taste receptors have been identified. Here, we summarize our current understanding of these ectopic taste receptors across multiple organs. With a particular focus on the specialized epithelial cells called tuft cells, which are now considered siblings of type II TRCs, we divide the ectopic expression of taste receptors into two categories: taste receptors in TRC-like cells outside taste buds and taste receptors with surprising ectopic expression in completely different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Ki
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Yong Taek Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2286-1295
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80
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The impact of caloric availability on eating behavior and ultra-processed food reward. Appetite 2022; 178:106274. [PMID: 35963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The food environment has changed rapidly and dramatically in the last 50 years. While industrial food processing has increased the safety and stability of the food supply, a rapid expansion in the scope and scale of food processing in the 1980's has resulted in a market dominated by ultra-processed foods. Here, we use the NOVA definition of category 4 ultra-processed foods (UPFs) as they make up around 58% of total calories consumed in the US and 66% of calories in US children. UPFs are formulated from ingredients with no or infrequent culinary use, contain additives, and have a long shelf-life, spending long periods in contact with packaging materials, allowing for the absorption of compounds from those materials. The full implications of this dietary shift to UPFs on human health and disease outcomes are difficult, if not impossible, to quantify. However, UPF consumption is linked with various forms of cancer, increased cardiovascular disease, and increased all-cause mortality. Understanding food choice is, therefore, a critical problem in health research. Although many factors influence food choice, here we focus on the properties of the foods themselves. UPFs are generally treated as food, not as the highly refined, industrialized substances that they are, whose properties and components must be studied. Here, we examine one property of UPFs, that they deliver useable calories rapidly as a potential factor driving UPF overconsumption. First, we explore evidence that UPFs deliver calories more rapidly. Next, we examine the role of the gut-brain axis and its interplay with canonical reward systems, and last, we describe how speed affects both basic learning processes and drugs of abuse.
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81
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Bai L, Sivakumar N, Yu S, Mesgarzadeh S, Ding T, Ly T, Corpuz TV, Grove JCR, Jarvie BC, Knight ZA. Enteroendocrine cell types that drive food reward and aversion. eLife 2022; 11:74964. [PMID: 35913117 PMCID: PMC9363118 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals must learn through experience which foods are nutritious and should be consumed, and which are toxic and should be avoided. Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are the principal chemosensors in the GI tract, but investigation of their role in behavior has been limited by the difficulty of selectively targeting these cells in vivo. Here, we describe an intersectional genetic approach for manipulating EEC subtypes in behaving mice. We show that multiple EEC subtypes inhibit food intake but have different effects on learning. Conditioned flavor preference is driven by release of cholecystokinin whereas conditioned taste aversion is mediated by serotonin and substance P. These positive and negative valence signals are transmitted by vagal and spinal afferents, respectively. These findings establish a cellular basis for how chemosensing in the gut drives learning about food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Bai
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nilla Sivakumar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Shenliang Yu
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sheyda Mesgarzadeh
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tom Ding
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Truong Ly
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Timothy V Corpuz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - James C R Grove
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Brooke C Jarvie
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zachary A Knight
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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82
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Navarro JA, Decara J, Medina-Vera D, Tovar R, Lopez-Gambero AJ, Suarez J, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, de Ceglia M, Sanjuan C, Baltasar YA, Baixeras E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Endocrine and Metabolic Impact of Oral Ingestion of a Carob-Pod-Derived Natural-Syrup-Containing D-Pinitol: Potential Use as a Novel Sweetener in Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081594. [PMID: 36015220 PMCID: PMC9416495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of added sugars or non-nutritive sweeteners in processed foods is a challenge for addressing the therapeutics of obesity and diabetes. Both types of sweeteners generate health problems, and both are being blamed for multiple complications associated with these prevalent diseases. As an example, fructose is proven to contribute to obesity and liver steatosis, while non-nutritive sweeteners generate gut dysbiosis that complicates the metabolic control exerted by the liver. The present work explores an alternative approach for sweetening through the use of a simple carob-pod-derived syrup. This sweetener consists of a balanced mixture of fructose (47%) and glucose (45%), as sweetening sugars, and a functional natural ingredient (D-Pinitol) at a concentration (3%) capable of producing active metabolic effects. The administration of this syrup to healthy volunteers (50 g of total carbohydrates) resulted in less persistent glucose excursions, a lower insulin response to the hyperglycemia produced by its ingestion, and an enhanced glucagon/insulin ratio, compared to that observed after the ingestion of 50 g of glucose. Daily administration of the syrup to Wistar rats for 10 days lowered fat depots in the liver, reduced liver glycogen, promoted fat oxidation, and was devoid of toxic effects. In addition, this repeated administration of the syrup improved glucose handling after a glucose (2 g/kg) load. Overall, this alternative functional sweetener retains the natural palatability of a glucose/fructose syrup while displaying beneficial metabolic effects that might serve to protect against the progression towards complicated obesity, especially the development of liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Navarro
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Dina Medina-Vera
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ruben Tovar
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Lopez-Gambero
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Unidad de Gestión del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Carlos Sanjuan
- Euronutra S.L. Calle Johannes Kepler, 3, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (C.S.); (Y.A.B.)
| | | | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-655373093 (E.B.); +34-669426548 (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-655373093 (E.B.); +34-669426548 (F.R.d.F.)
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83
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de Wouters d’Oplinter A, Huwart SJP, Cani PD, Everard A. Gut microbes and food reward: From the gut to the brain. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:947240. [PMID: 35958993 PMCID: PMC9358980 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.947240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate food intake behavior is one of the main drivers for fat mass development leading to obesity. Importantly the gut microbiota-mediated signals have emerged as key actors regulating food intake acting mainly on the hypothalamus, and thereby controlling hunger or satiety/satiation feelings. However, food intake is also controlled by the hedonic and reward systems leading to food intake based on pleasure (i.e., non-homeostatic control of food intake). This review focus on both the homeostatic and the non-homeostatic controls of food intake and the implication of the gut microbiota on the control of these systems. The gut-brain axis is involved in the communications between the gut microbes and the brain to modulate host food intake behaviors through systemic and nervous pathways. Therefore, here we describe several mediators of the gut-brain axis including gastrointestinal hormones, neurotransmitters, bioactive lipids as well as bacterial metabolites and compounds. The modulation of gut-brain axis by gut microbes is deeply addressed in the context of host food intake with a specific focus on hedonic feeding. Finally, we also discuss possible gut microbiota-based therapeutic approaches that could lead to potential clinical applications to restore food reward alterations. Therapeutic applications to tackle these dysregulations is of utmost importance since most of the available solutions to treat obesity present low success rate.
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84
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Gonzales J, Gulbransen BD. Purines help determine the gut's sweet tooth. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:245-247. [PMID: 35639305 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gonzales
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Brian D Gulbransen
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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85
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Cui X, Gruzdeva A, Kim H, Yapici N. Of flies, mice and neural control of food intake: lessons to learn from both models. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 73:102531. [PMID: 35390643 PMCID: PMC9167741 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In her book, A Room of One's Own, the famous author Virginia Woolf writes "One cannot think well, love well, sleep well if one has not dined well". This is true. All animals need to forage for food and consume specific nutrients to maintain their physiological homeostasis, maximize their fitness and their reproduction. After decades of research in humans and many model organisms, we now know that our brain is one of the key players that control what, when, and how much we eat. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on neural control of food intake behaviors in mice and flies with the view that these two model organisms complement one another in efforts to uncover conserved principles brains use to regulate energy metabolism and food ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Anna Gruzdeva
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Haein Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nilay Yapici
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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86
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Medina A, Bellec K, Polcowñuk S, Cordero JB. Investigating local and systemic intestinal signalling in health and disease with Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274860. [PMID: 35344037 PMCID: PMC8990086 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-body health relies on complex inter-organ signalling networks that enable organisms to adapt to environmental perturbations and to changes in tissue homeostasis. The intestine plays a major role as a signalling centre by producing local and systemic signals that are relayed to the body and that maintain intestinal and organismal homeostasis. Consequently, disruption of intestinal homeostasis and signalling are associated with systemic diseases and multi-organ dysfunction. In recent years, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a prime model organism to study tissue-intrinsic and systemic signalling networks of the adult intestine due to its genetic tractability and functional conservation with mammals. In this Review, we highlight Drosophila research that has contributed to our understanding of how the adult intestine interacts with its microenvironment and with distant organs. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding intestinal and whole-body pathophysiology, and how future Drosophila studies might advance our knowledge of the complex interplay between the intestine and the rest of the body in health and disease. Summary: We outline work in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster that has contributed knowledge on local and whole-body signalling coordinated by the adult intestine, and discuss its implications in intestinal pathophysiology and associated systemic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Medina
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.,CRUK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Bellec
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sofia Polcowñuk
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Julia B Cordero
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.,CRUK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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87
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Prescott SL, Liberles SD. Internal senses of the vagus nerve. Neuron 2022; 110:579-599. [PMID: 35051375 PMCID: PMC8857038 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vagus nerve is an indispensable body-brain connection that controls vital aspects of autonomic physiology like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and gut motility, reflexes like coughing and swallowing, and survival behaviors like feeding, drinking, and sickness responses. Classical physiological studies and recent molecular/genetic approaches have revealed a tremendous diversity of vagal sensory neuron types that innervate different internal organs, with many cell types remaining poorly understood. Here, we review the state of knowledge related to vagal sensory neurons that innervate the respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. We focus on cell types and their response properties, physiological/behavioral roles, engaged neural circuits and, when possible, sensory receptors. We are only beginning to understand the signal transduction mechanisms used by vagal sensory neurons and upstream sentinel cells, and future studies are needed to advance the field of interoception to the level of mechanistic understanding previously achieved for our external senses.
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88
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Cockburn G, Ko MC, Sadanandan KR, Miller ET, Nakagita T, Monte A, Cho S, Roura E, Toda Y, Baldwin MW. Synergism, Bifunctionality, and the Evolution of a Gradual Sensory Trade-off in Hummingbird Taste Receptors. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:msab367. [PMID: 34978567 PMCID: PMC8826506 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory receptor evolution can imply trade-offs between ligands, but the extent to which such trade-offs occur and the underlying processes shaping their evolution is not well understood. For example, hummingbirds have repurposed their ancestral savory receptor (T1R1-T1R3) to detect sugars, but the impact of this sensory shift on amino acid perception is unclear. Here, we use functional and behavioral approaches to show that the hummingbird T1R1-T1R3 acts as a bifunctional receptor responsive to both sugars and amino acids. Our comparative analyses reveal substantial functional diversity across the hummingbird radiation and suggest an evolutionary timeline for T1R1-T1R3 retuning. Finally, we identify a novel form of synergism between sugars and amino acids in vertebrate taste receptors. This work uncovers an unexplored axis of sensory diversity, suggesting new ways in which nectar chemistry and pollinator preferences can coevolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cockburn
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Keren R Sadanandan
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tomoya Nakagita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
- Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Amanda Monte
- Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Eugeni Roura
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Yasuka Toda
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
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89
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Psychobiotics, gut microbiota and fermented foods can help preserving mental health. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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90
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Ichiki T, Wang T, Kennedy A, Pool AH, Ebisu H, Anderson DJ, Oka Y. Sensory representation and detection mechanisms of gut osmolality change. Nature 2022; 602:468-474. [PMID: 35082448 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ingested food and water stimulate sensory systems in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal areas before absorption1,2. These sensory signals modulate brain appetite circuits in a feed-forward manner3-5. Emerging evidence suggests that osmolality sensing in the gut rapidly inhibits thirst neurons upon water intake. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how peripheral sensory neurons detect visceral osmolality changes, and how they modulate thirst. Here we use optical and electrical recording combined with genetic approaches to visualize osmolality responses from sensory ganglion neurons. Gut hypotonic stimuli activate a dedicated vagal population distinct from mechanical-, hypertonic- or nutrient-sensitive neurons. We demonstrate that hypotonic responses are mediated by vagal afferents innervating the hepatic portal area (HPA), through which most water and nutrients are absorbed. Eliminating sensory inputs from this area selectively abolished hypotonic but not mechanical responses in vagal neurons. Recording from forebrain thirst neurons and behavioural analyses show that HPA-derived osmolality signals are required for feed-forward thirst satiation and drinking termination. Notably, HPA-innervating vagal afferents do not sense osmolality itself. Instead, these responses are mediated partly by vasoactive intestinal peptide secreted after water ingestion. Together, our results reveal visceral hypoosmolality as an important vagal sensory modality, and that intestinal osmolality change is translated into hormonal signals to regulate thirst circuit activity through the HPA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Ichiki
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ann Kennedy
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Allan-Hermann Pool
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Haruka Ebisu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David J Anderson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yuki Oka
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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91
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Roger C, Lasbleiz A, Guye M, Dutour A, Gaborit B, Ranjeva JP. The Role of the Human Hypothalamus in Food Intake Networks: An MRI Perspective. Front Nutr 2022; 8:760914. [PMID: 35047539 PMCID: PMC8762294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.760914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamus (HT), this small structure often perceived through the prism of neuroimaging as morphologically and functionally homogeneous, plays a key role in the primitive act of feeding. The current paper aims at reviewing the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the study of the role of the HT in food intake regulation. It focuses on the different MRI techniques that have been used to describe structurally and functionally the Human HT. The latest advances in HT parcellation as well as perspectives in this field are presented. The value of MRI in the study of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coleen Roger
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Adèle Lasbleiz
- Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France.,Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Guye
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Dutour
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Bénédicte Gaborit
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Ranjeva
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Hôpital Universitaire de la Timone, Marseille, France
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92
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Buchanan KL, Rupprecht LE, Kaelberer MM, Sahasrabudhe A, Klein ME, Villalobos JA, Liu WW, Yang A, Gelman J, Park S, Anikeeva P, Bohórquez DV. The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:191-200. [PMID: 35027761 PMCID: PMC8825280 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00982-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Guided by gut sensory cues, humans and animals prefer nutritive sugars over non-caloric sweeteners, but how the gut steers such preferences remains unknown. In the intestine, neuropod cells synapse with vagal neurons to convey sugar stimuli to the brain within seconds. Here, we found that cholecystokinin (CCK)-labeled duodenal neuropod cells differentiate and transduce luminal stimuli from sweeteners and sugars to the vagus nerve using sweet taste receptors and sodium glucose transporters. The two stimulus types elicited distinct neural pathways: while sweetener stimulated purinergic neurotransmission, sugar stimulated glutamatergic neurotransmission. To probe the contribution of these cells to behavior, we developed optogenetics for the gut lumen by engineering a flexible fiberoptic. We showed that preference for sugar over sweetener in mice depends on neuropod cell glutamatergic signaling. By swiftly discerning the precise identity of nutrient stimuli, gut neuropod cells serve as the entry point to guide nutritive choices. Buchanan, Rupprecht, Kaelberer and colleagues show that the preference for sugar over sweetener in mice depends on gut neuropod cells. Akin to other sensor cells, neuropod cells swiftly communicate the precise identity of stimuli to drive food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Buchanan
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Maya Kaelberer
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Atharva Sahasrabudhe
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marguerita E Klein
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jorge A Villalobos
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Winston W Liu
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Annabelle Yang
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin Gelman
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Trinity College of Arts & Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Seongjun Park
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Polina Anikeeva
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diego V Bohórquez
- Laboratory of Gut Brain Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. .,MSRB-I, room 221A, 203 Research Drive, Durham, NC, USA.
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93
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Dong Y, Yuan Y, Ma Y, Luo Y, Zhou W, Deng X, Pu J, Hu B, Liu S. Combined Intestinal Metabolomics and Microbiota Analysis for Acute Endometritis Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:791373. [PMID: 34976866 PMCID: PMC8718680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.791373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometritis is generally caused by bacterial infections, including both acute and chronic infections. In the past few decades, accumulated evidence showed that the occurrence of diseases might be related to gut microbiota. The progression of diseases is previously known to change the composition and diversity of intestinal microbiota. Additionally, it also causes corresponding changes in metabolites, primarily by affecting the physiological processes of microbiota. However, the effects of acute endometritis on intestinal microbiota and its metabolism remain unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the effects of acute endometritis on intestinal microbes and their metabolites. Briefly, endometritis was induced in 30 specific pathogen-free (SPF) BALB/c female mice via intrauterine administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) after anesthesia. Following this, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and liquid chromatogram-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were performed. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Klebsiella, Lachnoclostridium_5, and Citrobacter was found to be greater in the LPS group than in the control group. Importantly, the control group exhibited a higher ratio of Christensenellaceae_R−7_group and Parasutterella. Furthermore, intestinal metabolomics analysis in mice showed that acute endometritis altered the concentration of intestinal metabolites and affected biological oxidation, energy metabolism, and biosynthesis of primary bile acids. The correlation analysis between microbial diversity and metabolome provided a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the composition and function of the microbial community. Altogether, the findings of this study would be helpful in the prevention and treatment of acute endometritis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Dong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China.,College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China
| | - Yichuan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyue Luo
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Deng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyu Pu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Binhong Hu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Songqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
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94
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Xie F, Shen J, Liu T, Zhou M, Johnston LJ, Zhao J, Zhang H, Ma X. Sensation of dietary nutrients by gut taste receptors and its mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:5594-5607. [PMID: 34978220 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2021388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients sensing is crucial for fundamental metabolism and physiological functions, and it is also an essential component for maintaining body homeostasis. Traditionally, basic taste receptors exist in oral cavity to sense sour, sweet, bitter, umami, salty and et al. Recent studies indicate that gut can sense the composition of nutrients by activating relevant taste receptors, thereby exerting specific direct or indirect effects. Gut taste receptors, also named as intestinal nutrition receptors, including at least bitter, sweet and umami receptors, have been considered to be activated by certain nutrients and participate in important intestinal physiological activities such as eating behavior, intestinal motility, nutrient absorption and metabolism. Additionally, gut taste receptors can regulate appetite and body weight, as well as maintain homeostasis via targeting hormone secretion or regulating the gut microbiota. On the other hand, malfunction of gut taste receptors may lead to digestive disorders, and then result in obesity, type 2 diabetes and gastrointestinal diseases. At present, researchers have confirmed that the brain-gut axis may play indispensable roles in these diseases via the secretion of brain-gut peptides, but the mechanism is still not clear. In this review, we summarize the current observation of knowledge in gut taste systems in order to shed light on revealing their important nutritional functions and promoting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- West Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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95
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Birnie MT, Levis SC, Mahler SV, Baram TZ. Developmental Trajectories of Anhedonia in Preclinical Models. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 58:23-41. [PMID: 35156184 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This chapter discusses how the complex concept of anhedonia can be operationalized and studied in preclinical models. It provides information about the development of anhedonia in the context of early-life adversity, and the power of preclinical models to tease out the diverse molecular, epigenetic, and network mechanisms that are responsible for anhedonia-like behaviors.Specifically, we first discuss the term anhedonia, reviewing the conceptual components underlying reward-related behaviors and distinguish anhedonia pertaining to deficits in motivational versus consummatory behaviors. We then describe the repertoire of experimental approaches employed to study anhedonia-like behaviors in preclinical models, and the progressive refinement over the past decade of both experimental instruments (e.g., chemogenetics, optogenetics) and conceptual constructs (salience, valence, conflict). We follow with an overview of the state of current knowledge of brain circuits, nodes, and projections that execute distinct aspects of hedonic-like behaviors, as well as neurotransmitters, modulators, and receptors involved in the generation of anhedonia-like behaviors. Finally, we discuss the special case of anhedonia that arises following early-life adversity as an eloquent example enabling the study of causality, mechanisms, and sex dependence of anhedonia.Together, this chapter highlights the power, potential, and limitations of using preclinical models to advance our understanding of the origin and mechanisms of anhedonia and to discover potential targets for its prevention and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Birnie
- Departments of Anatomy/Neurobiology and Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sophia C Levis
- Departments of Anatomy/Neurobiology and Neurobiology/Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephen V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Tallie Z Baram
- Departments of Anatomy/Neurobiology and Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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96
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Herman MA, Birnbaum MJ. Molecular aspects of fructose metabolism and metabolic disease. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2329-2354. [PMID: 34619074 PMCID: PMC8665132 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive sugar consumption is increasingly considered as a contributor to the emerging epidemics of obesity and the associated cardiometabolic disease. Sugar is added to the diet in the form of sucrose or high-fructose corn syrup, both of which comprise nearly equal amounts of glucose and fructose. The unique aspects of fructose metabolism and properties of fructose-derived metabolites allow for fructose to serve as a physiological signal of normal dietary sugar consumption. However, when fructose is consumed in excess, these unique properties may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. Here, we review the biochemistry, genetics, and physiology of fructose metabolism and consider mechanisms by which excessive fructose consumption may contribute to metabolic disease. Lastly, we consider new therapeutic options for the treatment of metabolic disease based upon this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Herman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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97
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Borgmann D, Rigoux L, Kuzmanovic B, Edwin Thanarajah S, Münte TF, Fenselau H, Tittgemeyer M. Technical Note: Modulation of fMRI brainstem responses by transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118566. [PMID: 34509623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our increasing knowledge about gut-brain interaction is revolutionising the understanding of the links between digestion, mood, health, and even decision making in our everyday lives. In support of this interaction, the vagus nerve is a crucial pathway transmitting diverse gut-derived signals to the brain to monitor of metabolic status, digestive processes, or immune control to adapt behavioural and autonomic responses. Hence, neuromodulation methods targeting the vagus nerve are currently explored as a treatment option in a number of clinical disorders, including diabetes, chronic pain, and depression. The non-invasive variant of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS), has been implicated in both acute and long-lasting effects by modulating afferent vagus nerve target areas in the brain. The physiology of neither of those effects is, however, well understood, and evidence for neuronal response upon taVNS in vagal afferent projection regions in the brainstem and its downstream targets remain to be established. Therefore, to examine time-dependent effects of taVNS on brainstem neuronal responses in healthy human subjects, we applied taVNS during task-free fMRI in a single-blinded crossover design. During fMRI data acquisition, we either stimulated the left earlobe (sham), or the target zone of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve in the outer ear (cymba conchae, verum) for several minutes, both followed by a short 'stimulation OFF' period. Time-dependent effects were assessed by averaging the BOLD response for consecutive 1-minute periods in an ROI-based analysis of the brainstem. We found a significant response to acute taVNS stimulation, relative to the control condition, in downstream targets of vagal afferents, including the nucleus of the solitary tract, the substantia nigra, and the subthalamic nucleus. Most of these brainstem regions remarkably showed increased activity in response to taVNS, and these effect sustained during the post-stimulation period. These data demonstrate that taVNS activates key brainstem regions, and highlight the potential of this approach to modulate vagal afferent signalling. Furthermore, we show that carry-over effects need to be considered when interpreting fMRI data in the context of general vagal neurophysiology and its modulation by taVNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diba Borgmann
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Center for Anatomy II, Neuroanatomy, University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Lionel Rigoux
- Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Wilfriedstrasse 6, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bojana Kuzmanovic
- Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah
- Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henning Fenselau
- Synaptic Transmission in Energy Homeostasis Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 26, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Translational Neurocircuitry Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
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98
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Ge BB, Jann K, Luo S, Yunker AG, Jones S, Angelo B, Alves JM, Defendis A, Monterosso JR, Xiang AH, Page KA. Brain responses to glucose ingestion are greater in children than adults and are associated with overweight and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:2081-2088. [PMID: 34724360 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether brain regions involved in the regulation of food intake respond differently to glucose ingestion in children and adults and the relationship between brain responses and weight status. METHODS Data included 87 children (ages 7-11 years) and 94 adults (ages 18-35 years) from two cohorts. Healthy weight, overweight, and obesity were defined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Brain responses to glucose were determined by measuring cerebral blood flow using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging in brain regions involved in the regulation of eating behavior. RESULTS Children showed significantly larger increases in brain responses to glucose than adults in the dorsal striatum (p < 0.01), insula (p < 0.01), hippocampus (p < 0.01), and dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (p < 0.01). Responses to glucose in the dorsal striatum (odds ratio [OR] = 1.52, 95% CI 1.05-2.20; p = 0.03), hippocampus (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.02-2.22; p = 0.04), insula (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.11-2.42; p = 0.01), and orbitofrontal cortex (OR = 1.63 95% CI: 1.12-2.39; p = 0.01) were positively associated with overweight or obesity, independent of age group. CONCLUSIONS Children have greater brain responses to glucose ingestion than adults in regions involved in eating behavior, and these responses are associated with weight status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon B Ge
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kay Jann
- Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandra G Yunker
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Jones
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jasmin M Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexis Defendis
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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99
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Yoshida Y, Miyazaki M, Yajima Y, Toyoda A. Subchronic and mild social defeat stress downregulates peripheral expression of sweet and umami taste receptors in male mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 579:116-121. [PMID: 34597994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Depression is associated with taste disorders; however, the mechanisms by which mental stress affects taste perception are not well understood. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of psychosocial stress on peripheral taste-sensing systems using a mouse depression model. Male mice were subjected to subchronic and mild social defeat stress (sCSDS). Results showed that sCSDS significantly increased body weight, food and water intake, and social avoidance behavior and that sCSDS did not change reward-seeking behavior on sucrose preference but tended to decrease pheromonal preference for female urine. Furthermore, sCSDS downregulated the mRNA levels of sweet and umami taste receptor subunits, i.e., sweet taste receptor type 1 members 2 and 3 (T1R2 and T1R3), but not the umami taste receptor subunit, i.e., taste receptor type 1 member 1 (T1R1), in the circumvallate papillae of mice. It is known that sucrose preference is mediated by the gut-brain axis without taste perception; thus, it was considered that sCSDS affected the peripheral taste-sensing systems, rather than the central reward systems, which mediate sucrose preference. This is the first study to report that psychosocial stress affects peripheral sweet and umami taste-sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshida
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Misa Miyazaki
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Yuhei Yajima
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Ibaraki, 300-0393, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-city, Tokyo, 183-8538, Japan.
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100
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Acute vagus nerve stimulation does not affect liking or wanting ratings of food in healthy participants. Appetite 2021; 169:105813. [PMID: 34798227 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vagus nerve plays a vital role in the regulation of food intake and vagal afferent signals may help regulate food cue reactivity by providing negative homeostatic feedback. Despite strong evidence from preclinical studies on vagal afferent "satiety" signals in guiding food intake, evidence from human studies is largely inconclusive to date. Here, we investigated the acute effects of left or right transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on subjective ratings of wanting and liking of various food and non-food items in 82 healthy participants (46 women, MBMI = 23.1 kg/m2). In contrast to previous reports in patients with depression, we found moderate to anecdotal evidence supporting the absence of taVNS-induced changes in food ratings. To test whether the absence of taVNS effects on food ratings is due to heterogeneity in the sample, we conducted post hoc subgroup analyses by splitting the data according to stimulation side and sex (between-subject factors) as well as caloric density, perceived healthiness, and flavor (sweet vs. savory) of the food (within-subject factors). This multiverse analysis largely supported the absence of taVNS-induced changes since the strongest subgroup effects provided only anecdotal evidence in favor of taVNS-induced changes. We conclude that acute taVNS only has a marginal effect on subjective ratings of food, suggesting that it is an unlikely mechanism for the reported long-term effects of VNS on body weight. In light of an absence of acute taVNS effects on conscious food liking and wanting, our results call for future research on the correspondence between acute and chronic effects of vagal afferent stimulation.
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