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Yan W, Li S, Deguchi M, Zheng Z, Rus D, Mehta A. Origami-based integration of robots that sense, decide, and respond. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1553. [PMID: 37012246 PMCID: PMC10070436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Origami-inspired engineering has enabled intelligent materials and structures to process and react to environmental stimuli. However, it is challenging to achieve complete sense-decide-act loops in origami materials for autonomous interaction with environments, mainly due to the lack of information processing units that can interface with sensing and actuation. Here, we introduce an integrated origami-based process to create autonomous robots by embedding sensing, computing, and actuating in compliant, conductive materials. By combining flexible bistable mechanisms and conductive thermal artificial muscles, we realize origami multiplexed switches and configure them to generate digital logic gates, memory bits, and thus integrated autonomous origami robots. We demonstrate with a flytrap-inspired robot that captures 'living prey', an untethered crawler that avoids obstacles, and a wheeled vehicle that locomotes with reprogrammable trajectories. Our method provides routes to achieve autonomy for origami robots through tight functional integration in compliant, conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Yan
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Shuguang Li
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mauricio Deguchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Zheng
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Rus
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, USA
| | - Ankur Mehta
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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52
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Kryuchkov NP, Nasyrov AD, Gursky KD, Yurchenko SO. Inertia changes evolution of motility-induced phase separation in active matter across particle activity. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:044601. [PMID: 37198785 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.044601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of inertia in active matter and motility-induced phase separation (MIPS) have attracted growing interest but still remain poorly studied. We studied MIPS behavior in the Langevin dynamics across a broad range of particle activity and damping rate values with molecular dynamic simulations. Here we show that the MIPS stability region across particle activity values consists of several domains separated by discontinuous or sharp changes in susceptibility of mean kinetic energy. These domain boundaries have fingerprints in the system's kinetic energy fluctuations and characteristics of gas, liquid, and solid subphases, such as the number of particles, densities, or the power of energy release due to activity. The observed domain cascade is most stable at intermediate damping rates but loses its distinctness in the Brownian limit or vanishes along with phase separation at lower damping values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita P Kryuchkov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artur D Nasyrov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin D Gursky
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav O Yurchenko
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya Street 5, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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53
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Dhatt-Gauthier K, Livitz D, Wu Y, Bishop KJM. Accelerating the Design of Self-Guided Microrobots in Time-Varying Magnetic Fields. JACS AU 2023; 3:611-627. [PMID: 37006772 PMCID: PMC10052236 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mobile robots combine sensory information with mechanical actuation to move autonomously through structured environments and perform specific tasks. The miniaturization of such robots to the size of living cells is actively pursued for applications in biomedicine, materials science, and environmental sustainability. Existing microrobots based on field-driven particles rely on knowledge of the particle position and the target destination to control particle motion through fluid environments. Often, however, these external control strategies are challenged by limited information and global actuation where a common field directs multiple robots with unknown positions. In this Perspective, we discuss how time-varying magnetic fields can be used to encode the self-guided behaviors of magnetic particles conditioned on local environmental cues. Programming these behaviors is framed as a design problem: we seek to identify the design variables (e.g., particle shape, magnetization, elasticity, stimuli-response) that achieve the desired performance in a given environment. We discuss strategies for accelerating the design process using automated experiments, computational models, statistical inference, and machine learning approaches. Based on the current understanding of field-driven particle dynamics and existing capabilities for particle fabrication and actuation, we argue that self-guided microrobots with potentially transformative capabilities are close at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Dhatt-Gauthier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dimitri Livitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yiyang Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kyle J. M. Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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54
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Kim HJ, Sritandi W, Xiong Z, Ho JS. Bioelectronic devices for light-based diagnostics and therapies. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011304. [PMID: 38505817 PMCID: PMC10903427 DOI: 10.1063/5.0102811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Light has broad applications in medicine as a tool for diagnosis and therapy. Recent advances in optical technology and bioelectronics have opened opportunities for wearable, ingestible, and implantable devices that use light to continuously monitor health and precisely treat diseases. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the development and application of light-based bioelectronic devices. We summarize the key features of the technologies underlying these devices, including light sources, light detectors, energy storage and harvesting, and wireless power and communications. We investigate the current state of bioelectronic devices for the continuous measurement of health and on-demand delivery of therapy. Finally, we highlight major challenges and opportunities associated with light-based bioelectronic devices and discuss their promise for enabling digital forms of health care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weni Sritandi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - John S. Ho
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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55
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Hou Y, Wang H, Fu R, Wang X, Yu J, Zhang S, Huang Q, Sun Y, Fukuda T. A review on microrobots driven by optical and magnetic fields. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:848-868. [PMID: 36629004 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00573e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their small sizes, microrobots are advantageous for accessing hard-to-reach spaces for delivery and measurement. However, their small sizes also bring challenges in on-board powering, thus usually requiring actuation by external energy. Microrobots actuated by external energy have been applied to the fields of physics, biology, medical science, and engineering. Among these actuation sources, light and magnetic fields show advantages in high precision and high biocompatibility. This paper reviews the recent advances in the design, actuation, and applications of microrobots driven by light and magnetic fields. For light-driven microrobots, we summarized the uses of optical tweezers, optoelectronic tweezers, and heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques. For magnetically driven microrobots, we summarized the uses of torque-driven microrobots, force-driven microrobots, and shape-deformable microrobots. Then, we compared the two types of field-driven microrobots and reviewed their advantages and disadvantages. The paper concludes with an outlook for the joint use of optical and magnetic field actuation in microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhen Hou
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huaping Wang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongxin Fu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONT, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jiangfan Yu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society (AIRS), Shenzhen 518129, China
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems (Beijing Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
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56
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Ceron S, O’Keeffe K, Petersen K. Diverse behaviors in non-uniform chiral and non-chiral swarmalators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:940. [PMID: 36806287 PMCID: PMC9941214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the emergent behaviors of a population of swarming coupled oscillators, dubbed swarmalators. Previous work considered the simplest, idealized case: identical swarmalators with global coupling. Here we expand this work by adding more realistic features: local coupling, non-identical natural frequencies, and chirality. This more realistic model generates a variety of new behaviors including lattices of vortices, beating clusters, and interacting phase waves. Similar behaviors are found across natural and artificial micro-scale collective systems, including social slime mold, spermatozoa vortex arrays, and Quincke rollers. Our results indicate a wide range of future use cases, both to aid characterization and understanding of natural swarms, and to design complex interactions in collective systems from soft and active matter to micro-robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ceron
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XSibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kevin O’Keeffe
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Kirstin Petersen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, 136 Hoy Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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57
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Liu Y, Chen X, Liang Y, Song H, Yu P, Guan S, Liu Z, Yang A, Tang M, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Yang Z, Jiang L, He J, Tan N, Xu B, Lin X. Ferromagnetic Flexible Electronics for Brain-Wide Selective Neural Recording. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208251. [PMID: 36451587 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible microelectronics capable of straightforward implantation, remotely controlled navigation, and stable long-term recording hold great promise in diverse medical applications, particularly in deciphering complex functions of neural circuits in the brain. Existing flexible electronics, however, are often limited in bending and buckling during implantation, and unable to access a large brain region. Here, an injectable class of electronics with stable recording, omnidirectional steering, and precise navigating capabilities based on magnetic actuation is presented. After simple transcriptional injection, the rigid coatings are biodegraded quickly and the bundles of magnetic-nanoparticles-coated microelectrodes become separated, ultra-flexible, and magnetic actuated for further minimally invasive three-dimensional interpenetration in the brain. As proof of concept, this paradigm-shifting approach is demonstrated for selective and multiplexed neural activities recording across distant regions in the deep rodent brains. Coupling with optogenetic neural stimulation, the unique capabilities of this platform in electrophysiological readouts of projection dynamics in vivo are also demonstrated. The ability of these miniaturized, remotely controllable, and biocompatible ferromagnetic flexible electronics to afford minimally invasive manipulations in the soft tissues of the mammalian brain foreshadows applications in other organ systems, with great potential for broad utility in biomedical science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hao Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Shunmin Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Anqi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Minghui Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Yajing Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zhilun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Ning Tan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Machine Intelligence and Advanced Computing, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Bingzhe Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xudong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
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58
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Piezo robotic hand for motion manipulation from micro to macro. Nat Commun 2023; 14:500. [PMID: 36717566 PMCID: PMC9887007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs) motion manipulation of various objects is a crucial skill for robotic systems, which relies on various robotic hands. However, traditional robotic hands suffer from problems of low manipulation accuracy, poor electromagnetic compatibility and complex system due to limitations in structures, principles and transmissions. Here we present a direct-drive rigid piezo robotic hand (PRH) constructed on functional piezoelectric ceramic. Our PRH holds four piezo fingers and twelve motion DOFs. It achieves high adaptability motion manipulation of ten objects employing pre-planned functionalized hand gestures, manipulating plates to achieve 2L (linear) and 1R (rotary) motions, cylindrical objects to generate 1L and 1R motions and spherical objects to produce 3R motions. It holds promising prospects in constructing multi-DOF ultra-precision manipulation devices, and an integrated system of our PRH is developed to implement several applications. This work provides a new direction to develop robotic hand for multi-DOF motion manipulation from micro scale to macro scale.
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Saravanapavanantham M, Mwaura J, Bulović V. Printed Organic Photovoltaic Modules on Transferable Ultra-thin Substrates as Additive Power Sources. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2200940. [PMID: 36482828 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film photovoltaics with functional components on the order of a few microns, present an avenue toward realizing additive power onto any surface of interest without excessive addition in weight and topography. To date, demonstrations of such ultra-thin photovoltaics have been limited to small-scale devices, often prepared on glass carrier substrates with only a few layers solution-processed. We demonstrate large-area, ultra-thin organic photovoltaic (PV) modules produced with scalable solution-based printing processes for all layers. We further demonstrate their transfer onto light-weight and high-strength composite fabrics, resulting in durable fabric-PV systems ∼50 microns thin, weighing under 1 gram over the module area (corresponding to an area density of 105 g m-2 ), and having a specific power of 370 W kg-1 . Integration of the ultra-thin modules onto composite fabrics lends mechanical resilience to allow these fabric-PV systems to maintain their performance even after 500 roll-up cycles. This approach to decouple the manufacturing and integration of photovoltaics enables new opportunities in ubiquitous energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuran Saravanapavanantham
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jeremiah Mwaura
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Vladimir Bulović
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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60
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Kang M, Lee D, Bae H, Jeong HE. Magnetoresponsive Artificial Cilia Self-Assembled with Magnetic Micro/Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55989-55996. [PMID: 36503219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biological cilia have exquisitely organized dynamic ultrafine structures with submicron diameters and exceptional aspect ratios, which are self-assembled with ciliary proteins. However, the construction of artificial cilia with size and dynamic functions comparable to biological cilia remains highly challenging. Here, we propose a self-assembly technique that generates magnetoresponsive artificial cilia with a highly ordered 3D structural arrangement using vapor-phase magnetic particles of varying sizes and shapes. We demonstrate that both monodispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles and Fe microparticles can be assembled layer-by-layer vertically in patterned magnetic fields, generating both "nanoscale" or "microscale" artificial cilia, respectively. The resulting cilia display several structural features, such as diameters of single particle resolution, controllable diameters and lengths spanning from nanometers to micrometers, and accurate positioning. We further demonstrate that both the magnetic nanocilia and microcilia can dynamically and immediately actuate in response to modulated magnetic fields while providing different stroke ranges and actuation torques. Our strategy provides new possibilities for constructing artificial nano- and microcilia with controlled 3D morphology and dynamic field responsiveness using magnetic particles of varied sizes and shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Bae
- Ecological Technology Team, Division of Ecological Application Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Eui Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan44919, Republic of Korea
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61
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Li R, Zhang C, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Hu Y, Jiang S, Chen C, Xin C, Tao Y, Dong B, Wu D, Chu J. Magnetically encoded 3D mesostructure with high-order shape morphing and high-frequency actuation. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac163. [PMID: 36381211 PMCID: PMC9647007 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by origami/kirigami, three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures assembled via a mechanics-guided approach, with reversible and maneuverable shape-morphing capabilities, have attracted great interest with regard to a broad range of applications. Despite intensive studies, the development of morphable 3D mesostructures with high-order (multi-degree-of-freedom) deformation and untethered high-frequency actuation remains challenging. This work introduces a scheme for a magnetically encoded transferable 3D mesostructure, with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film as the skeleton and discrete magnetic domains as actuation units, to address this challenge. The high-order deformation, including hierarchical, multidirectional and blending shape morphing, is realized by encoding 3D discrete magnetization profiles on the architecture through ultraviolet curing. Reconfigurable 3D mesostructures with a modest structural modulus (∼3 GPa) enable both high-frequency (∼55 Hz) and large-deformation (∼66.8%) actuation under an alternating magnetic field. Additionally, combined with the shape-retention and adhesion property of PET, these 3D mesostructures can be readily transferred and attached to many solid substrates. On this basis, diverse functional devices, including a switchable colour letter display, liquid mixer, sequential flashlight and biomimetic sliding robot, are demonstrated to offer new perspectives for robotics and microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yachao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shunli Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yanlei Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shaojun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Chen Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiaru Chu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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62
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Wireless Autonomous Soft Crawlers for Adjustable Climbing Actuation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-022-2858-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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63
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Yang JF, Berrueta TA, Brooks AM, Liu AT, Zhang G, Gonzalez-Medrano D, Yang S, Koman VB, Chvykov P, LeMar LN, Miskin MZ, Murphey TD, Strano MS. Emergent microrobotic oscillators via asymmetry-induced order. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5734. [PMID: 36229440 PMCID: PMC9561614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous oscillations on the order of several hertz are the drivers of many crucial processes in nature. From bacterial swimming to mammal gaits, converting static energy inputs into slowly oscillating power is key to the autonomy of organisms across scales. However, the fabrication of slow micrometre-scale oscillators remains a major roadblock towards fully-autonomous microrobots. Here, we study a low-frequency oscillator that emerges from a collective of active microparticles at the air-liquid interface of a hydrogen peroxide drop. Their interactions transduce ambient chemical energy into periodic mechanical motion and on-board electrical currents. Surprisingly, these oscillations persist at larger ensemble sizes only when a particle with modified reactivity is added to intentionally break permutation symmetry. We explain such emergent order through the discovery of a thermodynamic mechanism for asymmetry-induced order. The on-board power harvested from the stabilised oscillations enables the use of electronic components, which we demonstrate by cyclically and synchronously driving a microrobotic arm. This work highlights a new strategy for achieving low-frequency oscillations at the microscale, paving the way for future microrobotic autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fan Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas A Berrueta
- Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Allan M Brooks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Albert Tianxiang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Gonzalez-Medrano
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sungyun Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Volodymyr B Koman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pavel Chvykov
- Physics of Living Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lexy N LeMar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marc Z Miskin
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Todd D Murphey
- Center for Robotics and Biosystems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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64
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Xia N, Zhu G, Wang X, Dong Y, Zhang L. Multicomponent and multifunctional integrated miniature soft robots. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7464-7485. [PMID: 36189642 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00891b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Miniature soft robots with elaborate structures and programmable physical properties could conduct micromanipulation with high precision as well as access confined and tortuous spaces, which promise benefits in medical tasks and environmental monitoring. To improve the functionalities and adaptability of miniature soft robots, a variety of integrated design and fabrication strategies have been proposed for the development of miniaturized soft robotic systems integrated with multicomponents and multifunctionalities. Combining the latest advancement in fabrication technologies, intelligent materials and active control methods enable these integrated robotic systems to adapt to increasingly complex application scenarios including precision medicine, intelligent electronics, and environmental and proprioceptive sensing. Herein, this review delivers an overview of various integration strategies applicable for miniature soft robotic systems, including semiconductor and microelectronic techniques, modular assembly based on self-healing and welding, modular assembly based on bonding agents, laser machining techniques, template assisted methods with modular material design, and 3D printing techniques. Emerging applications of the integrated miniature soft robots and perspectives for the future design of small-scale intelligent robots are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guangda Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yue Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CUHK T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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65
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Reynolds MF, Cortese AJ, Liu Q, Zheng Z, Wang W, Norris SL, Lee S, Miskin MZ, Molnar AC, Cohen I, McEuen PL. Microscopic robots with onboard digital control. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabq2296. [PMID: 36129993 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abq2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Autonomous robots-systems where mechanical actuators are guided through a series of states by information processing units to perform a predesigned function-are expected to revolutionize everything from health care to transportation. Microscopic robots are poised for a similar revolution in fields from medicine to environmental remediation. A key hurdle to developing these microscopic robots is the integration of information systems, particularly electronics fabricated at commercial foundries, with microactuators. Here, we develop such an integration process and build microscopic robots controlled by onboard complementary metal oxide semiconductor electronics. The resulting autonomous, untethered robots are 100 to 250 micrometers in size, are powered by light, and walk at speeds greater than 10 micrometers per second. In addition, we demonstrate a microscopic robot that can respond to an optical command. This work paves the way for ubiquitous autonomous microscopic robots that perform complex functions, respond to their environments, and communicate with the outside world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Reynolds
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alejandro J Cortese
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Qingkun Liu
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Zhangqi Zheng
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Norris
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marc Z Miskin
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alyosha C Molnar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Itai Cohen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul L McEuen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid-State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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66
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Self-sorting in macroscopic supramolecular self-assembly via additive effects of capillary and magnetic forces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5201. [PMID: 36057726 PMCID: PMC9440903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32892-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly of μm-to-mm sized components is essential to construct complex supramolecular systems. However, the selective assembly to form designated structures at this length scale is challenging because the short-ranged molecular recognition could hardly direct the assembly of macroscopic components. Here we demonstrate a self-sorting mechanism to automatically identify the surface chemistry of μm-to-mm components (A: polycations; B: polyanions) based on the A-B attraction and the A-A repulsion, which is realized by the additivity and the competence between long-ranged magnetic/capillary forces, respectively. Mechanistic studies of the correlation between the magnetic/capillary forces and the interactive distance have revealed the energy landscape of each assembly pattern to support the self-sorting results. By applying this mechanism, the assembly yield of ABA trimers has been increased from 30%~40% under conventional conditions to 100% with self-sorting. Moreover, we have demonstrated rapid and spontaneous self-assembly of advanced chain-like structures with alternate surface chemistry.
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67
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Wang Y, Nitta T, Hiratsuka Y, Morishima K. In situ integrated microrobots driven by artificial muscles built from biomolecular motors. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eaba8212. [PMID: 36001686 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.aba8212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microrobots have been developed for applications in the submillimeter domain such as the manipulation of micro-objects and microsurgery. Rapid progress has been achieved in developing miniaturized components for microrobotic systems, resulting in a variety of functional microactuators and soft components for creating untethered microrobots. Nevertheless, the integration of microcomponents, especially the assembly of actuators and mechanical components, is still time-consuming and has inherent restrictions, thus limiting efficient fabrications of microrobots and their potential applications. Here, we propose a method for fabricating microrobots in situ inspired by the construction of microsystems in living organisms. In a microfluidic chip, hydrogel mechanical components and artificial muscle actuators are successively photopatterned from hydrogel prepolymer and biomolecular motors, respectively, and integrated in situ into functional microrobots. The proposed method allows the fast fabrication of microrobots through simple operations and affordable materials while providing versatile functions through the precise spatiotemporal control of in situ integration and reconfiguration of artificial muscles. To validate the method, we fabricated microrobots to elicit different motions and on-chip robots with unique characteristics for microfluidic applications. This study may establish a new paradigm for microrobot integration and lead to the production of unique biohybrid microrobots with various advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhe Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nitta
- Applied Physics Course, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hiratsuka
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Keisuke Morishima
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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68
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Leveziel M, Haouas W, Laurent GJ, Gauthier M, Dahmouche R. MiGriBot: A miniature parallel robot with integrated gripping for high-throughput micromanipulation. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabn4292. [PMID: 36001685 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abn4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although robotic micromanipulation using microtweezers has been widely explored, the current manipulation throughput hardly exceeds one operation per second. Increasing the manipulation throughput is thus a key factor for the emergence of robotized microassembly industries. This article presents MiGriBot (Millimeter Gripper Robot), a miniaturized parallel robot with a configurable platform and soft joints, designed to perform pick-and-place operations at the microscale. MiGriBot combines in a single robot the benefits of a parallel kinematic architecture with a configurable platform and the use of soft joints at the millimeter scale. The configurable platform of the robot provides an internal degree of freedom that can be used to actuate microtweezers using piezoelectric bending actuators located at the base of the robot, which notably reduces the robot's inertia. The soft joints make it possible to miniaturize the mechanism and to avoid friction. These benefits enable MiGriBot to reach a throughput of 10 pick-and-place cycles per second of micrometer-sized objects, with a precision of 1 micrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Leveziel
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Wissem Haouas
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Guillaume J Laurent
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Michaël Gauthier
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - Redwan Dahmouche
- FEMTO-ST Institute, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 24 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France
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69
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Jiang L, Wu B, Wei X, Lv X, Xue H, Lu G, Zeng Y, Xing J, Wu W, Wu J. Flexible lead-free piezoelectric arrays for high-efficiency wireless ultrasonic energy transfer and communication. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2180-2190. [PMID: 35686946 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Implantable medical electronics (IMEs) are now becoming increasingly prevalent for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Despite extensive efforts, a primary challenge for IMEs is reliable wireless power and communication to provide well-controlled, therapeutically relevant effects. Ultrasonic energy transfer and communication (UETC) employing traveling ultrasound waves to transmit energy has emerged as a promising wireless strategy for IMEs. Nevertheless, conventional UETC systems are rigid, bulky, and based on toxic lead-based piezoelectric materials, raising efficiency and safety concerns. Here, we present a novel transcutaneous UETC system based on a two-dimensional flexible lead-free piezoelectric array (f-LFPA) that hybridizes high-performance (piezoelectric coefficient d33 ≈ 503 pC N-1) (K,Na)NbO3-based eco-friendly piezo-units with soft structural components. The newly developed lead-free piezo-unit exhibits submicron ferroelectric domains and superior energy harvesting figures of merit (d33g33 ≈ 20 000 × 10-15 m2 N-1), resulting in the prepared f-LFPA demonstrating a high output voltage of 22.4 V, a power density of 0.145 W cm-2, and a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 30 dB within the FDA safety limits, while maintaining the flexibility for wide-angle receiving. Further ex vivo experiment demonstrates the adequate power supply capabilities of the f-LFPA and its possible application in future implantable eco-friendly bioelectronics for diagnostics, therapy, and real-time monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiming Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Bo Wu
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaowei Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiang Lv
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Haoyue Xue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Gengxi Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yushun Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jie Xing
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Information Materials and Devices Application, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, P. R. China
| | - Jiagang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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70
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Abstract
Studies of active matter-systems consisting of individuals or ensembles of internally driven and damped locomotors-are of interest to physicists studying nonequilibrium dynamics, biologists interested in individuals and swarm locomotion, and engineers designing robot controllers. While principles governing active systems on hard ground or within fluids are well studied, another class of systems exists at deformable interfaces. Such environments can display mixes of fluid-like and elastic features, leading to locomotor dynamics that are strongly influenced by the geometry of the surface, which, in itself, can be a dynamical entity. To gain insight into principles by which locomotors are influenced via a deformation field alone (and can influence other locomotors), we study robot locomotion on an elastic membrane, which we propose as a model of active systems on highly deformable interfaces. As our active agent, we use a differential driven wheeled robotic vehicle which drives straight on flat homogeneous surfaces, but reorients in response to environmental curvature. We monitor the curvature field-mediated dynamics of a single vehicle interacting with a fixed deformation as well as multiple vehicles interacting with each other via local deformations. Single vehicles display precessing orbits in centrally deformed environments, while multiple vehicles influence each other by local deformation fields. The active nature of the system facilitates a differential geometry-inspired mathematical mapping from the vehicle dynamics to those of test particles in a fictitious "spacetime," allowing further understanding of the dynamics and how to control agent interactions to facilitate or avoid multivehicle membrane-induced cohesion.
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71
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Song X, Fu W, Cheang UK. Immunomodulation and delivery of macrophages using nano-smooth drug-loaded magnetic microrobots for dual targeting cancer therapy. iScience 2022; 25:104507. [PMID: 35720266 PMCID: PMC9201018 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To realize the potential to use micro/nanorobots for targeted cancer therapy, it is important to improve their biocompatibility and targeting ability. Here, we report on drug-loaded magnetic microrobots capable of polarizing macrophages into the antitumor phenotype to target and inhibit cancer cells. In vitro tests demonstrated that the microrobots have good biocompatibility with normal cells and immune cells. Positively charged DOX was loaded onto the surface of microrobots via electrostatic interactions and exhibited pH-responsive release behavior. The nano-smooth surfaces of the microrobots activated M1 polarization of macrophages, thus activating their intrinsic targeting and antitumor abilities toward cancer cells. Through dual targeting from magnetic guidance and M1 macrophages, the microrobots were able to target and kill cancer cells in a 3D tumor spheroid culture assay. These findings demonstrate a way to improve the tumor-targeting and antitumor abilities of microrobots through the combined use of magnetic control, macrophages, and pH-responsive drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Song
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - U Kei Cheang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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72
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Hussein H, Bazroun AA, Fariborzi H. Microrobotic Leg With Expanded Planar Workspace. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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73
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Dong Y, Wang L, Xia N, Yang Z, Zhang C, Pan C, Jin D, Zhang J, Majidi C, Zhang L. Untethered small-scale magnetic soft robot with programmable magnetization and integrated multifunctional modules. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn8932. [PMID: 35731876 PMCID: PMC9217092 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn8932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent magnetic soft robots capable of programmable structural changes and multifunctionality modalities depend on material architectures and methods for controlling magnetization profiles. While some efforts have been made, there are still key challenges in achieving programmable magnetization profile and creating heterogeneous architectures. Here, we directly embed programmed magnetization patterns (magnetization modules) into the adhesive sticker layers to construct soft robots with programmable magnetization profiles and geometries and then integrate spatially distributed functional modules. Functional modules including temperature and ultraviolet light sensing particles, pH sensing sheets, oil sensing foams, positioning electronic component, circuit foils, and therapy patch films are integrated into soft robots. These test beds are used to explore multimodal robot locomotion and various applications related to environmental sensing and detection, circuit repairing, and gastric ulcer coating, respectively. This proposed approach to engineering modular soft material systems has the potential to expand the functionality, versatility, and adaptability of soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Neng Xia
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhengxin Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengfeng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Corresponding author. (L.Z.); (C.M.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- T Stone Robotics Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Corresponding author. (L.Z.); (C.M.)
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74
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Qu M, Li S, Chen J, Xiao Y, Xiao J. Ion transport in ionic liquid/poly(vinylidene fluoride) system under electric fields: A molecular dynamics simulation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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75
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Kang M, Seong M, Lee D, Kang SM, Kwak MK, Jeong HE. Self-Assembled Artificial Nanocilia Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200185. [PMID: 35417603 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) is a powerful route to constructing higher-order structures. However, the programmed self-assembly of NPs into non-close-packed, 3D, shape-morphing nanocilia arrays remains elusive, whereas dynamically actuated nanometer cilia are universal in living systems. Here, a programmable self-assembly strategy is presented that can direct magnetic NPs into a highly ordered responsive artificial nanocilia actuator with exquisite nanometer 3D structural arrangements. The self-assembled artificial NP cilia can maintain their structural integrity through the interplay of interparticle interactions. Interestingly, the nanocilia can exhibit a field-responsive actuation motion through "rolling and sliding" between assembled NPs rather than bending the entire ciliary beam. It is demonstrated that oleic acid coated over the NPs acts as a lubricating bearing and enables the rolling/sliding-based actuation of the cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Eui Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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76
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Xu C, Liu H, Yang S. Drawing at the Nanoscale through Macroscopic Movement. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200293. [PMID: 35478330 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanopatterns are important for applications in various nanodevice fields. Existing nanopatterning techniques mainly directly manufacture the nanopatterns through various lithographic methods, which usually are laborious, time-consuming, and need expensive equipment. Here, an extremely simple drawing at the nanoscale (DAN) concept to indirectly fabricate rational nanopatterns through controlling the macroscopic movement of the substrate , is demonstrated. The structure of the nanopatterns is completely determined by and can be shrunk by millions of times from the moving track of the substrate. Multiple surface nanopatterns of different materials with accurately tailorable relative positions can be simply stacked together by moving the substrate by macroscopic distances during different DAN processes. In combination with sophisticated lithographic methods, the DAN method is anticipated to enable substantial advances in nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shikuan Yang
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The first affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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77
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Han M, Guo X, Chen X, Liang C, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Bai W, Zhang F, Wei H, Wu C, Cui Q, Yao S, Sun B, Yang Y, Yang Q, Ma Y, Xue Z, Kwak JW, Jin T, Tu Q, Song E, Tian Z, Mei Y, Fang D, Zhang H, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Rogers JA. Submillimeter-scale multimaterial terrestrial robots. Sci Robot 2022; 7:eabn0602. [PMID: 35613299 DOI: 10.1126/scirobotics.abn0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Robots with submillimeter dimensions are of interest for applications that range from tools for minimally invasive surgical procedures in clinical medicine to vehicles for manipulating cells/tissues in biology research. The limited classes of structures and materials that can be used in such robots, however, create challenges in achieving desired performance parameters and modes of operation. Here, we introduce approaches in manufacturing and actuation that address these constraints to enable untethered, terrestrial robots with complex, three-dimensional (3D) geometries and heterogeneous material construction. The manufacturing procedure exploits controlled mechanical buckling to create 3D multimaterial structures in layouts that range from arrays of filaments and origami constructs to biomimetic configurations and others. A balance of forces associated with a one-way shape memory alloy and the elastic resilience of an encapsulating shell provides the basis for reversible deformations of these structures. Modes of locomotion and manipulation span from bending, twisting, and expansion upon global heating to linear/curvilinear crawling, walking, turning, and jumping upon laser-induced local thermal actuation. Photonic structures such as retroreflectors and colorimetric sensing materials support simple forms of wireless monitoring and localization. These collective advances in materials, manufacturing, actuation, and sensing add to a growing body of capabilities in this emerging field of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.,Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuexian Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cunman Liang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hangbo Zhao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Qihui Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Wubin Bai
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Heming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Joint International Research Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics and Advanced Communication, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qinghong Cui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shenglian Yao
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bohan Sun
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yiyuan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Quansan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yuhang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jean Won Kwak
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tianqi Jin
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Enming Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ziao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yongfeng Mei
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Daining Fang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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78
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Cybernetic Hive Minds: A Review. AI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ai3020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect swarms and migratory birds are known to exhibit something known as a hive mind, collective consciousness, and herd mentality, among others. This has inspired a whole new stream of robotics known as swarm intelligence, where small-sized robots perform tasks in coordination. The social media and smartphone revolution have helped people collectively work together and organize in their day-to-day jobs or activism. This revolution has also led to the massive spread of disinformation amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic by alt-right Neo Nazi Cults like QAnon and their counterparts from across the globe, causing increases in the spread of infection and deaths. This paper presents the case for a theoretical cybernetic hive mind to explain how existing cults like QAnon weaponize group think and carry out crimes using social media-based alternate reality games. We also showcase a framework on how cybernetic hive minds have come into existence and how the hive mind might evolve in the future. We also discuss the implications of these hive minds for the future of free will and how different malfeasant entities have utilized these technologies to cause problems and inflict harm by various forms of cyber-crimes and predict how these crimes can evolve in the future.
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79
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Autonomous environment-adaptive microrobot swarm navigation enabled by deep learning-based real-time distribution planning. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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80
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Cilia metasurfaces for electronically programmable microfluidic manipulation. Nature 2022; 605:681-686. [PMID: 35614247 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cilial pumping is a powerful strategy used by biological organisms to control and manipulate fluids at the microscale. However, despite numerous recent advances in optically, magnetically and electrically driven actuation, development of an engineered cilial platform with the potential for applications has remained difficult to realize1-6. Here we report on active metasurfaces of electronically actuated artificial cilia that can create arbitrary flow patterns in liquids near a surface. We first create voltage-actuated cilia that generate non-reciprocal motions to drive surface flows at tens of microns per second at actuation voltages of 1 volt. We then show that a cilia unit cell can locally create a range of elemental flow geometries. By combining these unit cells, we create an active cilia metasurface that can generate and switch between any desired surface flow pattern. Finally, we integrate the cilia with a light-powered complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) clock circuit to demonstrate wireless operation. As a proof of concept, we use this circuit to output voltage pulses with various phase delays to demonstrate improved pumping efficiency using metachronal waves. These powerful results, demonstrated experimentally and confirmed using theoretical computations, illustrate a pathway towards fine-scale microfluidic manipulation, with applications from microfluidic pumping to microrobotic locomotion.
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81
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Feola L, Trianni V. Adaptive Strategies for Team Formation in Minimalist Robot Swarms. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2022.3150479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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82
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Zhong C, Jia Y, Jeong DC, Guo Y, Liu S. AcousNet: A Deep Learning Based Approach to Dynamic 3D Holographic Acoustic Field Generation From Phased Transducer Array. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3130368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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83
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Athanassiadis AG, Ma Z, Moreno-Gomez N, Melde K, Choi E, Goyal R, Fischer P. Ultrasound-Responsive Systems as Components for Smart Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5165-5208. [PMID: 34767350 PMCID: PMC8915171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials can respond to stimuli and adapt their responses based on external cues from their environments. Such behavior requires a way to transport energy efficiently and then convert it for use in applications such as actuation, sensing, or signaling. Ultrasound can carry energy safely and with low losses through complex and opaque media. It can be localized to small regions of space and couple to systems over a wide range of time scales. However, the same characteristics that allow ultrasound to propagate efficiently through materials make it difficult to convert acoustic energy into other useful forms. Recent work across diverse fields has begun to address this challenge, demonstrating ultrasonic effects that provide control over physical and chemical systems with surprisingly high specificity. Here, we review recent progress in ultrasound-matter interactions, focusing on effects that can be incorporated as components in smart materials. These techniques build on fundamental phenomena such as cavitation, microstreaming, scattering, and acoustic radiation forces to enable capabilities such as actuation, sensing, payload delivery, and the initiation of chemical or biological processes. The diversity of emerging techniques holds great promise for a wide range of smart capabilities supported by ultrasound and poses interesting questions for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios G. Athanassiadis
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nicolas Moreno-Gomez
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Melde
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rahul Goyal
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Micro,
Nano, and Molecular Systems Group, Max Planck
Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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84
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Gracias DH. Integrated Nanotechnology 2.0: 3D, Smart, Flexible, and Dynamic [Highlights]. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3126129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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85
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Vasileiadis T, Marchesi D’Alvise T, Saak CM, Pochylski M, Harvey S, Synatschke CV, Gapinski J, Fytas G, Backus EHG, Weil T, Graczykowski B. Fast Light-Driven Motion of Polydopamine Nanomembranes. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:578-585. [PMID: 34904831 PMCID: PMC8796235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The actuation of micro- and nanostructures controlled by external stimuli remains one of the exciting challenges in nanotechnology due to the wealth of fundamental questions and potential applications in energy harvesting, robotics, sensing, biomedicine, and tunable metamaterials. Photoactuation utilizes the conversion of light into motion through reversible chemical and physical processes and enables remote and spatiotemporal control of the actuation. Here, we report a fast light-to-motion conversion in few-nanometer thick bare polydopamine (PDA) membranes stimulated by visible light. Light-induced heating of PDA leads to desorption of water molecules and contraction of membranes in less than 140 μs. Switching off the light leads to a spontaneous expansion in less than 20 ms due to heat dissipation and water adsorption. Our findings demonstrate that pristine PDA membranes are multiresponsive materials that can be harnessed as robust building blocks for soft, micro-, and nanoscale actuators stimulated by light, temperature, and moisture level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vasileiadis
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Clara-Magdalena Saak
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikolaj Pochylski
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Sean Harvey
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jacek Gapinski
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - George Fytas
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej Graczykowski
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 2, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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86
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Tanjeem N, Minnis MB, Hayward RC, Shields CW. Shape-Changing Particles: From Materials Design and Mechanisms to Implementation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105758. [PMID: 34741359 PMCID: PMC9579005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Demands for next-generation soft and responsive materials have sparked recent interest in the development of shape-changing particles and particle assemblies. Over the last two decades, a variety of mechanisms that drive shape change have been explored and integrated into particulate systems. Through a combination of top-down fabrication and bottom-up synthesis techniques, shape-morphing capabilities extend from the microscale to the nanoscale. Consequently, shape-morphing particles are rapidly emerging in a variety of contexts, including photonics, microfluidics, microrobotics, and biomedicine. Herein, the key mechanisms and materials that facilitate shape changes of microscale and nanoscale particles are discussed. Recent progress in the applications made possible by these particles is summarized, and perspectives on their promise and key open challenges in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Tanjeem
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Montana B Minnis
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Charles Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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87
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Lei Y, Clevy C, Rauch JY, Lutz P. Large-Workspace Polyarticulated Micro-Structures Based-On Folded Silica for Tethered Nanorobotics. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3118470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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88
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Wu Z, Jin Y, Li G, Zhang M, Du J. Strain Sensing Behavior of 3D Printable and Wearable Conductive Polymer Composites Filled with Silane-Modified MWCNTs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100663. [PMID: 34822206 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of conductive polymers is an attractive technique for achieving high flexibility, wearability, and sensing characteristics without geometrical limitations. However, there is an urgent need to integrate printability, conductivity, and sensing capability. Herein, a conductive polymer ink for 3D printing that combines the desirable features of high electrical conductivity, flexible stretchability, and strain-sensing monitoring is prepared. The ink matrix is polydimethylsiloxane and synergistically enhanced by acetylene carbon black (ACB) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (silane or un-silane-modified). The inks are screened step-by-step to explore their printability, rheology, mechanical properties, and electrical performance upon loading. The formation of an electrically conductive network, electrical properties upon tensile load, and strain sensing stability under cyclic stretching are investigated intensively. It is demonstrated that conductive polymers filled by ACB and silane-modified, MWCNTs (MWCNTs-MTES) possess superior printability, stretchability, conductivity, and strain sensing behaviors. Finally, a flexible wearable strain-sensing skin patch is printed, and it successfully records joint motion signals on human fingers, wrists, and elbows with good stability and repeatability. Those results show the extent of potential applications in healthcare and motion monitoring fields. This work provides an efficient and simple route to achieve comfortably wearable and high-performance strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wu
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Guangyong Li
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Minghua Zhang
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jianke Du
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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89
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Shi M, Yeatman EM. A comparative review of artificial muscles for microsystem applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:95. [PMID: 34858630 PMCID: PMC8611050 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are capable of generating actuation in microsystems with outstanding compliance. Recent years have witnessed a growing academic interest in artificial muscles and their application in many areas, such as soft robotics and biomedical devices. This paper aims to provide a comparative review of recent advances in artificial muscle based on various operating mechanisms. The advantages and limitations of each operating mechanism are analyzed and compared. According to the unique application requirements and electrical and mechanical properties of the muscle types, we suggest suitable artificial muscle mechanisms for specific microsystem applications. Finally, we discuss potential strategies for energy delivery, conversion, and storage to promote the energy autonomy of microrobotic systems at a system level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayue Shi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Eric M. Yeatman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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90
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Jiang L, Lu G, Yang Y, Xu Y, Qi F, Li J, Zhu B, Chen Y. Multichannel Piezo-Ultrasound Implant with Hybrid Waterborne Acoustic Metastructure for Selective Wireless Energy Transfer at Megahertz Frequencies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104251. [PMID: 34480501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound energy transfer (UET) is developed and integrated into various bioelectronics with diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring capabilities. However, existing UET platforms generally enable one function at a time due to the single ultrasound channel architecture, limiting the full potential of bioelectronics that requires multicontrol modes. Here, a multichannel piezo-ultrasound implant (MC-PUI) is presented that integrates a hybrid waterborne acoustic metastructure (HWAM), multiple piezo-harvesters, and a miniaturized circuit with electronic components for selective wireless control via ultrasound frequency switching. The HWAM that utilizes both a 3D-printed air-diffraction matrix and a half-lambda Fabry-Perot resonator is optimized to provide the advantage of ultrasound selectivity at megahertz frequencies. Complying with U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations, frequency-controlled multifunctional operations, such as wireless charging (≈11.08 µW) at 3.3 MHz and high-sensitivity wireless switch/control (threshold ≈0.55 MPa) of micro-light-emitting diode/motor at 1 MHz, are demonstrated ex vivo using porcine tissue and in vivo in a rat. The developed MC-PUI enhances UET versatility and opens up a new pathway for wireless implant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiming Jiang
- Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gengxi Lu
- Alfred E. Mann Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Fangjie Qi
- Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jiapu Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Benpeng Zhu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Epstein Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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91
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Luo T, Wu M. Biologically inspired micro-robotic swimmers remotely controlled by ultrasound waves. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4095-4103. [PMID: 34549766 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00575h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We 3D print micro-robotic swimmers with the size of animal cells using a Nanoscribe. The micro-swimmers are powered by the microstreaming flows induced by the oscillating air bubbles entrapped within the micro-robotic swimmers. Previously, micro-swimmers propelled by acoustic streaming require the use of a magnetic field or an additional ultrasound transducer to steer their direction. Here, we show a two-bubble based micro-swimmer that can be propelled and steered entirely using one ultrasound transducer. The swimmer displays boundary following traits similar to those biological swimmers that are known to be important for performing robust biological functions. The micro-robotic swimmer has the potential to advance the current technology in targeted drug delivery and remote microsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- Departments of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- Departments of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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92
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Batch Manufacturing of Split-Actuator Micro Air Vehicle Based on Monolithic Processing Technology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101270. [PMID: 34683321 PMCID: PMC8538615 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microrobots have a wide range of applications. The rigid-flexible composite stereoscopic technology based on ultraviolet laser cutting technology is primarily researched for the design and manufacture of microrobots and has been used to fabricate microscale motion mechanisms and robots. This paper introduces a monolithic processing technology based on the rigid-flexible composite stereoscopic process. Based on this process, a split-actuator micro flapping-wing air vehicle with a size of 15 mm × 2.5 mm × 30 mm was designed. We proposed a batch manufacturing method capable of processing multiple micro air vehicles at the same time. The main structure of 22 flapping-wing micro air vehicles can be processed at the same time within the processing range of the composite sheet with an area of 80 mm × 80 mm, and the processing effect is good.
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93
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A Review of Microrobot's System: Towards System Integration for Autonomous Actuation In Vivo. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12101249. [PMID: 34683300 PMCID: PMC8540518 DOI: 10.3390/mi12101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microrobots have received great attention due to their great potential in the biomedical field, and there has been extraordinary progress on them in many respects, making it possible to use them in vivo clinically. However, the most important question is how to get microrobots to a given position accurately. Therefore, autonomous actuation technology based on medical imaging has become the solution receiving the most attention considering its low precision and efficiency of manual control. This paper investigates key components of microrobot’s autonomous actuation systems, including actuation systems, medical imaging systems, and control systems, hoping to help realize system integration of them. The hardware integration has two situations according to sharing the transmitting equipment or not, with the consideration of interference, efficiency, microrobot’s material and structure. Furthermore, system integration of hybrid actuation and multimodal imaging can improve the navigation effect of the microrobot. The software integration needs to consider the characteristics and deficiencies of the existing actuation algorithms, imaging algorithms, and the complex 3D working environment in vivo. Additionally, considering the moving distance in the human body, the autonomous actuation system combined with rapid delivery methods can deliver microrobots to specify position rapidly and precisely.
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94
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Chen Y, Li X, Scheibner C, Vitelli V, Huang G. Realization of active metamaterials with odd micropolar elasticity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5935. [PMID: 34642324 PMCID: PMC8511045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials made from active, living, or robotic components can display emergent properties arising from local sensing and computation. Here, we realize a freestanding active metabeam with piezoelectric elements and electronic feed-forward control that gives rise to an odd micropolar elasticity absent in energy-conserving media. The non-reciprocal odd modulus enables bending and shearing cycles that convert electrical energy into mechanical work, and vice versa. The sign of this elastic modulus is linked to a non-Hermitian topological index that determines the localization of vibrational modes to sample boundaries. At finite frequency, we can also tune the phase angle of the active modulus to produce a direction-dependent bending modulus and control non-Hermitian vibrational properties. Our continuum approach, built on symmetries and conservation laws, could be exploited to design others systems such as synthetic biofilaments and membranes with feed-forward control loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Colin Scheibner
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Vincenzo Vitelli
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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95
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Textiles in soft robots: Current progress and future trends. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113690. [PMID: 34653713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Soft robotics have substantial benefits of safety, adaptability, and cost efficiency compared to conventional rigid robotics. Textiles have applications in soft robotics either as an auxiliary material to reinforce the conventional soft material or as an active soft material. Textiles of various types and configurations have been fabricated into key components of soft robotics in adaptable formats. Despite significant advancements, the efficiency and characteristics of textile actuators in practical applications remain unsatisfactory. To address these issues, novel structural and material designs as well as new textile technologies have been introduced. Herein, we aim at giving an insight into the current state of the art in textile technology for soft robotic manufacturing. We firstly discuss the fundamental actuation mechanisms for soft robotics. We then provide a critical review on the recently developed functional textiles as reinforcements, sensors, and actuators in soft robotics. Finally, the future trends and current strategies that can be employed in textile-based actuator manufacturing process have been explored to address the critical challenges in soft robotics.
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96
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Joh H, Fan DE. Materials and Schemes of Multimodal Reconfigurable Micro/Nanomachines and Robots: Review and Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101965. [PMID: 34410023 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically programmable, reconfigurable micro/nanoscale materials that can dynamically change their mechanical properties or behaviors, or morph into distinct assemblies or swarms in response to stimuli have greatly piqued the interest of the science community due to their unprecedented potentials in both fundamental research and technological applications. To date, a variety of designs of hard and soft materials, as well as actuation schemes based on mechanisms including chemical reactions and magnetic, acoustic, optical, and electric stimuli, have been reported. Herein, state-of-the-art micro/nanostructures and operation schemes for multimodal reconfigurable micro/nanomachines and swarms, as well as potential new materials and working principles, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmok Joh
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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97
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Miao L, Song Y, Ren Z, Xu C, Wan J, Wang H, Guo H, Xiang Z, Han M, Zhang H. 3D Temporary-Magnetized Soft Robotic Structures for Enhanced Energy Harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102691. [PMID: 34396604 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The advent of functional materials offers tremendous potential in a broad variety of areas such as electronics, robotics, and energy devices. Magnetic materials are an attractive candidate that enable multifunctional devices with capabilities in both sensing and actuation. However, current magnetic devices, especially those with complex motion modalities, rely on permanently magnetized materials with complicated, non-uniform magnetization profiles. Here, based on magnetic materials with temporary-magnetization, a mechanically guided assembly process successfully converts laser-patterned 2D magnetic materials into judiciously engineered 3D structures, with dimensions and geometries ranging from mesoscale 3D filaments, to arrayed centimeter-scale 3D membranes. With tailorable mechanical properties and highly adjustable geometries, 3D soft structures can exhibit various tethered locomotions under the precise control of magnetic fields, including local deformation, unidirectional tilting, and omnidirectional rotation, and can serve as dynamic surfaces for further integration with other functional materials or devices. Examples demonstrated here focus on energy-harvesting systems, including 3D piezoelectric devices for noncontact conversion of mechanical energy and active motion sensing, as well as 3D solar tracking systems. The design strategy and resulting magnetic-controlled 3D soft structures hold great promise not only for enhanced energy harvesting, but also for multimodal sensing, robotic interfaces, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Miao
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Song
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Zhongyang Ren
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ji Wan
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haobin Wang
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hang Guo
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zehua Xiang
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Lab of Nano/Micro Fabrication Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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98
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Griniasty I, Mostajeran C, Cohen I. Multivalued Inverse Design: Multiple Surface Geometries from One Flat Sheet. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:128001. [PMID: 34597088 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.128001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Designing flat sheets that can be made to deform into three-dimensional shapes is an area of intense research with applications in micromachines, soft robotics, and medical implants. Thus far, such sheets were designed to adopt a single target shape. Here, we show that through anisotropic deformation applied inhomogeneously throughout a sheet, it is possible to design a single sheet that can deform into multiple surface geometries upon different actuations. The key to our approach is development of an analytical method for solving this multivalued inverse problem. Such sheets open the door to fabricating machines that can perform complex tasks through cyclic transitions between multiple shapes. As a proof of concept, we design a simple swimmer capable of moving through a fluid at low Reynolds numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Griniasty
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501, USA
| | - Cyrus Mostajeran
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Itai Cohen
- Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2501, USA
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99
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Pang J, Bachmatiuk A, Yang F, Liu H, Zhou W, Rümmeli MH, Cuniberti G. Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in the Internet of Things Era. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:191. [PMID: 34510300 PMCID: PMC8435483 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The post-Moore's era has boosted the progress in carbon nanotube-based transistors. Indeed, the 5G communication and cloud computing stimulate the research in applications of carbon nanotubes in electronic devices. In this perspective, we deliver the readers with the latest trends in carbon nanotube research, including high-frequency transistors, biomedical sensors and actuators, brain-machine interfaces, and flexible logic devices and energy storages. Future opportunities are given for calling on scientists and engineers into the emerging topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Łukasiewicz Research Network, Ul. Stabłowicka 147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Center of Bio & Micro/Nano Functional Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shandanan Road, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), Universities of Shandong, University of Jinan, Shandong, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- College of Energy, Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Soochow University, Suzhou, Soochow, 215006, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland
- Institute for Complex Materials, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), 20 Helmholtz Strasse, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Technology, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany.
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials (GCL DCIM), Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
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100
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Hu Y, Ji Q, Huang M, Chang L, Zhang C, Wu G, Zi B, Bao N, Chen W, Wu Y. Light‐Driven Self‐Oscillating Actuators with Phototactic Locomotion Based on Black Phosphorus Heterostructure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Qixiao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Majing Huang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Longfei Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Chengchu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zi
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Ningzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong 999077 P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
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