51
|
Temporally divergent regulatory mechanisms govern neuronal diversification and maturation in the mouse and marmoset neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1049-1058. [PMID: 35915179 PMCID: PMC9343253 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian neocortical neurons span one of the most diverse cell type spectra of any tissue. Cortical neurons are born during embryonic development, and their maturation extends into postnatal life. The regulatory strategies underlying progressive neuronal development and maturation remain unclear. Here we present an integrated single-cell epigenomic and transcriptional analysis of individual mouse and marmoset cortical neuron classes, spanning both early postmitotic stages of identity acquisition and later stages of neuronal plasticity and circuit integration. We found that, in both species, the regulatory strategies controlling early and late stages of pan-neuronal development diverge. Early postmitotic neurons use more widely shared and evolutionarily conserved molecular regulatory programs. In contrast, programs active during later neuronal maturation are more brain- and neuron-specific and more evolutionarily divergent. Our work uncovers a temporal shift in regulatory choices during neuronal diversification and maturation in both mice and marmosets, which likely reflects unique evolutionary constraints on distinct events of neuronal development in the neocortex.
Collapse
|
52
|
Stogsdill JA, Kim K, Binan L, Farhi SL, Levin JZ, Arlotta P. Pyramidal neuron subtype diversity governs microglia states in the neocortex. Nature 2022; 608:750-756. [PMID: 35948630 PMCID: PMC10502800 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are specialized macrophages in the brain parenchyma that exist in multiple transcriptional states and reside within a wide range of neuronal environments1-4. However, how and where these states are generated remains poorly understood. Here, using the mouse somatosensory cortex, we demonstrate that microglia density and molecular state acquisition are determined by the local composition of pyramidal neuron classes. Using single-cell and spatial transcriptomic profiling, we unveil the molecular signatures and spatial distributions of diverse microglia populations and show that certain states are enriched in specific cortical layers, whereas others are broadly distributed throughout the cortex. Notably, conversion of deep-layer pyramidal neurons to an alternate class identity reconfigures the distribution of local, layer-enriched homeostatic microglia to match the new neuronal niche. Leveraging the transcriptional diversity of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex, we construct a ligand-receptor atlas describing interactions between individual pyramidal neuron subtypes and microglia states, revealing rules of neuron-microglia communication. Our findings uncover a fundamental role for neuronal diversity in instructing the acquisition of microglia states as a potential mechanism for fine-tuning neuroimmune interactions within the cortical local circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Stogsdill
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kwanho Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Loïc Binan
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Optical Profiling Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samouil L Farhi
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Optical Profiling Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Z Levin
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Zeng H. What is a cell type and how to define it? Cell 2022; 185:2739-2755. [PMID: 35868277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell types are the basic functional units of an organism. Cell types exhibit diverse phenotypic properties at multiple levels, making them challenging to define, categorize, and understand. This review provides an overview of the basic principles of cell types rooted in evolution and development and discusses approaches to characterize and classify cell types and investigate how they contribute to the organism's function, using the mammalian brain as a primary example. I propose a roadmap toward a conceptual framework and knowledge base of cell types that will enable a deeper understanding of the dynamic changes of cellular function under healthy and diseased conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Crespo I, Pignatelli J, Kinare V, Méndez-Gómez HR, Esgleas M, Román MJ, Canals JM, Tole S, Vicario C. Tbr1 Misexpression Alters Neuronal Development in the Cerebral Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5750-5765. [PMID: 35781633 PMCID: PMC9395452 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the transcription factor (TF) expression are critical for brain development, and they may also underlie neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, T-box brain1 (Tbr1) is a TF crucial for the formation of neocortical layer VI, and mutations and microdeletions in that gene are associated with malformations in the human cerebral cortex, alterations that accompany autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Interestingly, Tbr1 upregulation has also been related to the occurrence of ASD-like symptoms, although limited studies have addressed the effect of increased Tbr1 levels during neocortical development. Here, we analysed the impact of Tbr1 misexpression in mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs) at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5), when they mainly generate neuronal layers II–IV. By E18.5, cells accumulated in the intermediate zone and in the deep cortical layers, whereas they became less abundant in the upper cortical layers. In accordance with this, the proportion of Sox5+ cells in layers V–VI increased, while that of Cux1+ cells in layers II–IV decreased. On postnatal day 7, fewer defects in migration were evident, although a higher proportion of Sox5+ cells were seen in the upper and deep layers. The abnormal neuronal migration could be partially due to the altered multipolar-bipolar neuron morphologies induced by Tbr1 misexpression, which also reduced dendrite growth and branching, and disrupted the corpus callosum. Our results indicate that Tbr1 misexpression in cortical NPCs delays or disrupts neuronal migration, neuronal specification, dendrite development and the formation of the callosal tract. Hence, genetic changes that provoke ectopic Tbr1 upregulation during development could provoke cortical brain malformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Crespo
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,CES Cardenal Cisneros, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Pignatelli
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Veena Kinare
- Department of Life Sciences, Sophia College for Women, Mumbai, 400026, India
| | - Héctor R Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Esgleas
- CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Román
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Canals
- CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creatio, Production and Validation Center of Advanced Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shubha Tole
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, 400005, India
| | - Carlos Vicario
- Instituto Cajal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain. .,CIBERNED-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Wu J, Zhao Z, Shi Y, He M. Cortical VIP + Interneurons in the Upper and Deeper Layers Are Transcriptionally Distinct. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1779-1795. [PMID: 35708842 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Different interneuron classes have distinct laminar distribution patterns which contribute to the layer-specific organization of cortical microcircuits. However, laminar differences within the same interneuron classes are not well recognized. Despite systematic efforts towards neuron cell-type taxonomy in the neocortex by single-cell transcriptomics, less attention has been driven towards laminar differences in interneurons compared to projection neurons. VIP+ interneurons are the major interneuron class that mostly populate superficial layers and mediate disinhibition. A few reports noted the morphological and electrophysiological differences between VIP+ interneurons residing in layers I-III (upper layer) and layers IV-VI (deeper layer), but little is known about their molecular differences. Here, we delineated the laminar difference in their transcriptome employing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data from public databases. Analysis of 1175 high-quality VIP+ interneurons in the primary visual cortex (VISp) showed that the upper layer and deeper layer VIP+ interneurons are transcriptionally distinct distinguished by genes implicated in synapse organization and regulation of membrane potential. Similar differences are also observed in the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) and primary motor cortex (MOp). Cross-comparing between the top 10 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with Allen Mouse Brain in situ hybridization database, we identified Tac2 and CxCl14 as potential marker genes of upper layer VIP+ interneurons across most cortical regions. Importantly, such expression patterns are conserved in the human brain. Together, we revealed significant laminar differences in transcriptomic profiles within VIP+ interneurons, which provided new insight into their molecular heterogeneity that may contribute to their functional diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Wu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhirong Zhao
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Miao He
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurobiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Tian D, Izumi SI. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Neocortical Neurons: The Micro-Macro Connection. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866245. [PMID: 35495053 PMCID: PMC9039343 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the operation of cortical circuits is an important and necessary task in both neuroscience and neurorehabilitation. The functioning of the neocortex results from integrative neuronal activity, which can be probed non-invasively by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Despite a clear indication of the direct involvement of cortical neurons in TMS, no explicit connection model has been made between the microscopic neuronal landscape and the macroscopic TMS outcome. Here we have performed an integrative review of multidisciplinary evidence regarding motor cortex neurocytology and TMS-related neurophysiology with the aim of elucidating the micro–macro connections underlying TMS. Neurocytological evidence from animal and human studies has been reviewed to describe the landscape of the cortical neurons covering the taxonomy, morphology, circuit wiring, and excitatory–inhibitory balance. Evidence from TMS studies in healthy humans is discussed, with emphasis on the TMS pulse and paradigm selectivity that reflect the underlying neural circuitry constitution. As a result, we propose a preliminary neuronal model of the human motor cortex and then link the TMS mechanisms with the neuronal model by stimulus intensity, direction of induced current, and paired-pulse timing. As TMS bears great developmental potential for both a probe and modulator of neural network activity and neurotransmission, the connection model will act as a foundation for future combined studies of neurocytology and neurophysiology, as well as the technical advances and application of TMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongting Tian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Dongting Tian,
| | - Shin-Ichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University Graduates School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Shin-Ichi Izumi,
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Acetylcholine deficiency disrupts extratelencephalic projection neurons in the prefrontal cortex in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:998. [PMID: 35194025 PMCID: PMC8863829 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term memory deficits have been associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and AD mouse models. Extratelencephalic projection (ET) neurons in the PFC play a key role in short-term working memory, but the mechanism between ET neuronal dysfunction in the PFC and short-term memory impairment in AD is not well understood. Here, using fiber photometry and optogenetics, we found reduced neural activity in the ET neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of the 5×FAD mouse model led to object recognition memory (ORM) deficits. Activation of ET neurons in the mPFC of 5×FAD mice rescued ORM impairment, and inhibition of ET neurons in the mPFC of wild type mice impaired ORM expression. ET neurons in the mPFC that project to supramammillary nucleus were necessary for ORM expression. Viral tracing and in vivo recording revealed that mPFC ET neurons received fewer cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain in 5×FAD mice. Furthermore, activation of cholinergic fibers in the mPFC rescued ORM deficits in 5×FAD mice, while acetylcholine deficiency reduced the response of ET neurons in the mPFC to familiar objects. Taken together, our results revealed a neural mechanism behind ORM impairment in 5×FAD mice. Short-term memory deficits are associated with prefrontal cortex dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Here, the authors assessed extratelencephalic projection (ET) neurons and found reduced ET neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and showed ET neurons received fewer cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain in 5×FAD mice which led to object recognition memory deficits.
Collapse
|
58
|
Moussa AJ, Wester JC. Cell-type specific transcriptomic signatures of neocortical circuit organization and their relevance to autism. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:982721. [PMID: 36213201 PMCID: PMC9545608 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.982721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A prevailing challenge in neuroscience is understanding how diverse neuronal cell types select their synaptic partners to form circuits. In the neocortex, major classes of excitatory projection neurons and inhibitory interneurons are conserved across functionally distinct regions. There is evidence these classes form canonical circuit motifs that depend primarily on their identity; however, regional cues likely also influence their choice of synaptic partners. We mined the Allen Institute's single-cell RNA-sequencing database of mouse cortical neurons to study the expression of genes necessary for synaptic connectivity and physiology in two regions: the anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) and the primary visual cortex (VISp). We used the Allen's metadata to parse cells by clusters representing major excitatory and inhibitory classes that are common to both ALM and VISp. We then performed two types of pairwise differential gene expression analysis: (1) between different neuronal classes within the same brain region (ALM or VISp), and (2) between the same neuronal class in ALM and VISp. We filtered our results for differentially expressed genes related to circuit connectivity and developed a novel bioinformatic approach to determine the sets uniquely enriched in each neuronal class in ALM, VISp, or both. This analysis provides an organized set of genes that may regulate synaptic connectivity and physiology in a cell-type-specific manner. Furthermore, it identifies candidate mechanisms for circuit organization that are conserved across functionally distinct cortical regions or that are region dependent. Finally, we used the SFARI Human Gene Module to identify genes from this analysis that are related to risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our analysis provides clear molecular targets for future studies to understand neocortical circuit organization and abnormalities that underlie autistic phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Moussa
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jason C Wester
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Deng H, Xiao X, Yang T, Ritola K, Hantman A, Li Y, Huang ZJ, Li B. A genetically defined insula-brainstem circuit selectively controls motivational vigor. Cell 2021; 184:6344-6360.e18. [PMID: 34890577 PMCID: PMC9103523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The anterior insular cortex (aIC) plays a critical role in cognitive and motivational control of behavior, but the underlying neural mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that aIC neurons expressing Fezf2 (aICFezf2), which are the pyramidal tract neurons, signal motivational vigor and invigorate need-seeking behavior through projections to the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). aICFezf2 neurons and their postsynaptic NTS neurons acquire anticipatory activity through learning, which encodes the perceived value and the vigor of actions to pursue homeostatic needs. Correspondingly, aIC → NTS circuit activity controls vigor, effort, and striatal dopamine release but only if the action is learned and the outcome is needed. Notably, aICFezf2 neurons do not represent taste or valence. Moreover, aIC → NTS activity neither drives reinforcement nor influences total consumption. These results pinpoint specific functions of aIC → NTS circuit for selectively controlling motivational vigor and suggest that motivation is subserved, in part, by aIC's top-down regulation of dopamine signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanfei Deng
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | | | - Adam Hantman
- HHMI Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China; PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
|
61
|
Neuroscientists make strides towards deciphering the human brain. Nature 2021; 598:7. [PMID: 34616077 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-021-02660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
62
|
Muñoz-Castañeda R, Zingg B, Matho KS, Chen X, Wang Q, Foster NN, Li A, Narasimhan A, Hirokawa KE, Huo B, Bannerjee S, Korobkova L, Park CS, Park YG, Bienkowski MS, Chon U, Wheeler DW, Li X, Wang Y, Naeemi M, Xie P, Liu L, Kelly K, An X, Attili SM, Bowman I, Bludova A, Cetin A, Ding L, Drewes R, D'Orazi F, Elowsky C, Fischer S, Galbavy W, Gao L, Gillis J, Groblewski PA, Gou L, Hahn JD, Hatfield JT, Hintiryan H, Huang JJ, Kondo H, Kuang X, Lesnar P, Li X, Li Y, Lin M, Lo D, Mizrachi J, Mok S, Nicovich PR, Palaniswamy R, Palmer J, Qi X, Shen E, Sun YC, Tao HW, Wakemen W, Wang Y, Yao S, Yuan J, Zhan H, Zhu M, Ng L, Zhang LI, Lim BK, Hawrylycz M, Gong H, Gee JC, Kim Y, Chung K, Yang XW, Peng H, Luo Q, Mitra PP, Zador AM, Zeng H, Ascoli GA, Josh Huang Z, Osten P, Harris JA, Dong HW. Cellular anatomy of the mouse primary motor cortex. Nature 2021; 598:159-166. [PMID: 34616071 PMCID: PMC8494646 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03970-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An essential step toward understanding brain function is to establish a structural framework with cellular resolution on which multi-scale datasets spanning molecules, cells, circuits and systems can be integrated and interpreted1. Here, as part of the collaborative Brain Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN), we derive a comprehensive cell type-based anatomical description of one exemplar brain structure, the mouse primary motor cortex, upper limb area (MOp-ul). Using genetic and viral labelling, barcoded anatomy resolved by sequencing, single-neuron reconstruction, whole-brain imaging and cloud-based neuroinformatics tools, we delineated the MOp-ul in 3D and refined its sublaminar organization. We defined around two dozen projection neuron types in the MOp-ul and derived an input-output wiring diagram, which will facilitate future analyses of motor control circuitry across molecular, cellular and system levels. This work provides a roadmap towards a comprehensive cellular-resolution description of mammalian brain architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Zingg
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyin Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas N Foster
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Karla E Hirokawa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bingxing Huo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Laura Korobkova
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chris Sin Park
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Young-Gyun Park
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Bienkowski
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Uree Chon
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Diek W Wheeler
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Bioengineering Department and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Peng Xie
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xu An
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarojini M Attili
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Bioengineering Department and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ian Bowman
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Ali Cetin
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Liya Ding
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rhonda Drewes
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Corey Elowsky
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Lei Gao
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Gillis
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Lin Gou
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joel D Hahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Hatfield
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Houri Hintiryan
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Junxiang Jason Huang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute (ZNI), Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xiuli Kuang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Xu Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Yaoyao Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengkuan Lin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Darrick Lo
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Philip R Nicovich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Jason Palmer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoli Qi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Elise Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Sun
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Huizhong W Tao
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute (ZNI), Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yimin Wang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenqin Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiqing Zhan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Muye Zhu
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Li I Zhang
- Center for Neural Circuits and Sensory Processing Disorders, Zilkha Neurogenetics Institute (ZNI), Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Byung Kook Lim
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
- Division of Biological Science, Neurobiology section, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - James C Gee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanchuan Peng
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI, Suzhou, China
| | - Partha P Mitra
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giorgio A Ascoli
- Center for Neural Informatics, Structures and Plasticity, Bioengineering Department and Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Pavel Osten
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Hong-Wei Dong
- UCLA Brain Research and Artificial Intelligence Nexus, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (INI), Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Peng H, Xie P, Liu L, Kuang X, Wang Y, Qu L, Gong H, Jiang S, Li A, Ruan Z, Ding L, Yao Z, Chen C, Chen M, Daigle TL, Dalley R, Ding Z, Duan Y, Feiner A, He P, Hill C, Hirokawa KE, Hong G, Huang L, Kebede S, Kuo HC, Larsen R, Lesnar P, Li L, Li Q, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liu A, Lu D, Mok S, Ng L, Nguyen TN, Ouyang Q, Pan J, Shen E, Song Y, Sunkin SM, Tasic B, Veldman MB, Wakeman W, Wan W, Wang P, Wang Q, Wang T, Wang Y, Xiong F, Xiong W, Xu W, Ye M, Yin L, Yu Y, Yuan J, Yuan J, Yun Z, Zeng S, Zhang S, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Zhou Z, Huang ZJ, Esposito L, Hawrylycz MJ, Sorensen SA, Yang XW, Zheng Y, Gu Z, Xie W, Koch C, Luo Q, Harris JA, Wang Y, Zeng H. Morphological diversity of single neurons in molecularly defined cell types. Nature 2021; 598:174-181. [PMID: 34616072 PMCID: PMC8494643 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03941-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic and axonal morphology reflects the input and output of neurons and is a defining feature of neuronal types1,2, yet our knowledge of its diversity remains limited. Here, to systematically examine complete single-neuron morphologies on a brain-wide scale, we established a pipeline encompassing sparse labelling, whole-brain imaging, reconstruction, registration and analysis. We fully reconstructed 1,741 neurons from cortex, claustrum, thalamus, striatum and other brain regions in mice. We identified 11 major projection neuron types with distinct morphological features and corresponding transcriptomic identities. Extensive projectional diversity was found within each of these major types, on the basis of which some types were clustered into more refined subtypes. This diversity follows a set of generalizable principles that govern long-range axonal projections at different levels, including molecular correspondence, divergent or convergent projection, axon termination pattern, regional specificity, topography, and individual cell variability. Although clear concordance with transcriptomic profiles is evident at the level of major projection type, fine-grained morphological diversity often does not readily correlate with transcriptomic subtypes derived from unsupervised clustering, highlighting the need for single-cell cross-modality studies. Overall, our study demonstrates the crucial need for quantitative description of complete single-cell anatomy in cell-type classification, as single-cell morphological diversity reveals a plethora of ways in which different cell types and their individual members may contribute to the configuration and function of their respective circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanchuan Peng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuli Kuang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Qu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Shengdian Jiang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Zongcai Ruan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liya Ding
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengya Chen
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Zhangcan Ding
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanjun Duan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aaron Feiner
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ping He
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris Hill
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karla E Hirokawa
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guodong Hong
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sara Kebede
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Phil Lesnar
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Longfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - An Liu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Lydia Ng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thuc Nghi Nguyen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qiang Ouyang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jintao Pan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Elise Shen
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Matthew B Veldman
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Wan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanxin Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computation and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Xiong
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Xu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Ye
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lulu Yin
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jia Yuan
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, JITRI Institute for Brainsmatics, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhixi Yun
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shaoqun Zeng
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shichen Zhang
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sujun Zhao
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijun Zhao
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Zhongze Gu
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- SEU-ALLEN Joint Center, Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hongkui Zeng
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
|