51
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Peng XF, Huang SF, Chen LJ, Xu L, Ye WC. Targeting epigenetics and lncRNAs in liver disease: From mechanisms to therapeutics. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105846. [PMID: 34438063 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Early onset and progression of liver diseases can be driven by aberrant transcriptional regulation. Different transcriptional regulation processes, such as RNA/DNA methylation, histone modification, and ncRNA-mediated targeting, can regulate biological processes in healthy cells, as well also under various pathological conditions, especially liver disease. Numerous studies over the past decades have demonstrated that liver disease has a strong epigenetic component. Therefore, the epigenetic basis of liver disease has challenged our knowledge of epigenetics, and epigenetics field has undergone an important transformation: from a biological phenomenon to an emerging focus of disease research. Furthermore, inhibitors of different epigenetic regulators, such as m6A-related factors, are being explored as potential candidates for preventing and treating liver diseases. In the present review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge of five distinct but interconnected and interdependent epigenetic processes in the context of hepatic diseases: RNA methylation, DNA methylation, histone methylation, miRNAs, and lncRNAs. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic implications and future challenges and ongoing research in the field. Our review also provides a perspective for identifying therapeutic targets and new hepatic biomarkers of liver disease, bringing precision research and disease therapy to the modern era of epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Peng
- Department of General Surgery, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Feng Huang
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ling-Juan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Chu Ye
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511518, Guangdong Province, China.
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52
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Huang SF, Peng XF, Jiang L, Hu CY, Ye WC. LncRNAs as Therapeutic Targets and Potential Biomarkers for Lipid-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:729745. [PMID: 34421622 PMCID: PMC8371450 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.729745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is an essential biological process involved in nutrient adjustment, hormone regulation, and lipid homeostasis. An irregular lifestyle and long-term nutrient overload can cause lipid-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), obesity, and fatty liver diseases. Thus, novel tools for efficient diagnosis and treatment of dysfunctional lipid metabolism are urgently required. Furthermore, it is known that lncRNAs based regulation like sponging microRNAs (miRNAs) or serving as a reservoir for microRNAs play an essential role in the progression of lipid-related diseases. Accordingly, a better understanding of the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in lipid-related diseases would provide the basis for identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lipid-related diseases. This review highlighted the latest advances on the potential biomarkers of lncRNAs in lipid-related diseases and summarised current knowledge on dysregulated lncRNAs and their potential molecular mechanisms. We have also provided novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs which might serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lipid-related diseases. The information presented here may be useful for designing future studies and advancing investigations of lncRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of lipid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Feng Huang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Peng
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Lianggui Jiang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Ching Yuan Hu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Wen-Chu Ye
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
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53
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Tanwar VS, Reddy MA, Natarajan R. Emerging Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Diabetic Vascular Complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665811. [PMID: 34234740 PMCID: PMC8255808 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes are associated with accelerated rates of macrovascular and microvascular complications, which are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Further understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms can aid in the development of novel drug targets and therapies to manage these disorders more effectively. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) that do not have protein-coding potential are expressed in a tissue- and species-specific manner and regulate diverse biological processes. LncRNAs regulate gene expression in cis or in trans through various mechanisms, including interaction with chromatin-modifying proteins and other regulatory proteins and via posttranscriptional mechanisms, including acting as microRNA sponges or as host genes of microRNAs. Emerging evidence suggests that major pathological factors associated with diabetes such as high glucose, free fatty acids, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factors can dysregulate lncRNAs in inflammatory, cardiac, vascular, and renal cells leading to altered expression of key inflammatory genes and fibrotic genes associated with diabetic vascular complications. Here we review recent reports on lncRNA characterization, functions, and mechanisms of action in diabetic vascular complications and translational approaches to target them. These advances can provide new insights into the lncRNA-dependent actions and mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular complications and uncover novel lncRNA-based biomarkers and therapies to reduce disease burden and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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54
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Sun X, Feinberg MW. Vascular Endothelial Senescence: Pathobiological Insights, Emerging Long Noncoding RNA Targets, Challenges and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Physiol 2021; 12:693067. [PMID: 34220553 PMCID: PMC8242592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.693067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable form of cell cycle arrest in response to various stressors. While it serves as an endogenous pro-resolving mechanism, detrimental effects ensue when it is dysregulated. In this review, we introduce recent advances for cellular senescence and inflammaging, the underlying mechanisms for the reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in tissues during aging, new knowledge learned from p16 reporter mice, and the development of machine learning algorithms in cellular senescence. We focus on pathobiological insights underlying cellular senescence of the vascular endothelium, a critical interface between blood and all tissues. Common causes and hallmarks of endothelial senescence are highlighted as well as recent advances in endothelial senescence. The regulation of cellular senescence involves multiple mechanistic layers involving chromatin, DNA, RNA, and protein levels. New targets are discussed including the roles of long noncoding RNAs in regulating endothelial cellular senescence. Emerging small molecules are highlighted that have anti-aging or anti-senescence effects in age-related diseases and impact homeostatic control of the vascular endothelium. Lastly, challenges and future directions are discussed including heterogeneity of endothelial cells and endothelial senescence, senescent markers and detection of senescent endothelial cells, evolutionary differences for immune surveillance in mice and humans, and long noncoding RNAs as therapeutic targets in attenuating cellular senescence. Accumulating studies indicate that cellular senescence is reversible. A better understanding of endothelial cellular senescence through lifestyle and pharmacological interventions holds promise to foster a new frontier in the management of cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases Through Dietary Molecules, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Mark W. Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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55
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Li H, Yu XH, Ou X, Ouyang XP, Tang CK. Hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101109. [PMID: 34097928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a quickly emerging global health problem representing the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Cholesterol metabolism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. The liver is the major organ for cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal hepatic cholesterol metabolism not only leads to NAFLD but also drives the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia. The cholesterol level in hepatocytes reflects the dynamic balance between endogenous synthesis, uptake, esterification, and export, a process in which cholesterol is converted to neutral cholesteryl esters either for storage in cytosolic lipid droplets or for secretion as a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. In this review, we describe decades of research aimed at identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in each main aspect of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances regarding the biological processes of hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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56
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Ye WC, Huang SF, Hou LJ, Long HJ, Yin K, Hu CY, Zhao GJ. Potential Therapeutic Targeting of lncRNAs in Cholesterol Homeostasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:688546. [PMID: 34179148 PMCID: PMC8224755 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.688546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is essential for normal cellular and systemic functions. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a mechanism to fine-tune numerous biological processes by controlling gene expression. LncRNAs have emerged as important regulators in cholesterol homeostasis. Dysregulation of lncRNAs expression is associated with lipid-related diseases, suggesting that manipulating the lncRNAs expression could be a promising therapeutic approach to ameliorate liver disease progression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, given the high-abundant lncRNAs and the poor genetic conservation between species, much work is required to elucidate the specific role of lncRNAs in regulating cholesterol homeostasis. In this review, we highlighted the latest advances in the pivotal role and mechanism of lncRNAs in regulating cholesterol homeostasis. These findings provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs in lipid-related diseases and may offer potential therapeutic targets for treating lipid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chu Ye
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Shi-Feng Huang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Lian-Jie Hou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Hai-Jiao Long
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China.,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Ching Yuan Hu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
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57
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have evolved as a critical regulatory mechanism for almost all biological processes. By dynamically interacting with their molecular partners, lncRNAs regulate gene activity at multiple levels ranging from transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, RNA transporting, RNA decay, and translation of mRNA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Dysregulation of lncRNAs has been associated with human diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiometabolic diseases. However, as lncRNAs are usually much less conserved than mRNAs at the sequence level, most human lncRNAs are either primate or human specific. The pathophysiological significance of human lncRNAs is still mostly unclear due to the persistent limitations in studying human-specific genes. This review will focus on recent discoveries showing human lncRNAs' roles in regulating metabolic homeostasis and the potential of targeting this unique group of genes for treatment of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Ruan
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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58
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are pivotal regulators of mRNA and protein expression that critically contribute to cardiovascular pathophysiology. Although little is known about the origin and function of such ncRNAs, they have been suggested as promising biomarkers with powerful therapeutic value in cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we summarize the most recent findings on ncRNAs biology and their implication on cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein metabolism that highlight novel therapeutic avenues for treating dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical and experimental studies have elucidated the underlying effects that specific miRNAs impose both directly and indirectly regulating circulating high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) metabolism and cardiovascular risk. Some of these relevant miRNAs include miR-148a, miR-128-1, miR-483, miR-520d, miR-224, miR-30c, miR-122, miR-33, miR-144, and miR-34. circRNAs are known to participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes due to their abundance in tissues and their stage-specific expression activation. Recent studies have proven that circRNAs may be considered targets of CVD as well. Some of these cirRNAs are circ-0092317, circ_0003546, circ_0028198, and cirFASN that have been suggested to be strongly involved in lipoprotein metabolism; however, their relevance in CVD is still unknown. MicroRNA and cirRNAs have been proposed as powerful therapeutic targets for treating cardiometabolic disorders including atherosclerosis. Here, we discuss the recent findings in the field of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism underscoring the novel mechanisms by which some of these ncRNAs influence lipoprotein metabolism and CVD.
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59
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Price NL, Goedeke L, Suárez Y, Fernández-Hernando C. miR-33 in cardiometabolic diseases: lessons learned from novel animal models and approaches. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e12606. [PMID: 33938628 PMCID: PMC8103095 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs have emerged as critical regulators of nearly all biologic processes and important therapeutic targets for numerous diseases. However, despite the tremendous progress that has been made in this field, many misconceptions remain among much of the broader scientific community about the manner in which miRNAs function. In this review, we focus on miR‐33, one of the most extensively studied miRNAs, as an example, to highlight many of the advances that have been made in the miRNA field and the hurdles that must be cleared to promote the development of miRNA‐based therapies. We discuss how the generation of novel animal models and newly developed experimental techniques helped to elucidate the specialized roles of miR‐33 within different tissues and begin to define the specific mechanisms by which miR‐33 contributes to cardiometabolic diseases including obesity and atherosclerosis. This review will summarize what is known about miR‐33 and highlight common obstacles in the miRNA field and then describe recent advances and approaches that have allowed researchers to provide a more complete picture of the specific functions of this miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan L Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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60
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Wu J, Nagy LE, Liangpunsakul S, Wang L. Non-coding RNA crosstalk with nuclear receptors in liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166083. [PMID: 33497819 PMCID: PMC7987766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of nuclear receptors (NRs) underlies the pathogenesis of a variety of liver disorders. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are defined as RNA molecules transcribed from DNA but not translated into proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are two types of ncRNAs that have been extensively studied for regulating gene expression during diverse cellular processes. NRs as therapeutic targets in liver disease have been exemplified by the successful application of their pharmacological ligands in clinics. MiRNA-based reagents or drugs are emerging as flagship products in clinical trials. Advancing our understanding of the crosstalk between NRs and ncRNAs is critical to the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recent findings on the reciprocal regulation between NRs and ncRNAs (mainly on miRNAs and lncRNAs) and their implication in liver pathophysiology, which might be informative to the translational medicine of targeting NRs and ncRNAs in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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61
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Wang D, Sallam T. Where in the (lncRNA) World Is CARMN?: Safeguarding Against Vascular Dysfunction. Circ Res 2021; 128:1276-1278. [PMID: 33914599 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (D.W., T.S.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (D.W., T.S.), University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (D.W., T.S.), University of California, Los Angeles.,Molecular Biology Institute (D.W., T.S.), University of California, Los Angeles
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62
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Tsilimigras DI, Bibli SI, Siasos G, Oikonomou E, Perrea DN, Filis K, Tousoulis D, Sigala F. Regulation of Long Non-Coding RNAs by Statins in Atherosclerosis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050623. [PMID: 33922114 PMCID: PMC8143454 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increased public health awareness, atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Significant variations in response to statin treatment have been noted among different populations suggesting that the efficacy of statins may be altered by both genetic and environmental factors. The existing literature suggests that certain long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) might be up- or downregulated among patients with atherosclerosis. LncRNA may act on multiple levels (cholesterol homeostasis, vascular inflammation, and plaque destabilization) and exert atheroprotective or atherogenic effects. To date, only a few studies have investigated the interplay between statins and lncRNAs known to be implicated in atherosclerosis. The current review characterizes the role of lncRNAs in atherosclerosis and summarizes the available evidence related to the effect of statins in regulating lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamantis I. Tsilimigras
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.F.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-697-5683-212
| | - Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Institute for Vascular Signalling, Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.); (E.O.); (D.T.)
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.); (E.O.); (D.T.)
| | - Despina N. Perrea
- Laboratory for Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research “N.S. Christeas”, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Filis
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.F.); (F.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Tousoulis
- First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (G.S.); (E.O.); (D.T.)
| | - Fragiska Sigala
- First Propaedeutic Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.F.); (F.S.)
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63
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Kay M, Soltani BM. LncRNAs in Cardiomyocyte Maturation: New Window for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7010020. [PMID: 33802186 PMCID: PMC8005985 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte (CM) maturation, which is characterized by structural, functional, and metabolic specializations, is the last phase of CM development that prepares the cells for efficient and forceful contraction throughout life. Over the past decades, CM maturation has gained increased attention due to the fact that pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs are structurally, transcriptionally, and functionally immature and embryonic-like, which causes a defect in cell replacement therapy. The current challenge is to discover and understand the molecular mechanisms, which control the CM maturation process. Currently, emerging shreds of evidence emphasize the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating different aspects of CM maturation, including myofibril maturation, electrophysiology, and Ca2+ handling maturation, metabolic maturation and proliferation to hypertrophy transition. Here, we describe the structural and functional characteristics of mature CMs. Furthermore, this review highlights the lncRNAs as crucial regulators of different aspects in CM maturation, which have the potential to be used for mature CM production. With the current advances in oligonucleotide delivery; lncRNAs may serve as putative therapeutic targets to produce highly mature CMs for research and regenerative medicine.
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64
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Correia M, Bernardes de Jesus B, Nóbrega-Pereira S. Novel Insights Linking lncRNAs and Metabolism With Implications for Cardiac Regeneration. Front Physiol 2021; 12:586927. [PMID: 33776783 PMCID: PMC7987814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.586927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of mortality in developed countries. The associated pathology is typically characterized by the loss of cardiomyocytes that leads, eventually, to heart failure. Although conventional treatments exist, novel regenerative procedures are warranted for improving cardiac regeneration and patients well fare. Whereas following injury the capacity for regeneration of adult mammalian heart is limited, the neonatal heart is capable of substantial regeneration but this capacity is lost at postnatal stages. Interestingly, this is accompanied by a shift in the metabolic pathways and energetic fuels preferentially used by cardiomyocytes from embryonic glucose-driven anaerobic glycolysis to adult oxidation of substrates in the mitochondria. Apart from energetic sources, metabolites are emerging as key regulators of gene expression and epigenetic programs which could impact cardiac regeneration. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known master regulators of cellular and organismal carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and play multifaceted functions in the cardiovascular system. Still, our understanding of the metabolic determinants and pathways that can promote cardiac regeneration in the injured hearth remains limited. Here, we will discuss the emerging concepts that provide evidence for a molecular interplay between lncRNAs and metabolic signaling in cardiovascular function and whether exploiting this axis could provide ground for improved regenerative strategies in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Correia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Bruno Bernardes de Jesus
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandrina Nóbrega-Pereira
- Department of Medical Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine - iBiMED, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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65
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Gholipour M, Taheri M. The Emerging Role of Long Non-coding RNAs and Circular RNAs in Coronary Artery Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:632393. [PMID: 33708807 PMCID: PMC7940190 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.632393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common disorder caused by atherosclerotic processes in the coronary arteries. This condition results from abnormal interactions between numerous cell types in the artery walls. The main participating factors in this process are accumulation of lipid deposits, endothelial cell dysfunction, macrophage induction, and changes in smooth muscle cells. Several lines of evidence underscore participation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the pathogenesis of CAD. Several lncRNAs such as H19, ANRIL, MIAT, lnc-DC, IFNG-AS1, and LEF1-AS1 have been shown to be up-regulated in the biological materials obtained from CAD patients. On the other hand, Gas5, Chast, HULC, DICER1-AS1, and MEG3 have been down-regulated in CAD patients. Meanwhile, a number of circRNAs have been demonstrated to influence function of endothelial cells or vascular smooth muscle cells, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of CAD. In the current review, we summarize the function of lncRNAs and circRNAs in the development and progression of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Gholipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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66
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Zhang S, Li L, Wang J, Zhang T, Ye T, Wang S, Xing D, Chen W. Recent advances in the regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 by lncRNAs. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:100-110. [PMID: 33545111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) with atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death worldwide. ABCA1 and ABCG1 promote cholesterol efflux to suppress foam cell generation and reduce atherosclerosis development. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as a unique group of RNA transcripts that longer than 200 nucleotides and have no protein-coding potential. Many studies have found that lncRNAs regulate cholesterol efflux to influence atherosclerosis development. ABCA1 is regulated by different lncRNAs, including MeXis, GAS5, TUG1, MEG3, MALAT1, Lnc-HC, RP5-833A20.1, LOXL1-AS1, CHROME, DAPK1-IT1, SIRT1 AS lncRNA, DYNLRB2-2, DANCR, LeXis, LOC286367, and LncOR13C9. ABCG1 is also regulated by different lncRNAs, including TUG1, GAS5, RP5-833A20.1, DYNLRB2-2, ENST00000602558.1, and AC096664.3. Thus, various lncRNAs are associated with the roles of ABCA1 and ABCG1 on cholesterol efflux in atherosclerosis regulation. However, some lncRNAs play dual roles in ABCA1 expression and atherosclerosis, and the functions of some lncRNAs in atherosclerosis have not been investigated in vivo. In this article, we review the roles of lncRNAs in atherosclerosis and focus on new insights into lncRNAs associated with the roles of ABCA1 and ABCG1 on cholesterol efflux and the potential of these lncRNAs as novel therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Lu Li
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; School of Medical Imaging, Radiotherapy Department of Affiliated Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
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67
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Citrin KM, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. MicroRNA regulation of cholesterol metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1495:55-77. [PMID: 33521946 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Since many microRNAs have multiple mRNA targets, they are uniquely positioned to regulate the expression of several molecules and pathways simultaneously. For example, the multiple stages of cholesterol metabolism are heavily influenced by microRNA activity. Understanding the scope of microRNAs that control this pathway is highly relevant to diseases of perturbed cholesterol metabolism, most notably cardiovascular disease (CVD). Atherosclerosis is a common cause of CVD that involves inflammation and the accumulation of cholesterol-laden cells in the arterial wall. However, several different cell types participate in atherosclerosis, and perturbations in cholesterol homeostasis may have unique effects on the specialized functions of these various cell types. Therefore, our review discusses the current knowledge of microRNA-mediated control of cholesterol homeostasis, followed by speculation as to how these microRNA-mRNA target interactions might have distinctive effects on different cell types that participate in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Citrin
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology, Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism Program, and the Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Long Non-Coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Cardiovascular Disease Complication of Type 2 Diabetes. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010145. [PMID: 33478141 PMCID: PMC7835902 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has opened a new paradigm to use ncRNAs as biomarkers to detect disease progression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have garnered the most attention due to their specific cell-origin and their existence in biological fluids. Type 2 diabetes patients will develop cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications, and CVD remains the top risk factor for mortality. Understanding the lncRNA roles in T2D and CVD conditions will allow the future use of lncRNAs to detect CVD complications before the symptoms appear. This review aimed to discuss the roles of lncRNAs in T2D and CVD conditions and their diagnostic potential as molecular biomarkers for CVD complications in T2D.
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Karstensen KT, Schein A, Petri A, Bøgsted M, Dybkær K, Uchida S, Kauppinen S. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Noncoding RNA 2020; 7:1. [PMID: 33379241 PMCID: PMC7838888 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoid malignancy in adults. Although significant progress has been made in recent years to treat DLBCL patients, 30%-40% of the patients eventually relapse or are refractory to first line treatment, calling for better therapeutic strategies for DLBCL. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a highly diverse group of non-protein coding transcripts with intriguing molecular functions in human disease, including cancer. Here, we review the current understanding of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and progression of DLBCL to provide an overview of the field. As the current knowledge of lncRNAs in DLBCL is still in its infancy, we provide molecular signatures of lncRNAs in DLBCL cell lines to assist further lncRNA research in DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Thystrup Karstensen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Aleks Schein
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Petri
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.B.); (K.D.)
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Karen Dybkær
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (M.B.); (K.D.)
- Department of Haematology, Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Sakari Kauppinen
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, DK-2450 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.T.K.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
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70
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Ono K, Horie T, Baba O, Kimura M, Tsuji S, Rodriguez RR, Miyagawa S, Kimura T. Functional non-coding RNAs in vascular diseases. FEBS J 2020; 288:6315-6330. [PMID: 33340430 PMCID: PMC9292203 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, advances in genomic technology such as RNA sequencing and genome‐wide profiling have enabled the identification of considerable numbers of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs). MicroRNAs have been studied for decades, leading to the identification of those with disease‐causing and/or protective effects in vascular disease. Although other ncRNAs such as long ncRNAs have not been fully described yet, recent studies have indicated their important functions in the development of vascular diseases. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms and functions of ncRNAs, focusing on microRNAs, circular RNAs and long ncRNAs in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Osamu Baba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Shuhei Tsuji
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | | | - Sawa Miyagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Agarwal S, Vierbuchen T, Ghosh S, Chan J, Jiang Z, Kandasamy RK, Ricci E, Fitzgerald KA. The long non-coding RNA LUCAT1 is a negative feedback regulator of interferon responses in humans. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6348. [PMID: 33311506 PMCID: PMC7733444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs are important regulators of biological processes including immune responses. The immunoregulatory functions of lncRNAs have been revealed primarily in murine models with limited understanding of lncRNAs in human immune responses. Here, we identify lncRNA LUCAT1 which is upregulated in human myeloid cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and other innate immune stimuli. Targeted deletion of LUCAT1 in myeloid cells increases expression of type I interferon stimulated genes in response to LPS. By contrast, increased LUCAT1 expression results in a reduction of the inducible ISG response. In activated cells, LUCAT1 is enriched in the nucleus where it associates with chromatin. Further, LUCAT1 limits transcription of interferon stimulated genes by interacting with STAT1 in the nucleus. Together, our study highlights the role of the lncRNA LUCAT1 as a post-induction feedback regulator which functions to restrain the immune response in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiuli Agarwal
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Tim Vierbuchen
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Jennie Chan
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Zhaozhao Jiang
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Richard K Kandasamy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine (IKOM), Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emiliano Ricci
- Université de Lyon, ENSL, UCBL, CNRS, INSERM, LBMC, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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Yu XH, Deng WY, Chen JJ, Xu XD, Liu XX, Chen L, Shi MW, Liu QX, Tao M, Ren K. LncRNA kcnq1ot1 promotes lipid accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis via functioning as a ceRNA through the miR-452-3p/HDAC3/ABCA1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1043. [PMID: 33293505 PMCID: PMC7723992 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Kcnq1 overlapping transcript 1 (kcnq1ot1), an imprinted antisense lncRNA in the kcnq1 locus, acts as a potential contributor to cardiovascular disease, but its role in atherosclerosis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of kcnq1ot1 on atherogenesis and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that kcnq1ot1 expression was significantly increased in mouse aorta with atherosclerosis and lipid-loaded macrophages. Lentivirus-mediated kcnq1ot1 overexpression markedly increased atherosclerotic plaque area and decreased plasma HDL-C levels and RCT efficiency in apoE-/- mice fed a Western diet. Upregulation of kcnq1ot1 also reduced the expression of miR-452-3p and ABCA1 but increased HDAC3 levels in mouse aorta and THP-1 macrophages. Accordingly, kcnq1ot1 overexpression inhibited cholesterol efflux and promoted lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages. In contrast, kcnq1ot1 knockdown protected against atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice and suppressed lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophages. Mechanistically, kcnq1ot1 enhanced HDAC3 expression by competitively binding to miR-452-3p, thereby inhibiting ABCA1 expression and subsequent cholesterol efflux. Taken together, these findings suggest that kcnq1ot1 promotes macrophage lipid accumulation and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis through the miR-452-3p/HDAC3/ABCA1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, Hainan, PR China
| | - Wen-Yi Deng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, Hainan, PR China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, Hainan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dan Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xian-Xia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, Hainan, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, Hainan, PR China
| | - Meng-Wen Shi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Qi-Xian Liu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Min Tao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Kun Ren
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570100, Hainan, PR China. .,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, PR China.
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Ma X, Liu H, Chen F. Functioning of Long Noncoding RNAs Expressed in Macrophage in the Development of Atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:567582. [PMID: 33381026 PMCID: PMC7768882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.567582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is part of the pathological process during atherosclerosis (AS). Due to the abundance of monocytes/macrophages within the arterial plaque, monocytes/macrophages have become a critical cellular target in AS studies. In recent decades, a number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to exert regulatory roles on the macrophage metabolism and macrophage plasticity, consequently promoting or suppressing atherosclerotic inflammation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of lncRNAs in macrophage biology, highlighting the potential role of lncRNAs in AS based on recent findings, with the aim to identify disease biomarkers and future therapeutic interventions for AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirui Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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LncRNA lncLy6C induced by microbiota metabolite butyrate promotes differentiation of Ly6C high to Ly6C int/neg macrophages through lncLy6C/C/EBPβ/Nr4A1 axis. Cell Discov 2020; 6:87. [PMID: 33298871 PMCID: PMC7683537 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-00211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are mainly divided into two populations, which play a different role in physiological and pathological conditions. The differentiation of these cells may be regulated by transcription factors. However, it is unclear how to modulate these transcription factors to affect differentiation of these cells. Here, we found that lncLy6C, a novel ultraconserved lncRNA, promotes differentiation of Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes into Ly6Clow/neg resident macrophages. We demonstrate that gut microbiota metabolites butyrate upregulates the expression of lncLy6C. LncLy6C deficient mice had markedly increased Ly6Chigh pro-inflammatory monocytes and reduced Ly6Cneg resident macrophages. LncLy6C not only bound with transcription factor C/EBPβ but also bound with multiple lysine methyltransferases of H3K4me3 to specifically promote the enrichment of C/EBPβ and H3K4me3 marks on the promoter region of Nr4A1, which can promote Ly6Chigh into Ly6Cneg macrophages. As a result, lncLy6C causes the upregulation of Nr4A1 to promote Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes to differentiate into Ly6Cint/neg resident macrophages.
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75
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Yuan Y, Xu L, Geng Z, Liu J, Zhang L, Wu Y, He D, Qu P. The role of non-coding RNA network in atherosclerosis. Life Sci 2020; 265:118756. [PMID: 33189816 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the primary culprit of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Also, atherogenesis and the development of atherosclerosis involve endothelial cells, monocytes/macrophages, smooth myocytes, and others. Increasingly, studies have found that non-coding RNA (ncRNA) which can regulate apoptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, proliferation, and monocyte migration participates in atherogenesis and progress of atherosclerosis by the above. The ncRNA networks may be essential in regulating the complicated process of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, this review delves into the regulatory roles of ncRNA, which were introduced previously. The answer above is particularly crucial to explain further the regulatory mechanism of ncRNA in cardiovascular disorders. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility and related research of ncRNAs as a biomarker and therapeutic target for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchan Yuan
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of clinical laboratory, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian 116021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohong Geng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Qu
- Institute of Heart and Vessel Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China; Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China.
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Atorvastatin Increases the Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs ARSR and CHROME in Hypercholesterolemic Patients: A Pilot Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110382. [PMID: 33198086 PMCID: PMC7696809 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin is extensively used to treat hypercholesterolemia. However, the wide interindividual variability observed in response to this drug still needs further elucidation. Nowadays, the biology of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is better understood, and some of these molecules have been related to cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, they could provide additional information on variability in response to statins. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on three lncRNAs (lncRNA ARSR: Activated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with sunitinib resistance, ENST00000424980; lncRNA LASER: lipid associated single nucleotide polymorphism locus, ENSG00000237937; and lncRNA CHROME: cholesterol homeostasis regulator of miRNA expression, ENSG00000223960) associated with genes involved in cholesterol metabolism as predictors of lipid-lowering therapy performance. Twenty hypercholesterolemic patients were treated for four weeks with atorvastatin (20 mg/day). The lipid profile was determined before and after drug administration using conventional assays. The expression of lncRNAs was assessed in peripheral blood samples by RT-qPCR. As expected, atorvastatin improved the lipid profile, decreasing total cholesterol, LDL-C, and the TC/HDL-C ratio (p < 0.0001) while increasing the expression of lncRNAs ARSR and CHROME (p < 0.0001) upon completion of treatment. LASER did not show significant differences among the groups (p = 0.50). Our results indicate that atorvastatin modulates the expression of cholesterol-related lncRNAs differentially, suggesting that these molecules play a role in the variability of response to this drug; however, additional studies are needed to disclose the implication of this differential regulation on statin response.
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Lee KH, Hwang HJ, Cho JY. Long Non-Coding RNA Associated with Cholesterol Homeostasis and Its Involvement in Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8337. [PMID: 33172104 PMCID: PMC7664438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential cell component that functions to create and maintain all kinds of cell membranes and lipoprotein particles. It is crucial to maintain the proper amount of cholesterol at both the cellular and systemic level. Recently, the importance of cholesterol has been reported not only in various cell development processes but also in the development of diseases. Furthermore, the involvement of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are regarded as important epigenetic regulators in gene expression, has also been reported in cholesterol homeostasis. It is thus necessary to summarize the research on lncRNAs related to cholesterol with increased interest. This review organized the role of lncRNAs according to the major issues in cholesterol homeostasis: efflux, metabolism and synthesis, and disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Je-Yoel Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, BK21 Plus and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.-H.L.); (H.-J.H.)
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Wang Y, Xiao S, Zhou S, Zhang R, Liu H, Lin Y, Yu P. High Glucose Aggravates Cholesterol Accumulation in Glomerular Endothelial Cells Through the LXRs/LncRNAOR13C9/ABCA1 Regulatory Network. Front Physiol 2020; 11:552483. [PMID: 33192550 PMCID: PMC7604427 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.552483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The underlying mechanisms by which diabetes and dyslipidemia contribute to diabetic nephropathy (DN) are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of high glucose (HG) on intracellular cholesterol accumulation in glomerular endothelial cells (GEnCs) and its potential mechanism. METHODS Oil red O staining, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, and immunocytofluorescence analyses were used to determine cholesterol accumulation and the expressions of LXRs and ABCA1 in GEnCs under high cholesterol (HC) and/or HG conditions, and the effect of these treatments was compared to that of low glucose without adding cholesterol. LncRNA microarrays were used to identify a long non-coding RNA (LncRNA OR13C9), of which levels increased in cells treated with the LXR agonist, GW3965. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was conducted to confirm subcellular localization of LncOR13C9 and a bioinformatics analysis was used to identify competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks between LncOR13C9 and microRNA-23a-5p (miR-23a-5p). Gain and loss of function, rescue assay approaches, and dual-luciferase reporter assay were conducted to study interactions between LncOR13C9, miR-23a-5p, and ABCA1. RESULTS We showed that HG could decrease the response ability of GEnCs to cholesterol load, specifically that HG could downregulate LXRs expression in GEnCs under cholesterol load and that the decrease in LXRs expression suppressed ABCA1 expression and increased cholesterol accumulation. We focused on the targets of LXRs and identified a long non-coding RNA (LncOR13C9) that was downregulated in GEnCs grown in HG and HC conditions, compared with that grown in HC conditions. We speculated that LncRNAOR13C9 was important for LXRs to increase cholesterol efflux via ABCA1 under HC. Furthermore, using gain of function, loss of function, and rescue assay approaches, we showed that LncOR13C9 could regulate ABCA1 by inhibiting the action of miR-23a-5p in the LXR pathway. Furthermore, dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to study the interaction of LncOR13C9 with miR-23a-5p. CONCLUSION Overall, our study identified the LXRs/LncOR13C9/miR23A-5p/ABCA1 regulatory network in GEnCs, which may be helpful to better understand the effect of HG on cholesterol accumulation in GEnCs under cholesterol load and to explore new therapeutic tools for the management of DN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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79
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Role of epigenetic mechanisms regulated by enhancers and long noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2020; 35:234-241. [PMID: 32205477 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and related metabolic disorders increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite significant progress in the identification of key mechanisms and genetic polymorphisms linked to various CVDs, the rates of CVDs continue to escalate, underscoring the need to evaluate additional mechanisms for more effective therapies. Environment and lifestyle changes can alter epigenetic mechanisms mediated by histone modifications and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) which play important roles in gene regulation. The review summarizes recent findings on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in CVD. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies identified dysregulated histone modifications and chromatin modifying proteins at cis-regulatory elements, including enhancers/super-enhancers, mediating the expression of genes associated with CVD in vascular and immune cells in response to growth factors and inflammatory mediators. Several lncRNAs have also been reported to contribute to pathological gene expression via cis and trans mechanisms involving interactions with nuclear proteins, co-operation with enhancers/super enhancers and acting as microRNA sponges. SUMMARY Epigenomic approaches in cells affected in CVDs can be exploited to understand the function of genetic polymorphisms at cis-regulatory elements and crosstalk between enhancers and lncRNAs associated with disease susceptibility and progression. The reversible nature of epigenetics provides opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for CVD.
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80
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Wu X, Niculite CM, Preda MB, Rossi A, Tebaldi T, Butoi E, White MK, Tudoran OM, Petrusca DN, Jannasch AS, Bone WP, Zong X, Fang F, Burlacu A, Paulsen MT, Hancock BA, Sandusky GE, Mitra S, Fishel ML, Buechlein A, Ivan C, Oikonomopoulos S, Gorospe M, Mosley A, Radovich M, Davé UP, Ragoussis J, Nephew KP, Mari B, McIntyre A, Konig H, Ljungman M, Cousminer DL, Macchi P, Ivan M. Regulation of cellular sterol homeostasis by the oxygen responsive noncoding RNA lincNORS. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4755. [PMID: 32958772 PMCID: PMC7505984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We hereby provide the initial portrait of lincNORS, a spliced lincRNA generated by the MIR193BHG locus, entirely distinct from the previously described miR-193b-365a tandem. While inducible by low O2 in a variety of cells and associated with hypoxia in vivo, our studies show that lincNORS is subject to multiple regulatory inputs, including estrogen signals. Biochemically, this lincRNA fine-tunes cellular sterol/steroid biosynthesis by repressing the expression of multiple pathway components. Mechanistically, the function of lincNORS requires the presence of RALY, an RNA-binding protein recently found to be implicated in cholesterol homeostasis. We also noticed the proximity between this locus and naturally occurring genetic variations highly significant for sterol/steroid-related phenotypes, in particular the age of sexual maturation. An integrative analysis of these variants provided a more formal link between these phenotypes and lincNORS, further strengthening the case for its biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Cristina M Niculite
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,"Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Bogdan Preda
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Annalisa Rossi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Elena Butoi
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mattie K White
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Oana M Tudoran
- The Oncology Institute "Prof Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela N Petrusca
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Amber S Jannasch
- Metabolite Profiling Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - William P Bone
- Department of Genetics, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xingyue Zong
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexandrina Burlacu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Michelle T Paulsen
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brad A Hancock
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sumegha Mitra
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Aaron Buechlein
- Indiana University Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Spyros Oikonomopoulos
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Amber Mosley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Milan Radovich
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Utpal P Davé
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Bernard Mari
- CNRS, IPMC, FHU-OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Heiko Konig
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mats Ljungman
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Environmental Health Sciences, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Centre for Cancer Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, Nottingham University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paolo Macchi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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81
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Abstract
Purpose of Review To summarize recent insights into long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in atherosclerosis. Because atherosclerosis is the main underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), the world’s deadliest disease, finding novel therapeutic strategies is of high interest. Recent Findings LncRNAs can bind to proteins, DNA, and RNA regulating disease initiation and plaque growth as well as plaque stability in different cell types such as endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and macrophages. A number of lncRNAs have been implicated in cholesterol homeostasis and foam cell formation such as LASER, LeXis, and CHROME. Among others, MANTIS, lncRNA-CCL2, and MALAT1 were shown to be involved in vascular inflammation. Further regulations include, but are not limited to, DNA damage response in ECs, phenotypic switch of VSMCs, and various cell death mechanisms. Interestingly, some lncRNAs are closely correlated with response to statin treatment, such as NEXN-AS1 or LASER. Additionally, some lncRNAs may serve as CVD biomarkers. Summary LncRNAs are a potential novel therapeutic target to treat CVD, but research of lncRNA in atherosclerosis is still in its infancy. With increasing knowledge of the complex and diverse regulations of lncRNAs in the heterogeneous environment of atherosclerotic plaques, lncRNAs hold promise for their clinical translation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Josefs
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinier A Boon
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, VU University, Amsterdam UMC, Postbus 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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82
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Das S, Shah R, Dimmeler S, Freedman JE, Holley C, Lee JM, Moore K, Musunuru K, Wang DZ, Xiao J, Yin KJ. Noncoding RNAs in Cardiovascular Disease: Current Knowledge, Tools and Technologies for Investigation, and Future Directions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2020; 13:e000062. [PMID: 32812806 DOI: 10.1161/hcg.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery that much of the non-protein-coding genome is transcribed and plays a diverse functional role in fundamental cellular processes has led to an explosion in the development of tools and technologies to investigate the role of these noncoding RNAs in cardiovascular health. Furthermore, identifying noncoding RNAs for targeted therapeutics to treat cardiovascular disease is an emerging area of research. The purpose of this statement is to review existing literature, offer guidance on tools and technologies currently available to study noncoding RNAs, and identify areas of unmet need. METHODS The writing group used systematic literature reviews (including MEDLINE, Web of Science through 2018), expert opinion/statements, analyses of databases and computational tools/algorithms, and review of current clinical trials to provide a broad consensus on the current state of the art in noncoding RNA in cardiovascular disease. RESULTS Significant progress has been made since the initial studies focusing on the role of miRNAs (microRNAs) in cardiovascular development and disease. Notably, recent progress on understanding the role of novel types of noncoding small RNAs such as snoRNAs (small nucleolar RNAs), tRNA (transfer RNA) fragments, and Y-RNAs in cellular processes has revealed a noncanonical function for many of these molecules. Similarly, the identification of long noncoding RNAs that appear to play an important role in cardiovascular disease processes, coupled with the development of tools to characterize their interacting partners, has led to significant mechanistic insight. Finally, recent work has characterized the unique role of extracellular RNAs in mediating intercellular communication and their potential role as biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The rapid expansion of tools and pipelines for isolating, measuring, and annotating these entities suggests that caution in interpreting results is warranted until these methodologies are rigorously validated. Most investigators have focused on investigating the functional role of single RNA entities, but studies suggest complex interaction between different RNA molecules. The use of network approaches and advanced computational tools to understand the interaction of different noncoding RNA species to mediate a particular phenotype may be required to fully comprehend the function of noncoding RNAs in mediating disease phenotypes.
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MESH Headings
- American Heart Association
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/genetics
- Cardiovascular Diseases/pathology
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/chemistry
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/chemistry
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/chemistry
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/genetics
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/chemistry
- RNA, Transfer/genetics
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/chemistry
- RNA, Untranslated/genetics
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- United States
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83
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Pierce JB, Feinberg MW. Long Noncoding RNAs in Atherosclerosis and Vascular Injury: Pathobiology, Biomarkers, and Targets for Therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2002-2017. [PMID: 32698685 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite major advances in the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis and its risk factors, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a major clinical and financial burden on individuals and health systems worldwide. In addition, neointima formation and proliferation due to mechanical trauma to the vessel wall during percutaneous coronary interventions can lead to vascular restenosis and limit the longevity and effectiveness of coronary revascularization. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel class of epigenetic regulators with critical roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis following vascular injury. Here, we provide an in-depth review of lncRNAs that regulate the development of atherosclerosis or contribute to the pathogenesis of restenosis following mechanical vascular injury. We describe the diverse array of intracellular mechanisms by which lncRNAs exert their regulatory effects. We highlight the utility and challenges of lncRNAs as biomarkers. Finally, we discuss the immense translational potential of lncRNAs and strategies for targeting them therapeutically using oligonucleotide-based therapeutics and novel gene therapy platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Pierce
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.P., M.W.F.).,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (J.B.P.)
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- From the Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.B.P., M.W.F.)
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84
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Macrophage Long Non-Coding RNAs in Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease. Noncoding RNA 2020; 6:ncrna6030028. [PMID: 32664594 PMCID: PMC7549353 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is inextricably linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Macrophages themselves play important roles in atherosclerosis, as well as acute and chronic heart failure. Although the role of macrophages in CVD pathophysiology is well-recognized, little is known regarding the precise mechanisms influencing their function in these contexts. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as significant regulators of macrophage function; as such, there is rising interest in understanding how these nucleic acids influence macrophage signaling, cell fate decisions, and activity in health and disease. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding lncRNAs in directing various aspects of macrophage function in CVD. These include foam cell formation, Toll-like receptor (TLR) and NF-kβ signaling, and macrophage phenotype switching. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding concerning previous, ongoing, and future studies of lncRNAs in macrophage functions and their importance in CVD.
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85
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Yang J, Wang Q, Feng G, Zeng M. Significance of Selective Protein Degradation in the Development of Novel Targeted Drugs and Its Implications in Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Guo‐Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
| | - Mu‐Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center Guangzhou 510060 China
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86
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Carbone F, Montecucco F, Xu S, Banach M, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Epigenetics in atherosclerosis: key features and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:719-721. [PMID: 32354276 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1764535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa - Italian Cardiovascular Network , Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy.,First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Suowen Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz , Poland.,Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI) , Lodz, Poland
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University , Quchan, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran.,Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA , Tehran, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
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87
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Abstract
Currently, cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of death worldwide; therefore, atherosclerosis remains one of the most crucial public health problems. This chronic and complex disease is considered to be a result of aberrant lipid homeostasis and inflammation of the inner wall of arteries that leads to plaque development. In recent years, a specific class of non-coding RNAs that are characterised by transcript lengths longer than 200 nucleotides, called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), has emerged. Moreover, a growing body of evidence indicates that deregulation of lncRNA expression may contribute to the development of many diseases. Despite continuous efforts in deciphering the molecular basis of atherosclerotic plaque (AP) formation, many aspects of this process remain elusive. Therefore, continuing efforts in this area should remain the highest priority in the coming years. Establishment of a standardised experimental pipeline and validation of lncRNAs as possible relevant biomarkers for cardiovascular disease would enable the translation of gathered findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Kraczkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Science, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Paweł Piotr Jagodziński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznań University of Medical Science, 6 Święcickiego Street, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
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88
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Michell DL, Zhao S, Allen RM, Sheng Q, Vickers KC. Pervasive Small RNAs in Cardiometabolic Research: Great Potential Accompanied by Biological and Technical Barriers. Diabetes 2020; 69:813-822. [PMID: 32312897 PMCID: PMC7171967 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in small RNA sequencing have revealed the enormous diversity of small noncoding RNA (sRNA) classes in mammalian cells. At this point, most investigators in diabetes are aware of the success of microRNA (miRNA) research and appreciate the importance of posttranscriptional gene regulation in glycemic control. Nevertheless, miRNAs are just one of multiple classes of sRNAs and likely represent only a minor fraction of sRNA sequences in a given cell. Despite the widespread appreciation of sRNAs, very little research into non-miRNA sRNA function has been completed, likely due to some major barriers that present unique challenges for study. To emphasize the importance of sRNA research in cardiometabolic diseases, we highlight the success of miRNAs and competitive endogenous RNAs in cholesterol and glucose metabolism. Moreover, we argue that sequencing studies have demonstrated that miRNAs are just the tip of the iceberg for sRNAs. We are likely standing at the precipice of immense discovery for novel sRNA-mediated gene regulation in cardiometabolic diseases. To realize this potential, we must first address critical barriers with an open mind and refrain from viewing non-miRNA sRNA function through the lens of miRNAs, as they likely have their own set of distinct regulatory factors and functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Michell
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryan M Allen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kasey C Vickers
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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89
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Abstract
The advent of deep sequencing technologies led to the identification of a considerable amount of noncoding RNA transcripts, which are increasingly recognized for their functions in controlling cardiovascular diseases. MicroRNAs have already been studied for a decade, leading to the identification of several vasculoprotective and detrimental species, which might be considered for therapeutic targeting. Other noncoding RNAs such as circular RNAs, YRNAs, or long noncoding RNAs are currently gaining increasing attention, and first studies provide insights into their functions as mediators or antagonists of vascular diseases in vivo. The present review article will provide an overview of the different types of noncoding RNAs controlling the vasculature and focus on the developing field of long noncoding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jaé
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (N.J., S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration (N.J., S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (S.D.), Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) and Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Frankfurt (S.D.)
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90
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Abstract
Advances in molecular genetics have identified several species of RNA that fail to translate - hence the non-coding RNAs. The two major groups within this class of nucleic acids are microRNAs (miRNA) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA). There is growing body of evidence supporting the view that these molecules have regulatory effect on both DNA and RNA. The objective of this brief review is to explain the molecular genetic of these molecules, to summarize their potential as mediators of disease, and to highlight their value as diagnostic markers and as tools in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Kingston, London, UK
| | - A D Blann
- Institute of Biomedical Science, London, UK
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91
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Abstract
RNA modulation has become a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of several types of disease. The emerging field of noncoding RNA-based therapies has now come to the attention of cardiovascular research, in which it could provide valuable advancements in comparison to current pharmacotherapy such as small molecule drugs or antibodies. In this review, we focus on noncoding RNA-based studies conducted mainly in large-animal models, including pigs, rabbits, dogs, and nonhuman primates. The obstacles and promises of targeting long noncoding RNAs and circRNAs as therapeutic modalities in humans are specifically discussed. We also describe novel ex vivo methods based on human cells and tissues, such as engineered heart tissues and living myocardial slices that could help bridging the gap between in vivo models and clinical applications in the future. Finally, we summarize antisense oligonucleotide drugs that have already been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for targeting mRNAs and discuss the progress of noncoding RNA-based drugs in clinical trials. Additional factors, such as drug chemistry, drug formulations, different routes of administration, and the advantages of RNA-based drugs, are also included in the present review. Recently, first therapeutic miRNA-based inhibitory strategies have been tested in heart failure patients as well as healthy volunteers to study effects on wound healing (NCT04045405; NCT03603431). In summary, a combination of novel therapeutic RNA targets, large-animal models, ex vivo studies with human cells/tissues, and new delivery techniques will likely lead to significant progress in the development of noncoding RNA-based next-generation therapeutics for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kai Huang
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (C.-K.H., S.K.-K., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Sabine Kafert-Kasting
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (C.-K.H., S.K.-K., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (C.-K.H., S.K.-K., T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
- REBIRTH Center of Translational Regenerative Medicine (T.T.), Hannover Medical School, Germany
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92
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Schiano C, Benincasa G, Franzese M, Della Mura N, Pane K, Salvatore M, Napoli C. Epigenetic-sensitive pathways in personalized therapy of major cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107514. [PMID: 32105674 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complex pathobiology underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has yet to be explained. Aberrant epigenetic changes may result from alterations in enzymatic activities, which are responsible for putting in and/or out the covalent groups, altering the epigenome and then modulating gene expression. The identification of novel individual epigenetic-sensitive trajectories at single cell level might provide additional opportunities to establish predictive, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as drug targets in CVDs. To date, most of studies investigated DNA methylation mechanism and miRNA regulation as epigenetics marks. During atherogenesis, big epigenetic changes in DNA methylation and different ncRNAs, such as miR-93, miR-340, miR-433, miR-765, CHROME, were identified into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. During man development, lipid metabolism, inflammation and homocysteine homeostasis, alter vascular transcriptional mechanism of fundamental genes such as ABCA1, SREBP2, NOS, HIF1. At histone level, increased HDAC9 was associated with matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP2 expression in pro-inflammatory macrophages of human carotid plaque other than to have a positive effect on toll like receptor signaling and innate immunity. HDAC9 deficiency promoted inflammation resolution and reverse cholesterol transport, which might block atherosclerosis progression and promote lesion regression. Here, we describe main human epigenetic mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease; cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Different epigenetics mechanisms are activated, such as regulation by circular RNAs, as MICRA, and epitranscriptomics at RNA level. Moreover, in order to open new frontiers for precision medicine and personalized therapy, we offer a panoramic view on the most innovative bioinformatic tools designed to identify putative genes and molecular networks underlying CVDs in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudio Napoli
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialistics, Department of Advanced Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy; IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
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93
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Stapleton K, Das S, Reddy MA, Leung A, Amaram V, Lanting L, Chen Z, Zhang L, Palanivel R, Deiuliis JA, Natarajan R. Novel Long Noncoding RNA, Macrophage Inflammation-Suppressing Transcript ( MIST), Regulates Macrophage Activation During Obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:914-928. [PMID: 32078363 PMCID: PMC7098442 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: Systemic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome is a strong risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular complications. This inflammatory state is caused by release of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages, especially in adipose tissue. Long noncoding RNAs regulate macrophage activation and inflammatory gene networks, but their role in macrophage dysfunction during diet-induced obesity has been largely unexplored. Approach and Results: We sequenced total RNA from peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice fed either high-fat diet or standard diet and performed de novo transcriptome assembly to identify novel differentially expressed mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs. A top candidate long noncoding RNA, macrophage inflammation-suppressing transcript (Mist), was downregulated in both peritoneal macrophages and adipose tissue macrophages from high-fat diet–fed mice. GapmeR-mediated Mist knockdown in vitro and in vivo upregulated expression of genes associated with immune response and inflammation and increased modified LDL (low-density lipoprotein) uptake in macrophages. Conversely, Mist overexpression decreased basal and LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced expression of inflammatory response genes and decreased modified LDL uptake. RNA-pull down coupled with mass spectrometry showed that Mist interacts with PARP1 (poly [ADP]-ribose polymerase-1). Disruption of this RNA-protein interaction increased PARP1 recruitment and chromatin PARylation at promoters of inflammatory genes, resulting in increased gene expression. Furthermore, human orthologous MIST was also downregulated by proinflammatory stimuli, and its expression in human adipose tissue macrophages inversely correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. Conclusions: Mist is a novel protective long noncoding RNA, and its loss during obesity contributes to metabolic dysfunction and proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages via epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Stapleton
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences (K.S., V.A., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Sadhan Das
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Marpadga A Reddy
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Amy Leung
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Vishnu Amaram
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences (K.S., V.A., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Linda Lanting
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Lingxiao Zhang
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Rengasamy Palanivel
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of the Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (R.P., J.A.D.)
| | - Jeffrey A Deiuliis
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of the Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH (R.P., J.A.D.)
| | - Rama Natarajan
- From the Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Institute (K.S, S.D., M.A.R., A.L., V.A., L.L., Z.C., L.Z., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA.,Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences (K.S., V.A., R.N.), Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA
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94
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of lipids and chronic inflammation in medium size to large arteries. Recently, RNA-based antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are being developed, along with small molecule-based drugs and monoclonal antibodies, for the treatment of risk factors associated with atherosclerosis.. The purpose of this review is to describe nucleic acid-based therapeutics and introduce novel RNAs that might become future tools for treatment of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS RNA-based inhibitors for PCSK9, Lp(a), ApoCIII, and ANGPTL3 have been successfully tested in phase II-III clinical trials. Moreover, multiple microRNA and long non-coding RNAs have been found to reduce atherogenesis in preclinical animal models. Clinical trials especially with ASOs and siRNAs directed to liver, targeting cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, have shown promising results. Additional research in larger patient cohorts is needed to fully evaluate the therapeutic potential of these new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Mäkinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
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95
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Cheng J, Cheng A, Clifford BL, Wu X, Hedin U, Maegdefessel L, Pamir N, Sallam T, Tarling EJ, de Aguiar Vallim TQ. MicroRNA-144 Silencing Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Male, but Not Female Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:412-425. [PMID: 31852219 PMCID: PMC7018399 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in developed countries. MicroRNAs act as fine-tuners of gene expression and have been shown to have important roles in the pathophysiology and progression of atherosclerosis. We, and others, previously demonstrated that microRNA-144 (miR-144) functions to post-transcriptionally regulate ABCA1 (ATP binding cassette transporter A1) and plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. Here, we explore how miR-144 inhibition may protect against atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: We demonstrate that miR-144 silencing reduced atherosclerosis in male, but not female low-density lipoprotein receptor null (Ldlr-/-) mice. MiR-144 antagonism increased circulating HDL cholesterol levels, remodeled the HDL particle, and enhanced reverse cholesterol transport. Notably, the effects on HDL and reverse cholesterol transport were more pronounced in male mice suggesting sex-specific differences may contribute to the effects of silencing miR-144 on atherosclerosis. As a molecular mechanism, we identify the oxysterol metabolizing enzyme CYP7B1 (cytochrome P450 enzyme 7B1) as a miR-144 regulated gene in male, but not female mice. Consistent with miR-144-dependent changes in CYP7B1 activity, we show decreased levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol, a known proatherogenic sterol and the endogenous substrate for CYP7B1 in male, but not female mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate silencing miR-144 has sex-specific effects and that treatment with antisense oligonucleotides to target miR-144 might result in enhancements in reverse cholesterol transport and oxysterol metabolism in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Angela Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Bethan L. Clifford
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar – Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nathalie Pamir
- Department of Medicine, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Tarling
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Johnsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas Q. de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Johnsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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96
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Yan Y, Song D, Wu J, Wang J. Long Non-Coding RNAs Link Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein With the Inflammatory Response of Macrophages in Atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:24. [PMID: 32082313 PMCID: PMC7003668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized as a chronic inflammatory response to cholesterol deposition in arteries. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), especially the oxidized form (ox-LDL), plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis by inducing endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, attracting monocyte-derived macrophages, and promoting chronic inflammation. However, the mechanisms linking cholesterol accumulation with inflammation in macrophage foam cells are poorly understood. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of non-protein-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides and are found to regulate the progress of atherosclerosis. Recently, many lncRNAs interfering with cholesterol deposition or inflammation were identified, which might help elucidate their underlying molecular mechanism or be used as novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize and highlight the role of lncRNAs linking cholesterol (mainly ox-LDL) accumulation with inflammation in macrophages during the process of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junduo Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junnan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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97
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Ruan X, Li P, Chen Y, Shi Y, Pirooznia M, Seifuddin F, Suemizu H, Ohnishi Y, Yoneda N, Nishiwaki M, Shepherdson J, Suresh A, Singh K, Ma Y, Jiang CF, Cao H. In vivo functional analysis of non-conserved human lncRNAs associated with cardiometabolic traits. Nat Commun 2020; 11:45. [PMID: 31896749 PMCID: PMC6940387 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike protein-coding genes, the majority of human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered non-conserved. Although lncRNAs have been shown to function in diverse pathophysiological processes in mice, it remains largely unknown whether human lncRNAs have such in vivo functions. Here, we describe an integrated pipeline to define the in vivo function of non-conserved human lncRNAs. We first identify lncRNAs with high function potential using multiple indicators derived from human genetic data related to cardiometabolic traits, then define lncRNA's function and specific target genes by integrating its correlated biological pathways in humans and co-regulated genes in a humanized mouse model. Finally, we demonstrate that the in vivo function of human-specific lncRNAs can be successfully examined in the humanized mouse model, and experimentally validate the predicted function of an obesity-associated lncRNA, LINC01018, in regulating the expression of genes in fatty acid oxidation in humanized livers through its interaction with RNA-binding protein HuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbo Ruan
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yi Chen
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fayaz Seifuddin
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohnishi
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Nao Yoneda
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan
| | - Megumi Nishiwaki
- Laboratory Animal Research Department, Biomedical Research Laboratory, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.,Technical Service Department, CLEA Japan, Inc, 4839-23 Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, 418-0122, Japan
| | - James Shepherdson
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Abhilash Suresh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Komudi Singh
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Core, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yonghe Ma
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cheng-Fei Jiang
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Haiming Cao
- Cardiovascular Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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98
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Rizzacasa B, Amati F, Romeo F, Novelli G, Mehta JL. Epigenetic Modification in Coronary Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 74:1352-1365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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99
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Abstract
Macrophages accumulate prominently in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of obese humans and high fat diet (HFD) fed mice, and this is linked to insulin resistance and type II diabetes. While the mechanisms regulating macrophage recruitment in obesity have been delineated, the signals directing macrophage persistence in VAT are poorly understood. We previously showed that the neuroimmune guidance cue netrin-1 is expressed in the VAT of obese mice and humans, where it promotes macrophage accumulation. To better understand the source of netrin-1 and its effects on adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) fate and function in obesity, we generated mice with myeloid-specific deletion of netrin-1 (Ntn1fl/flLysMCre+/–; Ntn1Δmac). Interestingly, Ntn1Δmac mice showed a modest decrease in HFD-induced adiposity and adipocyte size, in the absence of changes in food intake or leptin, that was accompanied by an increase in markers of adipocyte beiging (Prdm16, UCP-1). Using single cell RNA-seq, combined with conventional histological and flow cytometry techniques, we show that myeloid-specific deletion of netrin-1 caused a 50% attrition of ATMs in HFD-fed mice, particularly of the resident macrophage subset, and altered the phenotype of residual ATMs to enhance lipid handling. Pseudotime analysis of single cell transcriptomes showed that in the absence of netrin-1, macrophages in the obese VAT underwent a phenotypic switch with the majority of ATMs activating a program of genes specialized in lipid handling, including fatty acid uptake and intracellular transport, lipid droplet formation and lipolysis, and regulation of lipid localization. Furthermore, Ntn1Δmac macrophages had reduced expression of genes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, and targeted LCMS/MS metabololipidomics analysis revealed decreases in proinflammatory eicosanoids (5-HETE, 6-trans LTB4, TXB2, PGD2) in the obese VAT. Collectively, our data show that targeted deletion of netrin-1 in macrophages reprograms the ATM phenotype in obesity, leading to reduced adipose inflammation, and improved lipid handling and metabolic function.
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100
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Oppi S, Lüscher TF, Stein S. Mouse Models for Atherosclerosis Research-Which Is My Line? Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:46. [PMID: 31032262 PMCID: PMC6473202 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the primary causes of cardiovascular disease and mortality. This chronic immunometabolic disease evolves during decades in humans and encompasses different organs and immune cell types, as well as local and systemic processes that promote the progression of the disease. The most frequently used animal model to study these atherogenic processes and inter-organ crosstalk in a short time frame are genetically modified mouse models. Some models have been used throughout the last decades, and some others been developed recently. These models have important differences in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport pathway, obesity and diabetes as well as inflammatory processes. Therefore, the disease develops and progresses differently in the various mouse models. Since atherosclerosis is a multifaceted disease and many processes contribute to its progression, the choice of the right mouse model is important to study specific aspects of the disease. We will describe the different mouse models and provide a roadmap to facilitate current and future atherosclerosis researchers to choose the right model depending on their scientific question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oppi
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas F. Lüscher
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Heart Division, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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