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van Anken E, Bakunts A, Hu CCA, Janssens S, Sitia R. Molecular Evaluation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis Meets Humoral Immunity. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:529-541. [PMID: 33685797 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of about one third of the human proteome, including membrane receptors and secreted proteins, occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Conditions that perturb ER homeostasis activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). An 'optimistic' UPR output aims at restoring homeostasis by reinforcement of machineries that guarantee efficiency and fidelity of protein biogenesis in the ER. Yet, once the UPR 'deems' that ER homeostatic readjustment fails, it transitions to a 'pessimistic' output, which, depending on the cell type, will result in apoptosis. In this article, we discuss emerging concepts on how the UPR 'evaluates' ER stress, how the UPR is repurposed, in particular in B cells, and how UPR-driven counter-selection of cells undergoing homeostatic failure serves organismal homeostasis and humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
| | - Anush Bakunts
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory for Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, and Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Teresa Borrello M, Rita Emma M, Listi A, Rubis M, Coslet S, Augello G, Cusimano A, Cabibi D, Porcasi R, Giannitrapani L, Soresi M, Pantuso G, Blyth K, Montalto G, Pin C, Cervello M, Iovanna J. NUPR1 protects liver from lipotoxic injury by improving the endoplasmic reticulum stress response. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21395. [PMID: 33566371 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002413rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and related syndromes affect one-third of the adult population in industrialized and developing countries. Lifestyle and caloric oversupply are the main causes of such array of disorders, but the molecular mechanisms underlying their etiology remain elusive. Nuclear Protein 1 (NUPR1) expression increases upon cell injury in all organs including liver. Recently, we reported NUPR1 actively participates in the activation of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). The UPR typically maintains protein homeostasis, but downstream mediators of the pathway regulate metabolic functions including lipid metabolism. As increases in UPR and NUPR1 in obesity and liver disease have been well documented, the goal of this study was to investigate the roles of NUPR1 in this context. To establish whether NUPR1 is involved in these liver conditions we used patient-derived liver biopsies and in vitro and in vivo NUPR1 loss of functions models. First, we analyzed NUPR1 expression in a cohort of morbidly obese patients (MOPs), with simple fatty liver (NAFL) or more severe steatohepatitis (NASH). Next, we explored the metabolic roles of NUPR1 in wild-type (Nupr1+/+ ) or Nupr1 knockout mice (Nupr1-/- ) fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 15 weeks. Immunohistochemical and mRNA analysis revealed NUPR1 expression is inversely correlated to hepatic steatosis progression. Mechanistically, we found NUPR1 participates in the activation of PPAR-α signaling via UPR. As PPAR-α signaling is controlled by UPR, collectively, these findings suggest a novel function for NUPR1 in protecting liver from metabolic distress by controlling lipid homeostasis, possibly through the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Borrello
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Maria Rita Emma
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedicale (IRIB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angela Listi
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Rubis
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sergiu Coslet
- MI-mAbs, Aix-Marseille University, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Giuseppa Augello
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedicale (IRIB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Cusimano
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedicale (IRIB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Cabibi
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rossana Porcasi
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lydia Giannitrapani
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gianni Pantuso
- Department of Surgical Oncological and Oral Sciences, Division of General and Oncological Surgery, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Christopher Pin
- Children's Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedicale (IRIB), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Palermo, Italy
| | - Juan Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS UMR 7258, Aix-Marseille Université and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
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Moncan M, Mnich K, Blomme A, Almanza A, Samali A, Gorman AM. Regulation of lipid metabolism by the unfolded protein response. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1359-1370. [PMID: 33398919 PMCID: PMC7875919 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of protein folding and secretion, Ca2+ storage and lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells. Disruption to protein folding or Ca2+ homeostasis in the ER leads to the accumulation of unfolded proteins, a condition known as ER stress. This leads to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway in order to restore protein homeostasis. Three ER membrane proteins, namely inositol‐requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase RNA‐like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), sense the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins and are activated, initiating an integrated transcriptional programme. Recent literature demonstrates that activation of these sensors can alter lipid enzymes, thus implicating the UPR in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Given the presence of ER stress and UPR activation in several diseases including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as the growing recognition of altered lipid metabolism in disease, it is timely to consider the role of the UPR in the regulation of lipid metabolism. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the impact of the three arms of the UPR on the synthesis, function and regulation of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Moncan
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katarzyna Mnich
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Arnaud Blomme
- Laboratory of Cancer Signaling, GIGA-institute, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aitor Almanza
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Kumar VK, Lackey A, Snyder J, Karhadkar S, Rao AD, DiCarlo A, Sato PY. Mitochondrial Membrane Intracellular Communication in Healthy and Diseased Myocardium. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:609241. [PMID: 33425917 PMCID: PMC7786191 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research efforts in the twenty-first century have been paramount to the discovery and development of novel pharmacological treatments in a variety of diseases resulting in improved life expectancy. Yet, cardiac disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over time, there has been an expansion in conditions such as atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF). Although past research has elucidated specific pathways that participate in the development of distinct cardiac pathologies, the exact mechanisms of action leading to disease remain to be fully characterized. Protein turnover and cellular bioenergetics are integral components of cardiac diseases, highlighting the importance of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in driving cellular homeostasis. More specifically, the interactions between mitochondria and ER are crucial to calcium signaling, apoptosis induction, autophagy, and lipid biosynthesis. Here, we summarize mitochondrial and ER functions and physical interactions in healthy physiological states. We then transition to perturbations that occur in response to pathophysiological challenges and how this alters mitochondrial–ER and other intracellular organelle interactions. Finally, we discuss lifestyle interventions and innovative therapeutic targets that may be used to restore beneficial mitochondrial and ER interactions, thereby improving cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu K Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Atreju Lackey
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sunil Karhadkar
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ajay D Rao
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Antonio DiCarlo
- Department of Surgery, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Priscila Y Sato
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Yang J, Liu X, Yuan F, Liu J, Li D, Wei L, Wang X, Yuan L. X-box-binding protein 1 is required for pancreatic development in Xenopus laevis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:1215-1226. [PMID: 33098302 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a protein containing the basic leucine zipper structure. It belongs to the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/activating transcription factor transcription factor family. As the main transcription factor, spliced XBP1 (XBP1s) participates in many physiological and pathological processes and plays an important role in embryonic development. Previous studies showed that XBP1-knockout mice died because of pancreatic exocrine function deficiency, indicating that XBP1 plays an important role in pancreatic development. However, the exact role of XBP1 in pancreatic development remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of XBP1 in the pancreatic development of Xenopus laevis embryos. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and quantitative real-time PCR results revealed that the expression levels of pancreatic progenitor marker genes pdx1, p48, ngn3, and sox9 were downregulated in XBP1s morpholino oligonucleotide (MO)-injected embryos. The expression levels of pancreatic exocrine and endocrine marker genes insulin and amylase were also downregulated. Through the overexpression of XBP1s, the phenotype and gene expressions were opposite to those in XBP1s MO-injected embryos. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that XBP1s could bind to the XBP1-binding site in the foxa2 promoter. These results revealed that XBP1 is required in the pancreatic development of Xenopus laevis and might function by regulating foxa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xingjing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital, Institute of Diabetes, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Deli Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Liyuan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210029, China
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57
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Yang E, Shen J. The roles and functions of Paneth cells in Crohn's disease: A critical review. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12958. [PMID: 33174662 PMCID: PMC7791172 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells (PCs) are located at the base of small intestinal crypts and secrete the α‐defensins, human α‐defensin 5 (HD‐5) and human α‐defensin 6 (HD‐6) in response to bacterial, cholinergic and other stimuli. The α‐defensins are broad‐spectrum microbicides that play critical roles in controlling gut microbiota and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (CD), is a complicated autoimmune disorder. The pathogenesis of CD involves genetic factors, environmental factors and microflora. Surprisingly, with regard to genetic factors, many susceptible genes and pathogenic pathways of CD, including nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), autophagy‐related 16‐like 1 (ATG16L1), immunity‐related guanosine triphosphatase family M (IRGM), wingless‐related integration site (Wnt), leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), histone deacetylases (HDACs), caspase‐8 (Casp8) and X‐box‐binding protein‐1 (XBP1), are relevant to PCs. As the underlying mechanisms are being unravelled, PCs are identified as the central element of CD pathogenesis, integrating factors among microbiota, intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and the immune system. In the present review, we demonstrate how these genes and pathways regulate CD pathogenesis via their action on PCs and what treatment modalities can be applied to deal with these PC‐mediated pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpeng Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Bashir S, Banday M, Qadri O, Bashir A, Hilal N, Nida-I-Fatima, Rader S, Fazili KM. The molecular mechanism and functional diversity of UPR signaling sensor IRE1. Life Sci 2020; 265:118740. [PMID: 33188833 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is primarily responsible for protein folding and maturation. However, the organelle is subject to varied stress conditions from time to time, which lead to the activation of a signaling program known as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathway. This pathway, upon sensing any disturbance in the protein-folding milieu sends signals to the nucleus and cytoplasm in order to restore homeostasis. One of the prime UPR signaling sensors is Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1); an ER membrane embedded protein with dual enzyme activities, kinase and endoribonuclease. The ribonuclease activity of IRE1 results in Xbp1 splicing in mammals or Hac1 splicing in yeast. However, IRE1 can switch its substrate specificity to the mRNAs that are co-transnationally transported to the ER, a phenomenon known as Regulated IRE1 Dependent Decay (RIDD). IRE1 is also reported to act as a principal molecule that coordinates with other proteins and signaling pathways, which in turn might be responsible for its regulation. The current review highlights studies on IRE1 explaining the structural features and molecular mechanism behind its ribonuclease outputs. The emphasis is also laid on the molecular effectors, which directly or indirectly interact with IRE1 to either modulate its function or connect it to other pathways. This is important in understanding the functional pleiotropy of IRE1, by which it can switch its activity from pro-survival to pro-apoptotic, thus determining the fate of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samirul Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mariam Banday
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ozaira Qadri
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Arif Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nazia Hilal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nida-I-Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Stephen Rader
- Department of Chemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
| | - Khalid Majid Fazili
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Cooley MM, Thomas DDH, Deans K, Peng Y, Lugea A, Pandol SJ, Puglielli L, Groblewski GE. Deficient Endoplasmic Reticulum Acetyl-CoA Import in Pancreatic Acinar Cells Leads to Chronic Pancreatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:725-738. [PMID: 33080365 PMCID: PMC7841443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is essential for pancreatic acinar cell function. Under conditions of severe ER stress, activation of pathogenic unfolded protein response pathways plays a central role in the development and progression of pancreatitis. Less is known, however, of the consequence of perturbing ER-associated post-translational protein modifications on pancreatic outcomes. Here, we examined the role of the ER acetyl-CoA transporter AT-1 on pancreatic homeostasis. METHODS We used an AT-1S113R/+ hypomorphic mouse model, and generated an inducible, acinar-specific, AT-1 knockout mouse model, and performed histologic and biochemical analyses to probe the effect of AT-1 loss on acinar cell physiology. RESULTS We found that AT-1 expression is down-regulated significantly during both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, acinar-specific deletion of AT-1 in acinar cells induces chronic ER stress marked by activation of both the spliced x-box binding protein 1 and protein kinase R-like ER kinase pathways, leading to spontaneous mild/moderate chronic pancreatitis evidenced by accumulation of intracellular trypsin, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Induction of acute-on-chronic pancreatitis in the AT-1 model led to acinar cell loss and glad atrophy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate a key role for AT-1 in pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis, the unfolded protein response, and that perturbations in AT-1 function leads to pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yajing Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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I-152, a supplier of N-acetyl-cysteine and cysteamine, inhibits immunoglobulin secretion and plasma cell maturation in LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus-infected mice by affecting the unfolded protein response. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165922. [PMID: 32800945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Excessive production of immunoglobulins (Ig) causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR). Hypergammaglobulinemia and lymphadenopathy are hallmarks of murine AIDS that develops in mice infected with the LP-BM5 murine leukemia retrovirus complex. In these mice, Th2 polarization and aberrant humoral response have been previously correlated to altered intracellular redox homeostasis. Our goal was to understand the role of the cell's redox state in Ig secretion and plasma cell (PC) maturation. To this aim, LP-BM5-infected mice were treated with I-152, an N-acetyl-cysteine and cysteamine supplier. Intraperitoneal I-152 administration (30 μmol/mouse three times a week for 9 weeks) decreased plasma IgG and increased IgG/Syndecan 1 ratio in the lymph nodes where IgG were in part accumulated within the ER. PC containing cytoplasmic inclusions filled with IgG were present in all animals, with fewer mature PC in those treated with I-152. Infection induced up-regulation of signaling molecules involved in the UPR, i.e. CHAC1, BiP, sXBP-1 and PDI, that were generally unaffected by I-152 treatment except for PDI and sXBP-1, which have a key role in protein folding and PC maturation, respectively. Our data suggest that one of the mechanisms through which I-152 can limit hypergammaglobulinemia in LP-BM5-infected mice is by influencing IgG folding/assembly as well as secretion and affecting PC maturation.
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Nichols K, Bannink A, van Baal J, Dijkstra J. Impact of post-ruminally infused macronutrients on bovine mammary gland expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, energy metabolism, and protein synthesis measured in RNA isolated from milk fat. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:53. [PMID: 32477515 PMCID: PMC7238732 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Characterising the regulation of milk component synthesis in response to macronutrient supply is critical for understanding the implications of nutritional interventions on milk production. Gene expression in mammary gland secretory cells was measured using RNA isolated from milk fat globules from 6 Holstein-Friesian cows receiving 5-d abomasal infusions of saline, essential amino acids (AA), or glucose (GG) or palm olein (LG) without (LAA) or with (HAA) essential AA, according to a 6 × 6 Latin square design. RNA was isolated from milk fat samples collected on d 5 of infusion and subjected to real-time quantitative PCR. We hypothesised that mRNA expression of genes involved in de novo milk fatty acid (FA) synthesis would be differently affected by GG and LG, and that expression of genes regulating transfer of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates would increase at the HAA level. We also hypothesised that the HAA level would affect genes regulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis but would not affect genes related to the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) or the integrated stress response (ISR) network. Results Infusion of GG did not affect de novo milk FA yield but decreased expression of FA synthase (FASN). Infusion of LG decreased de novo FA yield and tended to decrease expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). The HAA level increased both de novo FA yield and expression of ACC1, and tended to decrease expression of mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK2). mRNA expression of mTORC1 signaling participants was not affected by GG, LG, or AA level. Expression of the ε subunit of the ISR constituent eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (EIF2B5) tended to increase at the HAA level, but only in the presence of LG. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA was activated in response to LG and the HAA level. Conclusions Results show that expression of genes involved in de novo FA synthesis responded to glucogenic, lipogenic, and aminogenic substrates, whereas genes regulating intermediate flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle were not majorly affected. Results also suggest that after 5 d of AA supplementation, milk protein synthesis is supported by enhanced ER biogenesis instead of signaling through the mTORC1 or ISR networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Nichols
- 1Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - André Bannink
- 2Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen van Baal
- 1Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Dijkstra
- 1Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Żorniak M, Sirtl S, Mayerle J, Beyer G. What Do We Currently Know about the Pathophysiology of Alcoholic Pancreatitis: A Brief Review. Visc Med 2020; 36:182-190. [PMID: 32775348 PMCID: PMC7383280 DOI: 10.1159/000508173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic pancreatitis is a serious medical concern worldwide and remains to be one of the common causes of pancreatic disease. SUMMARY While alcohol consumption causes direct damage to pancreatic tissue, only a small percentage of active drinkers will develop pancreatitis. An explanation of this phenomenon is probably that alcohol increases pancreatic vulnerability to damage; however, the simultaneous presence of additional risk factors and pancreatic costressors is required to increase the risk of pancreatitis and its complications caused by alcohol misuse. Recently, a number of important genetic as well as environmental factors influencing the risk of alcoholic pancreatitis have been described. KEY MESSAGES In brief, this review reports established factors for the development of alcoholic pancreatitis and summarizes recent progress made in basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Żorniak
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Simon Sirtl
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Beyer
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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63
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Hetz C, Zhang K, Kaufman RJ. Mechanisms, regulation and functions of the unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:421-438. [PMID: 32457508 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1100] [Impact Index Per Article: 275.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular stress induced by the abnormal accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is emerging as a possible driver of human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, obesity and neurodegeneration. ER proteostasis surveillance is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction pathway that senses the fidelity of protein folding in the ER lumen. The UPR transmits information about protein folding status to the nucleus and cytosol to adjust the protein folding capacity of the cell or, in the event of chronic damage, induce apoptotic cell death. Recent advances in the understanding of the regulation of UPR signalling and its implications in the pathophysiology of disease might open new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,FONDAP Center for Geroscience Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile. .,Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
| | - Kezhong Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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64
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Riaz TA, Junjappa RP, Handigund M, Ferdous J, Kim HR, Chae HJ. Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensor IRE1α in Cellular Physiology, Calcium, ROS Signaling, and Metaflammation. Cells 2020; 9:E1160. [PMID: 32397116 PMCID: PMC7290600 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase endoribonuclease-1α (IRE1α) is the most prominent and evolutionarily conserved unfolded protein response (UPR) signal transducer during endoplasmic reticulum functional upset (ER stress). A IRE1α signal pathway arbitrates yin and yang of cellular fate in objectionable conditions. It plays several roles in fundamental cellular physiology as well as in several pathological conditions such as diabetes, obesity, inflammation, cancer, neurodegeneration, and in many other diseases. Thus, further understanding of its molecular structure and mechanism of action during different cell insults helps in designing and developing better therapeutic strategies for the above-mentioned chronic diseases. In this review, recent insights into structure and mechanism of activation of IRE1α along with its complex regulating network were discussed in relation to their basic cellular physiological function. Addressing different binding partners that can modulate IRE1α function, UPRosome triggers different downstream pathways depending on the cellular backdrop. Furthermore, IRE1α are in normal cell activities outside the dominion of ER stress and activities under the weather of inflammation, diabetes, and obesity-related metaflammation. Thus, IRE1 as an ER stress sensor needs to be understood from a wider perspective for comprehensive functional meaning, which facilitates us with assembling future needs and therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoufiqul Alam Riaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (T.A.R.); (R.P.J.)
| | - Raghu Patil Junjappa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (T.A.R.); (R.P.J.)
| | - Mallikarjun Handigund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea;
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54907, Korea; (T.A.R.); (R.P.J.)
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65
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Govindarajan S, Verheugen E, Venken K, Gaublomme D, Maelegheer M, Cloots E, Gysens F, De Geest BG, Cheng TY, Moody DB, Janssens S, Drennan M, Elewaut D. ER stress in antigen-presenting cells promotes NKT cell activation through endogenous neutral lipids. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48927. [PMID: 32363653 PMCID: PMC7271650 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d‐restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells constitute a common glycolipid‐reactive innate‐like T‐cell subset with a broad impact on innate and adaptive immunity. While several microbial glycolipids are known to activate iNKT cells, the cellular mechanisms leading to endogenous CD1d‐dependent glycolipid responses remain largely unclear. Here, we show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in APCs is a potent inducer of CD1d‐dependent iNKT cell autoreactivity. This pathway relies on the presence of two transducers of the unfolded protein response: inositol‐requiring enzyme‐1a (IRE1α) and protein kinase R‐like ER kinase (PERK). Surprisingly, the neutral but not the polar lipids generated within APCs undergoing ER stress are capable of activating iNKT cells. These data reveal that ER stress is an important mechanism to elicit endogenous CD1d‐restricted iNKT cell responses through induction of distinct classes of neutral lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Govindarajan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eveline Verheugen
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Venken
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Djoere Gaublomme
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margaux Maelegheer
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Cloots
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fien Gysens
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Biopharmaceutical Technology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Branch Moody
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Division of Rheumatology, Immunity and Inflammation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory for ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Drennan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB-Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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66
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NADPH and Glutathione Redox Link TCA Cycle Activity to Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis. iScience 2020; 23:101116. [PMID: 32417402 PMCID: PMC7254477 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many metabolic diseases disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, but little is known about how metabolic activity is communicated to the ER. Here, we show in hepatocytes and other metabolically active cells that decreasing the availability of substrate for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle diminished NADPH production, elevated glutathione oxidation, led to altered oxidative maturation of ER client proteins, and attenuated ER stress. This attenuation was prevented when glutathione oxidation was disfavored. ER stress was also alleviated by inhibiting either TCA-dependent NADPH production or Glutathione Reductase. Conversely, stimulating TCA activity increased NADPH production, glutathione reduction, and ER stress. Validating these findings, deletion of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier-which is known to decrease TCA cycle activity and protect the liver from steatohepatitis-also diminished NADPH, elevated glutathione oxidation, and alleviated ER stress. Together, our results demonstrate a novel pathway by which mitochondrial metabolic activity is communicated to the ER through the relay of redox metabolites.
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67
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Chamberlain N, Anathy V. Pathological consequences of the unfolded protein response and downstream protein disulphide isomerases in pulmonary viral infection and disease. J Biochem 2020; 167:173-184. [PMID: 31790139 PMCID: PMC6988748 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein folding within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exists in a delicate balance; perturbations of this balance can overload the folding capacity of the ER and disruptions of ER homoeostasis is implicated in numerous diseases. The unfolded protein response (UPR), a complex adaptive stress response, attempts to restore normal proteostasis, in part, through the up-regulation of various foldases and chaperone proteins including redox-active protein disulphide isomerases (PDIs). There are currently over 20 members of the PDI family each consisting of varying numbers of thioredoxin-like domains which, generally, assist in oxidative folding and disulphide bond rearrangement of peptides. While there is a large amount of redundancy in client proteins of the various PDIs, the size of the family would indicate more nuanced roles for the individual PDIs. However, the role of individual PDIs in disease pathogenesis remains uncertain. The following review briefly discusses recent findings of ER stress, the UPR and the role of individual PDIs in various respiratory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Chamberlain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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68
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ER Stress Responses: An Emerging Modulator for Innate Immunity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030695. [PMID: 32178254 PMCID: PMC7140669 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle, storing the majority of calcium and governing protein translation. Thus, it is crucial to keep the homeostasis in all ER components and machineries. The ER stress sensor pathways, including IRE1/sXBP1, PERK/EIf2 and ATF6, orchestrate the major regulatory circuits to ensure ER homeostasis. The embryonic or postnatal lethality that occurs upon genetic depletion of these sensors reveals the essential role of the ER stress pathway in cell biology. In contrast, the impairment or excessive activation of ER stress has been reported to cause or aggravate several diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, NAFDL/NASH, obesity and cancer. Being part of innate immunity, myeloid cells are the first immune cells entering the inflammation site. Upon entry into a metabolically stressed disease environment, activation of ER stress occurs within the myeloid compartment, leading to the modulation of their phenotype and functions. In this review, we discuss causes and consequences of ER stress activation in the myeloid compartment with a special focus on the crosstalk between ER, innate signaling and metabolic environments.
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69
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Kolpikova EP, Tronco AR, Den Hartigh AB, Jackson KJ, Iwawaki T, Fink SL. IRE1α Promotes Zika Virus Infection via XBP1. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030278. [PMID: 32138181 PMCID: PMC7150863 DOI: 10.3390/v12030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent member of the Flaviviridae family which causes severe congenital defects and other major sequelae, but the cellular processes that support ZIKV replication are incompletely understood. Related flaviviruses use the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as a membranous platform for viral replication and induce ER stress during infection. Our data suggest that ZIKV activates IRE1α, a component of the cellular response to ER stress. IRE1α is an ER-resident transmembrane protein that possesses a cytosolic RNase domain. Upon activation, IRE1α initiates nonconventional cytoplasmic splicing of XBP1 mRNA. Spliced XBP1 encodes a transcription factor, which upregulates ER-related targets. We find that ZIKV infection induces XBP1 mRNA splicing and induction of XBP1 target genes. Small molecule inhibitors of IRE1α, including those specific for the nuclease function, prevent ZIKV-induced cytotoxicity, as does genetic disruption of IRE1α. Optimal ZIKV RNA replication requires both IRE1α and XBP1. Spliced XBP1 has been described to cause ER expansion and remodeling and we find that ER redistribution during ZIKV infection requires IRE1α nuclease activity. Finally, we demonstrate that inducible genetic disruption of IRE1α and XBP1 impairs ZIKV replication in a mouse model of infection. Together, our data indicate that the ER stress response component IRE1α promotes ZIKV infection via XBP1 and may represent a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P. Kolpikova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ana R. Tronco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Konner J. Jackson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0265, Japan
| | - Susan L. Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(206)-598-6131
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70
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Nakata T, Hirano Y, Katsumata H, Tokita R, Yagi T, Toyoshima Y, Minami S. Growth hormone activates X-box binding protein 1 in a sexually dimorphic manner through the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β pathway in rat liver. Endocr J 2020; 67:185-200. [PMID: 31748431 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has multiple physiological roles, acting on many organs. In order to investigate its roles in rat liver, we tried to identify novel genes whose transcription was regulated by GH. We identified X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1) as a candidate gene. XBP1 is a key transcription factor activated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mode of action of GH on XBP1, including the relation with ER stress, sex-dependent expression of the mRNA, and the signaling pathway. Intravenous administration of GH rapidly and transiently increased Xbp1 mRNA in hypophysectomized rat livers. Neither phosphorylated inositol-requiring-1α (IRE1α) nor phosphorylated PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) increased, suggesting that Xbp1 expression is induced by an ER stress-independent mechanism. The active form of XBP1(S) protein was increased by GH administration and was followed by an increased ER-associated dnaJ protein 4 (ERdj4) mRNA level. XBP1(S) protein levels were predominantly identified in male rat livers with variations among individuals similar to those of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B), suggesting that XBP1(S) protein levels are regulated by the sex-dependent secretary pattern of GH. The GH signaling pathway to induce Xbp1 mRNA was examined in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells. GH induced the phosphorylation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) following extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Taken together, the results indicated that XBP1 is activated by GH in rat liver in a sexually dimorphic manner via ERK and C/EBPβ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Nakata
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hirano
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
- Current Affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Harumi Katsumata
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Reiko Tokita
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Takashi Yagi
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Yuka Toyoshima
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
| | - Shiro Minami
- Department of Bioregulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki 211-8533, Japan
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71
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Brückner A, Parker J. Molecular evolution of gland cell types and chemical interactions in animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/Suppl_1/jeb211938. [PMID: 32034048 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Across the Metazoa, the emergence of new ecological interactions has been enabled by the repeated evolution of exocrine glands. Specialized glands have arisen recurrently and with great frequency, even in single genera or species, transforming how animals interact with their environment through trophic resource exploitation, pheromonal communication, chemical defense and parental care. The widespread convergent evolution of animal glands implies that exocrine secretory cells are a hotspot of metazoan cell type innovation. Each evolutionary origin of a novel gland involves a process of 'gland cell type assembly': the stitching together of unique biosynthesis pathways; coordinated changes in secretory systems to enable efficient chemical release; and transcriptional deployment of these machineries into cells constituting the gland. This molecular evolutionary process influences what types of compound a given species is capable of secreting, and, consequently, the kinds of ecological interactions that species can display. Here, we discuss what is known about the evolutionary assembly of gland cell types and propose a framework for how it may happen. We posit the existence of 'terminal selector' transcription factors that program gland function via regulatory recruitment of biosynthetic enzymes and secretory proteins. We suggest ancestral enzymes are initially co-opted into the novel gland, fostering pleiotropic conflict that drives enzyme duplication. This process has yielded the observed pattern of modular, gland-specific biosynthesis pathways optimized for manufacturing specific secretions. We anticipate that single-cell technologies and gene editing methods applicable in diverse species will transform the study of animal chemical interactions, revealing how gland cell types are assembled and functionally configured at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Brückner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joseph Parker
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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72
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Casali C, Malvicini R, Erjavec L, Parra L, Artuch A, Fernández Tome MC. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1): A key protein for renal osmotic adaptation. Its role in lipogenic program regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158616. [PMID: 31927142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In renal cells, hyperosmolarity can induce cellular stress or differentiation. Both processes require active endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein synthesis. Lipid biosynthesis also occurs at ER surface. We showed that hyperosmolarity upregulates glycerophospholipid (GP) and triacylglycerol (GL-TG) de novo synthesis. Considering that massive synthesis of proteins and/or lipids may drive to ER stress, herein we evaluated whether hyperosmolar environment induces ER stress and the participation of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-XBP1 in hyperosmotic-induced lipid synthesis. Treatment of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with hyperosmolar medium triggered ER stress-associated unfolded protein response (UPR). Hyperosmolarity significantly increased xbp1 mRNA and protein as function of time; 24 h of treatment raised the spliced form of XBP1 protein (XBP1s) and induced its translocation to nuclear compartment where it can act as a transcription factor. XBP1 silencing or IRE1α ribonuclease (RNAse) inhibition impeded the expression of lipin1, lipin2 and diacylglycerol acyl transferase-1 (DGAT1) enzymes which yielded decreased GL-TG synthesis. The lack of XBP1s also decreased sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) 1 and 2. Together our data demonstrate that hyperosmolarity induces IRE1α → XBP1s activation; XBP1s drives the expression of SREBP1 and SREBP2 which in turn regulates the expression of the lipogenic enzymes lipin1 (LPIN1) and 2 (LPIN2) and DGAT1. We also demonstrated for the first time that tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP), the master regulator of osmoprotective response, regulates XBP1 expression. Thus, XBP1 acts as an osmoprotective protein since it is activated by high osmolarity and upregulates lipid metabolism, membranes generation and the restoration of ER homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Casali
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB)-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Ricardo Malvicini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Erjavec
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB)-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leandro Parra
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB)-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ayelen Artuch
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Fernández Tome
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB)-Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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73
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Tunçer S, Sade-Memişoğlu A, Keşküş AG, Sheraj I, Güner G, Akyol A, Banerjee S. Enhanced expression of HNF4α during intestinal epithelial differentiation is involved in the activation of ER stress. FEBS J 2019; 287:2504-2523. [PMID: 31762160 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are derived from stem cells at the crypts that undergo differentiation into transit-amplifying cells, which in turn form terminally differentiated enterocytes as these cells reach the villus. Extensive alterations in both transcriptional and translational programs occur during differentiation, which can induce the activation of cellular stress responses such as ER stress-related unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy, particularly in the cells that are already committed to becoming absorptive cells. Using an epithelial cell model of enterocyte differentiation, we report a mechanistic study connecting enterocyte differentiation to UPR and autophagy. We report that differentiated colon epithelial cells showed increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels and activation of all three pathways of UPR: inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase, and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) compared to the undifferentiated cells. Enhanced UPR in the differentiated cells was accompanied by the induction of autophagy as evidenced by increased ratio of light chain 3 II/I, upregulation of Beclin-1, and downregulation of p62. We show for the first time that mechanistically, the upregulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) during differentiation led to increased promoter binding and transcriptional upregulation of two major proteins of UPR: X-box binding protein-1 and ATF6, implicating HNF4α as a key regulator of UPR response during differentiation. Integrating wet-lab with in silico analyses, the present study links differentiation to cellular stress responses, and highlights the importance of transcription factor signaling and cross-talk between the cellular events in the regulation of intestinal cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tunçer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aslı Sade-Memişoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gökçe Keşküş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilir Sheraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güneş Güner
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Akyol
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Biological Sciences and Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory (CanSyl), Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
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74
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Kang HM, Lim JH, Noh KH, Park D, Cho HS, Susztak K, Jung CR. Effective reconstruction of functional organotypic kidney spheroid for in vitro nephrotoxicity studies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17610. [PMID: 31772214 PMCID: PMC6879515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53855-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable and reproducible kidney cellular models could accelerate our understanding of diseases, help therapeutics development, and improve nephrotoxicity screenings. Generation of a reproducible in vitro kidney models has been challenging owing to the cellular heterogeneity and structural complexity of the kidney. We generated mixed immortalized cell lines that stably maintained their characteristic expression of renal epithelial progenitor markers for the different lineages of kidney cellular compartments via the BMP7 signaling pathway from a mouse and a human whole kidney. These cells were used to generate functional and matured kidney spheroids containing multiple renal lineages, such as the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubules, and podocytes, using extracellular matrix and physiological force, named spheroid-forming unit (SFU). They expressed all apical and basolateral transporters that are important for drug metabolism and displayed key functional aspects of the proximal tubule, including protein endocytosis and increased gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, and cyclic AMP responded to external cues, such as parathyroid hormone. Following exposure, cells fluxed and took up drugs via proximal tubule-specific apical or basolateral transporters, and displayed increased cell death and expression of renal injury marker. Here, we developed a new differentiation method to generate kidney spheroids that structurally recapitulate important features of the kidney effectively and reproducibly using mixed immortalized renal cells, and showed their application for renal toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Mi Kang
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lim
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Noh
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmin Park
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Cho-Rok Jung
- Laboratory of Disease Modeling and Therapeutics, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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75
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Mathias S, Wippermann A, Raab N, Zeh N, Handrick R, Gorr I, Schulz P, Fischer S, Gamer M, Otte K. Unraveling what makes a monoclonal antibody difficult‐to‐express: From intracellular accumulation to incomplete folding and degradation via ERAD. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:5-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - Anna Wippermann
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Nadja Raab
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - René Handrick
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
| | - Ingo Gorr
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development CMB, Bioprocess & Analytical DevelopmentBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Martin Gamer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development BiologicalsBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied BiotechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Biberach Biberach Germany
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76
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Karagöz GE, Aragón T, Acosta-Alvear D. Recent advances in signal integration mechanisms in the unfolded protein response. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31723416 PMCID: PMC6833987 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19848.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 25 years ago, great progress has been made in our understanding of the unfolded protein response (UPR), a homeostatic mechanism that adjusts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function to satisfy the physiological demands of the cell. However, if ER homeostasis is unattainable, the UPR switches to drive cell death to remove defective cells in an effort to protect the health of the organism. This functional dichotomy places the UPR at the crossroads of the adaptation versus apoptosis decision. Here, we focus on new developments in UPR signaling mechanisms, in the interconnectivity among the signaling pathways that make up the UPR in higher eukaryotes, and in the coordination between the UPR and other fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Elif Karagöz
- Max Perutz Labs Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomás Aragón
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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77
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Pituitary cell translation and secretory capacities are enhanced cell autonomously by the transcription factor Creb3l2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3960. [PMID: 31481663 PMCID: PMC6722061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation is a basic cellular process and its capacity is adapted to cell function. In particular, secretory cells achieve high protein synthesis levels without triggering the protein stress response. It is unknown how and when translation capacity is increased during differentiation. Here, we show that the transcription factor Creb3l2 is a scaling factor for translation capacity in pituitary secretory cells and that it directly binds ~75% of regulatory and effector genes for translation. In parallel with this cell-autonomous mechanism, implementation of the physiological UPR pathway prevents triggering the protein stress response. Knockout mice for Tpit, a pituitary differentiation factor, show that Creb3l2 expression and its downstream regulatory network are dependent on Tpit. Further, Creb3l2 acts by direct targeting of translation effector genes in parallel with signaling pathways that otherwise regulate protein synthesis. Expression of Creb3l2 may be a useful means to enhance production of therapeutic proteins.
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78
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Karagöz GE, Acosta-Alvear D, Walter P. The Unfolded Protein Response: Detecting and Responding to Fluctuations in the Protein-Folding Capacity of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a033886. [PMID: 30670466 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a033886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most of the secreted and plasma membrane proteins are synthesized on membrane-bound ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They require engagement of ER-resident chaperones and foldases that assist in their folding and maturation. Since protein homeostasis in the ER is crucial for cellular function, the protein-folding status in the organelle's lumen is continually surveyed by a network of signaling pathways, collectively called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Protein-folding imbalances, or "ER stress," are detected by highly conserved sensors that adjust the ER's protein-folding capacity according to the physiological needs of the cell. We review recent developments in the field that have provided new insights into the ER stress-sensing mechanisms used by UPR sensors and the mechanisms by which they integrate various cellular inputs to adjust the folding capacity of the organelle to accommodate to fluctuations in ER protein-folding demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Elif Karagöz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Peter Walter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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79
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Sun S, Kelekar S, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ. The orphan nuclear receptor SHP regulates ER stress response by inhibiting XBP1s degradation. Genes Dev 2019; 33:1083-1094. [PMID: 31296559 PMCID: PMC6672048 DOI: 10.1101/gad.326868.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Sun et al. investigated the role of the orphan nuclear receptor SHP, a well-known transcriptional corepressor of bile acid and lipid metabolism in the liver, in other tissues. They report that SHP functions as a regulator of ER stress in the exocrine pancreas, specifically via the regulation of XBP1s stability. The orphan nuclear receptor SHP (small heterodimer partner) is a well-known transcriptional corepressor of bile acid and lipid metabolism in the liver; however, its function in other tissues is poorly understood. Here, we report an unexpected role for SHP in the exocrine pancreas as a modulator of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. SHP expression is induced in acinar cells in response to ER stress and regulates the protein stability of the spliced form of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s), a key mediator of ER stress response. Loss of SHP reduces XBP1s protein level and transcriptional activity, which in turn attenuates the ER stress response during the fasting–feeding cycle. Consequently, SHP-deficient mice also are more susceptible to cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Mechanistically, we show that SHP physically interacts with the transactivation domain of XBP1s, thereby inhibiting the polyubiquitination and degradation of XBP1s by the Cullin3–SPOP (speckle-type POZ protein) E3 ligase complex. Together, our data implicate SHP in governing ER homeostasis and identify a novel posttranslational regulatory mechanism for the key ER stress response effector XBP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyi Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Sherwin Kelekar
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Steven A Kliewer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - David J Mangelsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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80
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Coupling of COPII vesicle trafficking to nutrient availability by the IRE1α-XBP1s axis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11776-11785. [PMID: 31123148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1814480116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic coat protein complex-II (COPII) is evolutionarily conserved machinery that is essential for efficient trafficking of protein and lipid cargos. How the COPII machinery is regulated to meet the metabolic demand in response to alterations of the nutritional state remains largely unexplored, however. Here, we show that dynamic changes of COPII vesicle trafficking parallel the activation of transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s), a critical transcription factor in handling cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in both live cells and mouse livers upon physiological fluctuations of nutrient availability. Using live-cell imaging approaches, we demonstrate that XBP1s is sufficient to promote COPII-dependent trafficking, mediating the nutrient stimulatory effects. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA-sequencing analyses reveal that nutritional signals induce dynamic XBP1s occupancy of promoters of COPII traffic-related genes, thereby driving the COPII-mediated trafficking process. Liver-specific disruption of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-XBP1s signaling branch results in diminished COPII vesicle trafficking. Reactivation of XBP1s in mice lacking hepatic IRE1α restores COPII-mediated lipoprotein secretion and reverses the fatty liver and hypolipidemia phenotypes. Thus, our results demonstrate a previously unappreciated mechanism in the metabolic control of liver protein and lipid trafficking: The IRE1α-XBP1s axis functions as a nutrient-sensing regulatory nexus that integrates nutritional states and the COPII vesicle trafficking.
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81
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Nichols K, Dijkstra J, van Laar H, Kim JJM, Cant JP, Bannink A. Expression of genes related to energy metabolism and the unfolded protein response in dairy cow mammary cells is affected differently during dietary supplementation with energy from protein and fat. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6603-6613. [PMID: 31103304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretory capacity of bovine mammary glands is enabled by a high number of secretory cells and their ability to use a range of metabolites to produce milk components. We isolated RNA from milk fat to measure expression of genes involved in energy-yielding pathways and the unfolded protein response in mammary glands of lactating cows given supplemental energy from protein (PT) and fat (FT) tested in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. We hypothesized that PT and FT would affect expression of genes in the branched-chain AA catabolic pathway and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle based on the different energy types (aminogenic versus lipogenic) used to synthesize milk components. We also hypothesized that the response of genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis via the unfolded protein response would reflect the increase in milk production stimulated by PT and FT. Fifty-six multiparous Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were fed a basal total mixed ration (34% grass silage, 33% corn silage, 5% grass hay, and 28% concentrate on a dry matter basis) for a 28-d control period. Experimental rations were then fed for 28 d, consisting of (1) low protein, low fat (LP/LF); (2) high protein, low fat (HP/LF); (3) low protein, high fat (LP/HF); or (4) high protein and high fat (HP/HF). To obtain the high-protein (HP) and high-fat (HF) diets, intake of the basal ration was restricted and supplemented isoenergetically (net energy basis) with 2.0 kg/d rumen-protected protein (soybean + rapeseed, 50:50 mixture on dry matter basis) and 0.68 kg/d hydrogenated palm fatty acids on a dry matter basis. RNA from milk fat samples collected on d 27 of each period underwent real-time quantitative PCR. Energy from protein increased expression of BCAT1 (branched-chain amino acid transferase 1) mRNA, but only at the LF level, and tended to decrease expression of mRNA encoding the main subunit of the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase complex. mRNA expression of malic enzyme, a proposed channeling route for AA though the TCA cycle, was decreased by PT, but only at the LF level. Expression of genes associated with de novo fatty acid synthesis was not affected by PT or FT. Energy from fat had no independent effect on genes related to ER homeostasis. At the LF level, PT activated XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1) mRNA. At the HF level, PT increased mRNA expression of the gene encoding GADD34 (growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 34). These findings support our hypothesis that mammary cells use aminogenic and lipogenic precursors differently for milk component production when dietary intervention alters AA and fatty acid supply. They also suggest that mammary cells respond to increased AA supply through mechanisms of ER homeostasis, dependent on the presence of FT.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nichols
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H van Laar
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, PO Box 220, 5830 AE Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - J J M Kim
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J P Cant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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82
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Oleic acid ameliorates palmitic acid-induced ER stress and inflammation markers in naive and cerulein-treated exocrine pancreas cells. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190054. [PMID: 30992393 PMCID: PMC6522823 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat overload (typical to obesity) increases the risk of pancreatic pathologies through mechanisms yet to be defined. We previously showed that saturated dietary fat induces pancreatic acinar lipotoxicity and cellular stress. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of exocrine pancreas cells is highly developed and thus predisposed to stress. We studied the combination of saturated and unsaturated FAs in metabolic and pancreatitis like cerulein (CER)-induced stress states on cellular ER stress. Exocrine pancreas AR42J and rat primary exocrine acinar cells underwent acute (24 h) challenge with different FAs (saturated, monounsaturated) at different concentrations (250 and 500 µM) and in combination with acute CER-induced stress, and were analyzed for fat accumulation, ER stress unfolded protein response (UPR) and immune and enzyme markers. Acute exposure of AR42J and pancreatic acinar cells to different FAs and their combinations increased triglyceride accumulation. Palmitic acid significantly dose-dependently enhanced the UPR, immune factors and pancreatic lipase (PL) levels, as demonstrated by XBP1 splicing and elevation in UPR transcripts and protein levels (Xbp1,Atf6, Atf4, Chop, Tnfα, Tgfβ and Il-6). Exposure to high palmitic levels in a CER-induced stress state synergistically increased ER stress and inflammation marker levels. Exposure to oleic acid did not induce ER stress and PL levels and significantly decreased immune factors in an acute CER-induced stress state. Combination of oleic and palmitic acids significantly reduced the palmitic-induced ER stress, but did not affect the immune factor response. We show that combination of monounsaturated and saturated FAs protects from exocrine pancreatic cellular ER stress in both metabolic and CER-induced stress.
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83
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Shi W, Chen Z, Li L, Liu H, Zhang R, Cheng Q, Xu D, Wu L. Unravel the molecular mechanism of XBP1 in regulating the biology of cancer cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:2035-2046. [PMID: 31205564 PMCID: PMC6548171 DOI: 10.7150/jca.29421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are usually exposed to stressful environments, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and other metabolic dysfunctional regulation, leading to continuous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. As the most conserved branch among the three un-folded protein response (UPR) pathways, Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) signaling has been implicated in cancer development and progression. Active XBP1 with transactivation domain functions as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of downstream target genes, including many oncogenic factors. The regulatory activity of XBP1 in cell proliferation, apoptosis, metastasis, and drug resistance promotes cell survival, leading to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In addition, the XBP1 peptides-based vaccination and/or combination with immune-modulatory drug administration have been developed for effective management for several cancers. Potentially, XBP1 is the biomarker of cancer development and progression and the strategy for clinical cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimei Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Zhixi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Linfu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Hai Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Qilai Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
| | - Daohua Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan China, 523808
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou China, 341000
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84
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Fun XH, Thibault G. Lipid bilayer stress and proteotoxic stress-induced unfolded protein response deploy divergent transcriptional and non-transcriptional programmes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158449. [PMID: 31028913 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and is designed to restore cellular homeostasis through multiple intracellular signalling pathways. In mammals, the UPR programme regulates the expression of hundreds of genes in response to signalling from ATF6, IRE1, and PERK. These three highly conserved stress sensors are activated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins within the ER. Alternatively, IRE1 and PERK sense generalised lipid bilayer stress (LBS) at the ER while ATF6 is activated by an increase of specific sphingolipids. As a result, the UPR supports cellular robustness as a broad-spectrum compensatory pathway that is achieved by deploying a tailored transcriptional programme adapted to the source of ER stress. This review summarises the current understanding of the three ER stress transducers in sensing proteotoxic stress and LBS. The plasticity of the UPR programme in the context of different sources of ER stress will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Hui Fun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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85
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Zha J, Ying M, Alexander-Floyd J, Gidalevitz T. HSP-4/BiP expression in secretory cells is regulated by a developmental program and not by the unfolded protein response. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000196. [PMID: 30908491 PMCID: PMC6448932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of secretory cells leads to sharp increases in protein synthesis, challenging endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis. Anticipatory activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) prepares cells for the onset of secretory function by expanding the ER size and folding capacity. How cells ensure that the repertoire of induced chaperones matches their postdifferentiation folding needs is not well understood. We find that during differentiation of stem-like seam cells, a typical UPR target, the Caenorhabditis elegans immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein (BiP) homologue Heat-Shock Protein 4 (HSP-4), is selectively induced in alae-secreting daughter cells but is repressed in hypodermal daughter cells. Surprisingly, this lineage-dependent induction bypasses the requirement for UPR signaling. Instead, its induction in alae-secreting cells is controlled by a specific developmental program, while its repression in the hypodermal-fated cells requires a transcriptional regulator B-Lymphocyte–Induced Maturation Protein 1 (BLMP-1/BLIMP1), involved in differentiation of mammalian secretory cells. The HSP-4 induction is anticipatory and is required for the integrity of secreted alae. Thus, differentiation programs can directly control a broad-specificity chaperone that is normally stress dependent to ensure the integrity of secreted proteins. A study in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans shows that dedicated developmental programs can bypass the requirements for the unfolded protein response during the differentiation of secretory cells, anticipating their future high folding needs. During differentiation, cells that specialize in secretion of proteins, such as antibody-secreting B cells, prepare for the onset of secretory function by expanding the size of the major secretory organelle, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and by increasing the expression of molecular chaperones and folding enzymes. This pre-emptive expansion of the ER depends on activation of the ER stress response pathways and is required for the secretory phenotype. In addition, cells may also need to up-regulate a selected subset of chaperones because different secreted proteins may require different chaperones for their folding and secretion. Except in specialized cases, how this selective up-regulation is achieved, and whether it depends on the ER stress pathways, is not well understood. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we find that a chaperone BiP/HSP-4, which is usually induced in most cells by stress, is selectively induced during differentiation of stem cells into the alae-secreting cells while being repressed in their sister lineage, the hypodermal cells. We find that induction of this chaperone is independent of the known ER stress pathways, while its repression requires a known regulator of development in mammals, BLIMP1/BLMP-1. The pre-emptive induction of BiP/HSP-4 is important for the integrity of secreted alae and cuticle, suggesting that a general molecular chaperone that is a canonical target of ER stress pathways can be selectively regulated by development to ensure the quality of secreted proteome and functionality of the cells postdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zha
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mingjie Ying
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Tali Gidalevitz
- Biology Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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86
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Vitale M, Bakunts A, Orsi A, Lari F, Tadè L, Danieli A, Rato C, Valetti C, Sitia R, Raimondi A, Christianson JC, van Anken E. Inadequate BiP availability defines endoplasmic reticulum stress. eLife 2019; 8:41168. [PMID: 30869076 PMCID: PMC6417858 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to cytotoxicity is ill-defined. Previously we showed that HeLa cells readjust homeostasis upon proteostatically driven ER stress, triggered by inducible bulk expression of secretory immunoglobulin M heavy chain (μs) thanks to the unfolded protein response (UPR; Bakunts et al., 2017). Here we show that conditions that prevent that an excess of the ER resident chaperone (and UPR target gene) BiP over µs is restored lead to µs-driven proteotoxicity, i.e. abrogation of HRD1-mediated ER-associated degradation (ERAD), or of the UPR, in particular the ATF6α branch. Such conditions are tolerated instead upon removal of the BiP-sequestering first constant domain (CH1) from µs. Thus, our data define proteostatic ER stress to be a specific consequence of inadequate BiP availability, which both the UPR and ERAD redeem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Vitale
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anush Bakunts
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Lari
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Tadè
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Danieli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Rato
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Valetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Sitia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - John C Christianson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eelco van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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87
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Ufbp1 promotes plasma cell development and ER expansion by modulating distinct branches of UPR. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1084. [PMID: 30842412 PMCID: PMC6403283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The IRE1α/XBP1 branch of unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway has a critical function in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion in plasma cells via unknown mechanisms; interestingly, another UPR branch, PERK, is suppressed during plasma cell development. Here we show that Ufbp1, a target and cofactor of the ufmylation pathway, promotes plasma cell development by suppressing the activation of PERK. By contrast, the IRE1α/XBP1 axis upregulates the expression of Ufbp1 and ufmylation pathway genes in plasma cells, while Ufbp1 deficiency impairs ER expansion in plasma cells and retards immunoglobulin production. Structure and function analysis suggests that lysine 267 of Ufbp1, the main lysine in Ufbp1 that undergoes ufmylation, is dispensable for the development of plasmablasts, but is required for immunoglobulin production and stimulation of ER expansion in IRE1α-deficient plasmablasts. Thus, Ufbp1 distinctly regulates different branches of UPR pathway to promote plasma cell development and function. IRE1 and PERK, both important mediators of the unfold protein response pathway, are differentially regulated during plasma cell differentiation. Here the authors show that an ufmylation target, Ufbp1, suppresses PERK to stimulate plasma cell development and is induced by the IRE1/XBP1 pathway to promote ER expansion .
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88
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to an overload of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by activating signaling pathways that are referred to as the unfolded protein response (UPR). Much UPR research has been conducted in cultured cells that exhibit no baseline UPR activity until they are challenged by ER stress initiated by chemicals or mutant proteins. At the same time, many genes that mediate UPR signaling are essential for the development of organisms ranging from Drosophila and fish to mice and humans, indicating that there is physiological ER stress that requires UPR in normally developing animal tissues. Recent studies have elucidated the tissue-specific roles of all three branches of UPR in distinct developing tissues of Drosophila, fish and mammals. As discussed in this Review, these studies not only reveal the physiological functions of the UPR pathways but also highlight a surprising degree of specificity associated with each UPR branch in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahana Mitra
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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89
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Pinto BAS, França LM, Laurindo FRM, Paes AMDA. Unfolded Protein Response: Cause or Consequence of Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism Disturbances? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1127:67-82. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11488-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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90
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Govindarajan S, Gaublomme D, Van der Cruyssen R, Verheugen E, Van Gassen S, Saeys Y, Tavernier S, Iwawaki T, Bloch Y, Savvides SN, Lambrecht BN, Janssens S, Elewaut D, Drennan MB. Stabilization of cytokine mRNAs in iNKT cells requires the serine-threonine kinase IRE1alpha. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5340. [PMID: 30559399 PMCID: PMC6297233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells rapidly produce large amounts of cytokines, but how cytokine mRNAs are induced, stabilized and mobilized following iNKT activation is still unclear. Here we show that an endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α), links key cellular processes required for iNKT cell effector functions in specific iNKT subsets, in which TCR-dependent activation of IRE1α is associated with downstream activation of p38 MAPK and the stabilization of preformed cytokine mRNAs. Importantly, genetic deletion of IRE1α in iNKT cells reduces cytokine production and protects mice from oxazolone colitis. We therefore propose that an IRE1α-dependent signaling cascade couples constitutive cytokine mRNA expression to the rapid induction of cytokine secretion and effector functions in activated iNKT cells. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells rapidly enhance cytokine secretion and effector function following activation, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here the authors show that an endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor, inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, activates the p38 kinase to stabilize cytokine mRNA for enhanced iNKT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinath Govindarajan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Djoere Gaublomme
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Renée Van der Cruyssen
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Eveline Verheugen
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Gassen
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Data Mining and Modeling for Biomedicine, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Simon Tavernier
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Takao Iwawaki
- Division of Cell Medicine, Department of Life Science, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, 920-0856, Japan
| | - Yehudi Bloch
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Unit for Structural Biology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, (Ghent), Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ghent University, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, 2040, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory of ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium. .,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Michael B Drennan
- Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.,Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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91
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Courreges AP, Najenson AC, Vatta MS, Bianciotti LG. Atrial natriuretic peptide attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress in experimental acute pancreatitis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:485-493. [PMID: 30529145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an early event that injures pancreatic acinar cells and contributes to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. In the present work we sought to establish whether atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) alleviated ER stress in rats with cerulein-induced pancreatitis. The major components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and their downstream effectors were assessed by immunoblotting or fluorimetry and the ultrastructure of ER evaluated by electron transmission microscopy. Cross-talk with autophagy was evaluated by beclin-1 expression. ANP reduced binding immunoglobulin protein (Bip) expression (UPR major controller) which under non-stress conditions keeps inactive the stress sensor proteins: protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1) and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Although ANP did not change PERK expression it decreased p-eIF2α and enhanced downstream effector CHOP, suggesting that ANP stimulates ER-dependent apoptosis. In accordance, ANP also decreased Bcl2 expression and enhanced proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. The atrial peptide enhanced ATF6 expression and although it did not affect IRE1/sXBP1 signaling, it increased caspase-2 activity, also involved in ER-dependent apoptosis. Furthermore, ANP decreased beclin-1 expression. The ultrastructure of the RE revealed decreased swelling and conserved ribosomes in the presence of ANP. Present findings support that ANP alleviates ER stress in acute pancreatitis by modulating the three branches of the UPR and stimulates ER-dependent apoptosis. Gaining insights into the modulation of ER stress may help to develop specific therapeutic strategies for acute pancreatitis and/or medical interventions at risk of its developing like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Courreges
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Clara Najenson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo S Vatta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana G Bianciotti
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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92
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Michael DG, Pranzatelli TJF, Warner BM, Yin H, Chiorini JA. Integrated Epigenetic Mapping of Human and Mouse Salivary Gene Regulation. J Dent Res 2018; 98:209-217. [PMID: 30392435 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518806518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant effort has been applied to identify the genome-wide gene expression profiles associated with salivary gland development and pathophysiology. However, relatively little is known about the regulators that control salivary gland gene expression. We integrated data from DNase1 digital genomic footprinting, RNA-seq, and gene expression microarrays to comprehensively characterize the cis- and trans-regulatory components controlling gene expression of the healthy submandibular salivary gland. Analysis of 32 human tissues and 87 mouse tissues was performed to identify the highly expressed and tissue-enriched transcription factors driving salivary gland gene expression. Following RNA analysis, protein expression levels and subcellular localization of 39 salivary transcription factors were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. These expression analyses revealed that the salivary gland highly expresses transcription factors associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, human T-cell lymphotrophic virus 1 expression, and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation. DNase1 digital genomic footprinting to a depth of 333,426,353 reads was performed and utilized to generate a salivary gland gene regulatory network describing the genome-wide chromatin accessibility and transcription factor binding of the salivary gland at a single-nucleotide resolution. Analysis of the DNase1 gene regulatory network identified dense interconnectivity among PLAG1, MYB, and 13 other transcription factors associated with balanced chromosomal translocations and salivary gland tumors. Collectively, these analyses provide a comprehensive atlas of the cis- and trans-regulators of the salivary gland and highlight known aberrantly regulated pathways of diseases affecting the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Michael
- 1 Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T J F Pranzatelli
- 1 Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - B M Warner
- 1 Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H Yin
- 1 Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J A Chiorini
- 1 Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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93
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Zhao Q, Zhang H, Huang J, Yu H, Li J, Che Q, Sun Y, Jin Y, Wu J. Melatonin attenuates the inflammatory response via inhibiting the C/EBP homologous protein-mediated pathway in taurocholate-induced acute pancreatitis. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3513-3521. [PMID: 30320353 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious disease characterized by the activation of trypsin, autodigestion, edemas, hemorrhages and necrosis. However, the mechanisms of regulating the apoptosis and inflammation of acinar cells in AP remain unclear. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‑related molecule, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), has pro‑-apoptotic and pro‑inflammatory properties, in addition to regulating ER stress responses. In the present study, a lentivirus‑mediated RNA interference (RNAi) approach was used to specifically knockdown the expression of CHOP in the pancreatic tissue of Sprague‑Dawley rats to investigate the potential role of CHOP during AP, which was induced by the retrograde injection of 5% taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct of rats. Pre‑treatment with melatonin was further used to identify the potential anti‑inflammatory mechanisms in AP. Pancreatic tissues were procured for western blot analysis, histological examination, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. ER stress was rapidly activated in the early stage and increased over time in the rat AP model. However, the silencing of CHOP expression markedly inhibited apoptosis and ER stress, reducing the activation of nuclear factor‑κB and inflammation injury in AP. Melatonin also exhibited anti‑inflammatory and apoptotic effects, and significantly decreased the expression of CHOP. Thus, it can be concluded that the CHOP‑mediated pathway serves an important role in the development of AP, and that melatonin can reduce pancreatic damage via the inhibition of CHOP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongyang People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Dongyang, Zhejiang 322100, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Weishan Branch of Dongyang People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Dongyang, Zhejiang 322100, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Huajun Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Qinfen Che
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yangjie Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yin Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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94
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Barrera K, Stanek A, Okochi K, Niewiadomska Z, Mueller C, Ou P, John D, Alfonso AE, Tenner S, Huan C. Acinar cell injury induced by inadequate unfolded protein response in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2018; 9:37-46. [PMID: 30283709 PMCID: PMC6163129 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v9.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of pancreatic tissue initiated in injured acinar cells. Severe AP remains a significant challenge due to the lack of effective treatment. The widely-accepted autodigestion theory of AP is now facing challenges, since inhibiting protease activation has negligible effectiveness for AP treatment despite numerous efforts. Furthermore, accumulating evidence supports a new concept that malfunction of a self-protective mechanism, the unfolded protein response (UPR), is the driving force behind the pathogenesis of AP. The UPR is induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a disturbance frequently found in acinar cells, to prevent the aggravation of ER stress that can otherwise lead to cell injury. In addition, the UPR’s signaling pathways control NFκB activation and autophagy flux, and these dysregulations cause acinar cell inflammatory injury in AP, but with poorly understood mechanisms. We therefore summarize the protective role of the UPR in AP, propose mechanistic models of how inadequate UPR could promote NFκB’s pro-inflammatory activity and impair autophagy’s protective function in acinar cells, and discuss its relevance to current AP treatment. We hope that insight provided in this review will help facilitate the research and management of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylene Barrera
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Albert Stanek
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Kei Okochi
- College of Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Cathy Mueller
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Peiqi Ou
- School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Devon John
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Antonio E Alfonso
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Scott Tenner
- Greater New York Endoscopy Surgical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11235, United States
| | - Chongmin Huan
- Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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95
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So JS. Roles of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Immune Responses. Mol Cells 2018; 41:705-716. [PMID: 30078231 PMCID: PMC6125421 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a critical organelle for protein synthesis, folding and modification, and lipid synthesis and calcium storage. Dysregulation of ER functions leads to the accumulation of misfolded- or unfolded-protein in the ER lumen, and this triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which restores ER homeostasis. The UPR is characterized by three distinct downstream signaling pathways that promote cell survival or apoptosis depending on the stressor, the intensity and duration of ER stress, and the cell type. Mammalian cells express the UPR transducers IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, which control transcriptional and translational responses to ER stress. Direct links between ER stress and immune responses are also evident, but the mechanisms by which UPR signaling cascades are coordinated with immunity remain unclear. This review discusses recent investigations of the roles of ER stress in immune responses that lead to differentiation, maturation, and cytokine expression in immune cells. Further understanding of how ER stress contributes to the pathogenesis of immune disorders will facilitate the development of novel therapies that target UPR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seon So
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University Gyeongju, Gyeongju 38066,
Korea
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Almanza A, Carlesso A, Chintha C, Creedican S, Doultsinos D, Leuzzi B, Luís A, McCarthy N, Montibeller L, More S, Papaioannou A, Püschel F, Sassano ML, Skoko J, Agostinis P, de Belleroche J, Eriksson LA, Fulda S, Gorman AM, Healy S, Kozlov A, Muñoz-Pinedo C, Rehm M, Chevet E, Samali A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling - from basic mechanisms to clinical applications. FEBS J 2018; 286:241-278. [PMID: 30027602 PMCID: PMC7379631 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous intracellular organelle and the first compartment of the secretory pathway. As such, the ER contributes to the production and folding of approximately one‐third of cellular proteins, and is thus inextricably linked to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the fine balance between health and disease. Specific ER stress signalling pathways, collectively known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), are required for maintaining ER homeostasis. The UPR is triggered when ER protein folding capacity is overwhelmed by cellular demand and the UPR initially aims to restore ER homeostasis and normal cellular functions. However, if this fails, then the UPR triggers cell death. In this review, we provide a UPR signalling‐centric view of ER functions, from the ER's discovery to the latest advancements in the understanding of ER and UPR biology. Our review provides a synthesis of intracellular ER signalling revolving around proteostasis and the UPR, its impact on other organelles and cellular behaviour, its multifaceted and dynamic response to stress and its role in physiology, before finally exploring the potential exploitation of this knowledge to tackle unresolved biological questions and address unmet biomedical needs. Thus, we provide an integrated and global view of existing literature on ER signalling pathways and their use for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Almanza
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Antonio Carlesso
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Chetan Chintha
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Dimitrios Doultsinos
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Brian Leuzzi
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andreia Luís
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luigi Montibeller
- Neurogenetics Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Sanket More
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Papaioannou
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Franziska Püschel
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Livia Sassano
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Josip Skoko
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death and Therapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jackie de Belleroche
- Neurogenetics Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Leif A Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Paediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Adrienne M Gorman
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sandra Healy
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Muñoz-Pinedo
- Cell Death Regulation Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Markus Rehm
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, University of Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to explore the effect of melatonin on endoplasmic reticulum stress in acute pancreatitis (AP) and the molecular mechanism. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced in vivo in Sprague-Dawley rats by the retrograde injection of 5% taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct and in vitro by treating AR42J cells with cerulein (10 nmol/L) plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/L). The rats and cells were treated with melatonin (50 mg/kg in rats and 0.5, 1, and 2 mmol/L in AR42J cells) 30 minutes before AP was induced. After 9 hours, the cells and rat pancreas tissue were collected for Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, histological examination, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS Inositol-requiring 1α (IRE1α)-mediated Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were activated early in AR42J cells and rat AP models. Melatonin significantly inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Western blot and immunohistochemical results all indicated that melatonin regulated apoptosis-related protein expression. In addition, melatonin treatment resulted in significantly reduced pancreatic tissue injury, as revealed by histological changes and pathological scores. Furthermore, melatonin treatment significantly reduced the activation of IRE1α-mediated JNK/NF-κB pathway-related proteins. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that melatonin protects AR42J cells and Sprague-Dawley rats against AP-associated injury, probably through downregulation of IRE1α-mediated JNK/NF-κB pathways.
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98
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Barrera MJ, Aguilera S, Castro I, González S, Carvajal P, Molina C, Hermoso MA, González MJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in autoimmune diseases: Can altered protein quality control and/or unfolded protein response contribute to autoimmunity? A critical review on Sjögren's syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:796-808. [PMID: 29890347 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many years, researchers in the field of autoimmunity have focused on the role of the immune components in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, some studies have demonstrated the importance of target tissues in their pathogenesis and the breach of immune tolerance. The immune system as well as target tissue cells (plasmatic, β-pancreatic, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, thyroid follicular and epithelial cells of the lachrymal glands, salivary glands, intestine, bronchioles and renal tubules) share the characteristic of secretory cells with an extended endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The function of these cells depends considerably on a normal ER function and calcium homeostasis, so they can produce and secrete their main components, which include glycoproteins involved in antigenic presentation such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II. All these proteins are synthesized and modified in the ER, and for this reason disturbances in the normal functions of this organelle such as protein folding, protein quality control, calcium homeostasis and redox balance, promote accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, a condition known as ER stress. Autoimmune diseases are characterized by inflammation, which has been associated with an ER stress condition. Interestingly, patients with these diseases contain circulating auto-antibodies against chaperone proteins (such as Calnexin and GRP94), thus affecting the folding and assembly of MHC class I and II glycoproteins and their loading with peptide. The main purpose of this article is to review the involvement of the protein quality control and unfolded protein response (UPR) in the ER protein homeostasis (proteostasis) and their alterations in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we describe the interaction between ER stress and inflammation and evidences are shown of how autoimmune diseases are associated with an ER stress condition, with a special emphasis on the second most prevalent autoimmune rheumatic disease, Sjögren's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-José Barrera
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Aguilera
- Departamento de Reumatología, Clínica INDISA, Santiago, Chile
| | - Isabel Castro
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio González
- Escuela de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Carvajal
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Molina
- Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela A Hermoso
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María-Julieta González
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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99
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Junjappa RP, Patil P, Bhattarai KR, Kim HR, Chae HJ. IRE1α Implications in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Development and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1289. [PMID: 29928282 PMCID: PMC5997832 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α (IRE1α) is the most prominent and evolutionarily conserved endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein. This transduces the signal of misfolded protein accumulation in the ER, named as ER stress, to the nucleus as “unfolded protein response (UPR).” The ER stress-mediated IRE1α signaling pathway arbitrates the yin and yang of cell life. IRE1α has been implicated in several physiological as well as pathological conditions, including immune disorders. Autoimmune diseases are caused by abnormal immune responses that develop due to genetic mutations and several environmental factors, including infections and chemicals. These factors dysregulate the cell immune reactions, such as cytokine secretion, antigen presentation, and autoantigen generation. However, the mechanisms involved, in which these factors induce the onset of autoimmune diseases, are remaining unknown. Considering that these environmental factors also induce the UPR, which is expected to have significant role in secretory cells and immune cells. The role of the major UPR molecule, IRE1α, in causing immune responses is well identified, but its role in inducing autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases has not been clearly elucidated. Hence, a better understanding of the role of IRE1α and its regulatory mechanisms in causing autoimmune diseases could help to identify and develop the appropriate therapeutic strategies. In this review, we mainly center the discussion on the molecular mechanisms of IRE1α in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Patil Junjappa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Prakash Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kashi Raj Bhattarai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Ryong Kim
- Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Han-Jung Chae
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Institute of New Drug Development, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Burman A, Tanjore H, Blackwell TS. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in pulmonary fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:355-365. [PMID: 29567124 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with development and progression of fibrotic diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). ER stress was first implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF >15 years ago with the discovery of disease-causing mutations in surfactant protein C, which result in a misfolded gene product in type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been linked to lung fibrosis through regulation of AEC apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, myofibroblast differentiation, and M2 macrophage polarization. Although progress has been made in understanding the causes and consequences of ER stress in IPF and a number of chronic fibrotic disorders, further studies are needed to identify key factors that induce ER stress in important cell types and define critical down-stream processes and effector molecules that mediate ER stress-related phenotypes. This review discusses potential causes of ER stress induction in the lungs and current evidence linking ER stress to fibrosis in the context of individual cell types: AECs, fibroblasts, and macrophages. As our understanding of the relationship between ER stress and lung fibrosis continues to evolve, future studies will examine new strategies to modulate UPR pathways for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Burman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harikrishna Tanjore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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