51
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Wong JC, Bryant V, Lamprecht T, Ma J, Walsh M, Schwartz J, Del Pilar Alzamora M, Mullighan CG, Loh ML, Ribeiro R, Downing JR, Carroll WL, Davis J, Gold S, Rogers PC, Israels S, Yanofsky R, Shannon K, Klco JM. Germline SAMD9 and SAMD9L mutations are associated with extensive genetic evolution and diverse hematologic outcomes. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121086. [PMID: 30046003 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline SAMD9 and SAMD9L mutations cause a spectrum of multisystem disorders that carry a markedly increased risk of developing myeloid malignancies with somatic monosomy 7. Here, we describe 16 siblings, the majority of which were phenotypically normal, from 5 families diagnosed with myelodysplasia and leukemia syndrome with monosomy 7 (MLSM7; OMIM 252270) who primarily had onset of hematologic abnormalities during the first decade of life. Molecular analyses uncovered germline SAMD9L (n = 4) or SAMD9 (n = 1) mutations in these families. Affected individuals had a highly variable clinical course that ranged from mild and transient dyspoietic changes in the bone marrow to a rapid progression of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with monosomy 7. Expression of these gain-of-function SAMD9 and SAMD9L mutations reduces cell cycle progression, and deep sequencing demonstrated selective pressure favoring the outgrowth of clones that have either lost the mutant allele or acquired revertant mutations. The myeloid malignancies of affected siblings acquired cooperating mutations in genes that are also altered in sporadic cases of AML characterized by monosomy 7. These data have implications for understanding how SAMD9 and SAMD9L mutations contribute to myeloid transformation and for recognizing, counseling, and treating affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Victoria Bryant
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tamara Lamprecht
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michael Walsh
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason Schwartz
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Maria Del Pilar Alzamora
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Raul Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - William L Carroll
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, NYU-Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart Gold
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul C Rogers
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, British Columbia Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sara Israels
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Mannitoba, Canada
| | - Rochelle Yanofsky
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Mannitoba, Canada
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffery M Klco
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Ying Y, Hong X, Xu X, Ma K, He J, Zhu F. A novel mutation +5904 C>T of RUNX1 site in the erythroid cell-specific regulatory element decreases the ABO antigen expression in Chinese population. Vox Sang 2018; 113:594-600. [PMID: 29978484 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An erythroid cell-specific regulatory element (+5·8-kb) in the first intron of ABO is responsible for the antigen differential expression and the regulatory activity of the element was affected by the nucleotide mutation in the +5·8-kb region. Currently, many individuals with ABO subgroups were found in the Chinese population, but there was little information about the function of +5·8-kb region in these individuals. Here, we studied the mechanism of the mutation in the +5·8-kb region responsible for reducing of antigen expression in 30 ABO subtype Chinese individuals without mutation in the coding region or splicing site. MATERIALS AND METHODS The nucleotide sequence of the partial intron 1 covering the +5·8-kb site was amplified and directly sequenced. The haplotype with the novel mutation was obtained by the TOPO TA cloning. Both of the ABO promoter and the +5·8 kb regulatory element were subcloned into the basic luciferase reporter plasmid using the double endonuclease digestion. The promoter activity was examined by the dual-luciferase report vector with K562 cells. RESULTS A novel nucleotide substitution +5904 C>T located at RUNX1-binding site in the +5·8 kb site was identified from three individuals with B subtypes. +5890 T>G were found in three Bel and one Ael phenotypes. Cotransfection and luciferase assays demonstrated that the +5904 C>T could obviously reduce activity of the +5·8 kb site. CONCLUSION The study suggested that the transcriptional activity of the +5·8 kb site could be downregulated by the single point mutation of RUNX1 motif, leading to reduction in A or B antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ying
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Hong
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - X Xu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - K Ma
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - J He
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - F Zhu
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Blood Safety Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Ng IKS, Lee J, Ng C, Kosmo B, Chiu L, Seah E, Mok MMH, Tan K, Osato M, Chng WJ, Yan B, Tan LK. Preleukemic and second-hit mutational events in an acute myeloid leukemia patient with a novel germline RUNX1 mutation. Biomark Res 2018; 6:16. [PMID: 29780592 PMCID: PMC5948813 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-018-0130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in the RUNX1 transcription factor give rise to a rare autosomal dominant genetic condition classified under the entity: Familial Platelet Disorders with predisposition to Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (FPD/AML). While several studies have identified a myriad of germline RUNX1 mutations implicated in this disorder, second-hit mutational events are necessary for patients with hereditary thrombocytopenia to develop full-blown AML. The molecular picture behind this process remains unclear. We describe a patient of Malay descent with an unreported 7-bp germline RUNX1 frameshift deletion, who developed second-hit mutations that could have brought about the leukaemic transformation from a pre-leukaemic state. These mutations were charted through the course of the treatment and stem cell transplant, showing a clear correlation between her clinical presentation and the mutations present. CASE PRESENTATION The patient was a 27-year-old Malay woman who presented with AML on the background of hereditary thrombocytopenia affecting her father and 3 brothers. Initial molecular testing revealed the same novel RUNX1 mutation in all 5 individuals. The patient received standard induction, consolidation chemotherapy, and a haploidentical stem cell transplant from her mother with normal RUNX1 profile. Comprehensive genomic analyses were performed at diagnosis, post-chemotherapy and post-transplant. A total of 8 mutations (RUNX1, GATA2, DNMT3A, BCORL1, BCOR, 2 PHF6 and CDKN2A) were identified in the pre-induction sample, of which 5 remained (RUNX1, DNMT3A, BCORL1, BCOR and 1 out of 2 PHF6) in the post-treatment sample and none were present post-transplant. In brief, the 3 mutations which were lost along with the leukemic cells at complete morphological remission were most likely acquired leukemic driver mutations that were responsible for the AML transformation from a pre-leukemic germline RUNX1-mutated state. On the contrary, the 5 mutations that persisted post-treatment, including the germline RUNX1 mutation, were likely to be part of the preleukemic clone. CONCLUSION Further studies are necessary to assess the prevalence of these preleukemic and secondary mutations in the larger FPD/AML patient cohort and establish their prognostic significance. Given the molecular heterogeneity of FPD/AML and other AML subtypes, a better understanding of mutational classes and their involvement in AML pathogenesis can improve risk stratification of patients for more effective and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac KS Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Joanne Lee
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 7, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Christopher Ng
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Bustamin Kosmo
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Lily Chiu
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Elaine Seah
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 7, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Michelle Meng Huang Mok
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | - Karen Tan
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, 860-0811 Japan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138669 Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 7, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 1E, Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block Level 10, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
| | - Benedict Yan
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Lip Kun Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 7, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- Molecular Diagnosis Centre, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
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Krygier A, Szmajda D, Żebrowska M, Jeleń A, Balcerczak E. Expression levels of the runt-related transcription factor 1 and 3 genes in the development of acute myeloid leukemia. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6733-6738. [PMID: 29725413 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mRNA expression level of the runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) and runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) genes in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The etiology of AML is not yet fully known, but certain genetic factors may contribute to its manifestation. The RUNX1 and RUNX3 genes have been demonstrated to serve a role in the transcription process. The group investigated in the present study included 43 patients diagnosed with AML, and the relative RUNX1 and RUNX3 expression levels were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that RUNX1 and RUNX3 expression was associated with clinicopathological features, including sex and mortality risk. Expression levels of the RUNX1 gene were higher and more variable among females (P=0.044), and mortality was more frequent among patients with a higher RUNX3 expression level (P=0.036). The data obtained from the present study suggested that RUNX3 expression may have potential value as a prognostic factor; furthermore, sex is potentially a factor that may affect the difference in RUNX1 gene expression level among females and males. Further analyses in this field will aid in the identification and elucidation of the molecular basis of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Krygier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dagmara Szmajda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Żebrowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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55
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Jalili M, Yaghmaie M, Ahmadvand M, Alimoghaddam K, Mousavi SA, Vaezi M, Ghavamzadeh A. Prognostic Value of RUNX1 Mutations in AML: A Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:325-329. [PMID: 29479958 PMCID: PMC5980915 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX1 (AML1) gene is a relatively infrequent mutational target in cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
Previous work indicated that RUNX1 mutations can have pathological and prognostic implications. To evaluate
prognostic value, we conducted a meta-analysis of 4 previous published works with data for survival according to
RUNX1 mutation status. Pooled hazard ratios for overall survival and disease-free survival were 1.55 (95% confidence
interval (CI) = 1.11–2.15; p-value = 0.01) and 1.76 (95% CI = 1.24–2.52; p-value = 0.002), respectively, for cases
positive for RUNX1 mutations. This evidence supports clinical implications of RUNX1 mutations in the development
and progression of AML cases and points to the possibility of a distinct category within the newer WHO classification.
Though it must be kept in mind that the present work was based on data extracted from observational studies, the
findings suggest that the RUNX1 status can contribute to risk-stratification and decision-making in management of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Jalili
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Richter L, Wang Y, Hyde RK. Targeting binding partners of the CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein for the treatment of inversion 16 acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66255-66266. [PMID: 27542261 PMCID: PMC5323231 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inversion of chromosome 16 (inv(16)) generates the CBFβ-SMMHC fusion protein and is found in nearly all patients with acute myeloid leukemia subtype M4 with Eosinophilia (M4Eo). Expression of CBFβ-SMMHC is causative for leukemia development, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity are unclear. Recently, there have been important advances in defining the role of CBFβ-SMMHC and its binding partners, the transcription factor RUNX1 and the histone deacetylase HDAC8. Importantly, initial trials demonstrate that small molecules targeting these binding partners are effective against CBFβ-SMMHC induced leukemia. This review will discuss recent advances in defining the mechanism of CBFβ-SMMHC activity, as well as efforts to develop new therapies for inv(16) AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Richter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - R Katherine Hyde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Tang X, Sun L, Wang G, Chen B, Luo F. RUNX1: A Regulator of NF-kB Signaling in Pulmonary Diseases. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2018; 19:172-178. [PMID: 28990531 PMCID: PMC5876917 DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666171009111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), a member of the RUNX family, is one of the key regulatory proteins in vertebrates. RUNX1 is involved in embryonic development, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, tumorigenesis and immune response. In the past few decades, studies mainly focused on the effect of RUNX1 on acute leukemia and cancer. Only few studies about the function of RUNX1 in the pathological process of pulmonary diseases have been reported. Recent studies have demonstrated that RUNX1 is highly expressed in both mesenchymal and epithelial compartments of the developing and postnatal lung and that it plays a critical role in the lipopolysaccharide induced lung inflammation by regulating the NF-kB pathway. RUNX1 participates in the regulation of the NF-kB signaling pathway through interaction with IkB kinase complex in the cytoplasm or interaction with the NF-kB subunit P50. NF-kB is well-known signaling pathway necessary for inflammatory response in the lung. This review is to highlight the RUNX1 structure, isoforms and to present the mechanism that RUNX1 regulates NF-kB. This will illustrate the great potential role of RUNX1 in the inflammation signaling pathway in pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Tang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Ling Sun
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Research Center of Regeneration Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Bojiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
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58
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High expression of RUNX1 is associated with poorer outcomes in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15828-39. [PMID: 26910834 PMCID: PMC4941280 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Depending on its expression level, RUNX1 can act as a tumor promoter or suppressor in hematological malignancies. The clinical impact of RUNX1 expression in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML) remained unknown, however. We evaluated the prognostic significance of RUNX1 expression using several public microarray datasets. In the testing group (n = 157), high RUNX1 expression (RUNX1high) was associated with poorer overall survival (OS; P = 0.0025) and event-free survival (EFS; P = 0.0025) than low RUNX1 expression (RUNX1low). In addition, the prognostic significance of RUNX1 was confirmed using European Leukemia Net (ELN) genetic categories and multivariable analysis, which was further validated using a second independent CN-AML cohort (n = 162, OS; P = 0.03953). To better understand the mechanisms of RUNX1, we investigated genome-wide gene/microRNAs expression signatures and cell signaling pathways associated with RUNX1 expression status. Several known oncogenes/oncogenic microRNAs and cell signaling pathways were all up-regulated, while some anti-oncogenes and molecules of immune activation were down-regulated in RUNX1high CN-AML patients. These findings suggest RUNX1high is a prognostic biomarker of unfavorable outcome in CN-AML, which is supported by the distinctive gene/microRNA signatures and cell signaling pathways.
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Nieke S, Yasmin N, Kakugawa K, Yokomizo T, Muroi S, Taniuchi I. Unique N-terminal sequences in two Runx1 isoforms are dispensable for Runx1 function. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:14. [PMID: 29047338 PMCID: PMC5648507 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background The Runt-related transcription factors (Runx) are a family of evolutionarily conserved transcriptional regulators that play multiple roles in the developmental control of various cell types. Among the three mammalian Runx proteins, Runx1 is essential for definitive hematopoiesis and its dysfunction leads to human leukemogenesis. There are two promoters, distal (P1) and proximal (P2), in the Runx1 gene, which produce two Runx1 isoforms with distinct N-terminal amino acid sequences, P1-Runx1 and P2-Runx1. However, it remains unclear whether P2-Runx specific N-terminal sequence have any specific function for Runx1 protein. Results To address the function of the P2-Runx1 isoform, we established novel mutant mouse models in which the translational initiation AUG (+1) codon for P2-Runx1 isoform was modulated. We found that a truncated P2-Runx1 isoform is translated from a downstream non-canonical AUG codon. Importantly, the truncated P2-Runx1 isoform is sufficient to support primary hematopoiesis, even in the absence of the P1-Runx1 isoform. Furthermore, the truncated P2-Runx1 isoform was able to restore defect in basophil development caused by loss of the P1-Runx1 isoform. The truncated P2-Runx1 isoform was more stable than the canonical P2-Runx1 isoform. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the N-terminal sequences specific for P2-Runx1 are dispensable for Runx1 function, and likely serve as a de-stabilization module to regulate Runx1 production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-017-0156-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Nieke
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Abteilung Immunologie, Interfakultaeres Institute fuer Zellbiologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nighat Yasmin
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.,Faculty of Life Sciences (Microbiology), University of Central Punjab, 1 - Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Johar Town, Pakistan
| | - Kiyokazu Kakugawa
- Laboratory for Immune Crosstalk, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Sawako Muroi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS). 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Ma C, Liu XE, Sun X. miR-216a-3p Inhibits the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Human Gastric Cancer Cells via Targeting RUNX1 and Activating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Oncol Res 2017; 26:157-171. [PMID: 28835317 PMCID: PMC7844601 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x15031557924150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to elucidate the effects and the potential underlying mechanisms of microRNA-216a-3p (miR-216a-3p) on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer (GC) cells. In this study, we revealed that the expression of miR-216a-3p was significantly elevated in GC tissues and cell lines. The different expression level of miR-216a-3p was firmly correlated with clinicopathological characteristics of GC patients. We next demonstrated that upregulation of miR-216a-3p could dramatically promote the ability of proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells using a series of experiments, whereas downregulation essentially inhibited these properties. Additionally, through bioinformatics analysis and biological approaches, we confirmed that runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) was a direct target of miR-216a-3p, and overexpression of RUNX1 could reverse the potential effect of miR-216a-3p on GC cells. Furthermore, mechanistic investigation using Western blot analysis showed that downregulation of RUNX1 by miR-216a-3p could stimulate the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, this work proved that miR-216a-3p can promote GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via targeting RUNX1 and activating the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, miR-216a-3p/RUNX1 could be a possible molecular target for innovative therapeutic agents against GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfang Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xing-E Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China
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Clinical Outcomes and Co-Occurring Mutations in Patients with RUNX1-Mutated Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081618. [PMID: 28933735 PMCID: PMC5578010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are often associated with worse prognosis. We assessed co-occurring mutations, response to therapy, and clinical outcomes in patients with and without mutant RUNX1 (mRUNX1); (2) We analyzed 328 AML patients, including 177 patients younger than 65 years who received intensive chemotherapy and 151 patients >65 years who received hypomethylating agents. RUNX1 and co-existing mutations were identified using next-generation sequencing; (3) RUNX1 mutations were identified in 5.1% of younger patients and 15.9% of older patients, and were significantly associated with increasing age (p = 0.01) as well as intermediate-risk cytogenetics including normal karyotype (p = 0.02) in the elderly cohort, and with lower lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; p = 0.02) and higher platelet count (p = 0.012) overall. Identified co-occurring mutations were primarily ASXL1 mutations in older patients and RAS mutations in younger patients; FLT3-ITD and IDH1/2 co-mutations were also frequent. Younger mRUNX1 AML patients treated with intensive chemotherapy experienced inferior treatment outcomes. In older patients with AML treated with hypomethylating agent (HMA) therapy, response and survival was independent of RUNX1 status. Older mRUNX1 patients with prior myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) had particularly dismal outcome. Future studies should focus on the prognostic implications of RUNX1 mutations relative to other co-occurring mutations, and the potential role of hypomethylating agents for this molecularly-defined group.
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62
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RUNX transcription factors at the interface of stem cells and cancer. Biochem J 2017; 474:1755-1768. [PMID: 28490659 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RUNX1 transcription factor is a critical regulator of normal haematopoiesis and its functional disruption by point mutations, deletions or translocations is a major causative factor leading to leukaemia. In the majority of cases, genetic changes in RUNX1 are linked to loss of function classifying it broadly as a tumour suppressor. Despite this, several recent studies have reported the need for a certain level of active RUNX1 for the maintenance and propagation of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells, suggesting an oncosupportive role of RUNX1. Furthermore, in solid cancers, RUNX1 is overexpressed compared with normal tissue, and RUNX factors have recently been discovered to promote growth of skin, oral, breast and ovarian tumour cells, amongst others. RUNX factors have key roles in stem cell fate regulation during homeostasis and regeneration of many tissues. Cancer cells appear to have corrupted these stem cell-associated functions of RUNX factors to promote oncogenesis. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the role of RUNX genes in stem cells and as oncosupportive factors in haematological malignancies and epithelial cancers.
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63
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Chi K, Li Y, Xu L, Wang X. A novel recurrent copy number loss region on 6q23.3 in MDS-related myeloid malignancy patients with stable survival conditions. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2470-2479. [PMID: 28394181 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1292357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Metaphase cytogenetics (MC) karyotyping is a fundamental way to approach cytogenetic pathogenesis of MDS-related myeloid malignancies. However, in some patients, the results are normal while the patients often show discrepancies in survival conditions. To explain this question, we analyzed CytoScan™ HD array results of 20 MC-normal/failure patients who were followed up for three years. Exon sequencing was performed in genes RUNX1, TP53, ASXL1, and TET2. The array enabled the detection of additional aberrations in 16 (80%) patients. Eight patients were detected with cryptic copy number losses and six of them got aggressive disease conditions. RUNX1 mutations were sequenced in P110 and P114. Most importantly, two patients (P114 and P116) with copy number loss aberrations got stable survival conditions during follow-ups, and a novel recurrent copy number loss region harboring the proto-oncogene MYB was detected on chromosome 6q23.3 in both of them, which might benefit the survival of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chi
- a Department of Laboratory Medicine , Qingdao Women & Children's Hospital , Qingdao , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics , Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yang Li
- b State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics , Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Lan Xu
- c Department of Hematology , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- d Department of Laboratory Medicine , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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64
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Yi S, Lin S, Li Y, Zhao W, Mills GB, Sahni N. Functional variomics and network perturbation: connecting genotype to phenotype in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2017; 18:395-410. [PMID: 28344341 DOI: 10.1038/nrg.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins interact with other macromolecules in complex cellular networks for signal transduction and biological function. In cancer, genetic aberrations have been traditionally thought to disrupt the entire gene function. It has been increasingly appreciated that each mutation of a gene could have a subtle but unique effect on protein function or network rewiring, contributing to diverse phenotypic consequences across cancer patient populations. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of cancer genetic variants, including the broad spectrum of mutation classes and the wide range of mechanistic effects on gene function in the context of signalling networks. We highlight recent advances in computational and experimental strategies to study the diverse functional and phenotypic consequences of mutations at the base-pair resolution. Such information is crucial to understanding the complex pleiotropic effect of cancer genes and provides a possible link between genotype and phenotype in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yi
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shengda Lin
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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65
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Molecular Cytogenetic Approach to Characterize Novel and Cryptic Chromosome Abnormalities in Childhood Myeloid Malignances of Fanconi Anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:e85-e91. [PMID: 28212262 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid malignancies can be either primary or secondary, whether or not a specific cause can be determined. Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare constitutional bone marrow failure, usually presents an increased possibility of clonal evolution, due to the increase in chromosomal instability, TP53 activation, and cell death. The evolution of FA may include aplastic anemia by the progressive failure of the bone marrow and myelod neoplasias, such as acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Chromosome abnormalities, particularly of chromosomes, 1, 3, and 7, during the aplastic phase of the disease are predictive of evolution to acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome. Cytogenetic studies are indispensable to characterize chromosome abnormalities, and thus an important part of the clinical management, and for planning of therapeutic interventions. Here, clinical data and outcomes of 4 FA, 3 of them with myeloid malignances and 1 asymptomatic, and detailed characterization of their chromosome abnormalities using cytogenetics techniques are described.
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66
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Abstract
RUNX1 is a member of the core-binding factor family of transcription factors and is indispensable for the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis in vertebrates. RUNX1 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in a variety of hematological malignancies. Germ line mutations in RUNX1 cause familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies. Somatic mutations and chromosomal rearrangements involving RUNX1 are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemias of myeloid and lymphoid lineages, that is, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. More recent studies suggest that the wild-type RUNX1 is required for growth and survival of certain types of leukemia cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current status of our understanding about the role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies.
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67
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Callea M, Fattori F, Bertini ES, Cammarata-Scalisi F, Callea F, Bellacchio E. Blood malignancies presenting with mutations at equivalent residues in RUNX1-2 suggest a common leukemogenic pathway. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2002-2004. [PMID: 28093006 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1274980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Callea
- a Unit of Dentistry , Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Fabiana Fattori
- b Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine , Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - Enrico Silvio Bertini
- b Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine , Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital , Rome , Italy
| | - Francisco Cammarata-Scalisi
- c Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine , University of The Andes , Mérida , Venezuela
| | - Francesco Callea
- d Department of Pathology , Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- e Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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68
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Kilbey A, Terry A, Wotton S, Borland G, Zhang Q, Mackay N, McDonald A, Bell M, Wakelam MJO, Cameron ER, Neil JC. Runx1 Orchestrates Sphingolipid Metabolism and Glucocorticoid Resistance in Lymphomagenesis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1432-1441. [PMID: 27869314 PMCID: PMC5408393 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The three‐membered RUNX gene family includes RUNX1, a major mutational target in human leukemias, and displays hallmarks of both tumor suppressors and oncogenes. In mouse models, the Runx genes appear to act as conditional oncogenes, as ectopic expression is growth suppressive in normal cells but drives lymphoma development potently when combined with over‐expressed Myc or loss of p53. Clues to underlying mechanisms emerged previously from murine fibroblasts where ectopic expression of any of the Runx genes promotes survival through direct and indirect regulation of key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism associated with a shift in the “sphingolipid rheostat” from ceramide to sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P). Testing of this relationship in lymphoma cells was therefore a high priority. We find that ectopic expression of Runx1 in lymphoma cells consistently perturbs the sphingolipid rheostat, whereas an essential physiological role for Runx1 is revealed by reduced S1P levels in normal spleen after partial Cre‐mediated excision. Furthermore, we show that ectopic Runx1 expression confers increased resistance of lymphoma cells to glucocorticoid‐mediated apoptosis, and elucidate the mechanism of cross‐talk between glucocorticoid and sphingolipid metabolism through Sgpp1. Dexamethasone potently induces expression of Sgpp1 in T‐lymphoma cells and drives cell death which is reduced by partial knockdown of Sgpp1 with shRNA or direct transcriptional repression of Sgpp1 by ectopic Runx1. Together these data show that Runx1 plays a role in regulating the sphingolipid rheostat in normal development and that perturbation of this cell fate regulator contributes to Runx‐driven lymphomagenesis. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1432–1441, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kilbey
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - A Terry
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - S Wotton
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - G Borland
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Q Zhang
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - N Mackay
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - A McDonald
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - M Bell
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - M J O Wakelam
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - E R Cameron
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - J C Neil
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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69
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Clinical Relevance of RUNX1 and CBFB Alterations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Other Hematological Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:175-199. [PMID: 28299658 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The translocation t(8;21), leading to a fusion between the RUNX1 gene and the RUNX1T1 locus, was the first chromosomal translocation identified in cancer. Since the first description of this balanced rearrangement in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 1973, RUNX1 translocations and point mutations have been found in various myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. In this chapter, we summarize the currently available data on the clinical relevance of core binding factor gene alterations in hematological disorders. In the first section, we discuss the prognostic implications of the core binding factor translocations RUNX1-RUNX1T1 and CBFB-MYH11 in AML patients. We provide an overview of the cooperating genetic events in patients with CBF-rearranged AML and their clinical implications, and review current treatment approaches for CBF AML and the utility of minimal residual disease monitoring. In the next sections, we summarize the available data on rare RUNX1 rearrangements in various hematologic neoplasms and the role of RUNX1 translocations in therapy-related myeloid neoplasia. The final three sections of the chapter cover the spectrum and clinical significance of RUNX1 point mutations in AML and myelodysplastic syndromes, in familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancy, and in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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70
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RUNX1 and CBFβ Mutations and Activities of Their Wild-Type Alleles in AML. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:265-282. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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71
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Bonifer C, Levantini E, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. Runx1 Structure and Function in Blood Cell Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:65-81. [PMID: 28299651 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors belong to a highly conserved class of transcriptional regulators which play various roles in the development of the majority of metazoans. In this review we focus on the founding member of the family, RUNX1, and its role in the transcriptional control of blood cell development in mammals. We summarize data showing that RUNX1 functions both as activator and repressor within a chromatin environment, a feature that requires its interaction with multiple other transcription factors and co-factors. Furthermore, we outline how RUNX1 works together with other factors to reshape the epigenetic landscape and the three-dimensional structure of gene loci within the nucleus. Finally, we review how aberrant forms of RUNX1 deregulate blood cell development and cause hematopoietic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Bonifer
- Institute for Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Elena Levantini
- Beth Israel Diaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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72
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Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is essential for disease diagnosis, classification, prognostic stratification, and treatment guidance. Molecular genetic analysis of CEBPA, NPM1, and FLT3 is already standard of care in patients with AML, and mutations in several additional genes are assuming increasing importance. Mutational analysis of certain genes, such as SF3B1, is also becoming an important tool to distinguish subsets of MDS that have different biologic behaviors. It is still uncertain how to optimally combine karyotype with mutation data in diagnosis and risk-stratification of AML and MDS, particularly in cases with multiple mutations and/or several mutationally distinct subclones.
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73
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Barutcu AR, Hong D, Lajoie BR, McCord RP, van Wijnen AJ, Lian JB, Stein JL, Dekker J, Imbalzano AN, Stein GS. RUNX1 contributes to higher-order chromatin organization and gene regulation in breast cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1859:1389-1397. [PMID: 27514584 PMCID: PMC5071180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RUNX1 is a transcription factor functioning both as an oncogene and a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. RUNX1 alters chromatin structure in cooperation with chromatin modifier and remodeling enzymes. In this study, we examined the relationship between RUNX1-mediated transcription and genome organization. We characterized genome-wide RUNX1 localization and performed RNA-seq and Hi-C in RUNX1-depleted and control MCF-7 breast cancer cells. RNA-seq analysis showed that RUNX1 depletion led to up-regulation of genes associated with chromatin structure and down-regulation of genes related to extracellular matrix biology, as well as NEAT1 and MALAT1 lncRNAs. Our ChIP-Seq analysis supports a prominent role for RUNX1 in transcriptional activation. About 30% of all RUNX1 binding sites were intergenic, indicating diverse roles in promoter and enhancer regulation and suggesting additional functions for RUNX1. Hi-C analysis of RUNX1-depleted cells demonstrated that overall three-dimensional genome organization is largely intact, but indicated enhanced association of RUNX1 near Topologically Associating Domain (TAD) boundaries and alterations in long-range interactions. These results suggest an architectural role for RUNX1 in fine-tuning local interactions rather than in global organization. Our results provide novel insight into RUNX1-mediated perturbations of higher-order genome organization that are functionally linked with RUNX1-dependent compromised gene expression in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rasim Barutcu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Deli Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Bryan R Lajoie
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rachel Patton McCord
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Job Dekker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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74
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Secrier M, Li X, de Silva N, Eldridge MD, Contino G, Bornschein J, MacRae S, Grehan N, O’Donovan M, Miremadi A, Yang TP, Bower L, Chettouh H, Crawte J, Galeano-Dalmau N, Grabowska A, Saunders J, Underwood T, Waddell N, Barbour AP, Nutzinger B, Achilleos A, Edwards PAW, Lynch AG, Tavaré S, Fitzgerald RC. Mutational signatures in esophageal adenocarcinoma define etiologically distinct subgroups with therapeutic relevance. Nat Genet 2016; 48:1131-41. [PMID: 27595477 PMCID: PMC5957269 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has a poor outcome, and targeted therapy trials have thus far been disappointing owing to a lack of robust stratification methods. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis of 129 cases demonstrated that this is a heterogeneous cancer dominated by copy number alterations with frequent large-scale rearrangements. Co-amplification of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and/or downstream mitogenic activation is almost ubiquitous; thus tailored combination RTK inhibitor (RTKi) therapy might be required, as we demonstrate in vitro. However, mutational signatures showed three distinct molecular subtypes with potential therapeutic relevance, which we verified in an independent cohort (n = 87): (i) enrichment for BRCA signature with prevalent defects in the homologous recombination pathway; (ii) dominant T>G mutational pattern associated with a high mutational load and neoantigen burden; and (iii) C>A/T mutational pattern with evidence of an aging imprint. These subtypes could be ascertained using a clinically applicable sequencing strategy (low coverage) as a basis for therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaodun Li
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadeera de Silva
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gianmarco Contino
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Bornschein
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shona MacRae
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Grehan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria O’Donovan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tsun-Po Yang
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hamza Chettouh
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason Crawte
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Núria Galeano-Dalmau
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Saunders
- Department of Oesophagogastric Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tim Underwood
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicola Waddell
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew P. Barbour
- Surgical Oncology Group, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara Nutzinger
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Achilleas Achilleos
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andy G. Lynch
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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75
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Panagopoulos I, Torkildsen S, Gorunova L, Ulvmoen A, Tierens A, Zeller B, Heim S. RUNX1 truncation resulting from a cryptic and novel t(6;21)(q25;q22) chromosome translocation in acute myeloid leukemia: A case report. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2481-2488. [PMID: 27667292 PMCID: PMC5055202 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization examination of a pediatric AML patient whose bone marrow cells carried trisomy 4 and FLT3-ITD mutation, demonstrated that part of the RUNX1 probe had unexpectedly moved to chromosome band 6q25 indicating a cryptic t(6;21)(q25;q22) translocation. RNA sequencing showed fusion of exon 7 of RUNX1 with an intergenic sequence of 6q25 close to the MIR1202 locus, something that was verified by RT-PCR together with Sanger sequencing. The RUNX1 fusion transcript encodes a truncated protein containing the Runt homology domain responsible for both heterodimerization with CBFB and DNA binding, but lacking the proline-, serine-, and threonine-rich (PST) region which is the transcription activation domain at the C terminal end. Which genetic event (+4, FLT3-ITD, t(6;21)-RUNX1 truncation or other, undetected acquired changes) was more pathogenetically important in the present case of AML, remains unknown. The case illustrates that submicroscopic chromosomal rearrangements may accompany visible numerical changes and perhaps should be actively looked for whenever a single trisomy is found. An active search for them may provide both pathogenetic and prognostic novel information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Panagopoulos
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Torkildsen
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ludmila Gorunova
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina Ulvmoen
- Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Tierens
- Laboratory Medicine Program, Department of Haematopathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Bernward Zeller
- Pediatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Heim
- Section for Cancer Cytogenetics, Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
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76
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Kutlay NY, Pekpak E, Altıner S, Ileri T, Vicdan AN, Dinçaslan H, Ince EU, Tukun FA. Prognostic impact of RUNX1 and ETV6 gene copy number on pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with or without hyperdiploidy. Int J Hematol 2016; 104:368-77. [PMID: 27393278 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene is a valuable prognostic marker that is frequently observed in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-cell ALL). However, the clinical significance of copy number aberrations in these genes remains unclear. In this study, the effects of various aberrations inETV6 and RUNX1 gene copy number on disease prognosis were evaluated in 21 pediatric patients diagnosed with B-cell ALL with/without t(12;21). The prognostic significance of changes in gene copy number of ETV6 or RUNX1 in the presence or absence of hyperdiploidy, trisomy 21, and t(12;21) translocation were also evaluated. RUNX1 gene copy number amplifications were detected in 83 % of the patients who lacked t(12;21) and in all of the patients with hyperdiploidy. Trisomy 21 was detected in 78 % of the patients with hyperdiploidy. Changes in ETV6 gene copy number were detected in patients who lacked both the t(12;21) translocation and RUNX1 gene copy number amplifications. However, RUNX1 gene copy number amplification and ETV6 deletion were observed in all of the patients with t(12;21). RUNX1 gene copy number amplification was associated with hyperdiploidy, but not with t(12;21). Thus, the evaluation of distinct FISH and cytogenetic patterns in patients with B-cell ALL may strengthen the prognostic significance of changes in gene copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Pekpak
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sule Altıner
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Talia Ileri
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Handan Dinçaslan
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Unal Ince
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ajlan Tukun
- Ankara University School of Medicine, Medical Genetics, Ankara, Turkey
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77
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Dutta R, Tiu B, Sakamoto KM. CBP/p300 acetyltransferase activity in hematologic malignancies. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 119:37-43. [PMID: 27380996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CREB binding protein (CBP) and p300 are critical regulators of hematopoiesis through both their transcriptional coactivator and acetyltransferase activities. Loss or mutation of CBP/p300 results in hematologic deficiencies in proliferation and differentiation as well as disruption of hematopoietic stem cell renewal and the microenvironment. Aberrant lysine acetylation mediated by CBP/p300 has recently been implicated in the genesis of multiple hematologic cancers. Understanding the effects of disrupting the acetyltransferase activity of CBP/p300 could pave the way for new therapeutic approaches to treat patients with these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Dutta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Tiu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Sakamoto
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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78
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Luo MC, Zhou SY, Feng DY, Xiao J, Li WY, Xu CD, Wang HY, Zhou T. Runt-related Transcription Factor 1 (RUNX1) Binds to p50 in Macrophages and Enhances TLR4-triggered Inflammation and Septic Shock. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22011-22020. [PMID: 27573239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.715953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate inflammatory response plays critical roles in eliminating pathogens, whereas an excessive inflammatory response can cause tissue damage. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), a master regulator of hematopoiesis, plays critical roles in T cells; however, its roles in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated inflammation in macrophages are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that upon TLR4 ligand stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophages reduced the expression levels of RUNX1 Silencing of Runx1 attenuated the LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-6 production levels, but the TNF-α levels were not affected. Overexpression of RUNX1 promoted IL-1β and IL-6 production in response to LPS stimulation. Moreover, RUNX1 interacted with the NF-κB subunit p50, and coexpression of RUNX1 with p50 further enhanced the NF-κB luciferase activity. Importantly, treatment with the RUNX1 inhibitor, Ro 5-3335, protected mice from LPS-induced endotoxic shock and substantially reduced the IL-6 levels. These findings suggest that RUNX1 may be a new potential target for resolving TLR4-associated uncontrolled inflammation and preventing sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Cai Luo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Si-Yuan Zhou
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Dan-Ying Feng
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Jun Xiao
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei-Yun Li
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chun-Di Xu
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
| | - Hong-Yan Wang
- the Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Rd. II, Shanghai 200025 and
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79
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[Lymphoma complicated with myeloid leukemia: 3 cases report and literatures review]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2016; 37:149-51. [PMID: 27014986 PMCID: PMC7348207 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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80
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Tan SY, Smeets MF, Chalk AM, Nandurkar H, Walkley CR, Purton LE, Wall M. Insights into myelodysplastic syndromes from current preclinical models. World J Hematol 2016; 5:1-22. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant progress made in our understanding of the molecular genetics of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Using massively parallel sequencing techniques, recurring mutations are identified in up to 80% of MDS cases, including many with a normal karyotype. The differential role of some of these mutations in the initiation and progression of MDS is starting to be elucidated. Engineering candidate genes in mice to model MDS has contributed to recent insights into this complex disease. In this review, we examine currently available mouse models, with detailed discussion of selected models. Finally, we highlight some advances made in our understanding of MDS biology, and conclude with discussions of questions that remain unanswered.
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81
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RUNX1 haploinsufficiency results in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor hypersensitivity. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e379. [PMID: 26745853 PMCID: PMC4742622 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX1/AML1 is among the most commonly mutated genes in human leukemia. Haploinsufficiency of RUNX1 causes familial platelet disorder with predisposition to myeloid malignancies (FPD/MM). However, the molecular mechanism of FPD/MM remains unknown. Here we show that murine Runx1+/− hematopoietic cells are hypersensitive to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), leading to enhanced expansion and mobilization of stem/progenitor cells and myeloid differentiation block. Upon G-CSF stimulation, Runx1+/− cells exhibited a more pronounced phosphorylation of STAT3 as compared with Runx1+/+ cells, which may be due to reduced expression of Pias3, a key negative regulator of STAT3 signaling, and reduced physical sequestration of STAT3 by RUNX1. Most importantly, blood cells from a FPD patient with RUNX1 mutation exhibited similar G-CSF hypersensitivity. Taken together, Runx1 haploinsufficiency appears to predispose FPD patients to MM by expanding the pool of stem/progenitor cells and blocking myeloid differentiation in response to G-CSF.
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82
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Stieglitz E, Taylor-Weiner AN, Chang TY, Gelston LC, Wang YD, Mazor T, Esquivel E, Yu A, Seepo S, Olsen S, Rosenberg M, Archambeault SL, Abusin G, Beckman K, Brown PA, Briones M, Carcamo B, Cooper T, Dahl GV, Emanuel PD, Fluchel MN, Goyal RK, Hayashi RJ, Hitzler J, Hugge C, Liu YL, Messinger YH, Mahoney DH, Monteleone P, Nemecek ER, Roehrs PA, Schore RJ, Stine KC, Takemoto CM, Toretsky JA, Costello JF, Olshen AB, Stewart C, Li Y, Ma J, Gerbing RB, Alonzo TA, Getz G, Gruber T, Golub T, Stegmaier K, Loh ML. The genomic landscape of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1326-1333. [PMID: 26457647 PMCID: PMC4626387 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) of childhood with a poor prognosis. Mutations in NF1, NRAS, KRAS, PTPN11 or CBL occur in 85% of patients, yet there are currently no risk stratification algorithms capable of predicting which patients will be refractory to conventional treatment and could therefore be candidates for experimental therapies. In addition, few molecular pathways aside from the RAS-MAPK pathway have been identified that could serve as the basis for such novel therapeutic strategies. We therefore sought to genomically characterize serial samples from patients at diagnosis through relapse and transformation to acute myeloid leukemia to expand knowledge of the mutational spectrum in JMML. We identified recurrent mutations in genes involved in signal transduction, splicing, Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and transcription. Notably, the number of somatic alterations present at diagnosis appears to be the major determinant of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Stieglitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Tiffany Y. Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Laura C. Gelston
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Tali Mazor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Emilio Esquivel
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ariel Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Sara Seepo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Sophie L. Archambeault
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ghada Abusin
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kyle Beckman
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Patrick A. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MA
| | - Michael Briones
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorder Center, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Todd Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA
| | - Gary V. Dahl
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Peter D. Emanuel
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Mark N. Fluchel
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Rakesh K. Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert J. Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Johann Hitzler
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Hugge
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, SSM Cardinal Glennon Children's Medical Center, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Y. Lucy Liu
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Yoav H. Messinger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Donald H. Mahoney
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Philip Monteleone
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Pediatric Specialists of Lehigh Valley Hospital, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Eneida R. Nemecek
- Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Philip A. Roehrs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Reuven J. Schore
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kimo C. Stine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Toretsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Joseph F. Costello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam B. Olshen
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chip Stewart
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - Todd A. Alonzo
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Gad Getz
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tanja Gruber
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Todd Golub
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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83
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Novel Implications of DNA Damage Response in Drug Resistance of Malignant Cancers Obtained from the Functional Interaction between p53 Family and RUNX2. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2854-76. [PMID: 26512706 PMCID: PMC4693260 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the lifespan of cells, their genomic DNA is continuously exposed to the endogenous and exogenous DNA insults. Thus, the appropriate cellular response to DNA damage plays a pivotal role in maintaining genomic integrity and also acts as a molecular barrier towards DNA legion-mediated carcinogenesis. The tumor suppressor p53 participates in an integral part of proper regulation of DNA damage response (DDR). p53 is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers. Since mutant p53 displays a dominant-negative behavior against wild-type p53, cancers expressing mutant p53 sometimes acquire drug-resistant phenotype, suggesting that mutant p53 prohibits the p53-dependent cell death pathway following DNA damage, and thereby contributing to the acquisition and/or maintenance of drug resistance of malignant cancers. Intriguingly, we have recently found that silencing of pro-oncogenic RUNX2 enhances drug sensitivity of aggressive cancer cells regardless of p53 status. Meanwhile, cancer stem cells (CSCs) have stem cell properties such as drug resistance. Therefore, the precise understanding of the biology of CSCs is quite important to overcome their drug resistance. In this review, we focus on molecular mechanisms behind DDR as well as the serious drug resistance of malignant cancers and discuss some attractive approaches to improving the outcomes of patients bearing drug-resistant cancers.
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84
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Modeling Human Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Using Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genome Engineering. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1832-42. [PMID: 26435409 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of epigenetic reprogramming with advanced genome editing technologies opened a new avenue to study disease mechanisms, particularly of disorders with depleted target tissue. Bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFS) typically present with a marked reduction of peripheral blood cells due to a destroyed or dysfunctional bone marrow compartment. Somatic and germline mutations have been etiologically linked to many cases of BMFS. However, without the ability to study primary patient material, the exact pathogenesis for many entities remained fragmentary. Capturing the pathological genotype in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allows studying potential developmental defects leading to a particular phenotype. The lack of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in these patients can also be overcome by differentiating patient-derived iPSCs into hematopoietic lineages. With fast growing genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, correction of disease-causing mutations in iPSCs or introduction of mutations in cells from healthy individuals enable comparative studies that may identify other genetic or epigenetic events contributing to a specific disease phenotype. In this review, we present recent progresses in disease modeling of inherited and acquired BMFS using reprogramming and genome editing techniques. We also discuss the challenges and potential shortcomings of iPSC-based models for hematological diseases.
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85
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Ziai JM, Siddon AJ. Pathology Consultation on Gene Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:539-54. [PMID: 26386075 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp77zfpuqgygwy] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a rapidly fatal disease without the use of aggressive chemotherapy regimens. Cytogenetic and molecular studies are commonly used to classify types of AML based on prognosis, as well as to determine therapeutic regimens. METHODS Although there are several AML classifications determined by particular translocations, cytogenetically normal AML represents a molecularly, as well as clinically, heterogeneous group of diseases. Laboratory evaluation of AML will become increasingly important as new mutations with both prognostic and therapeutic implications are being recognized. Moreover, because many patients with AML are being treated more effectively, these mutations may become increasingly useful as markers of minimal residual disease, which can be interpreted in an individualized approach. RESULTS Current laboratory studies of gene mutations in AML include analysis of NPM1, FLT3, CEBPA, and KIT. In addition to these genes, many other genes are emerging as potentially useful in determining patients' prognosis, therapy, and disease course. CONCLUSIONS This article briefly reviews the current most clinically relevant gene mutations and their clinical and immunophenotypic features, prognostic information, and methods used for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexa J. Siddon
- Departments of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- VA Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT
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86
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Mouse models for core binding factor leukemia. Leukemia 2015; 29:1970-80. [PMID: 26165235 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RUNX1 and CBFB are among the most frequently mutated genes in human leukemias. Genetic alterations such as chromosomal translocations, copy number variations and point mutations have been widely reported to result in the malfunction of RUNX transcription factors. Leukemias arising from such alterations in RUNX family genes are collectively termed core binding factor (CBF) leukemias. Although adult CBF leukemias generally are considered a favorable risk group as compared with other forms of acute myeloid leukemia, the 5-year survival rate remains low. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanism for CBF leukemia is imperative to uncover novel treatment options. Over the years, retroviral transduction-transplantation assays and transgenic, knockin and knockout mouse models alone or in combination with mutagenesis have been used to study the roles of RUNX alterations in leukemogenesis. Although successful in inducing leukemia, the existing assays and models possess many inherent limitations. A CBF leukemia model which induces leukemia with complete penetrance and short latency would be ideal as a platform for drug discovery. Here, we summarize the currently available mouse models which have been utilized to study CBF leukemias, discuss the advantages and limitations of individual experimental systems, and propose suggestions for improvements of mouse models.
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87
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Mizutani S, Yoshida T, Zhao X, Nimer SD, Taniwaki M, Okuda T. Loss of RUNX1/AML1 arginine-methylation impairs peripheral T cell homeostasis. Br J Haematol 2015; 170:859-73. [PMID: 26010396 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RUNX1 (previously termed AML1) is a frequent target of human leukaemia-associated gene aberrations, and it encodes the DNA-binding subunit of the Core-Binding Factor transcription factor complex. RUNX1 expression is essential for the initiation of definitive haematopoiesis, for steady-state thrombopoiesis, and for normal lymphocytes development. Recent studies revealed that protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), which accounts for the majority of the type I PRMT activity in cells, methylates two arginine residues in RUNX1 (R206 and R210), and these modifications inhibit corepressor-binding to RUNX1 thereby enhancing its transcriptional activity. In order to elucidate the biological significance of these methylations, we established novel knock-in mouse lines with non-methylable, double arginine-to-lysine (RTAMR-to-KTAMK) mutations in RUNX1. Homozygous Runx1(KTAMK) (/) (KTAMK) mice are born alive and appear normal during adulthood. However, Runx1(KTAMK) (/) (KTAMK) mice showed a reduction in CD3(+) T lymphoid cells and a decrease in CD4(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, in comparison to their wild-type littermates, leading to a reduction in the CD4(+) to CD8(+) T-cell ratio. These findings suggest that arginine-methylation of RUNX1 in the RTAMR-motif is dispensable for the development of definitive haematopoiesis and for steady-state platelet production, however this modification affects the role of RUNX1 in the maintenance of the peripheral CD4(+) T-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Mizutani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen D Nimer
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Masafumi Taniwaki
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Okuda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
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88
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Van den Eynden J, Fierro AC, Verbeke LPC, Marchal K. SomInaClust: detection of cancer genes based on somatic mutation patterns of inactivation and clustering. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:125. [PMID: 25903787 PMCID: PMC4410004 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the advances in high throughput technologies, increasing amounts of cancer somatic mutation data are being generated and made available. Only a small number of (driver) mutations occur in driver genes and are responsible for carcinogenesis, while the majority of (passenger) mutations do not influence tumour biology. In this study, SomInaClust is introduced, a method that accurately identifies driver genes based on their mutation pattern across tumour samples and then classifies them into oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes respectively. Results SomInaClust starts from the observation that oncogenes mainly contain mutations that, due to positive selection, cluster at similar positions in a gene across patient samples, whereas tumour suppressor genes contain a high number of protein-truncating mutations throughout the entire gene length. The method was shown to prioritize driver genes in 9 different solid cancers. Furthermore it was found to be complementary to existing similar-purpose methods with the additional advantages that it has a higher sensitivity, also for rare mutations (occurring in less than 1% of all samples), and it accurately classifies candidate driver genes in putative oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that the identified genes belong to known cancer signalling pathways, and that the distinction between oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes is biologically relevant. Conclusions SomInaClust was shown to detect candidate driver genes based on somatic mutation patterns of inactivation and clustering and to distinguish oncogenes from tumour suppressor genes. The method could be used for the identification of new cancer genes or to filter mutation data for further data-integration purposes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0555-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Van den Eynden
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - iMinds, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ana Carolina Fierro
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - iMinds, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lieven P C Verbeke
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - iMinds, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University - iMinds, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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89
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Majumder A, Syed KM, Joseph S, Scambler PJ, Dutta D. Histone Chaperone HIRA in Regulation of Transcription Factor RUNX1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13053-63. [PMID: 25847244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.615492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 (Runt-related transcription factor 1) is indispensable for the generation of hemogenic endothelium. However, the regulation of RUNX1 during this developmental process is poorly understood. We investigated the role of the histone chaperone HIRA (histone cell cycle regulation-defective homolog A) from this perspective and report that HIRA significantly contributes toward the regulation of RUNX1 in the transition of differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells from hemogenic to hematopoietic stage. Direct interaction of HIRA and RUNX1 activates the downstream targets of RUNX1 implicated in generation of hematopoietic stem cells. At the molecular level, HIRA-mediated incorporation of histone H3.3 variant within the Runx1 +24 mouse conserved noncoding element is essential for the expression of Runx1 during endothelial to hematopoietic transition. An inactive chromatin at the intronic enhancer of Runx1 in absence of HIRA significantly repressed the transition of cells from hemogenic to hematopoietic fate. We expect that the HIRA-RUNX1 axis might open up a novel approach in understanding leukemogenesis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Majumder
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
| | - Khaja Mohieddin Syed
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
| | - Sunu Joseph
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
| | - Peter J Scambler
- the Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Debasree Dutta
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
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90
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Schmit JM, Turner DJ, Hromas RA, Wingard JR, Brown RA, Li Y, Li MM, Slayton WB, Cogle CR. Two novel RUNX1 mutations in a patient with congenital thrombocytopenia that evolved into a high grade myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res Rep 2015; 4:24-7. [PMID: 25893166 PMCID: PMC4398854 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report two new RUNX1 mutations in one patient with congenital thrombocytopenia that transformed into a high grade myelodysplastic syndrome with myelomonocytic features. The first mutation was a nucleotide base substitution from guanine to adenine within exon 8, resulting in a nonsense mutation in the DNA-binding inhibitory domain of the Runx1 protein. This nonsense mutation is suspected a de novo germline mutation since both parents are negative for the mutation. The second mutation identified was an in-frame six nucleotide base pair insertion in exon 5 of the RUNX1 gene, which is predicted to result in an insertion in the DNA-binding runt homology domain (RHD). This mutation is believed to be a somatic mutation as it was mosaic before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and disappeared after transplant. As no other genetic mutation was found using genetic screening, it is speculated that the combined effect of these two RUNX1 mutations may have exerted a stronger dominant negative effect than either RUNX1 mutation alone, thus leading to a myeloid malignancy. We report two new RUNX1 mutations in a patient with thrombocytopenia and MDS. We demonstrate that a second hit to RUNX1 results in transformed MDS. Allogeneic transplant was successfully used to treat double RUNX1 mutant MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Schmit
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Turner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert A Hromas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John R Wingard
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Randy A Brown
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marilyn M Li
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William B Slayton
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher R Cogle
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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91
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Tsai SC, Shih LY, Liang ST, Huang YJ, Kuo MC, Huang CF, Shih YS, Lin TH, Chiu MC, Liang DC. Biological Activities of RUNX1 Mutants Predict Secondary Acute Leukemia Transformation from Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3541-51. [PMID: 25840971 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcription factor RUNX1 is essential for normal hematopoiesis. High mutation frequencies of RUNX1 gene in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have been described, whereas the biologic significances of the mutations were not investigated. Here, we aimed to correlate the biologic activities of the RUNX1 mutants with the clinical outcomes of patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the mutational status of RUNX1 in 143 MDS and 84 CMML patients. Then, we studied the DNA and CBFβ binding abilities of all the RUNX1 mutants identified by using electrophoretic mobility shift assay and co-immunoprecipitation assay, and also determined their activities on target C-FMS gene induction by Western blotting and luciferase reporter assay. Using luciferase reporter assay, the relative biologic activities of each RUNX1 mutant could be quantified and correlated with the patient outcomes by statistical analyses. RESULTS We observed that most RUNX1 mutants had reduced abilities in DNA binding, CBFβ heterodimerization, and C-FMS gene induction. The relative biologic activities of RUNX1 mutants were grouped into high- and low-activity mutations. Correlation of the activities of RUNX1 mutants with the clinical outcomes revealed that patients harboring lower activities of RUNX1 mutants had a higher risk and shorter time to secondary acute myeloid leukemia transformation in MDS and CMML. In multivariate analysis, low RUNX1 activity remained an independent predictor for secondary acute myeloid leukemia-free survival in MDS patients. CONCLUSIONS The biologic activity rather than the mutational status of RUNX1 might be an indicator in predicting outcome of patients with MDS and CMML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Tsai
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yung Shih
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Sung-Tzu Liang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jung Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Kuo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chein-Fuang Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Shih
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Huei Lin
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chun Chiu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Liang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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92
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Rodriguez-Perales S, Torres-Ruiz R, Suela J, Acquadro F, Martin MC, Yebra E, Ramirez JC, Alvarez S, Cigudosa JC. Truncated RUNX1 protein generated by a novel t(1;21)(p32;q22) chromosomal translocation impairs the proliferation and differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitors. Oncogene 2015; 35:125-34. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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93
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Deubiquitinase inhibition as a cancer therapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 147:32-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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94
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Abstract
RUNX proteins belong to a family of metazoan transcription factors that serve as master regulators of development. They are frequently deregulated in human cancers, indicating a prominent and, at times, paradoxical role in cancer pathogenesis. The contextual cues that direct RUNX function represent a fast-growing field in cancer research and could provide insights that are applicable to early cancer detection and treatment. This Review describes how RUNX proteins communicate with key signalling pathways during the multistep progression to malignancy; in particular, we highlight the emerging partnership of RUNX with p53 in cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ito
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361763, South Korea. [2]
| | - Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
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95
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Nah GSS, Tay BH, Brenner S, Osato M, Venkatesh B. Characterization of the Runx gene family in a jawless vertebrate, the Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum). PLoS One 2014; 9:e113445. [PMID: 25405766 PMCID: PMC4236176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclostomes (jawless vertebrates), comprising lampreys and hagfishes, are the sister group of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) and are hence an important group for the study of vertebrate evolution. In mammals, three Runx genes, Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3, encode transcription factors that are essential for cell proliferation and differentiation in major developmental pathways such as haematopoiesis, skeletogenesis and neurogenesis and are frequently associated with diseases. We describe here the characterization of Runx gene family members from a cyclostome, the Japanese lamprey (Lethenteron japonicum). The Japanese lamprey contains three Runx genes, RunxA, RunxB, and RunxC. However, phylogenetic and synteny analyses suggest that they are not one-to-one orthologs of gnathostome Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3. The major protein domains and motifs found in gnathostome Runx proteins are highly conserved in the lamprey Runx proteins. Although all gnathostome Runx genes each contain two alternative promoters, P1 (distal) and P2 (proximal), only lamprey RunxB possesses the alternative promoters; lamprey RunxA and RunxC contain only P2 and P1 promoter, respectively. Furthermore, the three lamprey Runx genes give rise to fewer alternative isoforms than the three gnathostome Runx genes. The promoters of the lamprey Runx genes lack the tandem Runx-binding motifs that are highly conserved among the P1 promoters of gnathostome Runx1, Runx2 and Runx3 genes; instead these promoters contain dispersed single Runx-binding motifs. The 3'UTR of lamprey RunxB contains binding sites for miR-27 and miR-130b/301ab, which are conserved in mammalian Runx1 and Runx3, respectively. Overall, the Runx genes in lamprey seem to have experienced a different evolutionary trajectory from that of gnathostome Runx genes which are highly conserved all the way from cartilaginous fishes to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Sek Suan Nah
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Hui Tay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sydney Brenner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Motomi Osato
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (MO); (BV)
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96
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Cbfb deficiency results in differentiation blocks and stem/progenitor cell expansion in hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2014; 29:753-7. [PMID: 25371180 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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97
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Al-Kzayer LFY, Sakashita K, Al-Jadiry MF, Al-Hadad SA, Uyen LTN, Liu T, Matsuda K, Abdulkadhim JMH, Al-Shujairi TA, Matti ZIIK, Hasan JG, Al-Abdullah HMS, Inoshita T, Kamata M, Sughayer MA, Madanat FF, Koike K. Frequent coexistence of RAS mutations in RUNX1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia in Arab Asian children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:1980-5. [PMID: 25066867 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RUNX1 mutation plays an important role in adult leukemic transformation. However, its contribution to the development of childhood leukemia remains unclear. In the present study, we analyzed point mutations of RUNX1 gene in children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from Iraq and Jordan. PROCEDURE Bone marrow and/or peripheral blood samples were collected from 178 patients of Arab Asian ethnicity (aged ≤17 years) newly diagnosed with AML: 145 samples from Iraq and 33 samples from Jordan. Direct DNA sequencing was performed on six genes including RUNX1 gene (exons 3-8). RESULTS RUNX1 point mutations were identified in 10 (5.6%) of 178 patients. One patient possessed biallelic mutations of RUNX1 gene. C-terminal area was the predominant site of RUNX1 mutations (eight in C-terminal and two in N-terminal). Patients with RUNX1 mutations were significantly older than those with wild-type of the gene. Additionally, AML M0 subtype was more frequently found in patients with RUNX1 mutations. Both RUNX1 mutations and RAS mutations were identified in 4 of 10 children. Three patients with RUNX1 mutation had FLT3-ITD. On the other hand, 36 (21.4%) and 25 (14.9%) of 168 patients with wild-type of the gene had a RAS mutation and FLT3-ITD, respectively. Eight of 10 patients with RUNX1 mutations died of hematological relapse. CONCLUSION The incidence of RUNX1 mutations in Arab Asian children and adolescents with AML was 5.6%. Further studies are required to clarify whether RAS mutations contribute to the development of pediatric AML associated with RUNX1 mutations.
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98
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Posttranslational modifications of RUNX1 as potential anticancer targets. Oncogene 2014; 34:3483-92. [PMID: 25263451 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 is a master regulator of hematopoiesis. Disruption of RUNX1 activity has been implicated in the development of hematopoietic neoplasms. Recent studies also highlight the importance of RUNX1 in solid tumors both as a tumor promoter and a suppressor. Given its central role in cancer development, RUNX1 is an excellent candidate for targeted therapy. A potential strategy to target RUNX1 is through modulation of its posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Numerous studies have shown that RUNX1 activity is regulated by PTMs, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation and ubiquitination. These PTMs regulate RUNX1 activity either positively or negatively by altering RUNX1-mediated transcription, promoting protein degradation and affecting protein interactions. In this review, we first summarize the available data on the context- and dosage-dependent roles of RUNX1 in various types of neoplasms. We then provide a comprehensive overview of RUNX1 PTMs from biochemical and biologic perspectives. Finally, we discuss how aberrant PTMs of RUNX1 might contribute to tumorigenesis and also strategies to develop anticancer therapies targeting RUNX1 PTMs.
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99
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Wang CQ, Krishnan V, Tay LS, Chin DWL, Koh CP, Chooi JY, Nah GSS, Du L, Jacob B, Yamashita N, Lai SK, Tan TZ, Mori S, Tanuichi I, Tergaonkar V, Ito Y, Osato M. Disruption of Runx1 and Runx3 leads to bone marrow failure and leukemia predisposition due to transcriptional and DNA repair defects. Cell Rep 2014; 8:767-82. [PMID: 25066130 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX genes encode transcription factors involved in development and human disease. RUNX1 and RUNX3 are frequently associated with leukemias, yet the basis for their involvement in leukemogenesis is not fully understood. Here, we show that Runx1;Runx3 double-knockout (DKO) mice exhibited lethal phenotypes due to bone marrow failure and myeloproliferative disorder. These contradictory clinical manifestations are reminiscent of human inherited bone marrow failure syndromes such as Fanconi anemia (FA), caused by defective DNA repair. Indeed, Runx1;Runx3 DKO cells showed mitomycin C hypersensitivity, due to impairment of monoubiquitinated-FANCD2 recruitment to DNA damage foci, although FANCD2 monoubiquitination in the FA pathway was unaffected. RUNX1 and RUNX3 interact with FANCD2 independently of CBFβ, suggesting a nontranscriptional role for RUNX in DNA repair. These findings suggest that RUNX dysfunction causes DNA repair defect, besides transcriptional misregulation, and promotes the development of leukemias and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsia Qiuxia Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Vaidehi Krishnan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Lavina Sierra Tay
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Desmond Wai Loon Chin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Cai Ping Koh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jing Yuan Chooi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Giselle Sek Suan Nah
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Linsen Du
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Bindya Jacob
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Namiko Yamashita
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Soak Kuan Lai
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Ichiro Tanuichi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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100
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Honda H, Nagamachi A, Inaba T. -7/7q- syndrome in myeloid-lineage hematopoietic malignancies: attempts to understand this complex disease entity. Oncogene 2014; 34:2413-25. [PMID: 24998854 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recurrence of chromosomal abnormalities in a specific subtype of cancer strongly suggests that dysregulated gene expression in the corresponding region has a critical role in disease pathogenesis. -7/7q-, defined as the entire loss of chromosome 7 and partial deletion of its long arm, is among the most frequently observed chromosomal aberrations in myeloid-lineage hematopoietic malignancies such as myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, particularly in patients treated with cytotoxic agents and/or irradiation. Tremendous efforts have been made to clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease development, and several possible candidate genes have been cloned. However, the study is still underway, and the entire nature of this syndrome is not completely understood. In this review, we focus on the attempts to identify commonly deleted regions in patients with -7/7q-; isolate the candidate genes responsible for disease development, cooperative genes and the factors affecting disease prognosis; and determine effective and potent therapeutic approaches. We also refer to the possibility that the accumulation of multiple gene haploinsufficiency, rather than the loss of a single tumor suppressor gene, may contribute to the development of diseases with large chromosomal deletions such as -7/7q-.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Honda
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - A Nagamachi
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Inaba
- Department of Molecular Oncology and Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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