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He Y, Duncan WD, Cooper DJ, Hansen J, Iyengar R, Ong E, Walker K, Tibi O, Smith S, Serra LM, Zheng J, Sarntivijai S, Schürer S, O'Shea KS, Diehl AD. OSCI: standardized stem cell ontology representation and use cases for stem cell investigation. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:180. [PMID: 31272389 PMCID: PMC6509805 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stem cells and stem cell lines are widely used in biomedical research. The Cell Ontology (CL) and Cell Line Ontology (CLO) are two community-based OBO Foundry ontologies in the domains of in vivo cells and in vitro cell line cells, respectively. Results To support standardized stem cell investigations, we have developed an Ontology for Stem Cell Investigations (OSCI). OSCI imports stem cell and cell line terms from CL and CLO, and investigation-related terms from existing ontologies. A novel focus of OSCI is its application in representing metadata types associated with various stem cell investigations. We also applied OSCI to systematically categorize experimental variables in an induced pluripotent stem cell line cell study related to bipolar disorder. In addition, we used a semi-automated literature mining approach to identify over 200 stem cell gene markers. The relations between these genes and stem cells are modeled and represented in OSCI. Conclusions OSCI standardizes stem cells found in vivo and in vitro and in various stem cell investigation processes and entities. The presented use cases demonstrate the utility of OSCI in iPSC studies and literature mining related to bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqun He
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | | | - Jens Hansen
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,SBCNY, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,SBCNY, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edison Ong
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kendal Walker
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Omar Tibi
- John Hopkins Unversity, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lucas M Serra
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - K Sue O'Shea
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander D Diehl
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Logan S, Arzua T, Canfield SG, Seminary ER, Sison SL, Ebert AD, Bai X. Studying Human Neurological Disorders Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: From 2D Monolayer to 3D Organoid and Blood Brain Barrier Models. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:565-611. [PMID: 30873582 PMCID: PMC6705133 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders have emerged as a predominant healthcare concern in recent years due to their severe consequences on quality of life and prevalence throughout the world. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of these diseases and the interactions between different brain cell types is essential for the development of new therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are invaluable tools for neurological disease modeling, as they have unlimited self-renewal and differentiation capacity. Mounting evidence shows: (i) various brain cells can be generated from iPSCs in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures; and (ii) further advances in 3D culture systems have led to the differentiation of iPSCs into organoids with multiple brain cell types and specific brain regions. These 3D organoids have gained widespread attention as in vitro tools to recapitulate complex features of the brain, and (iii) complex interactions between iPSC-derived brain cell types can recapitulate physiological and pathological conditions of blood-brain barrier (BBB). As iPSCs can be generated from diverse patient populations, researchers have effectively applied 2D, 3D, and BBB models to recapitulate genetically complex neurological disorders and reveal novel insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe recent progress in the generation of 2D, 3D, and BBB models from iPSCs and further discuss their limitations, advantages, and future ventures. This review also covers the current status of applications of 2D, 3D, and BBB models in drug screening, precision medicine, and modeling a wide range of neurological diseases (e.g., neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, brain injury, and neuropsychiatric disorders). © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:565-611, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Logan
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Thiago Arzua
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Scott G. Canfield
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, IU School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, USA
| | - Emily R. Seminary
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Samantha L. Sison
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Allison D. Ebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Scarnati MS, Halikere A, Pang ZP. Using human stem cells as a model system to understand the neural mechanisms of alcohol use disorders: Current status and outlook. Alcohol 2019; 74:83-93. [PMID: 30087005 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs), which include alcohol abuse and dependence, are among the most common types of neuropsychiatric disorders in the United States (U.S.). Approximately 14% of the U.S. population is affected in a single year, thus placing a tremendous burden on individuals from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Animal models have been pivotal in revealing the basic mechanisms of how alcohol impacts neuronal function, yet there are currently limited effective therapies developed based on these studies. This is mainly due to a limited understanding of the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying AUDs in humans, which leads to a lack of targeted therapeutics. Furthermore, compounding factors including genetic background, gene copy number variants, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as well as environmental and social factors that affect and promote the development of AUDs are complex and heterogeneous. Recent developments in stem cell biology, especially the human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell development and differentiation technologies, has provided us a unique opportunity to model neuropsychiatric disorders like AUDs in a manner that is highly complementary to animal studies, but that maintains fidelity with complex human genetic contexts. Patient-specific neuronal cells derived from iPS cells can then be used for drug discovery and precision medicine, e.g. for pathway-directed development in alcoholism. Here, we review recent work employing iPS cell technology to model and elucidate the genetic, molecular and cellular mechanisms of AUDs in a human neuronal background and provide our perspective on future development in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Scarnati
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Room 3233D, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Room 3233D, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Apoorva Halikere
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Room 3233D, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Room 3233D, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Room 3233D, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Room 3233D, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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The role of convergent ion channel pathways in microglial phenotypes: a systematic review of the implications for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:259. [PMID: 30498192 PMCID: PMC6265266 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in the activated state of microglia, the main neuroimmune cells, are widely reported in the brains of patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Microglia transform from the resting to the activated state by sensing their environment, aided by a variety of ion channels. To examine the effect of ion channels on microglial phenotypes, we conducted a systematic review of immunohistochemical analyses of these neuroimmune cells in animal models following administration of ion channel antagonists, compared to control conditions. A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science electronic databases using the PRISMA and WHO methodologies for systematic reviews yielded 15 original peer-reviewed studies. The majority (13 out of 15) of these studies reported a decrease in microglial activated state after ion signaling pharmacological blockade. The studies provide evidence that acute administration of ion channel antagonists leads to a reduction in microglial activation in rodent brains in the models for epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, inflammation, pain, ischemia, and brain and spinal cord injury. Future research should explore microglial-specific druggable targets for neurological and psychiatric disorders. The investigation of acute and chronic administration of ion channel antagonists in microglial phenotypes in primates and the development of microglia-like cells derived from human stem cells could be valuable sources in this direction.
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Jung-Klawitter S, Opladen T. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as model to study inherited defects of neurotransmission in inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:1103-1116. [PMID: 29980968 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to reprogram somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has revolutionized the way of modeling human disease. Especially for the modeling of rare human monogenetic diseases with limited numbers of patients available worldwide and limited access to the mostly affected tissues, iPSCs have become an invaluable tool. To study rare diseases affecting neurotransmitter biosynthesis and neurotransmission, stem cell models carrying patient-specific mutations have become highly important as most of the cell types present in the human brain and the central nervous system (CNS), including motoneurons, neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia, can be differentiated from iPSCs following distinct developmental programs. Differentiation can be performed using classical 2D differentiation protocols, thereby generating specific subtypes of neurons or glial cells in a dish. On the other side, 3D differentiation into "organoids" opened new ways to study misregulated developmental processes associated with rare neurological and neurometabolic diseases. For the analysis of defects in neurotransmission associated with rare neurometabolic diseases, different types of brain organoids have been made available during the last years including forebrain, midbrain and cerebral organoids. In this review, we illustrate reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSCs, differentiation in 2D and 3D, as well as already available disease-specific iPSC models, and discuss current and future applications of these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Jung-Klawitter
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Department of General Pediatrics, Division of Neuropediatrics and Metabolic Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Hoxha E, Marcinnò A, Montarolo F, Masante L, Balbo I, Ravera F, Laezza F, Tempia F. Emerging roles of Fgf14 in behavioral control. Behav Brain Res 2018; 356:257-265. [PMID: 30189289 PMCID: PMC10082543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sexual disturbances, and aggressivity are a major social problem. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the control of these behaviors are largely unknown. FGF14, which is an intracellular protein controlling neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, has been implied in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Mice with Fgf14 deletion show blunted responses to drugs of abuse. By behavioral tests we show that male Fgf14 knockout mice have a marked reduction of several behaviors including aggressivity and sexual behavior. Other behaviors driven by spontaneous initiative like burying novel objects and spontaneous digging and climbing are also reduced in Fgf14 knockout mice. These deficits cannot be attributed to a generalized decrease of activity levels, because in the open field test Fgf14 knockout mice have the same spontaneous locomotion as wild types and increased rearing. Our results show that Fgf14 is important to preserve a set of behaviors and suggest that fine tuning of neuronal function by Fgf14 is an important mechanism of control for such behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriola Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Andrea Marcinnò
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Montarolo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Linda Masante
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Balbo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesco Ravera
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy; National Neuroscience Institute (Italy), Corso Massimo D'Azeglio 52, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Effect of SSRI and calcium channel blockers on depression symptoms and cognitive function in elderly persons treated for hypertension: three city cohort study. Int Psychogeriatr 2018; 30:1345-1354. [PMID: 29559030 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610217002903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED ABSTRACTBackground:Emerging genetic, ex-vivo, and clinical trial evidence indicates that calcium channel blockers (CCB) can improve mood and cognitive function. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy augmented with CCB on depression and cognitive decline in an elderly population with hypertension. METHODS Prospective study of 296 persons treated with SSRI and antihypertensive drugs. Baseline and two year clinic assessments were used to categorize participants as users of SSRI + CCB (n = 53) or users of SSRI + other antihypertensives (n = 243). Clinic visits were performed up to four times in a ten-year period to assess depression and cognitive function. RESULTS The sample mean age was 75.2 ± 5.47 years and 78% of participants were female. At two year follow-up there was a significant group by time interaction showing lower Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (CESD) scores in the SSRI + CCB group, F(1,291) = 4.13, p = 0.043, η2p = 0.014. Over ten-years follow-up, SSRI + CCB use was associated with improved general cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination: β = 0.97; 95% CI 0.14 to 1.81, p = 0.023) and immediate visual memory (Boston Visual Retention Test: β = 0.69; 95% CI 0.06 to 1.32, p = 0.033). CONCLUSION The findings provide general population evidence that SSRI augmentation with CCB may improve depression and cognitive function.
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Prytkova I, Goate A, Hart RP, Slesinger PA. Genetics of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Role for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:1572-1590. [PMID: 29897633 PMCID: PMC6120805 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) affects millions of people and costs nearly 250 billion dollars annually. Few effective FDA-approved treatments exist, and more are needed. AUDs have a strong heritability, but only a few genes have been identified with a large effect size on disease phenotype. Genomewide association studies (GWASs) have identified common variants with low effect sizes, most of which are in noncoding regions of the genome. Animal models frequently fail to recapitulate key molecular features of neuropsychiatric disease due to the polygenic nature of the disease, partial conservation of coding regions, and significant disparity in noncoding regions. By contrast, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from patients provide a powerful platform for evaluating genes identified by GWAS and modeling complex interactions in the human genome. hiPSCs can be differentiated into a wide variety of human cells, including neurons, glia, and hepatic cells, which are compatible with numerous functional assays and genome editing techniques. In this review, we focus on current applications and future directions of patient hiPSC-derived central nervous system cells for modeling AUDs in addition to highlighting successful applications of hiPSCs in polygenic neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iya Prytkova
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ronald P. Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway NJ 08854, USA
| | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Studying the Brain in a Dish: 3D Cell Culture Models of Human Brain Development and Disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 129:99-122. [PMID: 29801532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The study of the cellular and molecular processes of the developing human brain has been hindered by access to suitable models of living human brain tissue. Recently developed 3D cell culture models offer the promise of studying fundamental brain processes in the context of human genetic background and species-specific developmental mechanisms. Here, we review the current state of 3D human brain organoid models and consider their potential to enable investigation of complex aspects of human brain development and the underpinning of human neurological disease.
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Srivastava R, Faust T, Ramos A, Ishizuka K, Sawa A. Dynamic Changes of the Mitochondria in Psychiatric Illnesses: New Mechanistic Insights From Human Neuronal Models. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:751-760. [PMID: 29486891 PMCID: PMC6469392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a crucial role in neuronal function, especially in energy production, the generation of reactive oxygen species, and calcium signaling. Multiple lines of evidence have suggested the possible involvement of mitochondrial deficits in major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. This review will outline the current understanding of the physiological role of mitochondria and their dysfunction under pathological conditions, particularly in psychiatric disorders. The current knowledge about mitochondrial deficits in these disorders is somewhat limited because of the lack of effective methods to dissect dynamic changes in functional deficits that are directly associated with psychiatric conditions. Human neuronal cell model systems have been dramatically developed in recent years with the use of stem cell technology, and these systems may be key tools for overcoming this dilemma and improving our understanding of the dynamic changes in the mitochondrial deficits in patients with psychiatric disorders. We introduce recent discoveries from new experimental models and conclude the discussion by referring to future perspectives. We emphasize the significance of combining studies of human neuronal cell models with those of other experimental systems, including animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Srivastava
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Travis Faust
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Adriana Ramos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Koko Ishizuka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Abstract
Bipolar disease (BD) is one of the major public health burdens worldwide and more people are affected every year. Comprehensive genetic studies have associated thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with BD risk; yet, very little is known about their functional roles. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are powerful tools for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype in disease-relevant tissues and cell types. Neural cells generated from BD-specific iPSCs are thought to capture associated genetic risk factors, known and unknown, and to allow the analysis of their effects on cellular and molecular phenotypes. Interestingly, an increasing number of studies on BD-derived iPSCs report distinct alterations in neural patterning, postmitotic calcium signaling, and neuronal excitability. Importantly, these alterations are partly normalized by lithium, a first line treatment in BD. In light of these exciting findings, we discuss current challenges to the field of iPSC-based disease modelling and future steps to be taken in order to fully exploit the potential of this approach for the investigation of BD and the development of new therapies.
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Calabrò M, Mandelli L, Crisafulli C, Sidoti A, Jun TY, Lee SJ, Han C, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU, Serretti A. Genes Involved in Neurodevelopment, Neuroplasticity, and Bipolar Disorder: CACNA1C, CHRNA1, and MAPK1. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 74:159-168. [PMID: 28494468 DOI: 10.1159/000468543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a common and severe mental disorder. The involvement of genetic factors in the pathophysiology of BPD is well known. In the present study, we tested the association of several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 3 strong candidate genes (CACNA1C, CHRNA7, and MAPK1) with BPD. These genes are involved in monoamine-related pathways, as well as in dendrite development, neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and memory/learning. METHODS One hundred and thirty-two subjects diagnosed with BPD and 326 healthy controls of Korean ancestry were genotyped for 40 SNPs within CACNA1C, CHRNA17, and MAPK1. Distribution of alleles and block of haplotypes within each gene were compared in cases and controls. Interactions between variants in different loci were also tested. RESULTS Significant differences in the distribution of alleles between the cases and controls were detected for rs1016388 within CACNA1C, rs1514250, rs2337980, rs6494223, rs3826029 and rs4779565 within CHRNA7, and rs8136867 within MAPK1. Haplotype analyses also confirmed an involvement of variations within these genes in BPD. Finally, exploratory epistatic analyses demonstrated potential interactive effects, especially regarding variations in CACNA1C and CHRNA7. LIMITATIONS Limited sample size and risk of false-positive findings. DISCUSSION Our data suggest a possible role of these 3 genes in BPD. Alterations of 1 or more common brain pathways (e.g., neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity, calcium signaling) may explain the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calabrò
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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McInnis MG, Assari S, Kamali M, Ryan K, Langenecker SA, Saunders EFH, Versha K, Evans S, O’Shea KS, Mower Provost E, Marshall D, Forger D, Deldin P, Zoellner S. Cohort Profile: The Heinz C. Prechter Longitudinal Study of Bipolar Disorder. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:28-28n. [PMID: 29211851 PMCID: PMC5837550 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shervin Assari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Masoud Kamali
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Ryan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott A Langenecker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erika FH Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, Penn State Hershey Medical Group, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Kritika Versha
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Simon Evans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Sue O’Shea
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | | | - David Marshall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Sebastian Zoellner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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The protocadherin 17 gene affects cognition, personality, amygdala structure and function, synapse development and risk of major mood disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:400-412. [PMID: 28070120 PMCID: PMC5794872 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Major mood disorders, which primarily include bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder, are the leading cause of disability worldwide and pose a major challenge in identifying robust risk genes. Here, we present data from independent large-scale clinical data sets (including 29 557 cases and 32 056 controls) revealing brain expressed protocadherin 17 (PCDH17) as a susceptibility gene for major mood disorders. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the PCDH17 region are significantly associated with major mood disorders; subjects carrying the risk allele showed impaired cognitive abilities, increased vulnerable personality features, decreased amygdala volume and altered amygdala function as compared with non-carriers. The risk allele predicted higher transcriptional levels of PCDH17 mRNA in postmortem brain samples, which is consistent with increased gene expression in patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy subjects. Further, overexpression of PCDH17 in primary cortical neurons revealed significantly decreased spine density and abnormal dendritic morphology compared with control groups, which again is consistent with the clinical observations of reduced numbers of dendritic spines in the brains of patients with major mood disorders. Given that synaptic spines are dynamic structures which regulate neuronal plasticity and have crucial roles in myriad brain functions, this study reveals a potential underlying biological mechanism of a novel risk gene for major mood disorders involved in synaptic function and related intermediate phenotypes.
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to the entire nervous system. Animal models suggest that defects in NSC proliferation and differentiation contribute to several brain disorders (e.g., microcephaly, macrocephaly, autism, schizophrenia, and Huntington's disease). However, animal models of such diseases do not fully recapitulate all disease-related phenotypes because of substantial differences in brain development between rodents and humans. Therefore, additional human-based evidence is required to understand the mechanisms that are involved in the development of neurological diseases that result from human NSC (hNSC) dysfunction. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells provide a new model to investigate the contribution of hNSCs to various neurological pathologies. In this chapter, we review the role of hNSCs in both neurodevelopment- and neurodegeneration-related human brain pathologies, with an emphasis on recent evidence that has been obtained using embryonic stem cell- or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hNSCs and progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Liszewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.
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66
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Taniguchi K, Shao Y, Townshend RF, Cortez CL, Harris CE, Meshinchi S, Kalantry S, Fu J, O'Shea KS, Gumucio DL. An apicosome initiates self-organizing morphogenesis of human pluripotent stem cells. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3981-3990. [PMID: 29021220 PMCID: PMC5716285 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201704085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) self-organize into apicobasally polarized cysts, reminiscent of the lumenal epiblast stage, providing a model to explore key morphogenic processes in early human embryos. Here, we show that apical polarization begins on the interior of single hPSCs through the dynamic formation of a highly organized perinuclear apicosome structure. The membrane surrounding the apicosome is enriched in apical markers and displays microvilli and a primary cilium; its lumenal space is rich in Ca2+ Time-lapse imaging of isolated hPSCs reveals that the apicosome forms de novo in interphase, retains its structure during mitosis, is asymmetrically inherited after mitosis, and relocates to the recently formed cytokinetic plane, where it establishes a fully polarized lumen. In a multicellular aggregate of hPSCs, intracellular apicosomes from multiple cells are trafficked to generate a common lumenal cavity. Thus, the apicosome is a unique preassembled apical structure that can be rapidly used in single or clustered hPSCs to initiate self-organized apical polarization and lumenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ryan F Townshend
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chari L Cortez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Clair E Harris
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sasha Meshinchi
- Microscopy and Image Analysis Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sundeep Kalantry
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - K Sue O'Shea
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
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67
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Miller ND, Kelsoe JR. Unraveling the biology of bipolar disorder using induced pluripotent stem-derived neurons. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:544-551. [PMID: 29116664 PMCID: PMC6433126 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder has been studied from numerous angles, from pathological studies to large-scale genomic studies, overall making moderate gains toward an understanding of the disorder. With the advancement of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology, in vitro models based on patient samples are now available that inherently incorporate the complex genetic variants that largely are the basis for this disorder. A number of groups are starting to apply iPS technology to the study of bipolar disorder. METHODS We selectively reviewed the literature related to understanding bipolar disorder based on using neurons derived from iPS cells. RESULTS So far, most work has used the prototypical iPS cells. However, others have been able to transdifferentiate fibroblasts directly to neurons. Others still have utilized olfactory epithelium tissue as a source of neural-like cells that do not need reprogramming. In general, iPS and related cells can be used for studies of disease pathology, drug discovery, or stem cell therapy. CONCLUSIONS Published studies have primarily focused on understanding bipolar disorder pathology, but initial work is also being done to use iPS technology for drug discovery. In terms of disease pathology, some evidence is pointing toward a differentiation defect with more ventral cell types being prominent. Additionally, there is evidence for a calcium signaling defect, a finding that builds on the genome-wide association study results. Continued work with iPS cells will certainly help us understand bipolar disorder and provide a way forward for improved treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel D. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Healthcare Systems, La Jolla, CA
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Healthcare Systems, La Jolla, CA,Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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68
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Adegbola A, Bury LA, Fu C, Zhang M, Wynshaw-Boris A. Concise Review: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models for Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:2062-2070. [PMID: 29027744 PMCID: PMC5702513 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The major neuropsychiatric conditions of schizophrenia, affective disorders, and infantile autism are characterized by chronic symptoms of episodic, stable, or progressive nature that result in significant morbidity. Symptomatic treatments are the mainstay but do not resolve the underlying disease processes, which are themselves poorly understood. The prototype psychotropic drugs are of variable efficacy, with therapeutic mechanisms of action that are still uncertain. Thus, neuropsychiatric disorders are ripe for new technologies and approaches with the potential to revolutionize mechanistic understanding and drive the development of novel targeted treatments. The advent of methods to produce patient‐derived stem cell models and three‐dimensional organoids with the capacity to differentiate into neurons and the various neuronal cellular lineages mark such an advance. We discuss numerous techniques involved, their applications, and areas that require further optimization. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:2062–2070
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Affiliation(s)
- Abidemi Adegbola
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Luke A Bury
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Chen Fu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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69
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Soliman MA, Aboharb F, Zeltner N, Studer L. Pluripotent stem cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1241-1249. [PMID: 28322279 PMCID: PMC5582162 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders place an enormous medical burden on patients across all social and economic ranks. The current understanding of the molecular and cellular causes of neuropsychiatric disease remains limited, which leads to a lack of targeted therapies. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a novel platform for modeling the genetic contribution to mental disorders and yields access to patient-specific cells for drug discovery and personalized medicine. Here, we review recent progress in using iPSC technology to model and potentially treat neuropsychiatric disorders by focusing on the most prevalent conditions in psychiatry, including depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Soliman
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Developmental Biology and Center of Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - F Aboharb
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Zeltner
- Developmental Biology and Center of Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Studer
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Developmental Biology and Center of Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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70
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Liu YN, Lu SY, Yao J. Application of induced pluripotent stem cells to understand neurobiological basis of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 71:579-599. [PMID: 28393474 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, usually involves complex combinations of genetic defects/variations and environmental impacts, which hindered, for a long time, research efforts based on animal models and patients' non-neuronal cells or post-mortem tissues. However, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology by the Yamanaka group was immediately applied to establish cell research models for neuronal disorders. Since then, techniques to achieve highly efficient differentiation of different types of neural cells following iPSC modeling have made much progress. The fast-growing iPSC and neural differentiation techniques have brought valuable insights into the pathology and neurobiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this article, we first review the application of iPSC technology in modeling neuronal disorders and discuss the progress in the accompanying neural differentiation. Then, we summarize the progress in iPSC-based research that has been accomplished so far regarding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Yao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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71
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Shao Y, Taniguchi K, Townshend RF, Miki T, Gumucio DL, Fu J. A pluripotent stem cell-based model for post-implantation human amniotic sac development. Nat Commun 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28785084 PMCID: PMC5547056 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00236-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the asymmetric amniotic sac-with the embryonic disc and amniotic ectoderm occupying opposite poles-is a vital milestone during human embryo implantation. Although essential to embryogenesis and pregnancy, amniotic sac development in humans remains poorly understood. Here, we report a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based model, termed the post-implantation amniotic sac embryoid (PASE), that recapitulates multiple post-implantation embryogenic events centered around amniotic sac development. Without maternal or extraembryonic tissues, the PASE self-organizes into an epithelial cyst with an asymmetric amniotic ectoderm-epiblast pattern that resembles the human amniotic sac. Upon further development, the PASE initiates a process that resembles posterior primitive streak development in a SNAI1-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observe asymmetric BMP-SMAD signaling concurrent with PASE development, and establish that BMP-SMAD activation/inhibition modulates stable PASE development. This study reveals a previously unrecognized fate potential of human pluripotent stem cells and provides a platform for advancing human embryology.Early in human embryonic development, it is unclear how amniotic sac formation is regulated. Here, the authors use a human pluripotent stem cell-based model, termed the post-implantation amniotic sac embryoid, to recapitulate early embryogenic events of human amniotic sac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ryan F Townshend
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Toshio Miki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Deborah L Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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72
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Harrison PJ, Cipriani A, Harmer CJ, Nobre AC, Saunders K, Goodwin GM, Geddes JR. Innovative approaches to bipolar disorder and its treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1366:76-89. [PMID: 27111134 PMCID: PMC4850752 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
All psychiatric disorders have suffered from a dearth of truly novel pharmacological interventions. In bipolar disorder, lithium remains a mainstay of treatment, six decades since its effects were serendipitously discovered. The lack of progress reflects several factors, including ignorance of the disorder's pathophysiology and the complexities of the clinical phenotype. After reviewing the current status, we discuss some ways forward. First, we highlight the need for a richer characterization of the clinical profile, facilitated by novel devices and new forms of data capture and analysis; such data are already promoting a reevaluation of the phenotype, with an emphasis on mood instability rather than on discrete clinical episodes. Second, experimental medicine can provide early indications of target engagement and therapeutic response, reducing the time, cost, and risk involved in evaluating potential mood stabilizers. Third, genomic data can inform target identification and validation, such as the increasing evidence for involvement of calcium channel genes in bipolar disorder. Finally, new methods and models relevant to bipolar disorder, including stem cells and genetically modified mice, are being used to study key pathways and drug effects. A combination of these approaches has real potential to break the impasse and deliver genuinely new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Cipriani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna C Nobre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guy M Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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73
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Tamburini C, Li M. Understanding neurodevelopmental disorders using human pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:508-517. [PMID: 28585386 PMCID: PMC8029066 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into psychiatric disorders has long been hindered by the lack of appropriate models. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unlimited source of patient-specific cells, which in principle can be differentiated into all disease-relevant somatic cell types to create in vitro models of the disorder of interest. Here, neuronal differentiation protocols available for this purpose and the current progress on iPSCs-based models of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder were reviewed. We also discuss the impact of the recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool in the disease modeling field. Genetically engineered mutation of disease risk alleles in well characterized reference "control" hPSCs or correction of disease risk variants in patient iPSCs has been used as a powerful means to establish causality of the identified cellular pathology. Together, iPSC reprogramming and CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing technology have already significantly contributed to our understanding of the developmental origin of some major psychiatric disorders. The challenge ahead is the identification of shared mechanisms in their etiology, which will ultimately be relevant to the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Tamburini
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine and School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Meng Li
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine and School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
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74
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Probing the lithium-response pathway in hiPSCs implicates the phosphoregulatory set-point for a cytoskeletal modulator in bipolar pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4462-E4471. [PMID: 28500272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700111114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BPD) is poorly understood. Using human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to unravel such mechanisms in polygenic diseases is generally challenging. However, hiPSCs from BPD patients responsive to lithium offered unique opportunities to discern lithium's target and hence gain molecular insight into BPD. By profiling the proteomics of BDP-hiPSC-derived neurons, we found that lithium alters the phosphorylation state of collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2). Active nonphosphorylated CRMP2, which binds cytoskeleton, is present throughout the neuron; inactive phosphorylated CRMP2, which dissociates from cytoskeleton, exits dendritic spines. CRMP2 elimination yields aberrant dendritogenesis with diminished spine density and lost lithium responsiveness (LiR). The "set-point" for the ratio of pCRMP2:CRMP2 is elevated uniquely in hiPSC-derived neurons from LiR BPD patients, but not with other psychiatric (including lithium-nonresponsive BPD) and neurological disorders. Lithium (and other pathway modulators) lowers pCRMP2, increasing spine area and density. Human BPD brains show similarly elevated ratios and diminished spine densities; lithium therapy normalizes the ratios and spines. Consistent with such "spine-opathies," human LiR BPD neurons with abnormal ratios evince abnormally steep slopes for calcium flux; lithium normalizes both. Behaviorally, transgenic mice that reproduce lithium's postulated site-of-action in dephosphorylating CRMP2 emulate LiR in BPD. These data suggest that the "lithium response pathway" in BPD governs CRMP2's phosphorylation, which regulates cytoskeletal organization, particularly in spines, modulating neural networks. Aberrations in the posttranslational regulation of this developmentally critical molecule may underlie LiR BPD pathogenesis. Instructively, examining the proteomic profile in hiPSCs of a functional agent-even one whose mechanism-of-action is unknown-might reveal otherwise inscrutable intracellular pathogenic pathways.
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75
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Ardhanareeswaran K, Mariani J, Coppola G, Abyzov A, Vaccarino FM. Human induced pluripotent stem cells for modelling neurodevelopmental disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:265-278. [PMID: 28418023 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We currently have a poor understanding of the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, owing to the fact that postmortem and imaging studies can only measure the postnatal status quo and offer little insight into the processes that give rise to the observed outcomes. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) should, in principle, prove powerful for elucidating the pathways that give rise to neurodevelopmental disorders. hiPSCs are embryonic-stem-cell-like cells that can be derived from somatic cells. They retain the unique genetic signature of the individual from whom they were derived, and thus enable researchers to recapitulate that individual's idiosyncratic neural development in a dish. In the case of individuals with disease, we can re-enact the disease-altered trajectory of brain development and examine how and why phenotypic and molecular abnormalities arise in these diseased brains. Here, we review hiPSC biology and possible experimental designs when using hiPSCs to model disease. We then discuss existing hiPSC models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Our hope is that, as some studies have already shown, hiPSCs will illuminate the pathophysiology of developmental disorders of the CNS and lead to therapeutic options for the millions that are affected by these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Ardhanareeswaran
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jessica Mariani
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Gianfilippo Coppola
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Alexej Abyzov
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Center for Individualized Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Flora M Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 200 South Frontage Road, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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76
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Wegscheid ML, Anastasaki C, Gutmann DH. Human stem cell modeling in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Exp Neurol 2017; 299:270-280. [PMID: 28392281 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The future of precision medicine is heavily reliant on the use of human tissues to identify the key determinants that account for differences between individuals with the same disorder. This need is exemplified by the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) neurogenetic condition. As such, individuals with NF1 are born with a germline mutation in the NF1 gene, but may develop numerous distinct neurological problems, ranging from autism and attention deficit to brain and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Coupled with accurate preclinical mouse models, the availability of NF1 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides new opportunities to define the critical factors that underlie NF1-associated nervous system disease pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we discuss the generation and potential applications of iPSC technology to the study of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Wegscheid
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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77
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Shao Y, Taniguchi K, Gurdziel K, Townshend RF, Xue X, Yong KMA, Sang J, Spence JR, Gumucio DL, Fu J. Self-organized amniogenesis by human pluripotent stem cells in a biomimetic implantation-like niche. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:419-425. [PMID: 27941807 PMCID: PMC5374007 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Amniogenesis-the development of amnion-is a critical developmental milestone for early human embryogenesis and successful pregnancy. However, human amniogenesis is poorly understood due to limited accessibility to peri-implantation embryos and a lack of in vitro models. Here we report an efficient biomaterial system to generate human amnion-like tissue in vitro through self-organized development of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in a bioengineered niche mimicking the in vivo implantation environment. We show that biophysical niche factors act as a switch to toggle hPSC self-renewal versus amniogenesis under self-renewal-permissive biochemical conditions. We identify a unique molecular signature of hPSC-derived amnion-like cells and show that endogenously activated BMP-SMAD signalling is required for the amnion-like tissue development by hPSCs. This study unveils the self-organizing and mechanosensitive nature of human amniogenesis and establishes the first hPSC-based model for investigating peri-implantation human amnion development, thereby helping advance human embryology and reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kenichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Katherine Gurdziel
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ryan F. Townshend
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Koh Meng Aw Yong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianming Sang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason R. Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Deborah L. Gumucio
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to J. F. () or D. L. G. ()
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to J. F. () or D. L. G. ()
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Watmuff B, Liu B, Karmacharya R. Stem cell-derived neurons in the development of targeted treatment for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:471-479. [PMID: 28346060 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advent of induced pluripotent stem cells has enabled the study of patient-specific and disease-related neurons in vitro and has facilitated new directions of inquiry into disease mechanisms. With these approaches, we now have the possibility of correlating ex vivo cellular phenotypes with individual patient response to treatment and/or side effects, which makes targeted treatments for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder a distinct prospect in the coming years. Here, we briefly review the current state of stem cell-based models and explore studies that are providing new insights into the disease biology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which are laying the foundations for the development of novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Watmuff
- Center for Experimental Drugs & Diagnostics, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Bangyan Liu
- Center for Experimental Drugs & Diagnostics, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Experimental Drugs & Diagnostics, Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard & MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Schizophrenia & Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
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79
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Kim Y, Santos R, Gage FH, Marchetto MC. Molecular Mechanisms of Bipolar Disorder: Progress Made and Future Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:30. [PMID: 28261061 PMCID: PMC5306135 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and progressive psychiatric illness characterized by mood oscillations, with episodes of mania and depression. The impact of BD on patients can be devastating, with up to 15% of patients committing suicide. This disorder is associated with psychiatric and medical comorbidities and patients with a high risk of drug abuse, metabolic and endocrine disorders and vascular disease. Current knowledge of the pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms causing BD is still modest. With no clear biological markers available, early diagnosis is a great challenge to clinicians without previous knowledge of the longitudinal progress of illness. Moreover, despite recommendations from evidence-based guidelines, polypharmacy is still common in clinical treatment of BD, reflecting the gap between research and clinical practice. A major challenge in BD is the development of effective drugs with low toxicity for the patients. In this review article, we focus on the progress made and future challenges we face in determining the pathophysiology and molecular pathways involved in BD, such as circadian and metabolic perturbations, mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction, autophagy and glutamatergic neurotransmission; which may lead to the development of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeni Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Center for Mental HealthSeoul, South Korea
| | - Renata Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa Jolla, CA, USA; Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS)Paris, France
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, CA, USA
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80
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Wen Z. Modeling neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases with human iPSCs. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:1097-1109. [PMID: 28186671 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, are complex and heterogeneous disorders that affect a large portion of the world's population. While the causes are still poorly understood, currently available treatments are limited; the development of rational therapeutics based on an understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease is imperative. The breakthrough technology of deriving induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), reprogrammed from somatic cells of healthy subjects or patients, offers an unprecedented opportunity to recapitulate both normal and pathological development of human tissue, thereby opening up a new avenue for disease modeling and drug development in a more genetically tractable and disease-relevant system. Here, I review the recent progress in the use of human iPSCs for modeling neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and developing novel therapeutic strategies, and discuss challenges in this rapidly moving field. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexing Wen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Cell Biology, and Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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81
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Alural B, Genc S, Haggarty SJ. Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in neuropsychiatric disorders: Past, present, and future. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 73:87-103. [PMID: 27072377 PMCID: PMC5292013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are common health problems affecting approximately 1% of the population. Twin, adoption, and family studies have displayed a strong genetic component for many of these disorders; however, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and neural substrates remain largely unknown. Given the critical need for new diagnostic markers and disease-modifying treatments, expanding the focus of genomic studies of neuropsychiatric disorders to include the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is of growing interest. Of known types of ncRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are 20-25-nucleotide, single-stranded, molecules that regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional mechanisms and have the potential to coordinately regulate complex regulatory networks. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on miRNA alteration/dysregulation in neuropsychiatric disorders, with a special emphasis on schizophrenia (SCZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). With an eye toward the future, we also discuss the diagnostic and prognostic potential of miRNAs for neuropsychiatric disorders in the context of personalized treatments and network medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Alural
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Stephen J Haggarty
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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82
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Nassan M, Li Q, Croarkin PE, Chen W, Colby CL, Veldic M, McElroy SL, Jenkins GD, Ryu E, Cunningham JM, Leboyer M, Frye MA, Biernacka JM. A genome wide association study suggests the association of muskelin with early onset bipolar disorder: Implications for a GABAergic epileptogenic neurogenesis model. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:120-129. [PMID: 27769005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although multiple genes have been implicated in bipolar disorder (BD), they explain only a small proportion of its heritability. Identifying additional BD risk variants may be impaired by phenotypic heterogeneity, which is usually not taken into account in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). BD with early age at onset is a more homogeneous familial form of the disorder associated with greater symptom severity. METHODS We conducted a GWAS of early-onset BD (onset of mania/hypomania ≤19 years old) in a discovery sample of 419 cases and 1034 controls and a replication sample of 181 cases and 777 controls. These two samples were meta-analyzed, followed by replication of one signal in a third independent sample of 141 cases and 746 controls. RESULTS No single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations were genome-wide significant in the discovery sample. Of the top 15 SNPs in the discovery analysis, rs114034759 in the muskelin (MKLN1) gene was nominally significant in the replication analysis, and was among the top associations in the meta-analysis (p=2.63E-06, OR=1.9). In the third sample, this SNP was again associated with early-onset BD (p=0.036, OR=1.6). Gene expression analysis showed that the rs114034759 risk allele is associated with decreased hippocampal MKLN1 expression. LIMITATIONS The sample sizes of the early-onset BD subgroups were relatively small. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest MKLN1 is associated with early-onset BD. MKLN1 regulates cellular trafficking of GABA-A receptors, which is involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity, and is implicated in the mechanism of action of a group of antiepileptic mood stabilizers. These results therefore indicate that GABAergic neurotransmission may be implicated in early-onset BD. We propose that an increase in GABA-A receptors in the hippocampus in BD patients due to lower MKLN1 expression might increase the excitability during the GABA-excited early phase of young neurons, leading to an increased risk of developing a manic/hypomanic episode. Further studies are needed to test this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Nassan
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Qingqin Li
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, United States
| | - Paul E Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Wenan Chen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Colin L Colby
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marin Veldic
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Susan L McElroy
- Lindner Center of HOPE, Mason, OH and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Gregory D Jenkins
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Euijung Ryu
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Université Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne, Créteil, France
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joanna M Biernacka
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Sauerzopf U, Sacco R, Novarino G, Niello M, Weidenauer A, Praschak‐Rieder N, Sitte H, Willeit M, Bolam P. Are reprogrammed cells a useful tool for studying dopamine dysfunction in psychotic disorders? A review of the current evidence. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:45-57. [PMID: 27690184 PMCID: PMC5811827 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since 2006, reprogrammed cells have increasingly been used as a biomedical research technique in addition to neuro-psychiatric methods. These rapidly evolving techniques allow for the generation of neuronal sub-populations, and have sparked interest not only in monogenetic neuro-psychiatric diseases, but also in poly-genetic and poly-aetiological disorders such as schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD). This review provides a summary of 19 publications on reprogrammed adult somatic cells derived from patients with SCZ, and five publications using this technique in patients with BPD. As both disorders are complex and heterogeneous, there is a plurality of hypotheses to be tested in vitro. In SCZ, data on alterations of dopaminergic transmission in vitro are sparse, despite the great explanatory power of the so-called DA hypothesis of SCZ. Some findings correspond to perturbations of cell energy metabolism, and observations in reprogrammed cells suggest neuro-developmental alterations. Some studies also report on the efficacy of medicinal compounds to revert alterations observed in cellular models. However, due to the paucity of replication studies, no comprehensive conclusions can be drawn from studies using reprogrammed cells at the present time. In the future, findings from cell culture methods need to be integrated with clinical, epidemiological, pharmacological and imaging data in order to generate a more comprehensive picture of SCZ and BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Sauerzopf
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | - Roberto Sacco
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Gaia Novarino
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Marco Niello
- Institute of PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Ana Weidenauer
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | - Nicole Praschak‐Rieder
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
| | - Harald Sitte
- Institute of PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Matthäus Willeit
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of ViennaWähringer Gürtel 18‐201090ViennaAustria
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Fullard JF, Halene TB, Giambartolomei C, Haroutunian V, Akbarian S, Roussos P. Understanding the genetic liability to schizophrenia through the neuroepigenome. Schizophr Res 2016; 177:115-124. [PMID: 26827128 PMCID: PMC4963306 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium-Schizophrenia Workgroup (PGC-SCZ) recently identified 108 loci associated with increased risk for schizophrenia (SCZ). The vast majority of these variants reside within non-coding sequences of the genome and are predicted to exert their effects by affecting the mechanism of action of cis regulatory elements (CREs), such as promoters and enhancers. Although a number of large-scale collaborative efforts (e.g. ENCODE) have achieved a comprehensive mapping of CREs in human cell lines or tissue homogenates, it is becoming increasingly evident that many risk-associated variants are enriched for expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTLs) and CREs in specific tissues or cells. As such, data derived from previous research endeavors may not capture fully cell-type and/or region specific changes associated with brain diseases. Coupling recent technological advances in genomics with cell-type specific methodologies, we are presented with an unprecedented opportunity to better understand the genetics of normal brain development and function and, in turn, the molecular basis of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we will outline ongoing efforts towards this goal and will discuss approaches with the potential to shed light on the mechanism(s) of action of cell-type specific cis regulatory elements and their putative roles in disease, with particular emphasis on understanding the manner in which the epigenome and CREs influence the etiology of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Fullard
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tobias B. Halene
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Science and Institute for Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 3), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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85
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Uemura T, Green M, Warsh JJ. Chronic LiCl pretreatment suppresses thrombin-stimulated intracellular calcium mobilization through TRPC3 in astroglioma cells. Bipolar Disord 2016; 18:549-562. [PMID: 27870504 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Transient receptor potential canonical type 3 (TRPC3) channels are activated in B lymphoblast cell lines from patients with bipolar disorder (BD), and its expression is reduced by chronic lithium treatment, implicating TRPC3 in the intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ) dyshomeostasis of BD. Thrombin, via a protease-activated receptor, moderates Ca2+ signaling and TRPC3 in astrocytes, and also cell proliferation. We examined whether lithium pretreatment attenuates thrombin-stimulated TRPC3 expression and function in astrocytes, and levels of the calcium-binding peptide, S100B, which is expressed mainly in these cells. METHODS Human astroglioma, U-87MG, cells were pretreated with 1 mmol L-1 LiCl for 1 day (acute), 3 days (subacute), and 7 days (chronic). To examine the role of TRPC3, genetically stable knockdown TRPC3 cells (TRPC3Low cells) were constructed using U-87MG cells. Thrombin (2.0 U/mL)-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization was measured by ratiometric fluorimetry. Changes in TRPC3 and S100B expression levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Cell proliferation was also measured using the WST-8 assay. RESULTS In this cell model, thrombin-stimulated Ca2+ mobilization, and both TRPC3 and S100B expression were suppressed by chronic LiCl pretreatment and the knockdown of TRPC3. Additionally, cell proliferation was attenuated in TRPC3Low cells, compared with the negative control vector-transfected cell. CONCLUSIONS The reduced Ca2+ mobilization and S100B expression levels following chronic LiCl pretreatment and in TRPC3Low cells support the notion that TRPC3 modulates S100B expression and is the target of the LiCl effect. Downregulation of TRPC3 may be an important mechanism by which lithium ameliorates pathophysiological intracellular Ca2+ disturbances as observed in BD, accounting, in part, for its mood-stabilizing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Uemura
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Marty Green
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jerry J Warsh
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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86
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The promises and challenges of human brain organoids as models of neuropsychiatric disease. Nat Med 2016; 22:1220-1228. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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87
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Temme SJ, Maher BJ, Christian KM. Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Investigate Complex Genetic Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2016; 3:275-284. [PMID: 28191386 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-016-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from human patient tissue samples, differentiated into any somatic cell type, and studied under controlled culture conditions. We review how iPSCs are used to investigate genetic factors and biological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders, and considerations for synthesizing data across studies. RECENT FINDINGS Results from patient specific-iPSC studies often reveal cellular phenotypes consistent with postmortem and brain imaging studies. Unpredicted findings illustrate the power of iPSCs as a discovery tool, but may also be attributable to limitations in modeling dynamic neural networks or difficulty in identifying the most affected neural subtype or developmental stage. SUMMARY Technological advances in differentiation protocols and organoid generation will enhance our ability to model the salient pathology underlying psychiatric disorders using iPSCs. The field will also benefit from context-driven interpretations of iPSC studies that recognize all potential sources of variability, including differences in patient symptomatology, genetic risk factors and affected cellular subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Temme
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brady J Maher
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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88
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Mury FB, da Silva WC, Barbosa NR, Mendes CT, Bonini JS, Sarkis JES, Cammarota M, Izquierdo I, Gattaz WF, Dias-Neto E. Lithium activates brain phospholipase A2 and improves memory in rats: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2016; 266:607-18. [PMID: 26661385 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-015-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (Pla2) is required for memory retrieval, and its inhibition in the hippocampus has been reported to impair memory acquisition in rats. Moreover, cognitive decline and memory deficits showed to be reduced in animal models after lithium treatment, prompting us to evaluate possible links between Pla2, lithium and memory. Here, we evaluated the possible modulation of Pla2 activity by a long-term treatment of rats with low doses of lithium and its impact in memory. Wistar rats were trained for the inhibitory avoidance task, treated with lithium for 100 days and tested for perdurability of long-term memory. Hippocampal samples were used for quantifying the expression of 19 brain-expressed Pla2 genes and for evaluating the enzymatic activity of Pla2 using group-specific radio-enzymatic assays. Our data pointed to a significant perdurability of long-term memory, which correlated with increased transcriptional and enzymatic activities of certain members of the Pla2 family (iPla2 and sPla2) after the chronic lithium treatment. Our data suggest new possible targets of lithium, add more information on its pharmacological activity and reinforce the possible use of low doses of lithium for the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions such as the Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio B Mury
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Weber C da Silva
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Nádia R Barbosa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila T Mendes
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Bonini
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge Eduardo Souza Sarkis
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares-IPEN-CNEN/SP, Grupo de Caracterização Química e Isotópica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Cammarota
- Laboratório de Pesquisa de Memória, Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Centro de Memória, Instituto de Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua Ovídio Pires de Campos, 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Genômica Médica, Centro Internacional de Pesquisas, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Cipriani A, Saunders K, Attenburrow MJ, Stefaniak J, Panchal P, Stockton S, Lane TA, Tunbridge EM, Geddes JR, Harrison PJ. A systematic review of calcium channel antagonists in bipolar disorder and some considerations for their future development. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:1324-32. [PMID: 27240535 PMCID: PMC5030455 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
l-type calcium channel (LTCC) antagonists have been used in bipolar disorder for over 30 years, without becoming an established therapeutic approach. Interest in this class of drugs has been rekindled by the discovery that LTCC genes are part of the genetic aetiology of bipolar disorder and related phenotypes. We have therefore conducted a systematic review of LTCC antagonists in the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. We identified 23 eligible studies, with six randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trials, all of which investigated verapamil in acute mania, and finding no evidence that it is effective. Data for other LTCC antagonists (diltiazem, nimodipine, nifedipine, methyoxyverapamil and isradipine) and for other phases of the illness are limited to observational studies, and therefore no robust conclusions can be drawn. Given the increasingly strong evidence for calcium signalling dysfunction in bipolar disorder, the therapeutic candidacy of this class of drugs has become stronger, and hence we also discuss issues relevant to their future development and evaluation. In particular, we consider how genetic, molecular and pharmacological data can be used to improve the selectivity, efficacy and tolerability of LTCC antagonists. We suggest that a renewed focus on LTCCs as targets, and the development of 'brain-selective' LTCC ligands, could be one fruitful approach to innovative pharmacotherapy for bipolar disorder and related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cipriani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - K Saunders
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - M-J Attenburrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J Stefaniak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - P Panchal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - S Stockton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - T A Lane
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - E M Tunbridge
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - P J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
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90
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Papale LA, Li S, Madrid A, Zhang Q, Chen L, Chopra P, Jin P, Keleş S, Alisch RS. Sex-specific hippocampal 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is disrupted in response to acute stress. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:54-66. [PMID: 27576189 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress is among the most important contributors to increased susceptibility to develop psychiatric disorders. While it is well known that acute environmental stress alters gene expression, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is a novel environmentally sensitive epigenetic modification that is highly enriched in neurons and is associated with active neuronal transcription. Recently, we reported a genome-wide disruption of hippocampal 5hmC in male mice following acute stress that was correlated to altered transcript levels of genes in known stress related pathways. Since sex-specific endocrine mechanisms respond to environmental stimulus by altering the neuronal epigenome, we examined the genome-wide profile of hippocampal 5hmC in female mice following exposure to acute stress and identified 363 differentially hydroxymethylated regions (DhMRs) linked to known (e.g., Nr3c1 and Ntrk2) and potentially novel genes associated with stress response and psychiatric disorders. Integration of hippocampal expression data from the same female mice found stress-related hydroxymethylation correlated to altered transcript levels. Finally, characterization of stress-induced sex-specific 5hmC profiles in the hippocampus revealed 778 sex-specific acute stress-induced DhMRs some of which were correlated to altered transcript levels that produce sex-specific isoforms in response to stress. Together, the alterations in 5hmC presented here provide a possible molecular mechanism for the adaptive sex-specific response to stress that may augment the design of novel therapeutic agents that will have optimal effectiveness in each sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia A Papale
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sisi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andy Madrid
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pankaj Chopra
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sündüz Keleş
- Department of Statistics, Biostatistics, and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Reid S Alisch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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91
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Alshammari TK, Alshammari MA, Nenov MN, Hoxha E, Cambiaghi M, Marcinno A, James TF, Singh P, Labate D, Li J, Meltzer HY, Sacchetti B, Tempia F, Laezza F. Genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 recapitulates phenotypic alterations underlying cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e806. [PMID: 27163207 PMCID: PMC5070049 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processing is highly dependent on the functional integrity of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) interneurons in the brain. These cells regulate excitability and synaptic plasticity of principal neurons balancing the excitatory/inhibitory tone of cortical networks. Reduced function of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons and disruption of GABAergic synapses in the cortical circuitry result in desynchronized network activity associated with cognitive impairment across many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms underlying these complex phenotypes are still poorly understood. Here we show that in animal models, genetic deletion of fibroblast growth factor 14 (Fgf14), a regulator of neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission, leads to loss of PV interneurons in the CA1 hippocampal region, a critical area for cognitive function. Strikingly, this cellular phenotype associates with decreased expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) and vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) and also coincides with disrupted CA1 inhibitory circuitry, reduced in vivo gamma frequency oscillations and impaired working memory. Bioinformatics analysis of schizophrenia transcriptomics revealed functional co-clustering of FGF14 and genes enriched within the GABAergic pathway along with correlatively decreased expression of FGF14, PVALB, GAD67 and VGAT in the disease context. These results indicate that Fgf14(-/-) mice recapitulate salient molecular, cellular, functional and behavioral features associated with human cognitive impairment, and FGF14 loss of function might be associated with the biology of complex brain disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Alshammari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- King Saud University Graduate Studies Abroad Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M N Nenov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - E Hoxha
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - M Cambiaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - A Marcinno
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
| | - T F James
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - P Singh
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D Labate
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - H Y Meltzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - B Sacchetti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Tempia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - F Laezza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Center for Addiction Research, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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92
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Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Rybakowski JK. The effect of lithium on hematopoietic, mesenchymal and neural stem cells. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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93
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Abstract
Although genetic studies of Bipolar Disorder have been pursued for decades, it has only been in the last several years that clearly replicated findings have emerged. These findings, typically of modest effects, point to a polygenic genetic architecture consisting of multiple common and rare susceptibility variants. While larger genome-wide association studies are ongoing, the advent of whole exome and genome sequencing should lead to the identification of rare, and potentially more penetrant, variants. Progress along both fronts will provide novel insights into the biology of Bipolar Disorder and help usher in a new era of personalized medicine and improved treatments.
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94
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John R Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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95
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Panchision DM. Concise Review: Progress and Challenges in Using Human Stem Cells for Biological and Therapeutics Discovery: Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Stem Cells 2016; 34:523-36. [PMID: 26840228 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In facing the daunting challenge of using human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells to study complex neural circuit disorders such as schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders, and autism spectrum disorders, a 2012 National Institute of Mental Health workshop produced a set of recommendations to advance basic research and engage industry in cell-based studies of neuropsychiatric disorders. This review describes progress in meeting these recommendations, including the development of novel tools, strides in recapitulating relevant cell and tissue types, insights into the genetic basis of these disorders that permit integration of risk-associated gene regulatory networks with cell/circuit phenotypes, and promising findings of patient-control differences using cell-based assays. However, numerous challenges are still being addressed, requiring further technological development, approaches to resolve disease heterogeneity, and collaborative structures for investigators of different disciplines. Additionally, since data obtained so far is on small sample sizes, replication in larger sample sets is needed. A number of individual success stories point to a path forward in developing assays to translate discovery science to therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Panchision
- Division of Neuroscience and Basic Behavioral Science, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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96
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Harrison PJ. Molecular neurobiological clues to the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 36:1-6. [PMID: 26210959 PMCID: PMC4779149 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a serious psychiatric disorder, with a high heritability and unknown pathogenesis. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified the first loci, implicating genes such as CACNA1C and ANK3. The genes highlight several pathways, notably calcium signalling, as being of importance. Molecular studies suggest that the risk variants impact on gene regulation and expression. Preliminary studies using reprogrammed patient-derived cells report alterations in the transcriptome and in cellular adhesion and differentiation. Mouse models show that genes involved in circadian biology, acting via dopaminergic effects, reproduce aspects of the bipolar phenotype. These findings together represent significant advances in identification of the genetic and molecular basis of bipolar disorder, yet we are still far from an integrated, evidence-based understanding of its aetiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom.
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97
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Wen Z, Christian KM, Song H, Ming GL. Modeling psychiatric disorders with patient-derived iPSCs. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 36:118-27. [PMID: 26705693 PMCID: PMC4738077 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are heterogeneous disorders characterized by complex genetics, variable symptomatology, and anatomically distributed pathology, all of which present challenges for effective treatment. Current treatments are often blunt tools used to ameliorate the most severe symptoms, often at the risk of disrupting functional neural systems, thus there is a pressing need to develop rational therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed from patient somatic cells offer an unprecedented opportunity to recapitulate both normal and pathologic human tissue and organ development, and provides new approaches for understanding disease mechanisms and for drug discovery with higher predictability of their effects in humans. Here we review recent progress and challenges in using human iPSCs for modeling neuropsychiatric disorders and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexing Wen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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98
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Advancing drug discovery for neuropsychiatric disorders using patient-specific stem cell models. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:104-15. [PMID: 26826498 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling clinical, social, and economic reasons exist to innovate in the process of drug discovery for neuropsychiatric disorders. The use of patient-specific, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) now affords the ability to generate neuronal cell-based models that recapitulate key aspects of human disease. In the context of neuropsychiatric disorders, where access to physiologically active and relevant cell types of the central nervous system for research is extremely limiting, iPSC-derived in vitro culture of human neurons and glial cells is transformative. Potential applications relevant to early stage drug discovery, include support of quantitative biochemistry, functional genomics, proteomics, and perhaps most notably, high-throughput and high-content chemical screening. While many phenotypes in human iPSC-derived culture systems may prove adaptable to screening formats, addressing the question of which in vitro phenotypes are ultimately relevant to disease pathophysiology and therefore more likely to yield effective pharmacological agents that are disease-modifying treatments requires careful consideration. Here, we review recent examples of studies of neuropsychiatric disorders using human stem cell models where cellular phenotypes linked to disease and functional assays have been reported. We also highlight technical advances using genome-editing technologies in iPSCs to support drug discovery efforts, including the interpretation of the functional significance of rare genetic variants of unknown significance and for the purpose of creating cell type- and pathway-selective functional reporter assays. Additionally, we evaluate the potential of in vitro stem cell models to investigate early events of disease pathogenesis, in an effort to understand the underlying molecular mechanism, including the basis of selective cell-type vulnerability, and the potential to create new cell-based diagnostics to aid in the classification of patients and subsequent selection for clinical trials. A number of key challenges remain, including the scaling of iPSC models to larger cohorts and integration with rich clinicopathological information and translation of phenotypes. Still, the overall use of iPSC-based human cell models with functional cellular and biochemical assays holds promise for supporting the discovery of next-generation neuropharmacological agents for the treatment and ultimately prevention of a range of severe mental illnesses.
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99
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Khan MZ, He L, Zhuang X. The emerging role of GPR50 receptor in brain. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 78:121-128. [PMID: 26898433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR50 receptor one of the member of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is extensively expressed in the pituitary, hypothalamus,cortex, midbrain, pons, amygdala, and in several brainstem nuclei. The exact function of this receptor in brain is remains unclear. This review presents current knowledge regarding the function of GPR50 receptor in brain, with a focus on role of this receptor in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, leptin signaling, adaptive thermogenesis, torpor, neurite outgrowth, and self-renewal and neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells NPCs. Although the results are encouraging, further research is needed to clarify GPR50 role in neurobiology of mood disorders, adaptive thermogenesis, torpor, and in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ling He
- China Pharmaceutical University, Department of Pharmacology, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing,Jiang Su Province 210009, China
| | - Xuxu Zhuang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Department of Pharmacology, No. 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing,Jiang Su Province 210009, China
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100
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Disease signatures for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:96-103. [PMID: 26777134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are complex psychiatric disorders that present unique challenges in the study of disease biology. There are no objective biological phenotypes for these disorders, which are characterized by complex genetics and prominent roles for gene-environment interactions. The study of the neurobiology underlying these severe psychiatric disorders has been hindered by the lack of access to the tissue of interest - neurons from patients. The advent of reprogramming methods that enable generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient fibroblasts and peripheral blood mononuclear cells has opened possibilities for new approaches to study relevant disease biology using iPSC-derived neurons. While early studies with patient iPSCs have led to promising and intriguing leads, significant hurdles remain in our attempts to capture the complexity of these disorders in vitro. We present here an overview of studies to date of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder using iPSC-derived neuronal cells and discuss potential future directions that can result in the identification of robust and valid cellular phenotypes that in turn can lay the groundwork for meaningful clinical advances.
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