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Abstract
In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living systems. These properties make them particularly promising for different applications, including soft electronics, surgery, drug delivery, artificial organs, or prosthesis. The additional degree of freedom for soft actuatoric devices can be provided through the use of intelligent materials, which are able to change their structure, macroscopic properties, and shape under the influence of external signals. The use of such intelligent materials allows a substantial reduction of a device's size, which enables a number of applications that cannot be realized by externally powered systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of intelligent synthetic and living/natural materials used for the fabrication of soft robotic devices. We discuss basic physical/chemical properties of the main kinds of materials (elastomers, gels, shape memory polymers and gels, liquid crystalline elastomers, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers, gels and hydrogels, other swelling polymers, materials with volume change during melting/crystallization, materials with tunable mechanical properties, and living and naturally derived materials), how they are related to actuation and soft robotic application, and effects of micro/macro structures on shape transformation, fabrication methods, and we highlight selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Li J, Liang Z, Zhang X, Kan Q. Experimental investigation on the thermo-mechanical deformation of thermo-induced shape memory polyurethane. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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55
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Abstract
Smart hydrogels are of great interest in areas such as drug delivery and sensing. Dendrimer-based hydrogels can exhibit tunable properties due to their structural precision. We prepared hydrogels from self-immolative dendrons. Controlled hydrogel degradation in response to light was demonstrated and the hydrogel properties as a function of dendron generation were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanpreet Gill
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Xueli Mei
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth R Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada. .,Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A 5B7, Canada
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56
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Textiles in soft robots: Current progress and future trends. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113690. [PMID: 34653713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Soft robotics have substantial benefits of safety, adaptability, and cost efficiency compared to conventional rigid robotics. Textiles have applications in soft robotics either as an auxiliary material to reinforce the conventional soft material or as an active soft material. Textiles of various types and configurations have been fabricated into key components of soft robotics in adaptable formats. Despite significant advancements, the efficiency and characteristics of textile actuators in practical applications remain unsatisfactory. To address these issues, novel structural and material designs as well as new textile technologies have been introduced. Herein, we aim at giving an insight into the current state of the art in textile technology for soft robotic manufacturing. We firstly discuss the fundamental actuation mechanisms for soft robotics. We then provide a critical review on the recently developed functional textiles as reinforcements, sensors, and actuators in soft robotics. Finally, the future trends and current strategies that can be employed in textile-based actuator manufacturing process have been explored to address the critical challenges in soft robotics.
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Gao Y, Wei F, Chao Y, Yao L. Bioinspired soft microrobots actuated by magnetic field. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:52. [PMID: 34599405 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to traditional large-scale robots, which require complicated mechanical joints and material rigidity, microrobots made of soft materials have exhibited amazing features and great potential for extensive applications, such as minimally invasive surgery. However, microrobots are faced with energy supply and control issues due to the miniaturization. Magnetic field actuation emerges as an appropriate approach to tackle with these issues. This review summarizes the latest progress of biomimetic soft microrobots actuated by magnetic field. Starting with an overview of the soft material and magnetic material adopted in the magnetic field actuated soft microrobots, the various fabrication methods and design structures of soft microrobots are summarized. Subsequently, practical and potential applications, such as targeted therapy, surgical operation, and the transportation of microscopic objects, in the fields of biomedicine and environmental remediation are presented. In the end, some current challenges, and the future development trends of magnetic soft microrobots are briefly discussed. This review is expected to offer a helpful guidance for the new researchers of biomimetic soft microrobots actuated by magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fanan Wei
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yin Chao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ligang Yao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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58
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Levine DJ, Turner KT, Pikul JH. Materials with Electroprogrammable Stiffness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007952. [PMID: 34245062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stiffness is a mechanical property of vital importance to any material system and is typically considered a static quantity. Recent work, however, has shown that novel materials with programmable stiffness can enhance the performance and simplify the design of engineered systems, such as morphing wings, robotic grippers, and wearable exoskeletons. For many of these applications, the ability to program stiffness with electrical activation is advantageous because of the natural compatibility with electrical sensing, control, and power networks ubiquitous in autonomous machines and robots. The numerous applications for materials with electrically driven stiffness modulation has driven a rapid increase in the number of publications in this field. Here, a comprehensive review of the available materials that realize electroprogrammable stiffness is provided, showing that all current approaches can be categorized as using electrostatics or electrically activated phase changes, and summarizing the advantages, limitations, and applications of these materials. Finally, a perspective identifies state-of-the-art trends and an outlook of future opportunities for the development and use of materials with electroprogrammable stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Levine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James H Pikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Wu R, Jiang Z, Cao Z, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Guo L, Yuan F, Wu J, Zheng J. Preparation of High-Performance Composite Hydrogel Reinforced by Hydrophilic Modified Waste Rubber Powder. Molecules 2021; 26:4788. [PMID: 34443376 PMCID: PMC8401038 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to reduce the environmental pollution caused by waste rubber and to realize the recycling of resources, we proposed a facile method for the hydrophilic modification of waste rubber powder (HRP) and used it to reinforce a composite hydrogel. In the presence of toluene, dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO) diffused into the waste rubber powder. After the solvent was removed, BPO was adsorbed in the rubber powder, which was used to initiate the grafting polymerization of the acrylamide monomer on the rubber-water interface. As a result, the polyacrylamide (PAM) molecular chains were grafted onto the surface of the rubber powder to realize hydrophilic modification. The success of the grafting modification was confirmed by FTIR, contact angle testing, and thermogravimetric analysis. The hydrophilic modified waste rubber powder was used to reinforce the PAM hydrogel. Mechanical tests showed that the tensile strength and elongation at the break of the composite hydrogel reached 0.46 MPa and 1809%, respectively, which was much higher than those of pure PAM hydrogel. Such a phenomenon indicates that the waste rubber particles had a strengthening effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (R.W.); (Z.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zuming Jiang
- Exploration and Development Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257015, China; (Z.J.); (L.G.); (F.Y.)
| | - Zhenxing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (R.W.); (Z.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhaoyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (R.W.); (Z.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Naturel Rubber Processing, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China;
| | - Lanlei Guo
- Exploration and Development Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257015, China; (Z.J.); (L.G.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fuqing Yuan
- Exploration and Development Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257015, China; (Z.J.); (L.G.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jinrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (R.W.); (Z.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (R.W.); (Z.C.); (Z.Y.)
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60
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Self-healing Polymeric Hydrogels: Toward Multifunctional Soft Smart Materials. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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61
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Robust and rapid responsive organic-inorganic hybrid bilayer hydrogel actuators with silicon nanoparticles as the cross-linker. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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62
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Abstract
Smart scaffolds based on shape memory polymer (SMPs) have been increasingly studied in tissue engineering. The unique shape actuating ability of SMP scaffolds has been utilized to improve delivery and/or tissue defect filling. In this regard, these scaffolds may be self-deploying, self-expanding, or self-fitting. Smart scaffolds are generally thermoresponsive or hydroresponsive wherein shape recovery is driven by an increase in temperature or by hydration, respectively. Most smart scaffolds have been directed towards regenerating bone, cartilage, and cardiovascular tissues. A vast variety of smart scaffolds can be prepared with properties targeted for a specific tissue application. This breadth of smart scaffolds stems from the variety of compositions employed as well as the numerous methods used to fabricated scaffolds with the desired morphology. Smart scaffold compositions span across several distinct classes of SMPs, affording further tunability of properties using numerous approaches. Specifically, these SMPs include those based on physically cross-linked and chemically cross-linked networks and include widely studied shape memory polyurethanes (SMPUs). Various additives, ranging from nanoparticles to biologicals, have also been included to impart unique functionality to smart scaffolds. Thus, given their unique functionality and breadth of tunable properties, smart scaffolds have tremendous potential in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Pfau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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63
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Kim K, Guo Y, Bae J, Choi S, Song HY, Park S, Hyun K, Ahn SK. 4D Printing of Hygroscopic Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100910. [PMID: 33938152 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are broadly recognized as programmable actuating materials that are responsive to external stimuli, typically heat or light. Yet, soft LCEs that respond to changes in environmental humidity are not reported, except a few examples based on rigid liquid crystal networks with limited processing. Herein, a new class of highly deformable hygroscopic LCE actuators that can be prepared by versatile processing methods, including surface alignment as well as 3D printing is presented. The dimethylamino-functionalized LCE is prepared by the aza-Michael addition reaction between a reactive LC monomer and N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine as a chain extender, followed by photopolymerization. The humidity-responsive properties are introduced by activating one of the LCE surfaces with an acidic solution, which generates cations on the surface and provides asymmetric hydrophilicity to the LCE. The resulting humidity-responsive LCE undergoes programmed and reversible hygroscopic actuation, and its shape transformation can be directed by the cut angle with respect to a nematic director or by localizing activation regions in the LCE. Most importantly, various hygroscopic LCE actuators, including (porous) bilayers, a flower, a concentric square array, and a soft gripper, are successfully fabricated by using LC inks in UV-assisted direct-ink-writing-based 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keumbee Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuanhang Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Bae
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Subi Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Yong Song
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Park
- Advanced Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
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64
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Kim B, Lee JS. Thermally reversible shape transformation of nano-patterned PNIPAAm hydrogel. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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65
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Rodin M, Li J, Kuckling D. Dually cross-linked single networks: structures and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8147-8177. [PMID: 34059857 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01585g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linked polymers have attracted an immense attention over the years, however, there are many flaws of these systems, e.g. softness and brittleness; such materials possess non-adjustable properties and cannot recover from damage and thus are limited in their practical applications. Supramolecular chemistry offers a variety of dynamic interactions that when integrated into polymeric gels endow the systems with reversibility and responsiveness to external stimuli. A combination of different cross-links in a single gel could be the key to tackle these drawbacks, since covalent or chemical cross-linking serve to maintain the permanent shape of the material and to improve overall mechanical performance, whereas non-covalent cross-links impart dynamicity, reversibility, stimuli-responsiveness and often toughness to the material. In the present review we sought to give a comprehensive overview of the progress in design strategies of different types of dually cross-linked single gels made by researchers over the past decade as well as the successful implementations of these advances in many demanding fields where versatile multifunctional materials are required, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, self-healing and adhesive systems, sensors as well as shape memory materials and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Rodin
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.
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66
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Neffe AT, Löwenberg C, Julich-Gruner KK, Behl M, Lendlein A. Thermally-Induced Shape-Memory Behavior of Degradable Gelatin-Based Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5892. [PMID: 34072689 PMCID: PMC8197998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-memory hydrogels (SMH) are multifunctional, actively-moving polymers of interest in biomedicine. In loosely crosslinked polymer networks, gelatin chains may form triple helices, which can act as temporary net points in SMH, depending on the presence of salts. Here, we show programming and initiation of the shape-memory effect of such networks based on a thermomechanical process compatible with the physiological environment. The SMH were synthesized by reaction of glycidylmethacrylated gelatin with oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) α,ω-dithiols of varying crosslinker length and amount. Triple helicalization of gelatin chains is shown directly by wide-angle X-ray scattering and indirectly via the mechanical behavior at different temperatures. The ability to form triple helices increased with the molar mass of the crosslinker. Hydrogels had storage moduli of 0.27-23 kPa and Young's moduli of 215-360 kPa at 4 °C. The hydrogels were hydrolytically degradable, with full degradation to water-soluble products within one week at 37 °C and pH = 7.4. A thermally-induced shape-memory effect is demonstrated in bending as well as in compression tests, in which shape recovery with excellent shape-recovery rates Rr close to 100% were observed. In the future, the material presented here could be applied, e.g., as self-anchoring devices mechanically resembling the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel T. Neffe
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center of Regenerative Therapies, Helm-holtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513 Teltow, Germany; (A.T.N.); (C.L.); (K.K.J.-G.); (M.B.)
| | - Candy Löwenberg
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center of Regenerative Therapies, Helm-holtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513 Teltow, Germany; (A.T.N.); (C.L.); (K.K.J.-G.); (M.B.)
| | - Konstanze K. Julich-Gruner
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center of Regenerative Therapies, Helm-holtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513 Teltow, Germany; (A.T.N.); (C.L.); (K.K.J.-G.); (M.B.)
| | - Marc Behl
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center of Regenerative Therapies, Helm-holtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513 Teltow, Germany; (A.T.N.); (C.L.); (K.K.J.-G.); (M.B.)
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Institute of Active Polymers and Berlin-Brandenburg Center of Regenerative Therapies, Helm-holtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513 Teltow, Germany; (A.T.N.); (C.L.); (K.K.J.-G.); (M.B.)
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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67
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Ding A, Jeon O, Tang R, Lee YB, Lee SJ, Alsberg E. Cell-Laden Multiple-Step and Reversible 4D Hydrogel Actuators to Mimic Dynamic Tissue Morphogenesis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004616. [PMID: 33977070 PMCID: PMC8097354 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Shape-morphing hydrogels bear promising prospects as soft actuators and for robotics. However, they are mostly restricted to applications in the abiotic domain due to the harsh physicochemical conditions typically necessary to induce shape morphing. Here, multilayer hydrogel actuator systems are developed using biocompatible and photocrosslinkable oxidized, methacrylated alginate and methacrylated gelatin that permit encapsulation and maintenance of living cells within the hydrogel actuators and implement programmed and controlled actuations with multiple shape changes. The hydrogel actuators encapsulating cells enable defined self-folding and/or user-regulated, on-demand-folding into specific 3D architectures under physiological conditions, with the capability to partially bioemulate complex developmental processes such as branching morphogenesis. The hydrogel actuator systems can be utilized as novel platforms for investigating the effect of programmed multiple-step and reversible shape morphing on cellular behaviors in 3D extracellular matrix and the role of recapitulating developmental and healing morphogenic processes on promoting new complex tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixiang Ding
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Oju Jeon
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Yu Bin Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Sang Jin Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
| | - Eben Alsberg
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryCase Western Reserve University10900 Euclid AvenueClevelandOH44106USA
- Present address:
Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
- Present address:
Departments of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Orthopaedics, and PharmacologyUniversity of Illinois at Chicago909 S. Wolcott Ave.ChicagoIL60612USA
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68
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Zhai Y, Wang Z, Kwon KS, Cai S, Lipomi DJ, Ng TN. Printing Multi-Material Organic Haptic Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002541. [PMID: 33135205 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Haptic actuators generate touch sensations and provide realism and depth in human-machine interactions. A new generation of soft haptic interfaces is desired to produce the distributed signals over large areas that are required to mimic natural touch interactions. One promising approach is to combine the advantages of organic actuator materials and additive printing technologies. This powerful combination can lead to devices that are ergonomic, readily customizable, and economical for researchers to explore potential benefits and create new haptic applications. Here, an overview of emerging organic actuator materials and digital printing technologies for fabricating haptic actuators is provided. In particular, the focus is on the challenges and potential solutions associated with integration of multi-material actuators, with an eye toward improving the fidelity and robustness of the printing process. Then the progress in achieving compact, lightweight haptic actuators by using an open-source extrusion printer to integrate different polymers and composites in freeform designs is reported. Two haptic interfaces-a tactile surface and a kinesthetic glove-are demonstrated to show that printing with organic materials is a versatile approach for rapid prototyping of various types of haptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Zhai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kye-Si Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan City, Chungnam, 31538, South Korea
| | - Shengqiang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tse Nga Ng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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69
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Sun W, Schaffer S, Dai K, Yao L, Feinberg A, Webster-Wood V. 3D Printing Hydrogel-Based Soft and Biohybrid Actuators: A Mini-Review on Fabrication Techniques, Applications, and Challenges. Front Robot AI 2021; 8:673533. [PMID: 33996931 PMCID: PMC8117231 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2021.673533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are candidate building blocks for soft robotic applications due to many of their unique properties, including tunable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in developing soft and biohybrid actuators using naturally occurring and synthetic hydrogels to address the increasing demands for machines capable of interacting with fragile biological systems. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, either as a standalone manufacturing process or integrated with traditional fabrication techniques, have enabled the development of hydrogel-based actuators with on-demand geometry and actuation modalities. This mini-review surveys existing research efforts to inspire the development of novel fabrication techniques using hydrogel building blocks and identify potential future directions. In this article, existing 3D fabrication techniques for hydrogel actuators are first examined. Next, existing actuation mechanisms, including pneumatic, hydraulic, ionic, dehydration-rehydration, and cell-powered actuation, are reviewed with their benefits and limitations discussed. Subsequently, the applications of hydrogel-based actuators, including compliant handling of fragile items, micro-swimmers, wearable devices, and origami structures, are described. Finally, challenges in fabricating functional actuators using existing techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhuan Sun
- Biohybrid and Organic Robotics Group, Department of Mechancial Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Saul Schaffer
- Biohybrid and Organic Robotics Group, Department of Mechancial Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Dai
- Biohybrid and Organic Robotics Group, Department of Mechancial Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lining Yao
- Morphing Matter Lab, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Adam Feinberg
- Regenerative Biomaterials and Therapeutics Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Victoria Webster-Wood
- Biohybrid and Organic Robotics Group, Department of Mechancial Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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70
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Arambula‐Maldonado R, Geraili A, Xing M, Mequanint K. Tissue engineering and regenerative therapeutics: The nexus of chemical engineering and translational medicine. CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armin Geraili
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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71
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Liu C, Lei F, Li P, Wang K, Jiang J. A review on preparations, properties, and applications of cis-ortho-hydroxyl polysaccharides hydrogels crosslinked with borax. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1179-1191. [PMID: 33895176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides-based hydrogel has many advantages such as biocompatibility, self-repair property, and biodegradability. It has been widely applied in various fields and has attracted great attention of researchers. The natural polysaccharides involved in this review include fenugreek gum, guar gum, locust bean gum, gellan gum, sodium alginate, agarose, and konjac glucomannan etc. Borax is a highly effective crosslinking agent for cis-ortho-hydroxyl polysaccharides. This paper focused on the synthesis mechanism, functional additives, characteristics, and applications of borax crosslinked cis-ortho-hydroxyl polysaccharides hydrogels (BHs). Moreover, the factors affecting BHs performance such as temperature, pH, and media were analyzed. Its mechanical and self-repair properties are enhanced by the dynamic and reversible borate/di-diol, which play a significant role in sensors, biomedicine, and tissue engineering. This review summarizes the research progress of BHs for the first time. Additionally, hoping to contribute to the development of this field, the review analyzes the correlation of performance through the SPSS 26 software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Liu
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530006, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- MOE Engineering Research Center of Forestry Biomass Materials and Bioenergy, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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72
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Priya, Sharma AK, Kaith BS, Simran, Bhagyashree, Arora S. Synthesis of dextrin-polyacrylamide and boric acid based tough and transparent, self-healing, superabsorbent film. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:712-721. [PMID: 33862073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stretchabiliy, transparency and self-healing ability of bio-based materials are some of the important features for their utilization in the biomedical field. Recently, robust self-healing super porous materials possessing multifunctional nature have raised enormous interest among the researchers in order to design different materials which can be used in industrial, biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Herein, a novel self-healing, stretchable and transparent superabsorbent film based on Dextrin-polyacrylamide and Boric Acid (DEX-cl-polyAAm) was synthesized using a free radical reaction mechanism. In distilled water, the maximum water absorptivity of the synthesized film was reported to be 3156% after the optimization of various reaction parameters. The film was also found to show structural integrity in urea solution, phosphate buffer and solutions of different pH. Lastly, the viscoelastic and self-healing analysis of the film suggested its utility towards biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144 011, Punjab, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144 011, Punjab, India.
| | - Balbir Singh Kaith
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144 011, Punjab, India.
| | - Simran
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144 011, Punjab, India.
| | - Bhagyashree
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144 011, Punjab, India.
| | - Saiyam Arora
- Department of Chemistry, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar 144 011, Punjab, India.
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73
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A pH-sensitive oxidized-dextran based double drug-loaded hydrogel with high antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:385-393. [PMID: 33798586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Delayed healing or non-healing of wounds caused by bacterial infection is still a difficult medical problem. Nowadays, the topical application of antibiotics is a common treatment for infections. However, subinhibitory concentrations or high dose of antibiotics leads to the antibacterial effect counterproductive. So it's necessary to put forward an on-demand drug delivery to solve this tough issue. In this paper, a pH-responsive hydrogel was prepared by oxidized dextran (Dex-CHO), sulfadiazine (SD) and tobramycin (TOB). The hydrogel was designed by the environment in the early immature stage of biofilm (pH 5.0). Schiff bases can release drugs in slightly acidic environment. The hydrogel showed injectable, pH-sensitive drug release, and great biocompatibility. Released SD and TOB exhibited a synergistic effect therefore the hydrogel showed high antibacterial activity. This study provides an easy and promising strategy to develop smart hydrogels that aim at topical administration of antibiotics and come up with a new treatment of local bacterial infections.
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74
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Belal K, Stoffelbach F, Hourdet D, Marcellan A, Lyskawa J, de Smet L, Vebr A, Potier J, Cooke G, Hoogenboom R, Woisel P. Supramolecular Hydrogels with Tunable Swelling by Host Complexation with Cyclobis(paraquat- p-phenylene). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Belal
- Université Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Ecole Centrale, UMR 8207−UMET−Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP) Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - François Stoffelbach
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, UMR 8232, EquipeChimie des Polymères, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Dominique Hourdet
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne University, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alba Marcellan
- Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne University, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Joel Lyskawa
- Université Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Ecole Centrale, UMR 8207−UMET−Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP) Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lieselot de Smet
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélien Vebr
- Université Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Ecole Centrale, UMR 8207−UMET−Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP) Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Potier
- Université Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Ecole Centrale, UMR 8207−UMET−Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP) Team, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Graeme Cooke
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, U.K
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrice Woisel
- Université Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Ecole Centrale, UMR 8207−UMET−Unité Matériaux Et Transformations, Ingénierie des Systèmes Polymères (ISP) Team, F-59000 Lille, France
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75
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Wang F, Zhang C, Wan X. Carbon Nanotubes-Coated Conductive Elastomer: Electrical and Near Infrared Light Dual-Stimulated Shape Memory, Self-Healing, and Wearable Sensing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c06050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Xuejuan Wan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
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76
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Li N, Yang H. Construction of natural polymeric imprinted materials and their applications in water treatment: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123643. [PMID: 32846267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted materials (MIMs) have been widely used in various fields, including water treatment, chemical sensing, and biotechnology, because of their specific recognition and high selectivity. MIMs are usually obtained via two successive steps, namely, (1) copolymerization and crosslinking reactions of the preassembled complex of comonomers and a specific target compound (2) and thorough removal of template molecules. Some functional polymers are directly used as supporting materials and functional groups assembled with target compound are provided to simplify the preparation of MIMs. Natural polymers, such as chitosan, cyclodextrin, sodium alginate, starch, cellulose, lignin and their derivatives, are good candidates because of their environmentally friendly properties, low costs, and abundant active functional groups. In this study, different methods for the preparation of natural polymeric MIMs were reviewed in terms of the construction of microscopic binding cavities and macroscopic visible condensed structures with different shapes. Natural polymeric MIMs in water treatment applications, such as adsorption and detection of various pollutants from aqueous solutions, were summarized. Prospects on the development of novel and high-performance natural polymeric MIMs were discussed to overcome the difficulties in their preparation and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Department of Environmental Science, School of Tropical and Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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77
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Yang J, Cristian V, Dong A, Zhang J. A Facile Strategy to Achieve Synergistic Multiple Hydrogen Bonding Interactions for Constructing Robust Hydrogels with Self‐healing Capability, Shape Transformation and Actuation Function. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jumin Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Valenzuela Cristian
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Anjie Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
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78
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Chen Y, Dai S, Zhu H, Hu H, Yuan N, Ding J. Self-healing hydrogel sensors with multiple shape memory properties for human motion monitoring. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Shape memory hydrogels offer new opportunities for the development of smart wearables due to their intelligent responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Shengping Dai
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Hongwei Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Ningyi Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
| | - Jianning Ding
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Photovoltaic Science and Engineering
- Jiangsu Province Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou 213164
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79
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Shao Z, Wu S, Zhang Q, Xie H, Xiang T, Zhou S. Salt-responsive polyampholyte-based hydrogel actuators with gradient porous structures. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01492c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A polyampholyte-based hydrogel actuator with water-responsive shape deformation was fabricated, and the gradient distribution of chemical composition was proved by micro-FTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Shao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Hui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Tao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
| | - Shaobing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Southwest Jiaotong University
- Chengdu 610031
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80
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Cellulose nanocrystal mediated fast self-healing and shape memory conductive hydrogel for wearable strain sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 170:272-283. [PMID: 33359808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electro-conductive hydrogel (ECH) with self-healing, shape memory and biocompatible properties is highly urgent for wearable strain sensors to prolonging their lifespan, endowing programmable shape control property, and improving affinity to skin during service. However, most of synthetic polymer-based ECH usually involve potential toxicity, long healing and shape drive time. Herein, a fast healable and shape memory ECH with excellent biocompatibility is reported for the first time by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals grafted phenylboronic acid (CNCs-ABA) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). CNCs-ABA is designed as dispersant and crosslinker in hydrogel. pH-induced dynamic borate bonds give hydrogel excellent shape recovery and fixity ratio of 82.1% and 78.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, 97.1% healing efficiency is obtained within 2 min depending on remarkable photothermal effect of MWCNTs and reversible microcrystallization. Double crosslinking networks endow excellent mechanical properties to hydrogel, whose tensile strength, strain and elastic modulus reach 227.0 kPa, 395.0% and 9.0 kPa, respectively. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of MWCNTs and NaOH enhance the conductivity of hydrogel with value of 3.8×10-2 S/m. In addition, the hydrogel can act as strain sensor for detecting human motion with superior biocompatibility and fast resistance response to applied strain, which is suitable for human health management.
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81
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Li X, Huang X, Mutlu H, Malik S, Theato P. Conductive hydrogel composites with autonomous self-healing properties. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10969-10976. [PMID: 33146639 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conventional conductive hydrogels usually lack self-healing properties, but might be favorable for smart electronic applications. Therefore, we present the fabrication of conductive self-healing hydrogels that merge the merits of electrical conductivity and self-healing properties. The conductive self-healing hydrogel composite was prepared by using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and a poly(N,N-dimethyl acrylamide) copolymer derivative modified with pyrene and borate functional moieties. While the tethered pyrene groups of the copolymer facilitated an even dispersion of the conductive components, i.e., SWCNTs, in aqueous solution viaπ-π stacking, the hydrogel system was formed via covalent dynamic cross-linking through tetrahedral borate ion interaction with the -OH group of PVA. The hydrogel composites exhibited bulk conductivity (1.27 S m-1 with 8 mg mL-1 SWCNTs) with a fast and autonomous self-healing ability that restored 95% of the original conductivity within 10 s under ambient conditions. Accordingly, due to their outstanding properties, we postulate that these composites may have potential in biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, wound healing or electronic skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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82
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Pei X, Fang L, Chen W, Wen X, Bai L, Ba X. Facile Fabrication of Multiresponsive Self‐Healing Hydrogels with Logic‐Gate Responses. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Pei
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Liping Fang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xin Wen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Libin Bai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding 071002 China
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83
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Dohi S, Matsumoto A. Synthesis of hydrogels with a gradient crosslinking structure by electron beam radiation to an aqueous solution of poly(sodium acrylate). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Dohi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University Osaka Japan
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka Prefecture University Osaka Japan
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84
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Song Y, He J, Zhang Y. Controllable, Bidirectional Water/Organic Vapors Responsive Actuators Fabricated by One-Step Thiol-Ene Click Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000456. [PMID: 33196123 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to synthesize stimuli-responsive materials with the well-balanced performance of fast stimulus-response speed, good mechanical strength, multi-functionality, and deformation diversity as well. This work reports a facile, one-step thiol-ene click polymerization strategy for preparation of water/acetone vapor-responsive hierarchical films, by using diallyl terephthalate (P) as hydrophobic ene-monomer, 1,4-diallyl-1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane-1,4-diium bromide (B) as hydrophilic ene-monomer, and pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP) as thiol monomer. Besides, by taking advantage of the specific hydrophilic/hydrophobic induction effect of substrate and adjusting the molar ratio of P to B, P60 B40 -HPI film is fabricated on hydrophilic substrate "with plasma treatment" whereas P80 B20 -HPO film is obtained on hydrophobic substrate "without plasma treatment". Their "upper-dense and lower-porous" structural feature ensured the excellent combination of fast stimuli-response speed endowed by the porous structure and good mechanical strength enhanced by the upper dense surface. Both films are bidirectional water/acetone vapor-responsive materials, but their bending directions responding to the stimuli factors are completely opposite. This strategy showed great potential in the development of smart stimuli-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and MaterialsCollege of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, P. R. China
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85
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Facile formation of agarose hydrogel and electromechanical responses as electro-responsive hydrogel materials in actuator applications. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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86
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Kreuzer LP, Widmann T, Aldosari N, Bießmann L, Mangiapia G, Hildebrand V, Laschewsky A, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Cyclic Water Storage Behavior of Doubly Thermoresponsive Poly(sulfobetaine)-Based Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Kreuzer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Widmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nawarah Aldosari
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bießmann
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gaetano Mangiapia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Viet Hildebrand
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institut für Angewandte Polymerforschung, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christine M. Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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87
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Aeridou E, Díaz Díaz D, Alemán C, Pérez-Madrigal MM. Advanced Functional Hydrogel Biomaterials Based on Dynamic B–O Bonds and Polysaccharide Building Blocks. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3984-3996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Aeridou
- Departament d’Enginyeria Quı́mica, EEBE, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Díaz Díaz
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofı́sico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofı́sico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d’Enginyeria Quı́mica, EEBE, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria M. Pérez-Madrigal
- Departament d’Enginyeria Quı́mica, EEBE, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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88
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Chimisso V, Aleman Garcia MA, Yorulmaz Avsar S, Dinu IA, Palivan CG. Design of Bio-Conjugated Hydrogels for Regenerative Medicine Applications: From Polymer Scaffold to Biomolecule Choice. Molecules 2020; 25:E4090. [PMID: 32906772 PMCID: PMC7571016 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-conjugated hydrogels merge the functionality of a synthetic network with the activity of a biomolecule, becoming thus an interesting class of materials for a variety of biomedical applications. This combination allows the fine tuning of their functionality and activity, whilst retaining biocompatibility, responsivity and displaying tunable chemical and mechanical properties. A complex scenario of molecular factors and conditions have to be taken into account to ensure the correct functionality of the bio-hydrogel as a scaffold or a delivery system, including the polymer backbone and biomolecule choice, polymerization conditions, architecture and biocompatibility. In this review, we present these key factors and conditions that have to match together to ensure the correct functionality of the bio-conjugated hydrogel. We then present recent examples of bio-conjugated hydrogel systems paving the way for regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cornelia G. Palivan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR-1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (V.C.); (M.A.A.G.); (S.Y.A.); (I.A.D.)
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89
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90
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Pilz da Cunha M, Kandail HS, den Toonder JMJ, Schenning APHJ. An artificial aquatic polyp that wirelessly attracts, grasps, and releases objects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17571-17577. [PMID: 32661153 PMCID: PMC7395531 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004748117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of light-responsive materials has captured scientific attention and advanced the development of wirelessly driven terrestrial soft robots. Marine organisms trigger inspiration to expand the paradigm of untethered soft robotics into aqueous environments. However, this expansion toward aquatic soft robots is hampered by the slow response of most light-driven polymers to low light intensities and by the lack of controlled multishape deformations. Herein, we present a surface-anchored artificial aquatic coral polyp composed of a magnetically driven stem and a light-driven gripper. Through magnetically driven motion, the polyp induces stirring and attracts suspended targets. The light-responsive gripper is sensitive to low light intensities and has programmable states and rapid and highly controlled actuation, allowing the polyp to capture or release targets on demand. The artificial polyp demonstrates that assemblies of stimuli-responsive materials in water utilizing coordinated motion can perform tasks not possible for single-component devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pilz da Cunha
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory of Stimuli-responsive Functional Materials & Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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91
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Fitzgerald ER, Mineo AM, Pryor ML, Buck ME. Photomediated post-fabrication modification of azlactone-functionalized gels for the development of hydrogel actuators. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6044-6049. [PMID: 32638814 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an approach for the photomediated post-fabrication modification of reactive, azlactone-containing gels using light-initiated deprotection of amines caged with 2-(nitrophenyl)propyloxycarbonyl (NPPOC). Photomediated modification of these gels can be used to generate a gradient in chemical functionality. When functionalized with tertiary amine groups, these gradient gels exhibit rapid and reversible shape deformations in response to changes in pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
| | - Autumn M Mineo
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
| | - Mae L Pryor
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
| | - Maren E Buck
- Department of Chemistry, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, USA.
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92
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Yang H, Ghiassinejad S, van Ruymbeke E, Fustin CA. Tunable Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels Based on Dynamic Covalent Bonds and Metal–Ligand Bonds. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1 & Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sina Ghiassinejad
- Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1 & Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Evelyne van Ruymbeke
- Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1 & Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Bio and Soft Matter Division (BSMA), Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1 & Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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93
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Cha GD, Lee WH, Lim C, Choi MK, Kim DH. Materials engineering, processing, and device application of hydrogel nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10456-10473. [PMID: 32388540 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely implemented as key materials in various biomedical applications owing to their soft, flexible, hydrophilic, and quasi-solid nature. Recently, however, new material properties over those of bare hydrogels have been sought for novel applications. Accordingly, hydrogel nanocomposites, i.e., hydrogels converged with nanomaterials, have been proposed for the functional transformation of conventional hydrogels. The incorporation of suitable nanomaterials into the hydrogel matrix allows the hydrogel nanocomposite to exhibit multi-functionality in addition to the biocompatible feature of the original hydrogel. Therefore, various hydrogel composites with nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanosheets, have been developed for diverse purposes, such as catalysis, environmental purification, bio-imaging, sensing, and controlled drug delivery. Furthermore, novel technologies for the patterning of such hydrogel nanocomposites into desired shapes have been developed. The combination of such material engineering and processing technologies has enabled the hydrogel nanocomposite to become a key soft component of electronic, electrochemical, and biomedical devices. We herein review the recent research trend in the field of hydrogel nanocomposites, particularly focusing on materials engineering, processing, and device applications. Furthermore, the conclusions are presented with the scope of future research outlook, which also includes the current technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Doo Cha
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Hee Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Lim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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94
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Anju VP, Pratoori R, Gupta DK, Joshi R, Annabattula RK, Ghosh P. Controlled shape morphing of solvent free thermoresponsive soft actuators. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4162-4172. [PMID: 32319974 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00020e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High performance thermoresponsive soft, controllable and reversible actuators are highly desirable for diverse applications. The practical implementation of the existing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNipam) based soft thermoresponsive actuators faces serious limitations due to their functional requirement of proximal bulk solvent medium. In this work, addressing this issue, we report the development of a bilayer based actuator composed of a solvent responsive biodegradable polymer and temperature responsive pNipam. The designed bilayer is capable of achieving reversible and irreversible actuation as needed when exposed to a physiological range of body temperature, without any solvent bath around. The solvent or water supplied by the pNipam layer at its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) builds a concentration gradient across the thickness of the polymer layer. The concentration gradient results in a strain gradient, causing an out-of-plane folding of the bilayer. The underlying coupled diffusion-deformation interaction during folding and unfolding is incorporated in the reported finite element model, capable of predicting actuation characteristics under different initial conditions. The combined experimental and modelling effort in this work highlights the possibility of engineering 2-dimensional films into complex 3-dimensional shapes, which could have potential applications in soft machines and robotics.
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95
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McCracken JM, Donovan BR, White TJ. Materials as Machines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906564. [PMID: 32133704 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Machines are systems that harness input power to extend or advance function. Fundamentally, machines are based on the integration of materials with mechanisms to accomplish tasks-such as generating motion or lifting an object. An emerging research paradigm is the design, synthesis, and integration of responsive materials within or as machines. Herein, a particular focus is the integration of responsive materials to enable robotic (machine) functions such as gripping, lifting, or motility (walking, crawling, swimming, and flying). Key functional considerations of responsive materials in machine implementations are response time, cyclability (frequency and ruggedness), sizing, payload capacity, amenability to mechanical programming, performance in extreme environments, and autonomy. This review summarizes the material transformation mechanisms, mechanical design, and robotic integration of responsive materials including shape memory alloys (SMAs), piezoelectrics, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs), ionic electroactive polymers (IEAPs), pneumatics and hydraulics systems, shape memory polymers (SMPs), hydrogels, and liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs) and networks (LCNs). Structural and geometrical fabrication of these materials as wires, coils, films, tubes, cones, unimorphs, bimorphs, and printed elements enables differentiated mechanical responses and consistently enables and extends functional use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselle M McCracken
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Brian R Donovan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Timothy J White
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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96
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Koga T, Tomimori K, Higashi N. Transparent, High‐Strength, and Shape Memory Hydrogels from Thermo‐Responsive Amino Acid–Derived Vinyl Polymer Networks. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900650. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & BiochemistryFaculty of Science & EngineeringDoshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610‐0321 Japan
| | - Kotoha Tomimori
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & BiochemistryFaculty of Science & EngineeringDoshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610‐0321 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Higashi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry & BiochemistryFaculty of Science & EngineeringDoshisha University Kyotanabe Kyoto 610‐0321 Japan
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97
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Lee J, Guo Y, Choi YJ, Jung S, Seol D, Choi S, Kim JH, Kim Y, Jeong KU, Ahn SK. Mechanically programmed 2D and 3D liquid crystal elastomers at macro- and microscale via two-step photocrosslinking. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:2695-2705. [PMID: 32057062 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are a unique class of active materials with the largest known reversible shape transformation in the solid state. The shape change of LCEs is directed by programming their molecular orientation, and therefore, several strategies to control LC alignment have been developed. Although mechanical alignment coupled with a two-step crosslinking is commonly adopted for uniaxially-aligned monodomain LCE synthesis, the fabrication of 3D-shaped LCEs at the macro- and microscale has been rarely accomplished. Here, we report a facile processing method for fabricating 2D and 3D-shaped LCEs at the macro- and microscales at room temperature by mechanically programming (i.e., stretching, pressing, embossing and UV-imprinting) the polydomain LCE, and subsequent photocrosslinking. The programmed LCEs exhibited a reversible shape change when exposed to thermal and chemical stimuli. Besides the programmed shape changes, the actuation strain can also be preprogrammed by adjusting the extent of elongation of a polydomain LCE. Furthermore, the LCE micropillar arrays prepared by UV-imprinting displayed a substantial change in pillar height in a reversible manner during thermal actuation. Our convenient method for fabricating reversible 2D and 3D-shaped LCEs from commercially available materials may expedite the potential applications of LCEs in actuators, soft robots, smart coatings, tunable optics and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea.
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98
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Yadav S, Sharma AK, Kumar P. Nanoscale Self-Assembly for Therapeutic Delivery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:127. [PMID: 32158749 PMCID: PMC7051917 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly is the process of association of individual units of a material into highly arranged/ordered structures/patterns. It imparts unique properties to both inorganic and organic structures, so generated, via non-covalent interactions. Currently, self-assembled nanomaterials are finding a wide variety of applications in the area of nanotechnology, imaging techniques, biosensors, biomedical sciences, etc., due to its simplicity, spontaneity, scalability, versatility, and inexpensiveness. Self-assembly of amphiphiles into nanostructures (micelles, vesicles, and hydrogels) happens due to various physical interactions. Recent advancements in the area of drug delivery have opened up newer avenues to develop novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) and self-assembled nanostructures have shown their tremendous potential to be used as facile and efficient materials for this purpose. The main objective of the projected review is to provide readers a concise and straightforward knowledge of basic concepts of supramolecular self-assembly process and how these highly functionalized and efficient nanomaterials can be useful in biomedical applications. Approaches for the self-assembly have been discussed for the fabrication of nanostructures. Advantages and limitations of these systems along with the parameters that are to be taken into consideration while designing a therapeutic delivery vehicle have also been outlined. In this review, various macro- and small-molecule-based systems have been elaborated. Besides, a section on DNA nanostructures as intelligent materials for future applications is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar
- Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
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99
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Zhang P, Behl M, Balk M, Peng X, Lendlein A. Shape-Programmable Architectured Hydrogels Sensitive to Ultrasound. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e1900658. [PMID: 32037625 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
On-demand motion of highly swollen polymer systems can be triggered by changes in pH, ion concentrations, or by heat. Here, shape-programmable, architectured hydrogels are introduced, which respond to ultrasonic-cavitation-based mechanical forces (CMF) by directed macroscopic movements. The concept is the implementation and sequential coupling of multiple functions (swellability in water, sensitivity to ultrasound, shape programmability, and shape-memory) in a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (s-IPN). The semi-IPN-based hydrogels are designed to function through rhodium coordination (Rh-s-IPNH). These coordination bonds act as temporary crosslinks. The porous hydrogels with coordination bonds (degree of swelling from 300 ± 10 to 680 ± 60) exhibit tensile strength σmax up to 250 ± 60 kPa. Shape fixity ratios up to 90% and shape recovery ratios up to 94% are reached. Potential applications are switches or mechanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Tianjin University-Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Joint Laboratory for Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Weijin Road 92, 300072 Tianjin (China) and Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Marc Behl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maria Balk
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Xingzhou Peng
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Tianjin University-Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Joint Laboratory for Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Weijin Road 92, 300072 Tianjin (China) and Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
| | - Andreas Lendlein
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Tianjin University-Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Joint Laboratory for Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, Weijin Road 92, 300072 Tianjin (China) and Kantstr. 55, 14513, Teltow, Germany
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100
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Li G, Gao T, Fan G, Liu Z, Liu Z, Jiang J, Zhao Y. Photoresponsive Shape Memory Hydrogels for Complex Deformation and Solvent-Driven Actuation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6407-6418. [PMID: 31880155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A new design for photoresponsive shape memory hydrogels and their possible applications are demonstrated in the present study. We show that the photodissociable Fe3+-carboxylate coordination can be utilized as a molecular switch to realize photocontrol of shape memory on both macroscopic and microscopic scales and enable a number of functions. Indeed, Fe3+-carboxylate coordination can fix a large tensile strain (up to 680%) of the sodium alginate/polyacrylamide hydrogel through cross-linking of sodium alginate chains, and subsequent UV irradiation allows strain energy release in spatially selected regions through reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. By manipulating light irradiation, complex 3D structures are obtained from 2D hydrogel sheets, and they exhibit complex solvent-driven actuation behaviors due to a light-changeable modulus and cross-linking density in the hydrogel. Based on the same approach, micropatterns can be inscribed on the hydrogel surface using mask-assisted irradiation, and they exhibit chain orientation-mediated anisotropic topography change upon solvent exchange. Moreover, light-controlled strain energy release also enables changing hydrogel surface wettability by solvent replacement. The demonstrated mechanism for photoresponsive hydrogels is highly efficient and applicable to many systems, which offers new perspectives in developing hydrogels with multiple photoresponsive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Tingyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Guanglin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Zhaotie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Zhongwen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Jinqiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Syngas Conversion of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province 710062 , China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Département de chimie , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Québec J1K 2R1 , Canada
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