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Oxidized mitochondrial DNA sensing by STING signaling promotes the antitumor effect of an irradiated immunogenic cancer cell vaccine. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:2211-2223. [PMID: 32398808 PMCID: PMC8429462 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation, a physical treatment that inactivates live tumor cells, has been extensively applied to enhance the antitumor responses induced by cancer cell vaccines in both animal research and human clinical trials. However, the mechanisms by which irradiated cells function as immunogenic tumor vaccines and induce effective antitumor responses have not been fully explored. Here, we demonstrate that oxidized mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling play a key roles in the enhanced antitumor effect achieved with an irradiated tumor cell vaccine. Elevations in ROS and oxidized mtDNA 8-OHG content could be induced in irradiated tumor cells. Oxidized mtDNA derived from irradiated tumor cells gained access to the cytosol of dendritic cells (DCs). Oxidized mtDNA, as a DAMP or adjuvant, activated the STING-TBK1-IRF3-IFN-β pathway in DCs, which subsequently cross-presented irradiated tumor cell-derived antigens to CD8+ T cells and elicited antitumor immunity. The results of our study provide insight into the mechanism by which an irradiated cell vaccine mediates antitumor immunity, which may have implications for new strategies to improve the efficacy of irradiated vaccines.
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Zhou J, Kroll AV, Holay M, Fang RH, Zhang L. Biomimetic Nanotechnology toward Personalized Vaccines. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901255. [PMID: 31206841 PMCID: PMC6918015 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
While traditional approaches for disease management in the era of modern medicine have saved countless lives and enhanced patient well-being, it is clear that there is significant room to improve upon the current status quo. For infectious diseases, the steady rise of antibiotic resistance has resulted in super pathogens that do not respond to most approved drugs. In the field of cancer treatment, the idea of a cure-all silver bullet has long been abandoned. As a result of the challenges facing current treatment and prevention paradigms in the clinic, there is an increasing push for personalized therapeutics, where plans for medical care are established on a patient-by-patient basis. Along these lines, vaccines, both against bacteria and tumors, are a clinical modality that could benefit significantly from personalization. Effective vaccination strategies could help to address many challenging disease conditions, but current vaccines are limited by factors such as a lack of potency and antigenic breadth. Recently, researchers have turned toward the use of biomimetic nanotechnology as a means of addressing these hurdles. Recent progress in the development of biomimetic nanovaccines for antibacterial and anticancer applications is discussed, with an emphasis on their potential for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ashley V Kroll
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Melittin-lipid nanoparticles target to lymph nodes and elicit a systemic anti-tumor immune response. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1110. [PMID: 32111828 PMCID: PMC7048802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted delivery of a nanovaccine loaded with a tumor antigen and adjuvant to the lymph nodes (LNs) is an attractive approach for improving cancer immunotherapy outcomes. However, the application of this technique is restricted by the paucity of suitable tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and the sophisticated technology required to identify tumor neoantigens. Here, we demonstrate that a self-assembling melittin-lipid nanoparticle (α-melittin-NP) that is not loaded with extra tumor antigens promotes whole tumor antigen release in situ and results in the activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in LNs. Compared with free melittin, α-melittin-NPs markedly enhance LN accumulation and activation of APCs, leading to a 3.6-fold increase in antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Furthermore, in a bilateral flank B16F10 tumor model, primary and distant tumor growth are significantly inhibited by α-melittin-NPs, with an inhibition rate of 95% and 92%, respectively. Thus, α-melittin-NPs induce a systemic anti-tumor response serving as an effective LN-targeted whole-cell nanovaccine.
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Chen PM, Pan WY, Wu CY, Yeh CY, Korupalli C, Luo PK, Chou CJ, Chia WT, Sung HW. Modulation of tumor microenvironment using a TLR-7/8 agonist-loaded nanoparticle system that exerts low-temperature hyperthermia and immunotherapy for in situ cancer vaccination. Biomaterials 2020; 230:119629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Irradiated lactic acid-stimulated tumour cells promote the antitumour immunity as a therapeutic vaccine. Cancer Lett 2020; 469:367-379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hoo WPY, Siak PY, In LLA. Overview of Current Immunotherapies Targeting Mutated KRAS Cancers. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2158-2175. [PMID: 31483231 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190904163524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of somatic substitution mutations of the KRAS proto-oncogene is highly prevalent in certain cancer types, which often leads to constant activation of proliferative pathways and subsequent neoplastic transformation. It is often seen as a gateway mutation in carcinogenesis and has been commonly deemed as a predictive biomarker for poor prognosis and relapse when conventional chemotherapeutics are employed. Additionally, its mutational status also renders EGFR targeted therapies ineffective owing to its downstream location. Efforts to discover new approaches targeting this menacing culprit have been ongoing for years without much success, and with incidences of KRAS positive cancer patients being on the rise, researchers are now turning towards immunotherapies as the way forward. In this scoping review, recent immunotherapeutic developments and advances in both preclinical and clinical studies targeting K-ras directly or indirectly via its downstream signal transduction machinery will be discussed. Additionally, some of the challenges and limitations of various K-ras targeting immunotherapeutic approaches such as vaccines, adoptive T cell therapies, and checkpoint inhibitors against KRAS positive cancers will be deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfrey Pui Yee Hoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pui Yan Siak
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lionel L A In
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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57
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Löffler MW, Nussbaum B, Jäger G, Jurmeister PS, Budczies J, Pereira PL, Clasen S, Kowalewski DJ, Mühlenbruch L, Königsrainer I, Beckert S, Ladurner R, Wagner S, Bullinger F, Gross TH, Schroeder C, Sipos B, Königsrainer A, Stevanović S, Denkert C, Rammensee HG, Gouttefangeas C, Haen SP. A Non-interventional Clinical Trial Assessing Immune Responses After Radiofrequency Ablation of Liver Metastases From Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2526. [PMID: 31803175 PMCID: PMC6877671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an established treatment option for malignancies located in the liver. RFA-induced irreversible coagulation necrosis leads to the release of danger signals and cellular content. Hence, RFA may constitute an endogenous in situ tumor vaccination, stimulating innate and adaptive immune responses, including tumor-antigen specific T cells. This may explain a phenomenon termed abscopal effect, namely tumor regression in untreated lesions evidenced after distant thermal ablation or irradiation. In this study, we therefore assessed systemic and local immune responses in individual patients treated with RFA. Methods: For this prospective clinical trial, patients with liver metastasis from colorectal carcinoma (mCRC) receiving RFA and undergoing metachronous liver surgery for another lesion were recruited (n = 9) during a 5-year period. Tumor and non-malignant liver tissue samples from six patients were investigated by whole transcriptome sequencing and tandem-mass spectrometry, characterizing naturally presented HLA ligands. Tumor antigen-derived HLA-restricted peptides were selected by different predefined approaches. Further, candidate HLA ligands were manually curated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with epitope candidate peptides, and functional T cell responses were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining. Immunohistochemical markers were additionally investigated in surgically resected mCRC from patients treated with (n = 9) or without RFA (n = 7). Results: In all six investigated patients, either induced immune responses and/or pre-existing T cell immunity against the selected targets were observed. Multi-cytokine responses were inter alia directed against known tumor antigens such as cyclin D1 but also against a (predicted) mutation contained in ERBB3. Immunohistochemistry did not show a relevant influx of immune cells into distant malignant lesions after RFA treatment (n = 9) as compared to the surgery only mCRC group (n = 7). Conclusions: Using an individualized approach for target selection, RFA induced and/or boosted T cell responses specific for individual tumor antigens were more frequently detectable as compared to previously published observations with well-characterized tumor antigens. However, the witnessed modest RFA-induced immunological effects alone may not be sufficient for the rejection of established tumors. Therefore, these findings warrant further clinical investigation including the assessment of RFA combination therapies e.g., with immune stimulatory agents, cancer vaccination, and/or immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus W Löffler
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Nussbaum
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Günter Jäger
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,NGS Competence Center Tübingen (NCCT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Budczies
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe L Pereira
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Minimally Invasive Therapies and Nuclear Medicine, SLK-Hospital Heilbronn GmbH, Heilbronn, Germany
| | - Stephan Clasen
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Kowalewski
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Mühlenbruch
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingmar Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Beckert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Ladurner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Wagner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Bullinger
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorben H Gross
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Schroeder
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,NGS Competence Center Tübingen (NCCT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Marburg (UKGM) and Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cécile Gouttefangeas
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Haen
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation With Division of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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58
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SANTAVAC TM: Summary of Research and Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040186. [PMID: 31744189 PMCID: PMC6963192 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SANTAVAC is an antigen composition developed via proteomics and cell culture technology that is intended for the development of cancer vaccines against various solid tumors. Its mechanism of action is based on the heterogeneity of endothelial cells, the polypeptides of which are similar to the surface antigens of tumor-vessel cells, allowing targeted destruction by vaccination. While research and development work with SANTAVAC is ongoing, the existing data provide strong evidence that allogeneic SANTAVAC is an ideal candidate for the development of cancer vaccines with significant efficacy and safety. The SANTAVAC compositions described here demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of tumor vessel-specific endothelial cells up to 60 fold, with minimal effect on normal vasculature. Innovation, background, description of product development, and summary of nonclinical studies with SANTAVAC to date are presented in this review.
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59
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Le QV, Suh J, Choi JJ, Park GT, Lee JW, Shim G, Oh YK. In Situ Nanoadjuvant-Assembled Tumor Vaccine for Preventing Long-Term Recurrence. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7442-7462. [PMID: 31180642 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although immune checkpoint inhibitors have emerged as a breakthrough in cancer therapy, a monotherapy approach is not sufficient. Here, we report an immune checkpoint inhibitor-modified nanoparticle for an in situ-assembled tumor vaccine that can activate immune systems in the tumor microenvironment and prevent the long-term recurrence of tumors. Adjuvant-loaded nanoparticles were prepared by entrapping imiquimod (IQ) in photoresponsive polydopamine nanoparticles (IQ/PNs). The surfaces of IQ/PNs were then modified with anti-PDL1 antibody (PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs) for in situ assembly with inactivated tumor cells and immune checkpoint blocking of PDL1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1). The presence of anti-PDL1 antibodies on IQ/PNs increased the binding of nanoparticles to CT26 cancer cells overexpressing PDL1. Subsequent near-infrared (NIR) irradiation induced a greater photothermal anticancer effect against cells treated with PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs than cells treated with plain PNs or unmodified IQ/PNs. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, we cocultured bone marrow-derived dendritic cells with CT26 cells treated with various nanoparticle formulations and NIR irradiated. This coculture study revealed that NIR-inactivated, PDL1Ab-IQ/PN-bound CT26 cells induced maturation of dendritic cells to the greatest extent. Following a single intravenous administration of different nanoparticle formulations in CT26 tumor-bearing mice, PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs showed greater tumor tissue accumulation than unmodified nanoparticles. Subsequent NIR irradiation of mice treated with PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs resulted in tumor ablation. In addition to primary tumor ablation, PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs completely prevented the growth of a secondarily challenged CT26 tumor at a distant site, producing 100% survival for up to 150 days. A long-term protection study revealed that treatment with PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs followed by NIR irradiation inhibited the growth of distant, secondarily challenged CT26 tumors 150 days after the first tumor inoculation. Moreover, increased infiltration of T cells was observed in tumor tissues treated with PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs and NIR-irradiated, and T cells isolated from splenocytes of mice in which tumor recurrence was prevented showed active killing of CT26 cells. These results suggest that PDL1Ab-IQ/PNs in conjunction with NIR irradiation induce a potent, in situ-assembled, all-in-one tumor vaccine with adjuvant-containing nanoparticle-bound, inactivated tumor cells. Such in situ nanoadjuvant-assembled tumor vaccines can be further developed for long-term prevention of tumor recurrence without the need for chemotherapy.
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60
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Koster BD, Santegoets SJAM, Harting J, Baars A, van Ham SM, Scheper RJ, Hooijberg E, de Gruijl TD, van den Eertwegh AJM. Autologous tumor cell vaccination combined with systemic CpG-B and IFN-α promotes immune activation and induces clinical responses in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a phase II trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1025-1035. [PMID: 30852622 PMCID: PMC6529601 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background In this study the toxicity and efficacy of an irradiated autologous tumor cell vaccine (ATV) co-injected with a class-B CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-B) and GM-CSF, followed by systemic CpG-B and IFN-α administration, were examined in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Methods A single-arm Phase II trial was conducted, in which patients with mRCC were intradermally injected with a minimum of three whole-cell vaccines containing 0.7–1.3 × 107 irradiated autologous tumor cells (ATC), admixed with 1 mg CpG-B and 100 µg GM-CSF, followed by bi-weekly s.c. injections with 8 mg CpG-B and s.c. injections with 6 MU IFN-α three times per week. Results Fifteen patients were treated according to the protocol. Treatment was well tolerated. Objective clinical responses occurred in three patients, including one long-term complete response. Disease stabilization occurred in another three patients. Positive delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to ATC were absent before treatment but present in 13 out of 15 patients during treatment. Immune monitoring revealed activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, non-classical monocytes and up-regulation of both PD-1 and CTLA4 on effector T cells upon treatment. Moreover, a pre-existing ex vivo IFN-γ response to ATC was associated with clinical response. Conclusions ATV combined with systemic CpG-B and IFN-α is tolerable, safe, immunogenic and able to elicit anti-tumor responses in patients with mRCC. Immune activation and treatment-induced up-regulation of PD-1 and CTLA4 on circulating T cells further suggest an added benefit of combining this approach with immune checkpoint blockade [added]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas D Koster
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia J A M Santegoets
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Hippocratespad 21, 2333 ZD, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien Harting
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Baars
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Departments of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunopathology, Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC and Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Sanquin Research, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Departments of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- Departments of Pathology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek/Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M van den Eertwegh
- Departments of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Musielak M, Piotrowski I, Suchorska WM. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a multifunctional tool in various cancer therapies. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2019; 24:307-314. [PMID: 31193459 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades nanotechnology has become an important part of novel medical research. Researchers have made great progress in developing nanotechnology applications used for detecting and treating oncological diseases. Recently, many research groups have focused on the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in cancer treatment. Due to the range of therapeutic properties and possibilities of various modifications, SPIONs are a promising and multifunctional tool in various cancer therapies and may help to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies. Moreover, it is still necessary to develop new methods of treatment with expected properties, such as lower toxicity, long-lasting effectiveness and higher selectivity. Analyzing the literature data, we found that currently SPIONs are used in the transport of drugs, immunotherapy and hyperthermia. The main aim of this review is to present various cancer treatment therapies utilizing SPIONs, the importance of the experiments carried out by research groups and further perspectives in the nanotechnological use of SPIONs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Musielak
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznań, Poland
| | - Igor Piotrowski
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktoria M Suchorska
- Radiobiology Laboratory, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, 61-866 Poznań, Poland.,Department of Electroradiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
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Treatment of Metastatic Disease through Natural Killer Cell Modulation by Infected Cell Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050434. [PMID: 31083491 PMCID: PMC6563237 DOI: 10.3390/v11050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a form of immunotherapy that release tumor antigens in the context of highly immunogenic viral signals following tumor-targeted infection and destruction. Emerging preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that this in situ vaccine effect is critical for successful viro-immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the application of OV as an infected cell vaccine (ICV) as one method of enhancing the potency and breadth of anti-tumoral immunity. We focus on understanding and manipulating the critical role of natural killer (NK) cells and their interactions with other immune cells to promote a clinical outcome. With a synergistic tumor killing and immune activating mechanism, ICVs represent a valuable new addition to the cancer fighting toolbox with the potential to treat malignant disease.
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63
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Osipov A, Murphy A, Zheng L. From immune checkpoints to vaccines: The past, present and future of cancer immunotherapy. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 143:63-144. [PMID: 31202363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a worldwide medical problem with significant repercussions on individual patients and societies as a whole. In order to alter the outcomes of this deadly disease the treatment of cancer over the centuries has undergone a unique evolution. However, utilizing the best treatment modalities and achieving cures or long-term durable responses have been inconsistent and limited, that is until recently. Contemporary research has highlighted a fundamental gap in our understanding of how we approach treating cancer, by revealing the intricate relationship between the immune system and tumors. In this atmosphere, the growth of immunotherapy has not only forever changed our understanding of cancer biology, but the manner by which we treat patients. It's paradigm shifting success has led to the approval of over 10 different immunotherapeutic agents, including checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine-based therapies, oncolytic viruses and T cell directed therapies for nearly 20 different indications across countless tumor types. Despite the breakthroughs that have occurred in the field of immunotherapy, it has not been the panacea for all cancers. With a deeper understanding of the immune system we have been able to peer into tumor immune escape and therapy resistance. Simultaneously this understanding has paved the way for the investigation and development of novel immune system altering agents and combinatorial therapies. In this chapter we review the immune system and its intricate relationship with cancer, the evolution of immunotherapy, its current landscape, and future directions in the context of resistance mechanisms and the challenges faced by immunotherapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsen Osipov
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adrian Murphy
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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64
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Ye X, Liang X, Chen Q, Miao Q, Chen X, Zhang X, Mei L. Surgical Tumor-Derived Personalized Photothermal Vaccine Formulation for Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:2956-2968. [PMID: 30789699 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Personalized cancer vaccines show great potential in cancer immunotherapy by inducing an effective and durable antitumor response. However, the limitation of neoantigen identification, low immunogenicity, and weak immune response hamper the development of personalized cancer vaccines. The surgically removed tumor contains tumor antigens specific to the patient, which provides a promising source for personalized cancer vaccines. Here, we utilized the surgically removed tumor to prepare a personalized photothermal vaccine combined with the PD-1 checkpoint blockade antibody to prevent tumor relapse and metastasis. Black phosphorus quantum dot nanovesicles (BPQD-CCNVs) coated with surgically removed tumor cell membrane were prepared and loaded into a thermosensitive hydrogel containing GM-CSF and LPS. The sustained release of GM-CSF from the hypodermic injection of Gel-BPQD-CCNVs effectively recruited dendritic cells to capture tumor antigen. NIR irradiation and LPS stimulated the expansion and activation of DCs, which then traveled to the lymph nodes to present antigen to CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the combination with PD-1 antibody significantly enhanced tumor-specific CD8+ T cell elimination of the surgical residual and lung metastatic tumor. Hence, our work may provide a promising strategy for the clinical development of a personalized cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , P. R. China
| | - Qianwei Miao
- School of Life Science , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- School of Life Sciences , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
- School of Medicine (Shenzhen) , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510080 , China
| | - Lin Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen) , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055 , P. R. China
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65
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Ghassemi S, Carreno BM. Heating up cancer vaccines. Sci Immunol 2019; 2:2/17/eaap9419. [PMID: 29127107 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aap9419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A microneedle patch containing melanin promotes systemic antitumor response upon photothermal irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghassemi
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Beatriz M Carreno
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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66
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Antigenic Targets for the Immunotherapy of Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8020134. [PMID: 30678059 PMCID: PMC6406328 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising approaches to preventing relapse is the stimulation of the body’s own immune system to kill residual cancer cells after conventional therapy has destroyed the bulk of the tumour. In acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), the high frequency with which patients achieve first remission, and the diffuse nature of the disease throughout the periphery, makes immunotherapy particularly appealing following induction and consolidation therapy, using chemotherapy, and where possible stem cell transplantation. Immunotherapy could be used to remove residual disease, including leukaemic stem cells from the farthest recesses of the body, reducing, if not eliminating, the prospect of relapse. The identification of novel antigens that exist at disease presentation and can act as targets for immunotherapy have also proved useful in helping us to gain a better understand of the biology that belies AML. It appears that there is an additional function of leukaemia associated antigens as biomarkers of disease state and survival. Here, we discuss these findings.
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67
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Vermaelen K. Vaccine Strategies to Improve Anti-cancer Cellular Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:8. [PMID: 30723469 PMCID: PMC6349827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
More than many other fields in medicine, cancer vaccine development has been plagued by a wide gap between the massive amounts of highly encouraging preclinical data on one hand, and the disappointing clinical results on the other. It is clear now that traditional approaches from the infectious diseases' vaccine field cannot be borrowed as such to treat cancer. This review highlights some of the strategies developed to improve vaccine formulations for oncology, including research into more powerful or “smarter” adjuvants to elicit anti-tumoral cellular immune responses. As an illustration of the difficulties in translating smart preclinical strategies into real benefit for the cancer patient, the difficult road of vaccine development in lung cancer is given as example. Finally, an outline is provided of the combinatorial strategies that leverage the increasing knowledge on tumor-associated immune suppressive networks. Indeed, combining with drugs that target the dominant immunosuppressive pathway in a given tumor promises to unlock the true power of cancer vaccines and potentially offer long-term protection from disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Vermaelen
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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68
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Kroll AV, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Holay M, Fang RH, Zhang L. Biomimetic Nanoparticle Vaccines for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2019; 3:e1800219. [PMID: 31728404 PMCID: PMC6855307 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is currently understood that, in order for a tumor to successfully grow, it must evolve means of evading immune surveillance. In the past several decades, researchers have leveraged increases in our knowledge of tumor immunology to develop therapies capable of augmenting endogenous immunity and eliciting strong antitumor responses. In particular, the goal of anticancer vaccination is to train the immune system to properly utilize its own resources in the fight against cancer. Although attractive in principle, there are currently only limited examples of anticancer vaccines that have been successfully translated to the clinic. Recently, there has been a significant push towards the use of nanotechnology for designing vaccine candidates that exhibit enhanced potency and specificity. In this progress report, we discuss recent developments in the field of anticancer nanovaccines. By taking advantage of the flexibility offered by nanomedicine to purposefully program immune responses, this new generation of vaccines has the potential to address many of the hurdles facing traditional platforms. A specific emphasis is placed on the emergence of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, a novel biomimetic platform that can be used to generate personalized nanovaccines that elicit strong, multi-antigenic antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Kroll
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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69
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Sugimoto S, Iwasaki Y. Surface Modification of Macrophages with Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Enhancing the Immune Response against Tumor Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4160-4167. [PMID: 30395444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells play a dominant role in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor cells, however, can still resort to several mechanisms of immune evasion that ultimately lead to the development of tumor tissues. In the current study, we performed surface modification of live macrophages with nucleic acid aptamers with the aim to enhance their affinity for tumor cells. Intercellular adhesion of tumor cells to surface-modified macrophages and the functions of the macrophages when in contact with tumor cells were investigated. To immobilize thiol-terminated nucleic acid aptamers that showed high affinity for the membrane protein of the tumor cells, methacryloyl groups were delivered into the sialic acids of the macrophages via metabolic glycoengineering (MGE). The proposed surface modification was cytocompatible and did not induce any undesirable activation of macrophages. According to the cell proliferation assay, the density of aptamers immobilized on a macrophage was found to decrease over time. However, the presence of aptamers on the cell surface was observed for more than 24 h after the immobilization. The number of adherent tumor cells on aptamer-immobilized macrophages was significantly larger than that of non-immobilized macrophages. Although the number of adherent tumor cells on aptamer-immobilized macrophages was not influenced by the pretreatment of doxorubicin to induce apoptosis in tumor cells, the apoptosis-induced tumor cells were highly phagocytosed by the aptamer-immobilized macrophages. The secretion amount of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12) from the macrophages was coincident with the phagocytic index, which increased with the phagocytic uptake of tumor cells by the macrophages. In addition, the expression level of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules, required for antigen presentation, increased in nucleic acid aptamer-immobilized macrophages. Overall, the surface modification of macrophages with nucleic acid aptamers improved the tumor cell recognition of macrophages, indicating that the combination of cell surface engineering and anticancer drug treatment could constitute a promising strategy for tumor cell elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sugimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering , Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho , Suita-shi , Osaka 564-8680 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering , Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho , Suita-shi , Osaka 564-8680 , Japan
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70
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Lybaert L, Vermaelen K, De Geest BG, Nuhn L. Immunoengineering through cancer vaccines – A personalized and multi-step vaccine approach towards precise cancer immunity. J Control Release 2018; 289:125-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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71
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Lacher MD, Bauer G, Fury B, Graeve S, Fledderman EL, Petrie TD, Coleal-Bergum DP, Hackett T, Perotti NH, Kong YY, Kwok WW, Wagner JP, Wiseman CL, Williams WV. SV-BR-1-GM, a Clinically Effective GM-CSF-Secreting Breast Cancer Cell Line, Expresses an Immune Signature and Directly Activates CD4 + T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:776. [PMID: 29867922 PMCID: PMC5962696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer immunotherapy with irradiated, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting, allogeneic cancer cell lines has been an effective approach to reduce tumor burden in several patients. It is generally assumed that to be effective, these cell lines need to express immunogenic antigens coexpressed in patient tumor cells, and antigen-presenting cells need to take up such antigens then present them to patient T cells. We have previously reported that, in a phase I pilot study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00095862), a subject with stage IV breast cancer experienced substantial regression of breast, lung, and brain lesions following inoculation with clinical formulations of SV-BR-1-GM, a GM-CSF-secreting breast tumor cell line. To identify diagnostic features permitting the prospective identification of patients likely to benefit from SV-BR-1-GM, we conducted a molecular analysis of the SV-BR-1-GM cell line and of patient-derived blood, as well as a tumor specimen. Compared to normal human breast cells, SV-BR-1-GM cells overexpress genes encoding tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) such as PRAME, a cancer/testis antigen. Curiously, despite its presumptive breast epithelial origin, the cell line expresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DMA, HLA-DMB), in addition to several other factors known to play immunostimulatory roles. These factors include MHC class I components (B2M, HLA-A, HLA-B), ADA (encoding adenosine deaminase), ADGRE5 (CD97), CD58 (LFA3), CD74 (encoding invariant chain and CLIP), CD83, CXCL8 (IL8), CXCL16, HLA-F, IL6, IL18, and KITLG. Moreover, both SV-BR-1-GM cells and the responding study subject carried an HLA-DRB3*02:02 allele, raising the question of whether SV-BR-1-GM cells can directly present endogenous antigens to T cells, thereby inducing a tumor-directed immune response. In support of this, SV-BR-1-GM cells (which also carry the HLA-DRB3*01:01 allele) treated with yellow fever virus (YFV) envelope (Env) 43–59 peptides reactivated YFV-DRB3*01:01-specific CD4+ T cells. Thus, the partial HLA allele match between SV-BR-1-GM and the clinical responder might have enabled patient T lymphocytes to directly recognize SV-BR-1-GM TAAs as presented on SV-BR-1-GM MHCs. Taken together, our findings are consistent with a potentially unique mechanism of action by which SV-BR-1-GM cells can act as APCs for previously primed CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Bauer
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Brian Fury
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Sanne Graeve
- BriaCell Therapeutics Corp., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Emily L Fledderman
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Tye D Petrie
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Dane P Coleal-Bergum
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Tia Hackett
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas H Perotti
- GMP Facility, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California, Davis (UCD), Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ying Y Kong
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
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72
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Wang C, Dickie J, Sutavani RV, Pointer C, Thomas GJ, Savelyeva N. Targeting Head and Neck Cancer by Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:830. [PMID: 29740440 PMCID: PMC5924779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogeneous group of squamous cell cancers that affect the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Worldwide, it is the sixth most common cancer but in parts of Southern and South-East Asia, HNC is one of the most common cancers. A significant proportion of HNC is driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, whereas HPV-independent HNC is associated with alcohol, smoking, and smokeless tobacco consumption. Here, we review the past and present experience of targeting HNC with vaccination focusing on HPV-derived antigens as well as non-viral antigens for HPV-negative HNC. Novel therapeutic approaches for HNC will focus not only on effective vaccine platforms but will also target the stroma-rich immunosuppressive microenvironment found in those tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Parvizpour S, Razmara J, Omidi Y. Breast cancer vaccination comes to age: impacts of bioinformatics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:223-235. [PMID: 30211082 PMCID: PMC6128970 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Introduction: Breast cancer, as one of the major causes of cancer death among women, is the central focus of this study. The recent advances in the development and application of computational tools and bioinformatics in the field of immunotherapy of malignancies such as breast cancer have emerged the new dominion of immunoinformatics, and therefore, next generation of immunomedicines .
Methods: Having reviewed the most recent works on the applications of computational tools, we provide comprehensive insights into the breast cancer incidence and its leading causes as well as immunotherapy approaches and the future trends. Furthermore, we discuss the impacts of bioinformatics on different stages of vaccine design for the breast cancer, which can be used to produce much more efficient vaccines through a rationalized time- and cost-effective in silico approaches prior to conducting costly experiments.
Results: The tools can be significantly used for designing the immune system-modulating drugs and vaccines based on in silico approaches prior to in vitro and in vivo experimental evaluations. Application of immunoinformatics in the cancer immunotherapy has shown its success in the pre-clinical models. This success returns back to the impacts of several powerful computational approaches developed during the last decade.
Conclusion: Despite the invention of a number of vaccines for the cancer immunotherapy, more computational and clinical trials are required to design much more efficient vaccines against various malignancies, including breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Parvizpour
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Razmara
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of mathematical Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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74
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Cheng MA, Farmer E, Huang C, Lin J, Hung CF, Wu TC. Therapeutic DNA Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus and Associated Diseases. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 29:971-996. [PMID: 29316817 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has long been recognized as the causative agent of cervical cancer. High-risk HPV types 16 and 18 alone are responsible for over 70% of all cases of cervical cancers. More recently, HPV has been identified as an etiological factor for several other forms of cancers, including oropharyngeal, anogenital, and skin. Thus, the association of HPV with these malignancies creates an opportunity to control these HPV lesions and HPV-associated malignancies through immunization. Strategies to prevent or to therapeutically treat HPV infections have been developed and are still pushing innovative boundaries. Currently, commercial prophylactic HPV vaccines are widely available, but they are not able to control established infections or lesions. As a result, there is an urgent need for the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines, to treat existing infections, and to prevent the development of HPV-associated cancers. In particular, DNA vaccination has emerged as a promising form of therapeutic HPV vaccine. DNA vaccines have great potential for the treatment of HPV infections and HPV-associated cancers due to their safety, stability, simplicity of manufacturability, and ability to induce antigen-specific immunity. This review focuses on the current state of therapeutic HPV DNA vaccines, including results from recent and ongoing clinical trials, and outlines different strategies that have been employed to improve their potencies. The continued progress and improvements made in therapeutic HPV DNA vaccine development holds great potential for innovative ways to effectively treat HPV infections and HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Cheng
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily Farmer
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Claire Huang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Lin
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - T-C Wu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,2 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland.,4 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions , Baltimore, Maryland
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75
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Hailemichael Y, Woods A, Fu T, He Q, Nielsen MC, Hasan F, Roszik J, Xiao Z, Vianden C, Khong H, Singh M, Sharma M, Faak F, Moore D, Dai Z, Anthony SM, Schluns KS, Sharma P, Engelhard VH, Overwijk WW. Cancer vaccine formulation dictates synergy with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1338-1354. [PMID: 29480817 DOI: 10.1172/jci93303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer vaccination is a promising approach to increase the efficacy of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade therapies. However, the landmark FDA registration trial for anti-CTLA-4 therapy (ipilimumab) revealed a complete lack of benefit of adding vaccination with gp100 peptide formulated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Here, using a mouse model of melanoma, we found that gp100 vaccination induced gp100-specific effector T cells (Teffs), which dominantly forced trafficking of anti-CTLA-4-induced, non-gp100-specific Teffs away from the tumor, reducing tumor control. The inflamed vaccination site subsequently also sequestered and destroyed anti-CTLA-4-induced Teffs with specificities for tumor antigens other than gp100, reducing the antitumor efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Mechanistically, Teffs at the vaccination site recruited inflammatory monocytes, which in turn attracted additional Teffs in a vicious cycle mediated by IFN-γ, CXCR3, ICAM-1, and CCL2, dependent on IFA formulation. In contrast, nonpersistent vaccine formulations based on dendritic cells, viral vectors, or water-soluble peptides potently synergized with checkpoint blockade of both CTLA-4 and PD-L1 and induced complete tumor regression, including in settings of primary resistance to dual checkpoint blockade. We conclude that cancer vaccine formulation can dominantly determine synergy, or lack thereof, with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Hailemichael
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amber Woods
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tihui Fu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology/Immunology and
| | - Qiuming He
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology/Immunology and
| | - Michael C Nielsen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farah Hasan
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhilan Xiao
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christina Vianden
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hiep Khong
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Meenu Sharma
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Faisal Faak
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Derek Moore
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhimin Dai
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly S Schluns
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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76
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Pakravan N, Hassan ZM. Immunotherapy using regulatory T cells in cancer suggests more flavors of hypersensitivity type IV. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:213-219. [PMID: 29370722 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) profoundly affect tumor microenvironment and exert dominant suppression over antitumor immunity in response to self-antigen expressed by tumor. Immunotherapy targeting Tregs lead to a significant improvement in antitumor immunity. Intradermal injection of tumor antigen results in negative delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) type IV. However, anti-Tregs treatment/use of adjuvant along with tumor antigens turns DTH to positive. Considering Tregs as the earliest tumor sensor/responders, tumor can be regarded as Treg-mediated type IV hypersensitivity and negative DTH to tumor antigen is due to anti-inflammatory action of Tregs to tumor antigens at the injection site. Such a view would help us in basic and clinical situations to testify a candidate vaccine via dermal administration and evaluation of Treg proportion at injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Pakravan
- Division of Immunology, Medical School, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, School Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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77
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Kroll AV, Fang RH, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Wei X, Yu CL, Gao J, Luk BT, Dehaini D, Gao W, Zhang L. Nanoparticulate Delivery of Cancer Cell Membrane Elicits Multiantigenic Antitumor Immunity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201703969. [PMID: 29239517 PMCID: PMC5794340 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer vaccines train the body's own immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells based on differential antigen expression. While conceptually attractive, clinical efficacy is lacking given several key challenges stemming from the similarities between cancerous and healthy tissue. Ideally, an effective vaccine formulation would deliver multiple tumor antigens in a fashion that potently stimulates endogenous immune responses against those antigens. Here, it is reported on the fabrication of a biomimetic, nanoparticulate anticancer vaccine that is capable of delivering autologously derived tumor antigen material together with a highly immunostimulatory adjuvant. The two major components, tumor antigens and adjuvant, are presented concurrently in a fashion that maximizes their ability to promote effective antigen presentation and activation of downstream immune processes. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that the formulation can elicit potent antitumor immune responses in vivo. When combined with additional immunotherapies such as checkpoint blockades, the nanovaccine demonstrates substantial therapeutic effect. Overall, the work represents the rational application of nanotechnology for immunoengineering and can provide a blueprint for the future development of personalized, autologous anticancer vaccines with broad applicability.
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78
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Hwang EC, Jung SI, Lee HJ, Lee JJ, Kwon DD. Generation of potent cytotoxic T lymphocytes against in male patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer by dendritic cells loaded with dying T24 bladder cancer cells. Int Braz J Urol 2017; 43:615-627. [PMID: 28266813 PMCID: PMC5557436 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2016.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In order to induce a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy for bladder cancer, various tumor antigens can be loaded onto DCs. Objective The aim of this study was to establish a method of immunotherapy for male patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), using bladder cancer-specific CTLs generated in vitro by DCs. Materials and Methods Monocyte-derived DCs from bladder cancer patients were induced to mature in a standard cytokine cocktail (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2: standard DCs, sDCs) or anα-type 1-polarized DC (αDC1) cocktail (IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γ, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid) and loaded with the UVB-irradiated bladder cancer cell line, T24. Antigen-loaded αDC1s were evaluated by morphological and functional assays, and the bladder cancer-specific CTL response was analyzed by cytotoxic assay. Results The αDC1s significantly increased the expression of several molecules pertaining to DC maturation, regardless of whether or not the αDC1s were loaded with tumor antigens, relative to sDCs. The αDC1s demonstrated increased production of interleukin-12 both during maturation and after subsequent stimulation with CD40L that was not significantly affected by loading with tumor antigens as compared to that of sDCs. Bladder cancer-specific CTLs targeting autologous bladder cancer cells were successfully induced by αDC1s loaded with dying T24 cells. Conclusion Autologous αDC1s loaded with an allogeneic bladder cancer cell line resulted in increased bladder cancer-specific CTL responses as compared to that with sDCs, and therefore, may provide a novel source of DC-based vaccines that canbe used in immunotherapy for male patients with NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eu Chang Hwang
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Urology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Il Jung
- Department of Urology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,Vaxcell- Bio Therapeutics, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea.,The Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Deuk Kwon
- Department of Urology Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo, Republic of Korea
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79
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Yousefi H, Yuan J, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Murphy JF, Rezaei N. Immunotherapy of cancers comes of age. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1001-1015. [PMID: 28795649 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1366315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer immunotherapy has evolved and is aimed at generating the efficacious therapeutic modality to enhance the specificity and power of the immune system to combat tumors. Areas covered: Current efforts in cancer immunotherapy fall into three main approaches. One approach is through the blockade of immune checkpoints, another approach is through adoptive cellular therapy, and the last approach is through vaccination. The goal of this review is to summarize the current understanding and status of cancer immunotherapy in these three categories. Expert commentary: We foresee the development of therapeutic protocols combining these approaches with each other or conventional therapies to achieve the most appropriate guideline for management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Yousefi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Endodontics, Dental Branch , Tehran Azad University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Jianda Yuan
- c Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,d Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran.,e Students' Scientific Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,g Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,h Network of Immunity in Infection , Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Boston , MA , USA
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80
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Obara W, Kato R, Kato Y, Kanehira M, Takata R. Recent progress in immunotherapy for urological cancer. Int J Urol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Obara
- Department of Urology; Iwate Medical University School of Medicine; Morioka Japan
| | - Renpei Kato
- Department of Urology; Iwate Medical University School of Medicine; Morioka Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kato
- Department of Urology; Iwate Medical University School of Medicine; Morioka Japan
| | - Mitsugu Kanehira
- Department of Urology; Iwate Medical University School of Medicine; Morioka Japan
| | - Ryo Takata
- Department of Urology; Iwate Medical University School of Medicine; Morioka Japan
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81
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Lybaert L, Ryu KA, De Rycke R, Chon AC, De Wever O, Vermaelen KY, Esser‐Kahn A, De Geest BG. Polyelectrolyte-Enrobed Cancer Cells in View of Personalized Immune-Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700050. [PMID: 28638786 PMCID: PMC5473321 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the immune system with a personalized vaccine containing cues derived from the patient's malignancy might be a promising approach in the fight against cancer. It includes neo-antigens as well as nonmutated tumor antigens, preferentially leading to an immune response that is directed to a broader range of epitopes compared to strategies involving a single antigen. Here, this paper reports on an elegant method to encapsulate whole cancer cells into polyelectrolyte particles. Porous and nonaggregated microparticles containing dead cancer cells are obtained by admixing mannitol and live cancer cells with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, dextran sulfate (anionic polysaccharide), and poly-l-arginine (cationic polypeptide) prior to atomization into a hot air stream. It shows that the polyelectrolyte-enrobed cancer cells, upon redispersion in phosphate buffered saline buffer, are stable and do not release cell proteins in the supernatant. In vitro experiments reveal that the particles are nontoxic and strongly increase uptake of cell lysate by dendritic cells. In vitro assessment of antigen presentation by dendritic cells reveal the potential of the polyelectrolyte-enrobed cancer cells as promotors of antigen cross-presentation. Finally, it is demonstrated that the immunogenicity can be enhanced by surface adsorption of a polymer-substituted TLR7-agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Lybaert
- Department of PharmaceuticsGhent University9000GhentBelgium
| | - Keun Ah Ryu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California92618IrvineCAUSA
| | - Riet De Rycke
- VIB Inflammation Research Centerand Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent University9052GhentBelgium
- Department of Plant Systems BiologyVIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and BioinformaticsGhent University9052GentBelgium
| | - Alfred C. Chon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California92618IrvineCAUSA
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer ResearchGhent University9000GhentBelgium
| | - Karim Y. Vermaelen
- Tumor Immunology LaboratoryDepartment of Respiratory MedicineGhent University Hospital9000GhentBelgium
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82
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Whole-Cell Cancer Vaccines Induce Large Antibody Responses to Carbohydrates and Glycoproteins. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1515-1525. [PMID: 27889407 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell cancer vaccines are a promising strategy for treating cancer, but the characteristics of a favorable immune response are not fully understood. New insights could enable development of better vaccines, discovery of new antigens, and identification of biomarkers of efficacy. Using glyco-antigen microarrays, we demonstrate that GVAX Pancreas (a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-modified whole-cell tumor vaccine) induces large immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M responses to many antigens, including tumor-associated carbohydrates, blood group antigens, α-Gal, and bovine fetuin. Antibody responses to α-Gal, a glycan found in fetal bovine serum (FBS) used to produce the vaccine, correlated inversely with overall survival and appear to compete with productive responses to the vaccine. H1299 lysate vaccine, produced with FBS, also induced responses to α-Gal and fetuin but not K562-GM, which is produced in serum-free medium. Our results provide new potential biomarkers to evaluate productive/unproductive immune responses and suggest that removal/reduction of FBS could improve the efficacy of whole-cell vaccines.
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83
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84
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying discrimination between "self" and "non-self", a central immunological principle, require careful consideration in immune oncology therapeutics where eliciting anti-cancer immunity must be weighed against the risk of autoimmunity due to the self origin of tumors. Whole cell vaccines are one promising immunotherapeutic avenue whereby a myriad of tumor antigens are introduced in an immunogenic context with the aim of eliciting tumor rejection. Despite the possibility collateral damage to healthy tissues, cancer immunotherapy can be designed such that off target autoimmunity remains limited in scope and severity or completely non-existent. Here we provide an immunological basis for reconciling the safety of cancer vaccines, focusing on tumor endothelial cell vaccines, by discussing the following topics: (a) Antigenic differences between neoplastic and healthy tissues that can be leveraged in cancer vaccine design; (b) The layers of tolerance that control T cell responses directed against antigens expressed in healthy tissues and tumors; and, (c) The hierarchy of antigenic epitope selection and display in response to whole cell vaccines, and how antigen processing and presentation can afford a degree of selectivity against tumors. We conclude with an example of early clinical data utilizing ValloVax™, an immunogenic placental endothelial cell vaccine that is being advanced to target the tumor endothelium of diverse cancers, and we report on the safety and efficacy of ValloVax™ for inducing immunity against tumor endothelial antigens.
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85
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Abstract
The past several years can be considered a renaissance era in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Following a 30-year stretch in which oncologists barely put a dent in a very grim overall survival (OS) rate for these patients, things have rapidly changed course with the recent approval of three new melanoma drugs by the FDA. Both oncogene-targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade approaches have shown remarkable efficacy in a subset of melanoma patients and have clearly been game-changers in terms of clinical impact. However, most patients still succumb to their disease, and thus, there remains an urgent need to improve upon current therapies. Fortunately, innovations in molecular medicine have led to many silent gains that have greatly increased our understanding of the nature of cancer biology as well as the complex interactions between tumors and the immune system. They have also allowed for the first time a detailed understanding of an individual patient's cancer at the genomic and proteomic level. This information is now starting to be employed at all stages of cancer treatment, including diagnosis, choice of drug therapy, treatment monitoring, and analysis of resistance mechanisms upon recurrence. This new era of personalized medicine will foreseeably lead to paradigm shifts in immunotherapeutic treatment approaches such as individualized cancer vaccines and adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells. Advances in xenograft technology will also allow for the testing of drug combinations using in vivo models, a truly necessary development as the number of new drugs needing to be tested is predicted to skyrocket in the coming years. This chapter will provide an overview of recent technological developments in cancer research, and how they are expected to impact future diagnosis, monitoring, and development of novel treatments for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Gregory Lizée
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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86
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Bencherif SA, Warren Sands R, Ali OA, Li WA, Lewin SA, Braschler TM, Shih TY, Verbeke CS, Bhatta D, Dranoff G, Mooney DJ. Injectable cryogel-based whole-cell cancer vaccines. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7556. [PMID: 26265369 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A biomaterial-based vaccination system that uses minimal extracorporeal manipulation could provide in situ enhancement of dendritic cell (DC) numbers, a physical space where DCs interface with transplanted tumour cells, and an immunogenic context. Here we encapsulate GM-CSF, serving as a DC enhancement factor, and CpG ODN, serving as a DC activating factor, into sponge-like macroporous cryogels. These cryogels are injected subcutaneously into mice to localize transplanted tumour cells and deliver immunomodulatory factors in a controlled spatio-temporal manner. These vaccines elicit local infiltrates composed of conventional and plasmacytoid DCs, with the subsequent induction of potent, durable and specific anti-tumour T-cell responses in a melanoma model. These cryogels can be delivered in a minimally invasive manner, bypass the need for genetic modification of transplanted cancer cells and provide sustained release of immunomodulators. Altogether, these findings indicate the potential for cryogels to serve as a platform for cancer cell vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi A Bencherif
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] Sorbonne University, UTC CNRS UMR 7338, Biomechanics and Bioengineering (BMBI), University of Technology of Compiègne, BP 20529, Rue Personne de Roberval, Compiègne 60205, France
| | - R Warren Sands
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232, USA
| | - Omar A Ali
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Weiwei A Li
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sarah A Lewin
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Thomas M Braschler
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [3] School of Engineering, LMIS4, Station 17, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Ting-Yu Shih
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Catia S Verbeke
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Deen Bhatta
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- 1] School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [2] Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Huang CC, Kuo KK, Cheng TC, Chuang CH, Kao CH, Hsieh YC, Cheng KH, Wang JY, Cheng CM, Chen CS, Cheng TL. Development of Membrane-Bound GM-CSF and IL-18 as an Effective Tumor Vaccine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133470. [PMID: 26186692 PMCID: PMC4506079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective adjuvant is the key factor to boost the immunogenicity of tumor cells as a tumor vaccine. In this study, we expressed membrane-bound granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) as adjuvants in tumor cells to stimulate immune response. B7 transmembrane domain fused GM-CSF and IL-18 was successfully expressed in the cell membrane and stimulated mouse splenocyte proliferation. Co-expression of GM-CSF and IL-18 reduced tumorigenesis (P<0.05) and enhanced tumor protective efficacy (P<0.05) significantly in comparison with GM-CSF alone. These results indicated that the combination of GM-CSF andIL-18 will enhance the immunogenicity of a cell-based anti-tumor vaccine. This membrane-bound approach can be applied to other cytokines for the development of novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chun Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Han Kao
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chin Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Min Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Shu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CSC); (TLC)
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CSC); (TLC)
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88
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Whiteside TL, Ferris RL, Szczepanski M, Tublin M, Kiss J, Johnson R, Johnson JT. Dendritic cell-based autologous tumor vaccines for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck 2015; 38 Suppl 1:E494-501. [PMID: 25735641 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An autologous vaccine of apoptotic tumor cells (ATCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) was administered to patients with stage III/IV head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) to study safety and feasibility. METHODS Autologous DCs were generated from monocytes, loaded with ATCs, and delivered intranodally. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and immunological endpoints were measured prevaccination and postvaccination. Clinical follow-up was required. RESULTS Tumors obtained from 30 patients yielded 2 × 10(6) to 2 × 10(8) tumor cells. Only 19 of 30 (63%) were sterile. Ten of 30 patients (33%) had ≥1 × 10(7) sterile tumor cells required for vaccine production. Eight of 10 patients had positive recall DTH. Five of 10 patients were leukapheresed to generate DCs. Four of 5 patients were vaccinated. ATC-reactive T cells were detected in 3 of 4 patients. All 4 patients survived >5 years. The trial failed to enroll the projected 12 patients and was terminated. CONCLUSION This vaccine was safe and immunogenic but feasible only in patients with HNSCC with positive prevaccine DTH and ≥1 × 10(7) sterile tumor cells. All vaccinated patients were long-term disease-free survivors. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E494-E501, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Miroslaw Szczepanski
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitchell Tublin
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Kiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rita Johnson
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonas T Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Branched Polyethylenimine-Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (bPEI-SPIONs) Improve the Immunogenicity of Tumor Antigens and Enhance Th1 Polarization of Dendritic Cells. J Immunol Res 2015. [PMID: 26221615 PMCID: PMC4499411 DOI: 10.1155/2015/706379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles in the field of dendritic cell (DC) research are emerging as a promising method of enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. We investigated the effect of branched polyethylenimine-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (bPEI-SPIONs) on tumor cells loaded onto DCs. The tumor antigens were prepared as follows: (1) apoptotic U266 cells with ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation followed by a 2 h incubation in the absence (2 h postirradiated cells) or (2) presence of bPEI-SPIONs (bPEI-SPION 2 h postirradiated cells) and (3) apoptotic U266 cells with UVB irradiation followed by an overnight 16 h incubation (16 h postirradiated cells). bPEI-SPIONs render U266 cells sensitive to UVB irradiation through reactive oxygen species production to accelerate apoptotic death. The 2 h postirradiated cells and bPEI-SPION 2 h postirradiated cells released immunogenic proteins, including Hsp70, Hsp90, and HMGB1. The DCs loaded with bPEI-SPION 2 h postirradiated cells showed the highest IL-12p70 production and Th1 polarization compared with other DCs. These results suggest that bPEI-SPIONs are a promising method of enhancing the immunogenicity of tumor cells and promoting Th1 polarization of DCs loaded with these tumor cells.
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90
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Autologous tumor lysate/Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy as an adjuvant to conventional breast cancer therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 17:884-7. [PMID: 26077120 PMCID: PMC4608991 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction
Autologous tumor cell vaccines rely on the concept of preserving an individual’s own tumorigenic makeup, expressing its unique set of tumor-associated antigens as well as antigenic elements from the surrounding stroma. These autologous tumor characteristics are usually presented with an immune adjuvant in the hopes of enhancing an immune response. Methods The autologous vaccine we used was composed of tumor cells combined with BCG and formalin. Animal safety and toxicity were evaluated using mice tumors for the immunotherapy. A small number of patients with advanced stage breast cancer were recruited for an uncontrolled study, using the vaccine solely or combined with chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Results The immunotherapy had shown to be safe in mice and humans. Upon a 5-year follow-up, the survival rate was 60 % for the combined treatment. Conclusions The data suggest that the combined treatment could be a feasible and safe therapeutic strategy. However, further controlled studies should be conducted.
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Vonka V, Petráčková M. Immunology of chronic myeloid leukemia: current concepts and future goals. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:511-22. [PMID: 25728856 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1019474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic myeloid leukemia is a rare malignancy, it has developed into a model system for the study of a variety of aspects of cancer biology and immunology. The introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has resulted in a significant prolongation of the survival rates of chronic myeloid leukemia patients but has not resulted in a cure. There is a growing conviction that this aim can be achieved through immunotherapy. For this concept to be successful, a considerable increase in the present understanding of chronic myeloid leukemia immunology is required. The authors attempt to review and evaluate the current findings that demonstrate a number of immunological aberrations in patients prior to the start of any therapy and their normalization after achieving remission. They also discuss the recent clinical trials with experimental therapeutic vaccines and then present their own strategy on how to address the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Vonka
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 12820 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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92
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Fokas E, O'Neill E, Gordon-Weeks A, Mukherjee S, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: From genetics to biology to radiobiology to oncoimmunology and all the way back to the clinic. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1855:61-82. [PMID: 25489989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death. Despite improvements in the clinical management, the prognosis of PDAC remains dismal. In the present comprehensive review, we will examine the knowledge of PDAC genetics and the new insights into human genome sequencing and clonal evolution. Additionally, the biology and the role of the stroma in tumour progression and response to treatment will be presented. Furthermore, we will describe the evidence on tumour chemoresistance and radioresistance and will provide an overview on the recent advances in PDAC metabolism and circulating tumour cells. Next, we will explore the characteristics and merits of the different mouse models of PDAC. The inflammatory milieu and the immunosuppressive microenvironment mediate tumour initiation and treatment failure. Hence, we will also review the inflammatory and immune escaping mechanisms and the new immunotherapies tested in PDAC. A better understanding of the different mechanisms of tumour formation and progression will help us to identify the best targets for testing in future clinical studies of PDAC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/therapy
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/immunology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Inflammation/pathology
- Mice
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/immunology
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Radiation Tolerance/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Fokas
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
| | - Eric O'Neill
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex Gordon-Weeks
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - W Gillies McKenna
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Department of Oncology, Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
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93
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MIDGE Technology for the Production of a Fourfold Gene-Modified, Allogenic Cell-Based Vaccine for Cancer Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1317:39-51. [PMID: 26072400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2727-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene modification of eukaryotic cells by electroporation is a widely used method to express selected genes in a defined cell population for various purposes, like gene correction or production of therapeutics. Here, we describe the generation of a cell-based tumor vaccine via fourfold transient gene modification of a human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell line for high expression of CD80, CD154, GM-CSF, and IL-7 by use of MIDGE(®) vectors. The two co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD154 are expressed at the cell surface, whereas the two cytokines GM-CSF and IL-7 are secreted yielding cells with enhanced immunological properties. These fourfold gene-modified cells have been used as a cell-based tumor vaccine for the treatment of RCC.
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94
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Amin M, Lockhart AC. The potential role of immunotherapy to treat colorectal cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:329-44. [PMID: 25519074 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.985376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and anti-angiogenic therapies form the backbone of treatment for CRC in various stages. Immunotherapy is frequently used either alone or in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers such as melanoma, prostate cancer and renal cell cancer. Current CRC research is moving forward to discover ways to incorporate immunotherapies into the treatment of CRC. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to summarize the potential role of immunotherapy in CRC. Herein, the authors provide a brief overview of immune modulatory cells, immune surveillance and escape in CRC. They also review vaccine trials in addition to cytokines and monoclonal antibodies. This coverage includes ongoing trials and checkpoint inhibitors such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-1, programmed cell death-1, and PDL1. EXPERT OPINION Checkpoint inhibitors in combination with either chemotherapy or chemo-antiangiogenic-therapy may represent a future therapeutic approach for CRC incorporating immune system targeting. Given the success of immune-based therapy in other tumor types, the authors anticipate that a similar breakthrough in CRC will be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Amin
- Washington University, Siteman Cancer Center , 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8056, St. Louis, MO 63110 , USA
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95
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Milani A, Sangiolo D, Aglietta M, Valabrega G. Recent advances in the development of breast cancer vaccines. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 6:159-68. [PMID: 25339848 PMCID: PMC4204811 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s38428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The manipulation of the immune system through the administration of a vaccine to direct an effective and long-lasting immune response against breast cancer (BC) cells is an attractive strategy. Vaccines would have several theoretical advantages over standard therapies, including low toxicities, high specificity, and long-lasting efficacy due to the establishment of immunological memory. However, BC vaccines have failed to demonstrate meaningful results in clinical trials so far. This reflects the intrinsic difficulty in breaking the complex immune-escaping mechanisms developed by cancer cells. New vaccines should be able to elicit complex immunologic response involving multiple immune effectors such as cytotoxic and antibody-secreting B cells, innate immunity effectors, and memory cells. Moreover, especially in patients with large tumor burdens and metastatic disease, combining vaccines with other strategies, such as systemic BC therapies, passive immunotherapy, or immunomodulatory agents, could increase the effectiveness of each approach. Here, we review recent advances in BC vaccines, focusing on suitable targets and innovative strategies. We report results of most recent trials investigating active immunotherapy in BC and provide possible future perspectives in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milani
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ; FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ; FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Torino, Italy
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96
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Kurtz SL, Ravindranathan S, Zaharoff DA. Current status of autologous breast tumor cell-based vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1439-45. [PMID: 25308888 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.969714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Approximately nine out of ten breast cancer-related deaths are attributable to metastasis. Yet, less than 4% of breast cancer patients are initially diagnosed with metastatic cancer. Therefore, the majority of breast cancer-related deaths are due to recurrence and progression of non-metastatic disease. There is tremendous clinical opportunity for novel adjuvant strategies, such as immunotherapies, that have the potential to prevent progressive recurrences. In particular, autologous tumor cell-based vaccines (ATCVs) can train a patient's immune system to recognize and eliminate occult disease. ATCVs have several advantages including safety, multivalency and patient specificity. Furthermore, because lumpectomy or mastectomy is indicated for the vast majority of breast cancer patients, resected tumors offer a readily available, patient-specific source of tumor antigen. Disadvantages of ATCVs include poor immunogenicity and production inconsistencies. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of autologous breast tumor vaccines and offers insight for overcoming existing limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Kurtz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 120 John A White, Jr. Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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97
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Irradiated tumor cells of lipopolysaccharide stimulation elicit an enhanced anti-tumor immunity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1815-23. [PMID: 24927808 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer surface membrane of Gram-negative bacteria which has been proved an effective immune enhancer. Here, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of irradiated tumor cells that stimulated by LPS in mouse xenografts models. METHODS Tumor cells were irradiated after stimulation with 1 μg/mL LPS for 48 h. The C57BL/6 mice were immunized subcutaneously with irradiated tumor cells. The anti-tumor effect of lymphocytes of immunized mice was investigated. The cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes from immunized mice was determined by a standard (51)Cr-release assay. The roles of immune cell subsets in anti-tumor activity were assessed by injected intraperitoneally with monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS We observed that the vaccine of irradiated tumor cell with LPS-stimulated elicited a stronger protective anti-tumor immunity than other controls. Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes of immunized mice showed that the cellular immune response was involved in the anti-tumor effect. And this effect was achieved by activation of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell response and reduction of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, Gr1(+) CD11b (+) ), which were confirmed by depletion of immune cell subsets and flow cytometry analysis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study showed that stimulation of LPS was able to enhance anti-tumor immunity of vaccination with tumor cells after irradiation treatment, which might be a new strategy for cancer therapy.
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98
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Vaccination with tumor cells expressing IL-15 and IL-15Rα inhibits murine breast and prostate cancer. Gene Ther 2014; 21:393-401. [PMID: 24572789 PMCID: PMC3976433 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of antitumor vaccines have recently shown promise in upregulating immune responses against tumor antigens and improving patient survival. In this study, we examine the effectiveness of vaccination using interleukin (IL)-15-expressing tumor cells and also examine their ability to upregulate immune responses to tumor antigens. We demonstrated that the coexpression of IL-15 with its receptor, IL-15Rα, increased the cell-surface expression and secretion of IL-15. We show that a gene transfer approach using recombinant adenovirus to express IL-15 and IL-15Rα in murine TRAMP-C2 prostate or TS/A breast tumors induced antitumor immune responses. From this, we developed a vaccine platform, consisting of TRAMP-C2 prostate cancer cells or TS/A breast cancer cells coexpressing IL-15 and IL-15Rα that inhibited tumor formation when mice were challenged with tumor. Inhibition of tumor growth led to improved survival when compared with animals receiving cells expressing IL-15 alone or unmodified tumor cells. Animals vaccinated with tumor cells coexpressing IL-15 and IL-15Rα showed greater tumor infiltration with CD8(+) T and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as increased antitumor CD8(+) T-cell responses. Vaccination with IL-15/IL-15Rα-modified TS/A breast cancer cells provided a survival advantage to mice challenged with unrelated murine TUBO breast cancer cells, indicating the potential for allogeneic IL-15/IL-15Rα-expressing vaccines.
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