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Kawashima-Takeda N, Ito Y, Nishizawa N, Kawashima R, Tanaka K, Tsujikawa K, Watanabe M, Majima M. RAMP1 suppresses mucosal injury from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:809-818. [PMID: 27513455 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is thought to be involved in the modulation of intestinal motility. CGRP receptor is composed of receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 combined with calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) for CGRP. The study investigated the role of CGRP in mice with experimentally induced colitis. METHODS The study used dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce colitis in mice. The study compared the severity of colitis in wild-type (WT) mice, mice treated with a CGRP receptor antagonist (CGRP8-37 ), and RAMP1 knockout (-/- ) mice. Pathological changes in the mucosa were assessed, and inflammatory cells and cytokine levels were measured. RESULTS The severity of inflammation in DSS-induced colitis increased markedly in CGRP8-37 -treated mice and RAMP1-/- mice compared with WT mice. RAMP1-/- mice showed more severe damage compared with CGRP8-37 -treated mice. The number of periodic acid-Schiff-positive cells decreased in CGRP8-37 -treated mice compared with WT mice and was even further decreased in RAMP1-/- mice. RAMP1 was expressed by macrophages, mast cells, and T-cells. RAMP1-/- mice exhibited excessive accumulation of macrophages and mast cells into the colonic tissue with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β as compared with WT mice. Infiltration of T-cells into the colonic mucosa, which was associated with the expression of T helper (Th) cytokines including Th1 (interferon gamma) and Th17 (IL-17), was augmented in RAMP1-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that RAMP1 exerted mucosal protection in DSS-induced colitis via attenuation of recruitment of inflammatory cells and of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Kawashima-Takeda
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Nishizawa
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masataka Majima
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
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Pawlak JB, Wetzel-Strong SE, Dunn MK, Caron KM. Cardiovascular effects of exogenous adrenomedullin and CGRP in Ramp and Calcrl deficient mice. Peptides 2017; 88:1-7. [PMID: 27940069 PMCID: PMC5706544 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are potent vasodilator peptides and serve as ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR/Calcrl). Three GPCR accessory proteins called receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) modify the ligand binding affinity of the receptor such that the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer preferably binds CGRP, while CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 have a stronger affinity for AM. Here we determine the contribution of each of the three RAMPs to blood pressure control in response to exogenous AM and CGRP by measuring the blood pressure of mice with genetic reduction or deletion of the receptor components. Thus, the cardiovascular response of Ramp1-/-, Ramp2+/-, Ramp3-/-, Ramp1-/-/Ramp3-/- double-knockout (dKO), and Calcrl+/- mice to AM and CGRP were compared to wildtype mice. While under anesthesia, Ramp1-/- male mice had significantly higher basal blood pressure than wildtype males; a difference which was not present in female mice. Additionally, anesthetized Ramp1-/-, Ramp3-/-, and Calcrl+/- male mice exhibited significantly higher basal blood pressure than females of the same genotype. The hypotensive response to intravenously injected AM was greatly attenuated in Ramp1-/- mice, and to a lesser extent in Ramp3-/- and Calcrl+/- mice. However, Ramp1-/-/Ramp3-/- dKO mice retained some hypotensive response to AM. These results suggest that the hypotensive effect of AM is primarily mediated through the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer, but that AM signaling via CLR/RAMP2 and CLR/RAMP3 also contributes to some hypotensive action. On the other hand, CGRP's hypotensive activity seems to be predominantly through the CLR/RAMP1 heterodimer. With this knowledge, therapeutic AM or CGRP peptides could be designed to cause less hypotension while maintaining canonical receptor-RAMP mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Pawlak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S E Wetzel-Strong
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M K Dunn
- Ferring Research Institute, Inc., 4245 Sorrento Valley Blvd., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - K M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, 111 Mason Farm Rd., 6312B MBRB CB# 7545, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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53
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Ringer C, Tune S, Bertoune MA, Schwarzbach H, Tsujikawa K, Weihe E, Schütz B. Disruption of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling accelerates muscle denervation and dampens cytotoxic neuroinflammation in SOD1 mutant mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:339-358. [PMID: 27554772 PMCID: PMC11107523 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease. Neuronal vacuolization and glial activation are pathologic hallmarks in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS. Previously, we found the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) associated with vacuolization and astrogliosis in the spinal cord of these mice. We now show that CGRP abundance positively correlated with the severity of astrogliosis, but not vacuolization, in several motor and non-motor areas throughout the brain. SOD1 mice harboring a genetic depletion of the βCGRP isoform showed reduced CGRP immunoreactivity associated with vacuolization, while motor functions, body weight, survival, and astrogliosis were not altered. When CGRP signaling was completely disrupted through genetic depletion of the CGRP receptor component, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), hind limb muscle denervation, and loss of muscle performance were accelerated, while body weight and survival were not affected. Dampened neuroinflammation, i.e., reduced levels of astrogliosis in the brain stem already in the pre-symptomatic disease stage, and reduced microgliosis and lymphocyte infiltrations during the late disease phase were additional neuropathology features in these mice. On the molecular level, mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) were elevated, while those of several pro-inflammatory cytokines found reduced in the brain stem of RAMP1-deficient SOD1 mice at disease end stage. Our results thus identify an important, possibly dual role of CGRP in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Tune
- Department of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mirjam A Bertoune
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Kechele DO, Dunworth WP, Trincot CE, Wetzel-Strong SE, Li M, Ma H, Liu J, Caron KM. Endothelial Restoration of Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2 Is Sufficient to Rescue Lethality, but Survivors Develop Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Hypertension 2016; 68:667-77. [PMID: 27402918 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RAMPs (receptor activity-modifying proteins) serve as oligomeric modulators for numerous G-protein-coupled receptors, yet elucidating the physiological relevance of these interactions remains complex. Ramp2 null mice are embryonic lethal, with cardiovascular developmental defects similar to those observed in mice null for canonical adrenomedullin/calcitonin receptor-like receptor signaling. We aimed to genetically rescue the Ramp2(-/-) lethality in order to further delineate the spatiotemporal requirements for RAMP2 function during development and thereby enable the elucidation of an expanded repertoire of RAMP2 functions with family B G-protein-coupled receptors in adult homeostasis. Endothelial-specific expression of Ramp2 under the VE-cadherin promoter resulted in the partial rescue of Ramp2(-/-) mice, demonstrating that endothelial expression of Ramp2 is necessary and sufficient for survival. The surviving Ramp2(-/-) Tg animals lived to adulthood and developed spontaneous hypotension and dilated cardiomyopathy, which was not observed in adult mice lacking calcitonin receptor-like receptor. Yet, the hearts of Ramp2(-/-) Tg animals displayed dysregulation of family B G-protein-coupled receptors, including parathyroid hormone and glucagon receptors, as well as their downstream signaling pathways. These data suggest a functional requirement for RAMP2 in the modulation of additional G-protein-coupled receptor pathways in vivo, which is critical for sustained cardiovascular homeostasis. The cardiovascular importance of RAMP2 extends beyond the endothelium and canonical adrenomedullin/calcitonin receptor-like receptor signaling, in which future studies could elucidate novel and pharmacologically tractable pathways for treating cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Kechele
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - William P Dunworth
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Claire E Trincot
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Sarah E Wetzel-Strong
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Manyu Li
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Hong Ma
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Jiandong Liu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (D.O.K., S.E.W.-S., M.L., K.M.C.), Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology (W.P.D., C.E.T., K.M.C.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (H.M., J.L.), and McAllister Heart Institute (H.M., J.L., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
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55
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Adrenomedullin: A potential therapeutic target for retinochoroidal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 52:112-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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56
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Ordovas-Montanes J, Rakoff-Nahoum S, Huang S, Riol-Blanco L, Barreiro O, von Andrian UH. The Regulation of Immunological Processes by Peripheral Neurons in Homeostasis and Disease. Trends Immunol 2016; 36:578-604. [PMID: 26431937 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system and the immune system are the principal sensory interfaces between the internal and external environment. They are responsible for recognizing, integrating, and responding to varied stimuli, and have the capacity to form memories of these encounters leading to learned or 'adaptive' future responses. We review current understanding of the cross-regulation between these systems. The autonomic and somatosensory nervous systems regulate both the development and deployment of immune cells, with broad functions that impact on hematopoiesis as well as on priming, migration, and cytokine production. In turn, specific immune cell subsets contribute to homeostatic neural circuits such as those controlling metabolism, hypertension, and the inflammatory reflex. We examine the contribution of the somatosensory system to autoimmune, autoinflammatory, allergic, and infectious processes in barrier tissues and, in this context, discuss opportunities for therapeutic manipulation of neuro-immune interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Seth Rakoff-Nahoum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siyi Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Olga Barreiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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57
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Klein KR, Matson BC, Caron KM. The expanding repertoire of receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) function. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 51:65-71. [PMID: 26740457 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1128875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) associate with G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the plasma membrane and together bind a variety of peptide ligands, serving as a communication interface between the extracellular and intracellular environments. The collection of RAMP-interacting GPCRs continues to expand and now consists of GPCRs from families A, B and C, suggesting that RAMP activity is extremely prevalent. RAMP association with GPCRs can regulate GPCR function by altering ligand binding, receptor trafficking and desensitization, and downstream signaling pathways. Here, we elaborate on these RAMP-dependent mechanisms of GPCR regulation, which provide opportunities for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kathleen M Caron
- a Department of Cell Biology & Physiology and.,b Department of Genetics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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58
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Abstract
It is now recognized that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), once considered largely independent functional units, have a far more diverse molecular architecture. Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) provide an important example of proteins that interact with GPCRs to modify their function. RAMPs are able to act as pharmacological switches and chaperones, and they can regulate signaling and/or trafficking in a receptor-dependent manner. This review covers recent discoveries in the RAMP field and summarizes the known GPCR partners and functions of RAMPs. We also discuss the first peptide-bound structures of RAMP-GPCR complexes, which give insight into the molecular mechanisms that enable RAMPs to alter the pharmacology and signaling of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104;
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59
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Glowka TR, Steinebach A, Stein K, Schwandt T, Lysson M, Holzmann B, Tsujikawa K, de Jonge WJ, Kalff JC, Wehner S. The novel CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS alleviates a postoperative intestinal inflammation and prevents postoperative ileus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1038-49. [PMID: 25929169 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal surgery results in neuronal mediator release and subsequent acute intestinal hypomotility. This phase is followed by a longer lasting inflammatory phase resulting in postoperative ileus (POI). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been shown to induce motility disturbances and in addition may be a candidate mediator to elicit neurogenic inflammation. We hypothesized that CGRP contributes to intestinal inflammation and POI. METHODS The effect of CGRP in POI was tested in mice treated with the highly specific CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS and in CGRP receptor-deficient (RAMP-1(-/-) ) mice. POI severity was analyzed by cytokine expression, muscular inflammation and gastrointestinal (GI) transit. Peritoneal and muscularis macrophages and mast cells were analyzed for CGRP receptor expression and functional response to CGRP stimulation. KEY RESULTS Intestinal manipulation (IM) resulted in CGRP release from myenteric nerves, and a concurrent increased interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β transcription and leukocyte infiltration in the muscularis externa and increased GI transit time. CGRP potentiates IM-induced cytokine transcription within the muscularis externa and peritoneal macrophages. BIBN4096BS reduced cytokine levels and leukocyte infiltration and normalized GI transit. RAMP1(-/-) mice showed a significantly reduced leukocyte influx. CGRP receptor was expressed in muscularis and peritoneal macrophages but not mast cells. CGRP mediated macrophage activation but failed to induce mast cell degranulation and cytokine expression. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES CGRP is immediately released during abdominal surgery and induces a neurogenic inflammation via activation of abdominal macrophages. BIBN4096BS prevented IM-induced inflammation and restored GI motility. These findings suggest that CGRP receptor antagonism could be instrumental in the prevention of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Glowka
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Steinebach
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Stein
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - T Schwandt
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Lysson
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - B Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K Tsujikawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - W J de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J C Kalff
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - S Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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60
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Boerman EM, Segal SS. Depressed perivascular sensory innervation of mouse mesenteric arteries with advanced age. J Physiol 2015; 594:2323-38. [PMID: 26010764 DOI: 10.1113/jp270710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The dilatory role for sensory innervation of mesenteric arteries (MAs) is impaired in Old (∼24 months) versus Young (∼4 months) mice. We investigated the nature of this impairment in isolated pressurized MAs. With perivascular sensory nerve stimulation, dilatation and inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction observed in Young MAs were lost in Old MAs along with impaired dilatation to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Inhibiting NO and prostaglandin synthesis increased CGRP EC50 in Young and Old MAs. Endothelial denudation attenuated dilatation to CGRP in Old MAs yet enhanced dilatation to CGRP in Young MAs while abolishing all dilatations to ACh. In Old MAs, sensory nerve density was reduced and RAMP1 (CGRP receptor component) associated with nuclear regions of endothelial cells in a manner not seen in Young MAs or in smooth muscle cells of either age. With advanced age, loss of dilatory signalling mediated through perivascular sensory nerves may compromise perfusion of visceral organs. ABSTRACT Vascular dysfunction and sympathetic nerve activity increase with advancing age. In the gut, blood flow is governed by perivascular sensory and sympathetic nerves but little is known of how their functional role is affected by advanced age. We tested the hypothesis that functional sensory innervation of mesenteric arteries (MAs) is impaired for Old (24 months) versus Young (4 months) C57BL/6 male mice. In cannulated pressurized MAs preconstricted 50% with noradrenaline and treated with guanethidine (to inhibit sympathetic neurotransmission), perivascular nerve stimulation (PNS) evoked dilatation in Young but not Old MAs while dilatations to ACh were not different between age groups. In Young MAs, capsaicin (to inhibit sensory neurotransmission) blocked dilatation and increased constriction during PNS. With no difference in efficacy, the EC50 of CGRP as a vasodilator was ∼6-fold greater in Old versus Young MAs. Inhibiting nitric oxide (l-NAME) and prostaglandin (indomethacin) synthesis increased CGRP EC50 in both age groups. Endothelial denudation reduced the efficacy of dilatation to CGRP by ∼30% in Old MAs yet increased this efficacy ∼15% in Young MAs while all dilatations to ACh were abolished. Immunolabelling revealed reduced density of sensory (CGRP) but not sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase) innervation for Old versus Young MAs. Whereas the distribution of CGRP receptor proteins was similar in SMCs, RAMP1 associated with nuclear regions of endothelial cells of Old but not Young MAs. With advanced age, the loss of sensory nerve function and diminished effectiveness of CGRP as a vasodilator is multifaceted and may adversely affect splanchnic perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M Boerman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Steven S Segal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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TRPM8 on mucosal sensory nerves regulates colitogenic responses by innate immune cells via CGRP. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:491-504. [PMID: 25269705 PMCID: PMC4382463 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
TRPM8 is the molecular sensor for cold; however, the physiological role of TRPM8+ neurons at mucosal surfaces is unclear. Here we evaluated the distribution and peptidergic properties of TRPM8+ fibers in naive and inflamed colons, as well as their role in mucosal inflammation. We found that Trpm8(-/-) mice were hypersusceptible to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, and that Trpm8(-/-) CD11c+ DCs (dendritic cells) showed hyperinflammatory responses to toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. This was phenocopied in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor-deficient mice, but not in substance P receptor-deficient mice, suggesting a functional link between TRPM8 and CGRP. The DSS phenotype of CGRP receptor-deficient mice could be adoptively transferred to wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting that CGRP suppresses the colitogenic activity of bone marrow-derived cells. TRPM8+ mucosal fibers expressed CGRP in human and mouse colon. Furthermore, neuronal CGRP contents were increased in colons from naive and DSS-treated Trpm8(-/-) mice, suggesting deficient CGRP release in the absence of TRPM8 triggering. Finally, treatment of Trpm8(-/-) mice with CGRP reversed their hyperinflammatory phenotype. These results suggest that TRPM8 signaling in mucosal sensory neurons is indispensable for the regulation of innate inflammatory responses via the neuropeptide CGRP.
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62
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Kay AB, Ying S, Ardelean E, Mlynek A, Kita H, Clark P, Maurer M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and vascular endothelial growth factor are expressed in lesional but not uninvolved skin in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1053-60. [PMID: 24902612 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms for producing weals in chronic spontaneous (idiopathic) urticaria (CSU) are incompletely understood. Leucocyte infiltration with vascular leakage and expression of the potent vasoactive agents' calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are features of late-phase allergic skin reactions, previously proposed as a model of CSU. OBJECTIVE To measure CGRP and VEGF expression in lesional and non-lesional skin from CSU patients and to compare results with a control group. METHODS Eight paired biopsies (one from 4-8 h spontaneous weals and one from uninvolved skin) were taken from eight patients with CSU and nine control subjects and studied by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Lesional skin in CSU contained significantly more CGRP+ and VEGF+ cells than non-lesional skin. No significant differences were observed in CGRP and VEGF expression between non-lesional skin and controls. In lesional skin, VEGF and CGRP co-localised to UEA-1+ blood vessels. CGRP was also expressed by neutrophils and eosinophils and to a lesser extent by CD90(+) fibroblasts, mast cells, CD3(+) and CD68(+) cells. CGRP and VEGF expression was not related to the duration of disease. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Increased expression of CGRP and VEGF in lesional, but not uninvolved, skin indicates that these potent vasoactive agents may play a role in wealing and tissue oedema in CSU so representing novel targets in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Kay
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Koyama T, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Shindo T. Adrenomedullin-RAMP2 System in Vascular Endothelial Cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 22:647-53. [DOI: 10.5551/jat.29967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine
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Igarashi K, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Yamauchi A, Toriyama Y, Tanaka M, Liu T, Xian X, Imai A, Zhai L, Owa S, Koyama T, Uetake R, Ihara M, Shindo T. Pathophysiological roles of adrenomedullin-RAMP2 system in acute and chronic cerebral ischemia. Peptides 2014; 62:21-31. [PMID: 25252154 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The accessory protein RAMP2 is a component of the CLR/RAMP2 dimeric adrenomedullin (AM) receptor and is the primary determinant of the vascular functionality of AM. RAMP2 is highly expressed in the brain; however, its function there remains unclear. We therefore used heterozygous RAMP2 knockout (RAMP2+/-) mice, in which RAMP2 expression was reduced by half, to examine the actions of the endogenous AM-RAMP2 system in cerebral ischemia. To induce acute or chronic ischemia, mice were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS), respectively. In RAMP2+/- mice subjected to MCAO, recovery of cerebral blood flow (CBF) was slower than in WT mice. AM gene expression was upregulated after infarction in both genotypes, but the increase was greater in RAMP2+/- mice. Pathological analysis revealed severe nerve cell death and demyelination, and a higher level of oxidative stress in RAMP2+/- mice. In RAMP2+/- mice subjected to BCAS, recovery of cerebral perfusion was slower and less complete than in WT mice. In an 8-arm radial maze test, RAMP2+/- mice required more time to solve the maze and showed poorer reference memory. They also showed greater reductions in nerve cells and less compensatory capillary growth than WT mice. These results indicate the AM-RAMP2 system works to protect nerve cells from both acute and chronic cerebral ischemia by maintaining CBF, suppressing oxidative stress, and in the case of chronic ischemia, enhancing capillary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Igarashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuichi Toriyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Megumu Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Xian Xian
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Akira Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Liuyu Zhai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Owa
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Teruhide Koyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Uetake
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Research Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.
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Duluc D, Banchereau R, Gannevat J, Thompson-Snipes L, Blanck JP, Zurawski S, Zurawski G, Hong S, Rossello-Urgell J, Pascual V, Baldwin N, Stecher J, Carley M, Boreham M, Oh S. Transcriptional fingerprints of antigen-presenting cell subsets in the human vaginal mucosa and skin reflect tissue-specific immune microenvironments. Genome Med 2014; 6:98. [PMID: 25520755 PMCID: PMC4268898 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-014-0098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells localize throughout the body, where they can sense
and capture invading pathogens to induce protective immunity. Hence, harnessing
the biology of tissue-resident dendritic cells is fundamental for the rational
design of vaccines against pathogens. Methods Herein, we characterized the transcriptomes of four
antigen-presenting cell subsets from the human vagina (Langerhans cells,
CD14- and CD14+ dendritic
cells, macrophages) by microarray, at both the transcript and network level, and
compared them to those of three skin dendritic cell subsets and blood myeloid
dendritic cells. Results We found that genomic fingerprints of antigen-presenting cells are
significantly influenced by the tissue of origin as well as by individual subsets.
Nonetheless, CD14+ populations from both vagina and
skin are geared towards innate immunity and pro-inflammatory responses, whereas
CD14- populations, particularly skin and vaginal
Langerhans cells, and vaginal CD14- dendritic cells,
display both Th2-inducing and regulatory phenotypes. We also identified new
phenotypic and functional biomarkers of vaginal antigen-presenting cell
subsets. Conclusions We provide a transcriptional database of 87 microarray samples
spanning eight antigen-presenting cell populations in the human vagina, skin and
blood. Altogether, these data provide molecular information that will further help
characterize human tissue antigen-presenting cell lineages and their functions.
Data from this study can guide the design of mucosal vaccines against sexually
transmitted pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-014-0098-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized
users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Duluc
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Romain Banchereau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Julien Gannevat
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Blanck
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Seunghee Hong
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Jose Rossello-Urgell
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Virginia Pascual
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Nicole Baldwin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
| | - Jack Stecher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246 USA
| | - Michael Carley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246 USA
| | - Muriel Boreham
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor University Medical Center, 3600 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX 75246 USA
| | - SangKon Oh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, 3434 Live Oak St, Dallas, TX 75204 USA
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Baliu-Piqué M, Jusek G, Holzmann B. Neuroimmunological communication via CGRP promotes the development of a regulatory phenotype in TLR4-stimulated macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3708-16. [PMID: 25316186 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Environmental signals shape the phenotype and function of activated macrophages. Here, we show that the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), which is released from sensory nerves, modulates the phenotype of TLR4-activated murine macrophages by enhancing expression of the regulatory macrophage markers IL-10, sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), and LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like, exhibits inducible expression and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpesvirus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes). In contrast, CGRP inhibits production of cytokines characteristic of inflammatory macrophages and does not affect expression of wound-healing macrophage markers upon TLR4 engagement. In IL-4-stimulated macrophages, CGRP increased LIGHT expression, but failed to induce IL-10 and SPHK1. The stimulatory effect of CGRP on IL-10 production required activation of protein kinase A and was linked to prolonged phosphorylation of CREB and sustained nuclear accumulation of CRTC2 and CRTC3 (where CRTC is CREB-regulated transcriptional cofactor). CGRP enhanced expression of regulatory macrophage markers during the early, but not late, phase of LPS-stimulation and this effect was independent of autocrine type-I IFN activity. In contrast, autocrine type-I IFN activity and treatment of macrophages with IFN-β promoted late-phase IL-10 production, but had only minor influence on LIGHT and SPHK1 expression. Together, the results identify neuroimmunological communication through CGRP as a novel costimulatory pathway promoting the development of a regulatory phenotype of TLR4-stimulated macrophages. CGRP appears to act through a mechanism that involves sustained activation of CREB-dependent gene transcription.
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67
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Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1099-142. [PMID: 25287861 PMCID: PMC4187032 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. Discovered 30 years ago, it is produced as a consequence of alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin gene. CGRP has two major forms (α and β). It belongs to a group of peptides that all act on an unusual receptor family. These receptors consist of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) linked to an essential receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) that is necessary for full functionality. CGRP is a highly potent vasodilator and, partly as a consequence, possesses protective mechanisms that are important for physiological and pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system and wound healing. CGRP is primarily released from sensory nerves and thus is implicated in pain pathways. The proven ability of CGRP antagonists to alleviate migraine has been of most interest in terms of drug development, and knowledge to date concerning this potential therapeutic area is discussed. Other areas covered, where there is less information known on CGRP, include arthritis, skin conditions, diabetes, and obesity. It is concluded that CGRP is an important peptide in mammalian biology, but it is too early at present to know if new medicines for disease treatment will emerge from our knowledge concerning this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Russell
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - R King
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S-J Smillie
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - X Kodji
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Gao H, Liebenthal DA, Yallampalli U, Yallampalli C. Adrenomedullin promotes rat trophoblast stem cell differentiation. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:65. [PMID: 25061099 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.120378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that adrenomedullin (ADM) regulates the trophoblast cell growth, migration, and invasion. However, the effect of ADM on trophoblast differentiation is poorly understood. In this study, we hypothesized that ADM promotes the differentiation of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) into trophoblast giant cells (TGCs). Using rat TSCs, Rcho-1 cells, we investigated the effect of ADM on TSC differentiation into TGCs in differentiation or stem cell media, respectively, and explored the effect of ADM on the mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR) signaling in trophoblast cell differentiation. The results include: 1) in the presence of differentiation medium, 10⁻⁷ M ADM, but not lower doses, elevated (P < 0.05) Prl3b1/Esrrb (i.e., the ratio of mRNA levels) by 1.7-fold compared to that in control; 2) the supplementation of ADM antagonist, regardless of the concentration of ADM, reduced (P < 0.05) Prl3b1/Esrrb by 2-fold, compared to control group, while the supplementation of CGRP antagonist, regardless of the concentration of ADM, did not change Prl3b1/Esrrb; 3) in the presence of stem cell medium, ADM did not alter the expression of TSC and TGC marker genes, however, the ratio of Prl3b1/Esrrb was reduced (P < 0.05) by ADM antagonist compared to that in control; and 4) ADM increased (P < 0.05) phosphorylated MTOR proteins and the ratio of phosphorylated to total MTOR proteins by 2.0- and 1.7-fold, respectively. The results indicate that ADM promotes but does not induce the differentiation of TSCs to TGCs in a dose-dependent manner and MTOR signaling may play a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Gao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel A Liebenthal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Uma Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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Li M, Wetzel-Strong SE, Hua X, Tilley SL, Oswald E, Krummel MF, Caron KM. Deficiency of RAMP1 attenuates antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102356. [PMID: 25010197 PMCID: PMC4092148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the lung, characterized by breathing difficulty during an attack following exposure to an environmental trigger. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that may have a pathological role in asthma. The CGRP receptor is comprised of two components, which include the G-protein coupled receptor, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). RAMPs, including RAMP1, mediate ligand specificity in addition to aiding in the localization of receptors to the cell surface. Since there has been some controversy regarding the effect of CGRP on asthma, we sought to determine the effect of CGRP signaling ablation in an animal model of asthma. Using gene-targeting techniques, we generated mice deficient for RAMP1 by excising exon 3. After determining that these mice are viable and overtly normal, we sensitized the animals to ovalbumin prior to assessing airway resistance and inflammation after methacholine challenge. We found that mice lacking RAMP1 had reduced airway resistance and inflammation compared to wildtype animals. Additionally, we found that a 50% reduction of CLR, the G-protein receptor component of the CGRP receptor, also ameliorated airway resistance and inflammation in this model of allergic asthma. Interestingly, the loss of CLR from the smooth muscle cells did not alter the airway resistance, indicating that CGRP does not act directly on the smooth muscle cells to drive airway hyperresponsiveness. Together, these data indicate that signaling through RAMP1 and CLR plays a role in mediating asthma pathology. Since RAMP1 and CLR interact to form a receptor for CGRP, our data indicate that aberrant CGRP signaling, perhaps on lung endothelial and inflammatory cells, contributes to asthma pathophysiology. Finally, since RAMP-receptor interfaces are pharmacologically tractable, it may be possible to develop compounds targeting the RAMP1/CLR interface to assist in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah E. Wetzel-Strong
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyang Hua
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Tilley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin Oswald
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Caron
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mikami N, Fukada SI, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K. [Regulatory mechanisms of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in skin inflammation]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 132:1211-5. [PMID: 23123709 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.12-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin inflammation is one of several allergic symptoms that are regulated by several mediator molecules. One of these molecules, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) affects several immune cells including T cells, B cells, dendiritic cells and mast cells. CGRP binds to CGRP receptors composed of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) and calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) to modulate various functions such as pain transmission and vasodilation. Studies showing that CGRP physiologically regulates skin inflammation using a CGRP antagonist, capsaicin-induced depletion model, RAMP1-deficient mice and mouse contact hypersensitivity (CHS) model have been reported. Interestingly, while CGRP has inhibitory effects on Th1-mediated CHS, it was demonstrated that CGRP enhances Th2-mediated CHS response. Moreover, these skin inflammations were affected by elevated CGRP concentrations through an abnormal condition of the nervous system induced by exposure to psychological stress or neonatal chemical stimulation. In this review, we present the importance of CGRP in the regulation of skin inflammation under the several nervous conditions and provide a new insight into understanding various types of skin inflammation and skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Sardi C, Zambusi L, Finardi A, Ruffini F, Tolun AA, Dickerson IM, Righi M, Zacchetti D, Grohovaz F, Provini L, Furlan R, Morara S. Involvement of calcitonin gene-related peptide and receptor component protein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 271:18-29. [PMID: 24746422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) inhibits microglia inflammatory activation in vitro. We here analyzed the involvement of CGRP and Receptor Component Protein (RCP) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Alpha-CGRP deficiency increased EAE scores which followed the scale alpha-CGRP null>heterozygote>wild type. In wild type mice, CGRP delivery into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 1) reduced chronic EAE (C-EAE) signs, 2) inhibited microglia activation (revealed by quantitative shape analysis), and 3) did not alter GFAP expression, cell density, lymphocyte infiltration, and peripheral lymphocyte production of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17, IL-2, and IL-4. RCP (probe for receptor involvement) was expressed in white matter microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular-endothelial cells: in EAE, also in infiltrating lymphocytes. In relapsing-remitting EAE (R-EAE) RCP increased during relapse, without correlation with lymphocyte density. RCP nuclear localization (stimulated by CGRP in vitro) was I) increased in microglia and decreased in astrocytes (R-EAE), and II) increased in microglia by CGRP CSF delivery (C-EAE). Calcitonin like receptor was rarely localized in nuclei of control and relapse mice. CGRP increased in motoneurons. In conclusion, CGRP can inhibit microglia activation in vivo in EAE. CGRP and its receptor may represent novel protective factors in EAE, apparently acting through the differential cell-specific intracellular translocation of RCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sardi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Zambusi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Ruffini
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Adviye A Tolun
- Dept. of Biochem. Mol. Biol., University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Ian M Dickerson
- Dept. of Neurobiol. Anatomy, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marco Righi
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Zacchetti
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Grohovaz
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Provini
- Dept. of Pharmacol. Biomol. Sci., University of Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute, C.N.R., Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy; Dept. of Medical Biotechnol. Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milano, Italy.
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Li J, Wang Y, Li Y, Sun J, Zhao G. The effect of combined regulation of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and calcitonin gene-related peptide on alcohol-induced adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:39-48. [PMID: 24633961 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2016-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that alcohol can upregulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) gene in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). High expression of PPARγ can promote adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and reduce their osteogenic differentiation. Abnormal proliferation of adipocytes and fatty accumulation in osteocytes can result in high intraosseous pressure and disturbance of blood circulation in the femoral head, which induces osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Downregulation of PPARγ is efficient in inhibiting adipogenesis and maintaining osteogenesis of BMSCs, which might potentially reduce the incidence of ONFH. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide gene which has been closely associated with bone regeneration. In this study, we aimed to observe the effect of combined regulation of the expression of PPARγ and CGRP genes on alcohol-induced adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Our results demonstrated that simultaneous downregulation of PPARγ and upregulation of CGRP was efficient in suppressing adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs and promoting their osteogenic differentiation. These findings might enlighten a novel approach for the prevention of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
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Assas BM, Pennock JI, Miyan JA. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a key neurotransmitter in the neuro-immune axis. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:23. [PMID: 24592205 PMCID: PMC3924554 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how the neural and immune systems interact in host defense is important, integrating a system that senses the whole body with one that protects. Understanding the mechanisms and routes of control could produce novel and powerful ways of promoting and enhancing normal functions as well as preventing or treating abnormal functions. Fragmentation of biological research into specialities has resulted in some failures in recognizing and understanding interactions across different systems and this is most striking across immunology, hematology, and neuroscience. This reductionist approach does not allow understanding of the in vivo orchestrated response generated through integration of all systems. However, many factors make the understanding of multisystem cross-talk in response to a threat difficult, for instance the nervous and immune systems share communication molecules and receptors for a wide range of physiological signals. But, it is clear that physical, hard-wired connections exist between the two systems, with the key link involving sensory, unmyelinated nerve fibers (c fibers) containing the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and modified macrophages, mast cells and other immune and host defense cells in various locations throughout the body. In this review we will therefore focus on the induction of CGRP and its key role in the neuroimmune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakri M Assas
- Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanne I Pennock
- Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Jaleel A Miyan
- Neurosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Adrenomedullin-RAMP2 system suppresses ER stress-induced tubule cell death and is involved in kidney protection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87667. [PMID: 24505304 PMCID: PMC3914859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various bioactive peptides have been implicated in the homeostasis of organs and tissues. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide with various bioactivities. AM-receptor, calcitonin-receptor-like receptor (CLR) associates with one of the subtypes of the accessory proteins, RAMPs. Among the RAMP subisoforms, only RAMP2 knockout mice (−/−) reproduce the phenotype of embryonic lethality of AM−/−, illustrating the importance of the AM-RAMP2-signaling system. Although AM and RAMP2 are abundantly expressed in kidney, their function there remains largely unknown. We used genetically modified mice to assess the pathophysiological functions of the AM-RAMP2 system. RAMP2+/− mice and their wild-type littermates were used in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced renal injury model. The effect of STZ on glomeruli did not differ between the 2 types of mice. On the other hand, damage to the proximal urinary tubules was greater in RAMP2+/−. Tubular injury in RAMP2+/− was resistant to correction of blood glucose by insulin administration. We examined the effect of STZ on human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs), which express glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), the glucose transporter that specifically takes up STZ. STZ activated the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK). AM suppressed PERK activation, its downstream signaling, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding homologous protein (CHOP)-induced cell death. We confirmed that the tubular damage was caused by ER stress-induced cell death using tunicamycin (TUN), which directly evokes ER stress. In RAMP2+/− kidneys, TUN caused severe injury with enhanced ER stress. In wild-type mice, TUN-induced tubular damage was reversed by AM administration. On the other hand, in RAMP2+/−, the rescue effect of exogenous AM was lost. These results indicate that the AM-RAMP2 system suppresses ER stress-induced tubule cell death, thereby exerting a protective effect on kidney. The AM-RAMP2 system thus has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target in kidney disease.
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Mikami N, Sueda K, Ogitani Y, Otani I, Takatsuji M, Wada Y, Watanabe K, Yoshikawa R, Nishioka S, Hashimoto N, Miyagi Y, Fukada SI, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide regulates type IV hypersensitivity through dendritic cell functions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86367. [PMID: 24466057 PMCID: PMC3897726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play essential roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, mutual regulation of the nervous system and immune system is well studied. One of neuropeptides, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is a potent regulator in immune responses; in particular, it has anti-inflammatory effects in innate immunity. For instance, a deficiency of the CGRP receptor component RAMP 1 (receptor activity-modifying protein 1) results in higher cytokine production in response to LPS (lipopolysaccharide). On the other hand, how CGRP affects DCs in adaptive immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we show that CGRP suppressed Th1 cell differentiation via inhibition of IL-12 production in DCs using an in vitro co-culture system and an in vivo ovalbumin-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) model. CGRP also down-regulated the expressions of chemokine receptor CCR2 and its ligands CCL2 and CCL12 in DCs. Intriguingly, the frequency of migrating CCR2+ DCs in draining lymph nodes of RAMP1-deficient mice was higher after DTH immunization. Moreover, these CCR2+ DCs highly expressed IL-12 and CD80, resulting in more effective induction of Th1 differentiation compared with CCR2− DCs. These results indicate that CGRP regulates Th1 type reactions by regulating expression of cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Sueda
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogitani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ippei Otani
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miku Takatsuji
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Wada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rintaro Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishioka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nagisa Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Miyagi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - So-ichiro Fukada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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G protein-coupled receptors: what a difference a 'partner' makes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1112-42. [PMID: 24441568 PMCID: PMC3907859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important cell signaling mediators, involved in essential physiological processes. GPCRs respond to a wide variety of ligands from light to large macromolecules, including hormones and small peptides. Unfortunately, mutations and dysregulation of GPCRs that induce a loss of function or alter expression can lead to disorders that are sometimes lethal. Therefore, the expression, trafficking, signaling and desensitization of GPCRs must be tightly regulated by different cellular systems to prevent disease. Although there is substantial knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate the desensitization and down-regulation of GPCRs, less is known about the mechanisms that regulate the trafficking and cell-surface expression of newly synthesized GPCRs. More recently, there is accumulating evidence that suggests certain GPCRs are able to interact with specific proteins that can completely change their fate and function. These interactions add on another level of regulation and flexibility between different tissue/cell-types. Here, we review some of the main interacting proteins of GPCRs. A greater understanding of the mechanisms regulating their interactions may lead to the discovery of new drug targets for therapy.
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Kurashige C, Hosono K, Matsuda H, Tsujikawa K, Okamoto H, Majima M. Roles of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during skin wound healing in mice. FASEB J 2013; 28:1237-47. [PMID: 24308973 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) forms a complex with calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) to produce the receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). CGRP, a 37-aa neuropeptide, is widely distributed in neuronal tissues and exerts its biological effects via CLR/RAMP1; however, the pathophysiological roles of CLR/RAMP1 remain to be clarified. To study the functions of CLR/RAMP1, we generated RAMP1-knockout (RAMP1(-/-)) mice. Compared with those of wild-type (WT) mice, wound healing and wound-induced angiogenesis were significantly suppressed in RAMP1(-/-) mice, with reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. Formation of the lymphatic vessels that drain interstitial fluids was also suppressed in RAMP1(-/-) mice, with reduced expression of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 in wound granulation tissues. RAMP1 was expressed in endothelial cells (ECs) in the preexisting skin blood vessels, but was not observed in ECs in newly formed blood or lymphatic vessels. Macrophages in the wound granulation tissues expressed RAMP1 and produced substantial amounts of VEGF-C in response to CGRP in vitro. RAMP1(-/-) bone marrow chimeric mice showed delayed wound healing with reduced angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis in wound granulation tissues. These findings suggest that RAMP1 plays a crucial role in wound healing and wound-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis and that it is a promising target for controlling angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Kurashige
- 1Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
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78
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Mikami N, Miyagi Y, Sueda K, Takatsuji M, Fukada SI, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate/protein kinase A pathway promote IL-9 production in Th9 differentiation process. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4046-55. [PMID: 23509367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Th9 cells are a novel Th cell subset that produces IL-9 and is involved in type I hypersensitivity such as airway inflammation. Although its critical roles in asthma have attracted interest, the physiological regulatory mechanisms of Th9 cell differentiation and function are largely unknown. Asthma is easily affected by psychological factors. Therefore, we investigated one of the physiological mediators derived from the nervous system, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), in asthma and Th9 cells because CGRP and activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway by CGRP are known to be important regulators in several immune responses and allergic diseases. In this study, we demonstrated that the CGRP/cAMP/PKA pathway promotes IL-9 production via NFATc2 activation by PKA-dependent glycogen synthase kinase-3β inactivation. Moreover, CGRP also induces the expression of PU.1, a critical transcriptional factor in Th9 cells, which depends on PKA, but not NFATc2. Additionally, we demonstrated the physiological importance of CGRP in IL-9 production and Th9 differentiation using an OVA-induced airway inflammation model and T cell-specific CGRP receptor-deficient mice. The present study revealed a novel regulatory mechanism comprising G protein-coupled receptor ligands and nervous system-derived substances in Th9 cell differentiation and type I hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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79
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Guo TZ, Wei T, Shi X, Li WW, Hou S, Wang L, Tsujikawa K, Rice KC, Cheng K, Clark DJ, Kingery WS. Neuropeptide deficient mice have attenuated nociceptive, vascular, and inflammatory changes in a tibia fracture model of complex regional pain syndrome. Mol Pain 2012. [PMID: 23191958 PMCID: PMC3543283 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distal limb fracture in man can induce a complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) with pain, warmth, edema, and cutaneous inflammation. In the present study substance P (SP, Tac1(-/-)) and CGRP receptor (RAMP1(-/-)) deficient mice were used to investigate the contribution of neuropeptide signaling to CRPS-like changes in a tibia fracture mouse model. Wildtype, Tac1(-/-), and RAMP1(-/-) mice underwent tibia fracture and casting for 3 weeks, then the cast was removed and hindpaw mechanical allodynia, unweighting, warmth, and edema were tested over time. Hindpaw skin was collected at 3 weeks post-fracture for immunoassay and femurs were collected for micro-CT analysis. RESULTS Wildtype mice developed hindpaw allodynia, unweighting, warmth, and edema at 3 weeks post-fracture, but in the Tac1(-/-) fracture mice allodynia and unweighting were attenuated and there was no warmth and edema. RAMP1(-/-) fracture mice had a similar presentation, except there was no reduction in hindpaw edema. Hindpaw skin TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and NGF levels were up-regulated in wildtype fracture mice at 3 weeks post-fracture, but in the Tac1(-/-) and RAMP1(-/-) fracture mice only IL-6 was increased. The epidermal keratinocytes were the cellular source for these inflammatory mediators. An IL-6 receptor antagonist partially reversed post-fracture pain behaviors in wildtype mice. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, both SP and CGRP are critical neuropeptide mediators for the pain behaviors, vascular abnormalities, and up-regulated innate immune responses observed in the fracture hindlimb. We postulate that the residual pain behaviors observed in the Tac1(-/-) and RAMP1(-/-) fracture mice are attributable to the increased IL-6 levels observed in the hindpaw skin after fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Zhi Guo
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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80
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Takatani-Nakase T, Tokuyama E, Komai M, Takahashi K. Transcutaneous immunization system using a hydrotropic formulation induces a potent antigen-specific antibody response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47980. [PMID: 23110149 PMCID: PMC3480500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a novel vaccination strategy, which is expected to have therapeutic applications. However, to develop effective TCI systems, a simple, non-invasive and safe transdermal formulation is required. This study developed a novel TCI system utilizing the co-administration of a liposoluble absorption enhancer, propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) and hydrosoluble protein antigen without pretreatment of any typical adjuvants and disruption of the skin. Novel transdermal formulations were also prepared with sodium salicylate (NaSal) as a hydrotropic agent to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble substances. Methodology/Principal Findings The TCI system, which used a transdermal formulation containing hen lysozyme (HEL) and PGMC, solubilized with NaSal, resulted in a substantial HEL-specific antibody response in an HEL dose-dependent manner even in the absence of potent adjuvants, such as cholera toxin (CT). We also investigated whether NaSal activates antigen-presenting cells in vitro to clarify the mechanisms of antibody production by the hydrotropic formulation. NaSal enhanced the expression of MHC class II molecules and increased the production of IL-12 and TNF-α in dendritic cells, which were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in vitro, indicating that NaSal had an effective adjuvant-like property. Moreover, the use of NaSal in the TCI system did not induce an HEL-specific, IgE-dependent anaphylactic reaction. Conclusion/Significance Our TCI system using a hydrotropic formulation effectively and safely induced the intended immune response, and this system thus represents a new advantageous method that will result in improved TCI strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Takatani-Nakase
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Erika Tokuyama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Megumi Komai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Koichi Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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81
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Hinterseher I, Erdman R, Elmore JR, Stahl E, Pahl MC, Derr K, Golden A, Lillvis JH, Cindric MC, Jackson K, Bowen WD, Schworer CM, Chernousov MA, Franklin DP, Gray JL, Garvin RP, Gatalica Z, Carey DJ, Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H. Novel pathways in the pathobiology of human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Pathobiology 2012; 80:1-10. [PMID: 22797469 PMCID: PMC3782105 DOI: 10.1159/000339303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a dilatation of the infrarenal aorta, typically affects males >65 years. The pathobiological mechanisms of human AAA are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to identify novel pathways involved in the development of AAAs. METHODS A custom-designed 'AAA-chip' was used to assay 43 of the differentially expressed genes identified in a previously published microarray study between AAA (n = 15) and control (n = 15) infrarenal abdominal aorta. Protein analyses were performed on selected genes. RESULTS Altogether 38 of the 43 genes on the 'AAA-chip' showed significantly different expression. Novel validated genes in AAA pathobiology included ADCY7, ARL4C, BLNK, FOSB, GATM, LYZ, MFGE8, PRUNE2, PTPRC, SMTN, TMODI and TPM2. These genes represent a wide range of biological functions, such as calcium signaling, development and differentiation, as well as cell adhesion not previously implicated in AAA pathobiology. Protein analyses for GATM, CD4, CXCR4, BLNK, PLEK, LYZ, FOSB, DUSP6, ITGA5 and PTPRC confirmed the mRNA findings. CONCLUSION The results provide new directions for future research into AAA pathogenesis to study the role of novel genes confirmed here. New treatments and diagnostic tools for AAA could potentially be identified by studying these novel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hinterseher
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Erdman
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James R Elmore
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stahl
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew C Pahl
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kimberly Derr
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alicia Golden
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John H Lillvis
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Matthew C Cindric
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathryn Jackson
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William D Bowen
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles M Schworer
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Chernousov
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David P Franklin
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John L Gray
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert P Garvin
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - David J Carey
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerard Tromp
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Helena Kuivaniemi
- Sigfried and Janet Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
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82
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Peptidomics approach to elucidate the proteolytic regulation of bioactive peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:8523-7. [PMID: 22586115 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203195109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide hormones and neuropeptides have important roles in physiology and therefore the regulation of these bioactive peptides is of great interest. In some cases proteolysis controls the concentrations and signaling of bioactive peptides, and the peptidases that mediate this biochemistry have proven to be extremely successful drug targets. Due to the lack of any general method to identify these peptidases, however, the role of proteolysis in the regulation of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones is unknown. This limitation prompted us to develop an advanced peptidomics-based strategy to identify the peptidases responsible for the proteolysis of significant bioactive peptides. The application of this approach to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide associated with blood pressure and migraine, revealed the endogenous CGRP cleavage sites. This information was then used to biochemically purify the peptidase capable of proteolysis of CGRP at those cleavage sites, which led to the identification of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) as a candidate CGRP-degrading enzyme. CGRP had not been identified as an IDE substrate before and we tested the physiological relevance of this interaction by quantitative measurements of CGRP using IDE null (IDE(-/-)) mice. In the absence of IDE, full-length CGRP levels are elevated in vivo, confirming IDE as an endogenous CGRP-degrading enzyme. By linking CGRP and IDE, this strategy uncovers a previously unknown pathway for CGRP regulation and characterizes an additional role for IDE. More generally, this work suggests that this may be an effective general strategy for characterizing these pathways and peptidases moving forward.
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83
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Jusek G, Reim D, Tsujikawa K, Holzmann B. Deficiency of the CGRP receptor component RAMP1 attenuates immunosuppression during the early phase of septic peritonitis. Immunobiology 2012; 217:761-7. [PMID: 22656887 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide CGRP contributes to the control of excessive cytokine production in endotoxemia models. However, the function of CGRP in sepsis caused by infection with viable pathogens is unknown. Here, we show that mice deficient for the CGRP receptor component RAMP1 have an improved anti-bacterial defense during the early, but not late, phase of polymicrobial septic peritonitis. The protective effect of Ramp1-deficiency was associated with reduced levels of IL-10 in plasma and peritoneal lavage fluid. Consistent with these findings, CGRP markedly increased IL-10 production of peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to short term stimulation with LPS in vitro. In addition, the lack of an intact CGRP receptor resulted in an increased recruitment and activation of neutrophils and caused an enhanced release of defensin-α1 in the peritoneal cavity. Considered together, our results identify the neuropeptide CGRP as a crucial immunosuppressive mediator impairing host defense during the early, but not late, phase of septic peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Jusek
- Department of Surgery, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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85
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Parameswaran N, Spielman WS. Introduction to RAMPs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:1-11. [PMID: 22434103 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) are single transmembrane proteins discovered for their role in the regulation of translocation of certain G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the plasma membrane. Since its discovery in 1998, several pivotal advances have been made in understanding the function of this family of proteins. This chapter provides a basic introduction to RAMPs as well as details on the various chapters in this book.
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86
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Sexton PM, Poyner DR, Simms J, Christopoulos A, Hay DL. RAMPs as drug targets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:61-74. [PMID: 22434108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) family of membrane proteins regulates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function in several ways. RAMPs can alter their pharmacology and signalling as well as the trafficking of these receptors to and from the cell surface. Accordingly, RAMPs may be exploited as drug targets, offering new opportunities for regulating the function of therapeutically relevant RAMP-interacting GPCRs. For example, several small molecule antagonists of RAMP1/ calcitonin receptor-like receptor complexes, which block the actions of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide are in development for the treatment of migraine headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Sexton
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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87
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Kadmiel M, Fritz-Six KL, Caron KM. Understanding RAMPs through genetically engineered mouse models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 744:49-60. [PMID: 22434107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2364-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The family of Receptor Activity Modifying Proteins (RAMPs) consists of three members, RAMP1, 2 and 3, which are each encoded by a separate gene and have diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns. Biochemical and pharmacological studies in cultured cells have shown that RAMPs can modulate several aspects of G receptor (GPCR) signaling, including receptor trafficking, ligand binding affinity, second messenger signaling and receptor desensitization. Moreover, these studies have shown that RAMPs can interact with several GPCRs other than the canonical calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), with which they were first identified. Given these expanding roles for RAMPs, it becomes interesting to question how these biochemical and pharmacological properties bear significance in normal or disease physiology. To this end, several gene targeted knockout and transgenic models have been generated and characterized in recent years. Fortunately, they have each supported important roles for RAMPs during embryonic development and adulthood. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent findings from gene targeted knockout mouse models and transgenic over-expression models, and gives special consideration to how comparative phenotyping approaches and conditional deletion strategies can be highly beneficial. In the future, these genetically engineered mouse models will provide both insights and tools for the exploitation of RAMP-based therapies for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahita Kadmiel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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88
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Holzmann B. Modulation of immune responses by the neuropeptide CGRP. Amino Acids 2011; 45:1-7. [PMID: 22113645 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system is connected with lymphoid organs through sensory nerves that mediate pain reflexes and may influence immune responses through the release of neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Local and systemic levels of CGRP increase rapidly during inflammatory responses. CGRP inhibits effector functions of various immune cells and dampens inflammation by distinct pathways involving the amplification of IL-10 production and/or the induction of the transcriptional repressor inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER). Thus, available evidence suggests that, in neuro-immunological interactions, CGRP mediates a potent peptidergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Consonni A, Morara S, Codazzi F, Grohovaz F, Zacchetti D. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation by calcitonin gene related peptide and adrenomedullin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:151-60. [PMID: 21803157 PMCID: PMC3174421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin are potent biologically active peptides that have been proposed to play an important role in vascular and inflammatory diseases. Their function in the central nervous system is still unclear since they have been proposed as either pro-inflammatory or neuroprotective factors. We investigated the effects of the two peptides on astrocytes and microglia, cells of the central nervous system that exert a strong modulatory activity in the neuroinflammatory processes. In particular, we studied the ability of CGRP and adrenomedullin to modulate microglia activation, i.e. its competence of producing and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines that are known to play a crucial role in neuroinflammation. In this work we show that the two neuropeptides exert a potent inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation in vitro, with strong inhibition of the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (such as NO, cytokines and chemokines). Both CGRP and adrenomedullin are known to promote cAMP elevation, this second messenger cannot fully account for the observed inhibitory effects, thereby suggesting that other signaling pathways are involved. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of CGRP and adrenomedullin appears to be stimulus specific, since direct activation with pro-inflammatory cytokines was not affected. Our findings clarify aspects of microglia activation, and contribute to the comprehension of the switch from reparative to detrimental function that occurs when glia is exposed to different conditions. Moreover, they draw the attention to potential targets for novel pharmacological intervention in pathologies characterized by glia activation and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Consonni
- Division of Neuroscience, Cellular Neurophysiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, I-20132 Milano, Italy
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90
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Yoshikawa R, Mikami N, Otani I, Kishimoto T, Nishioka S, Hashimoto N, Miyagi Y, Takuma Y, Sueda K, Fukada SI, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K. Suppression of ovalbumin-induced allergic diarrhea by diminished intestinal peristalsis in RAMP1-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:389-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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91
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Mikami N, Matsushita H, Kato T, Kawasaki R, Sawazaki T, Kishimoto T, Ogitani Y, Watanabe K, Miyagi Y, Sueda K, Fukada SI, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is an important regulator of cutaneous immunity: effect on dendritic cell and T cell functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6886-93. [PMID: 21551361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some cutaneous inflammations are induced by percutaneous exposure to foreign Ags, and many chemical mediators regulate this inflammation process. One of these mediators, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is a neuropeptide released from nerve endings in the skin. CGRP binds to its receptors composed of receptor activity-modifying protein 1 and calcitonin receptor-like receptor to modulate immune cell function. We show that CGRP regulates skin inflammation under physiological conditions, using contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models of receptor activity-modifying protein 1-deficient mice. CGRP has different functions in CHS responses mediated by Th1 or Th2 cells; it inhibits Th1-type CHS, such as 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene-induced CHS, but promotes Th2-type CHS, such as FITC-induced CHS. CGRP inhibits the migration of Langerin(+) dermal dendritic cells to the lymph nodes in 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene-induced CHS, and upregulates IL-4 production of T cells in the draining lymph nodes in FITC-CHS. These findings suggest that CGRP regulates several types of CHS reactions under physiological conditions and plays an important role in cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Mikami
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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92
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Smillie SJ, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its role in hypertension. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:93-104. [PMID: 21269690 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is still presently the number one "silent killer" in the Western World, and a major risk factor for the development of secondary diseases contributing to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, despite a broad range of therapies, the mechanisms involved in the onset of hypertension remains unclear, therefore there is a real need to investigate the mechanisms involved. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most potent microvascular vasodilator known to date. Widely expressed in the nervous system, this peptide is considered to play a positive role in wound healing and protects against ischaemic and other traumas. However, whilst the protective mechanisms are not well understood, evidence indicates that these mechanisms become important in vascular-related stress. This review provides evidence that CGRP is both a potent vasodilator and hypotensive agent. However studies to date suggest that CGRP does not contribute to the physiological regulation of blood pressure. By comparing results from a range of human and animal studies, findings broadly suggest an association between CGRP and the pathophysiology of hypertension in terms of protective mechanisms, with possibly the RAMP1 component of the CGRP receptor playing a key role in the brain stem, in addition to peripheral receptors. The studies of agents that release CGRP agonists are at an early stage, with analogues for human use currently under development. However, at this stage, further research is required to establish the mechanisms by which CGRP is protective in the onset of hypertension, if novel and therapeutic modes of treatment are to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Smillie
- BHF Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence and Centre for Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, King's College London, London SE19NH, UK
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93
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Chrissobolis S, Zhang Z, Kinzenbaw DA, Lynch CM, Russo AF, Faraci FM. Receptor activity-modifying protein-1 augments cerebrovascular responses to calcitonin gene-related peptide and inhibits angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction. Stroke 2010; 41:2329-34. [PMID: 20814003 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.589648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Receptors for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are composed of the calcitonin-like receptor in association with receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (RAMP1). CGRP is an extremely potent vasodilator and may protect against vascular disease through other mechanisms. METHODS We tested the hypothesis that overexpression of RAMP1 enhances vascular effects of CGRP using transgenic mice with ubiquitous expression of human RAMP1. Because angiotensin II (Ang II) is a key mediator of vascular disease, we also tested the hypothesis that RAMP1 protects against Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction. RESULTS Responses to CGRP in carotid and basilar arteries in vitro as well as cerebral arterioles in vivo were selectively enhanced in human RAMP1 transgenic mice compared to littermate controls (P<0.05), and this effect was prevented by a CGRP receptor antagonist (P<0.05). Thus, vascular responses to CGRP are normally RAMP1-limited. Responses of carotid arteries were examined in vitro after overnight incubation with vehicle or Ang II. In arteries from control mice, Ang II selectively impaired responses to the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine by ≈50% (P<0.05) via a superoxide-mediated mechanism. In contrast, Ang II did not impair responses to acetylcholine in human RAMP1 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS RAMP1 overexpression increases CGRP-induced vasodilation and protects against Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggest that RAMP1 may be a new therapeutic target to regulate CGRP-mediated effects during disease including pathophysiological states in which Ang II plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophocles Chrissobolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1081, USA
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94
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A2BP1 as a novel susceptible gene for primary biliary cirrhosis in Japanese patients. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:520-4. [PMID: 20153395 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a complex autoimmune liver disease with an etiology that remains to be conclusively elucidated. As such, we screened the human genome for genes that might influence PBC susceptibility or resistance using 400 microsatellite markers. A strong candidate gene indicated by susceptibility microsatellite markers was further evaluated by association analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A total of 126 patients with PBC and 95 healthy Japanese controls were enrolled. Four candidate susceptible regions and seven candidate protective regions were statistically associated with PBC. Because the D16S423 marker on chromosome 16p showed the strongest evidence of linkage, the protein-coding gene ataxin 2-binding protein 1 (A2BP1) lying 27 kb on the centromeric side of D16S423 was targeted as a candidate susceptible gene. Seven SNPs (rs17139207, rs12926282, rs17139244, rs6500742, rs4146812, rs4124065, and rs889699) in the A2BP1 gene were genotyped in patients and controls. The rs17139244 SNP was found to be weakly associated with PBC in an additive model. The genotype frequency of the major C allele at rs6500742 was significantly associated with PBC, compared with healthy controls. This study showed a total of 11 candidate PBC susceptibility or resistance regions. In particular, the A2BP1 gene might play a pivotal role for susceptibility to PBC.
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95
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Recober A, Goadsby PJ. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: A molecular link between obesity and migraine? DRUG NEWS & PERSPECTIVES 2010; 23:112-7. [PMID: 20369076 PMCID: PMC2947336 DOI: 10.1358/dnp.2010.23.2.1475909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have begun to suggest obesity is a risk factor for chronic migraine, although no causal relationship has been established and risk factors for progression from episodic to chronic migraine remain unknown. The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a important role in the pathophysiology of migraine. Here, the potential role of CGRP as a molecular link between obesity and migraine is reviewed. A mechanistic association is supported by several lines of evidence: 1) common markers are elevated in obesity and migraine, 2) adipose tissue secretes proinflammatory cytokines and adipocytokines that have been implicated in migraine pathophysiology and 3) elevated levels of CGRP have been found in plasma of obese individuals. We propose that CGRP released from trigeminal neurons may represent a biological link between obesity and migraine. Enhanced trigeminal CGRP production in obese susceptible individuals may lower the threshold necessary to trigger migraine attacks, leading to more frequent episodes and eventually to chronic migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Recober
- Headache Division-Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, IA, USA
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96
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Ma W, Dumont Y, Vercauteren F, Quirion R. Lipopolysaccharide induces calcitonin gene-related peptide in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Immunology 2010; 130:399-409. [PMID: 20141542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is widely distributed and plays important roles in a wide array of biological functions. It is enriched in primary sensory neurons and hence involved in nociception and neurogenic inflammation. Recent studies have shown that CGRP can be produced by immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages following inflammatory stimulation, suggesting a role in innate immunity. However, it is unclear how CGRP is up-regulated in macrophages and if it plays a role in macrophage functions such as the production of cytokines and chemokines. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiplex ELISA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was found to induce CGRP in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. LPS-induced inflammatory mediators such as nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signalling are involved in inducing CGRP, whereas the NGF receptor trkA and CGRP receptor signalling pathways are unexpectedly involved in suppressing LPS-induced CGRP, which leads to the fine-tune regulation of CGRP release. Exogenous CGRP and CGRP receptor antagonists, in a concentration-dependent manner, stimulated, inhibited or had no effect on basal or LPS-induced release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-1beta, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IL-10 in RAW macrophages. The ligand-concentration-dependent regulation of the production of inflammatory mediators by CGRP receptor signalling is a novel mechanism underlying the stimulating and suppressing role of CGRP in immune and inflammatory responses. Together, our data suggest that monocytes/macrophages are an important source of CGRP. Inflammation-induced CGRP has a positive or negative reciprocal effect on the production of other pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Thereby CGRP plays both facilitating and suppressing roles in immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Ma
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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97
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Sabharwal R, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Abboud FM, Russo AF, Chapleau MW. Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 increases baroreflex sensitivity and attenuates Angiotensin-induced hypertension. Hypertension 2010; 55:627-35. [PMID: 20100989 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.148171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a powerful vasodilator that interacts with the autonomic nervous system. A subunit of the CGRP receptor complex, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), is required for trafficking of the receptor to the cell surface and high-affinity binding to CGRP. We hypothesized that upregulation of RAMP1 would favorably enhance autonomic regulation and attenuate hypertension. Blood pressure, heart rate, and locomotor activity were measured by radiotelemetry in transgenic mice with ubiquitous expression of human RAMP1 (hRAMP1) and littermate controls. Compared with control mice, hRAMP1 mice exhibited similar mean arterial pressure, a lower mean heart rate, increased heart rate variability, reduced blood pressure variability, and increased baroreflex sensitivity (2.83+/-0.20 versus 1.49+/-0.10 ms/mm Hg in controls; P<0.05). In control mice, infusion of angiotensin II (Ang-II) increased mean arterial pressure from 118+/-2 mm Hg to 153+/-4 and 174+/-6 mm Hg after 7 and 14 days of infusion, respectively (P<0.05). In contrast, Ang-II hypertension was markedly attenuated in hRAMP1 mice with corresponding values of mean arterial pressure of 111+/-2, 119+/-2, and 132+/-3 mm Hg. Ang-II induced decreases in baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability, and increases in blood pressure variability observed in control mice were also abrogated or reversed in hRAMP1 mice (P<0.05). Moreover, during the Ang-II infusion, the pressor response to the CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP(8-37) was significantly greater (P<0.05) in hRAMP1 mice (+30+/-2 mm Hg) than in control mice (+19+/-2 mm Hg), confirming a significantly greater antihypertensive action of endogenous CGRP in hRAMP1 mice. We conclude that RAMP1 overexpression attenuates Ang-II-induced hypertension and induces a protective change in cardiovascular autonomic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasna Sabharwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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98
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Wootten DL, Simms J, Hay DL, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Receptor activity modifying proteins and their potential as drug targets. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 91:53-79. [PMID: 20691959 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)91003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The receptor activity modifying proteins (RAMPs) are a family of membrane proteins that interact with some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to regulate their function. RAMPs can alter GPCR pharmacology and can regulate their signaling as well as trafficking to and from the cell surface. GPCRs have been successfully exploited as drug targets for many years. RAMPs therefore provide a new avenue for drug development, offering opportunities for regulating the function of therapeutically relevant RAMP-interacting GPCRs. RAMPs could be directly targeted themselves or advantage could be taken of the unique RAMP/GPCR interfaces for generating more selective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Laboratory, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Nakazato T, Nakayama T, Naganuma T, Sato N, Fu Z, Wang Z, Soma M, Sugama K, Hinohara S, Doba N. Haplotype-based case-control study of receptor (calcitonin) activity-modifying protein-1 gene in cerebral infarction. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 24:351-8. [PMID: 19710695 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor is a complex molecule that consists of calcitonin receptor-like receptor and receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (RAMP1). It was recently reported that RAMP1-deficient mice (RAMP1(-/-)) showed inflammatory responses with a transiently significant increase in serum CGRP levels and proinflammatory cytokines when compared with RAMP1(+/+) mice. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the human RAMP1 gene and cerebral infarction (CI) using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Japanese population. We selected six SNPs in the human RAMP1 gene (rs3754701, rs3769048, rs7557078, rs1584243, rs10199956 and rs7590387) and performed a case-control study using each SNP and haplotype in 171 CI patients and 234 controls. There were no significant differences in overall distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of the SNPs between the CI and control groups. However, there was a significant difference in overall distribution between the CI and control groups (P<0.001) in the haplotype-based case-control study with the combinations of rs3754701-rs3769048-rs7590387. The T-A-C susceptibility haplotype for CI was significantly more frequent than in the control group (P=0.0024). The results suggest that the T-A-C haplotype is a genetic marker for CI, and that RAMP1 or neighbouring genes are associated with increased susceptibility to CI.
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Kamiyoshi A, Sakurai T, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Iinuma N, Kawate H, Yoshizawa T, Koyama T, Muto SI, Shindo T. Endogenous alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide mitigates liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis induced by repeated administration of concanavalin A. Liver Int 2009; 29:642-9. [PMID: 18673438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-calcitonin gene-related peptide (alphaCGRP) is a 37-amino acid pleiotropic peptide that we previously showed to exert a hepatoprotective effect during concanavalin A (Con A)-induced acute hepatitis. In the present study, we used alphaCGRP(-/-) mice to further investigate the antifibrogenic and hepatoprotective effects of endogenous alphaCGRP in Con A-induced chronic hepatitis. METHODS Chronic hepatitis was induced in alphaCGRP(-/-) and wild-type mice by repeated administration of Con A. Serum transaminases were measured to assess hepatic injury. The severity of fibrosis and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were analysed by Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) respectively. Altered expression of fibrosis- and inflammation-related genes was evaluated using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Activation and proliferation of HSCs were analysed using both primary cultured HSCs from the mice and the LI90 HSC cell line. RESULTS alphaCGRP(-/-) mice showed more severe liver fibrosis than wild-type mice in a Con A-induced chronic hepatitis model. In histological and gene expression analyses, alphaCGRP(-/-) mice showed greater inflammatory and fibrotic changes, greater HSC activation and a higher incidence of apoptosis among nonparenchymal cells than wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous alphaCGRP mitigates liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis induced by repeated administration of Con A. alphaCGRP could be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Organ Regeneration, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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