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Collins D, Randesi M, da Rosa JC, Zhang Y, Kreek MJ. Oprm1 A112G, a single nucleotide polymorphism, alters expression of stress-responsive genes in multiple brain regions in male and female mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2703-2711. [PMID: 30027498 PMCID: PMC6132675 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OPRM1 A118G, a functional human mu-opioid receptor (MOR) polymorphism, is associated with drug dependence and altered stress responsivity in humans as well as altered MOR signaling. MOR signaling can regulate many cellular processes, including gene expression, and many of the long-term, stable effects of drugs and stress may stem from changes in gene expression in diverse brain regions. A mouse model bearing an equivalent polymorphism (Oprm1 A112G) was previously generated and studied. Mice homozygous for the G112 allele show differences in opioid- and stress-related phenotypes. APPROACH The current study examines the expression of 24 genes related to drug and stress responsivity in the caudoputamen, nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala of drug-naïve, stress-minimized, male and female mice homozygous for either the G112 variant allele or the wild-type A112 allele. RESULTS We detected nominal genotype-dependent changes in gene expression of multiple genes. We also detected nominal sex-dependent as well as sex-by-genotype interaction effects on gene expression. Of these, four genotype-dependent differences survived correction for multiple testing: Avp and Gal in the hypothalamus and Oprl1 and Cnr1 in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Changes in the regulation of these genes by mu-opioid receptors encoded by the G112 allele may be involved in some of the behavioral and molecular consequences of this polymorphism observed in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Collins
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Matthew Randesi
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8Laboratory of Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- 0000 0001 2166 1519grid.134907.8The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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Maney DL. Polymorphisms in sex steroid receptors: From gene sequence to behavior. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 47:47-65. [PMID: 28705582 PMCID: PMC6312198 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroid receptors have received much interest as potential mediators of human behaviors and mental disorders. Candidate gene association studies have identified about 50 genetic variants of androgen and estrogen receptors that correlate with human behavioral phenotypes. Because most of these polymorphisms lie outside coding regions, discerning their effect on receptor function is not straightforward. Thus, although discoveries of associations improve our ability to predict risk, they have not greatly advanced our understanding of underlying mechanisms. This article is intended to serve as a starting point for psychologists and other behavioral biologists to consider potential mechanisms. Here, I review associations between polymorphisms in sex steroid receptors and human behavioral phenotypes. I then consider ways in which genetic variation can affect processes such as mRNA transcription, splicing, and stability. Finally, I suggest ways that hypotheses about mechanism can be tested, for example using in vitro assays and/or animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Maney
- Department of Psychology, 36 Eagle Row, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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T394A Mutation at the μ Opioid Receptor Blocks Opioid Tolerance and Increases Vulnerability to Heroin Self-Administration in Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 36:10392-10403. [PMID: 27707973 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0603-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology and pathophysiology underlying opioid tolerance and dependence are still unknown. Because mu opioid receptor (MOR) plays an essential role in opioid action, many vulnerability-related studies have focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms of MOR, particularly on A118G. In this study, we found that a single-point mutation at the MOR T394 phosphorylation site could be another important susceptive factor in the development of opioid tolerance and dependence in mice. T394A mutation, in which a threonine at 394 was replaced by an alanine, did not alter agonist binding to MOR and opioid analgesia, but resulted in loss of etorphine-induced MOR internalization in spinal dorsal horn neurons and opioid analgesic tolerance induced by either morphine or etorphine. In addition, this mutation also caused an increase in intravenous heroin self-administration and in nucleus accumbens dopamine response to heroin. These findings suggest that T394 phosphorylation following MOR activation causes MOR internalization and desensitization, which subsequently contributes to the development of tolerance in both opioid analgesia and opioid reward. Accordingly, T394A mutation blocks opioid tolerance and leads to an increase in brain dopamine response to opioids and in opioid-taking behavior. Thus, the T394 may serve as a new drug target for modulating opioid tolerance and the development of opioid abuse and addiction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms underlying opioid tolerance and susceptibility to opioid addiction remain unclear. The present studies demonstrate that a single-point mutation at the T394 phosphorylation site in the C-terminal of mu opioid receptor (MOR) results in loss of opioid tolerance and enhanced vulnerability to heroin self-administration. These findings suggest that modulation of the MOR-T394 phosphorylation or dephosphorylation status may have therapeutic potential in management of pain, opioid tolerance, and opioid abuse and addiction. Accordingly, MOR-T394 mutation or polymorphisms could be a risk factor in developing opioid abuse and addiction and therefore be used as a new biomarker in prediction and prevention of opioid abuse and addiction.
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Sweeney CG, Rando JM, Panas HN, Miller GM, Platt DM, Vallender EJ. Convergent Balancing Selection on the Mu-Opioid Receptor in Primates. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:1629-1643. [PMID: 28333316 PMCID: PMC6279279 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mu opioid receptor is involved in many natural processes including stress response, pleasure, and pain. Mutations in the gene also have been associated with opiate and alcohol addictions as well as with responsivity to medication targeting these disorders. Two common and mutually exclusive polymorphisms have been identified in humans, A118G (N40D), found commonly in non-African populations, and C17T (V6A), found almost exclusively in African populations. Although A118G has been studied extensively for associations and in functional assays, C17T is much less well understood. In addition to a parallel polymorphism previously identified in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), C77G (P26R), resequencing in additional non-human primate species identifies further common variation: C140T (P47L) in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis), G55C (D19H) in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabeus), A111T (L37F) in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and C55T (P19S) in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis peruviensis). Functional effects on downstream signaling are observed for each of these variants following treatment with the endogenous agonist β-endorphin and the exogenous agonists morphine, DAMGO ([d-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin), and fentanyl. In addition to demonstrating the importance of functional equivalency in reference to population variation for minority health, this also shows how common evolutionary pressures have produced similar phenotypes across species, suggesting a shared response to environmental needs and perhaps elucidating the mechanism by which these organism-environment interactions are mediated physiologically and molecularly. These studies set the stage for future investigations of shared functional polymorphisms across species as a new genetic tool for translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G. Sweeney
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Juliette M. Rando
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Helen N. Panas
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Gregory M. Miller
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Donna M. Platt
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
| | - Eric J. Vallender
- Division of Neuroscience, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, MA
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Yang S, Zhang G, Liu W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Yang D, Chen YE, Sun H, Li Y. SysFinder: A customized platform for search, comparison and assisted design of appropriate animal models based on systematic similarity. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:251-258. [PMID: 28529081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are increasingly gaining values by cross-comparisons of response or resistance to clinical agents used for patients. However, many disease mechanisms and drug effects generated from animal models are not transferable to human. To address these issues, we developed SysFinder (http://lifecenter.sgst.cn/SysFinder), a platform for scientists to find appropriate animal models for translational research. SysFinder offers a "topic-centered" approach for systematic comparisons of human genes, whose functions are involved in a specific scientific topic, to the corresponding homologous genes of animal models. Scientific topic can be a certain disease, drug, gene function or biological pathway. SysFinder calculates multi-level similarity indexes to evaluate the similarities between human and animal models in specified scientific topics. Meanwhile, SysFinder offers species-specific information to investigate the differences in molecular mechanisms between humans and animal models. Furthermore, SysFinder provides a user-friendly platform for determination of short guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and homology arms to design a new animal model. Case studies illustrate the ability of SysFinder in helping experimental scientists. SysFinder is a useful platform for experimental scientists to carry out their research in the human molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Wan Liu
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Hong Sun
- Biomedical Information Research Center, Children's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Yixue Li
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China; Key Lab of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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56
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Pellissier LP, Gandía J, Laboute T, Becker JAJ, Le Merrer J. μ opioid receptor, social behaviour and autism spectrum disorder: reward matters. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:2750-2769. [PMID: 28369738 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system is well known to relieve pain and underpin the rewarding properties of most drugs of abuse. Among opioid receptors, the μ receptor mediates most of the analgesic and rewarding properties of opioids. Based on striking similarities between social distress, physical pain and opiate withdrawal, μ receptors have been proposed to play a critical role in modulating social behaviour in humans and animals. This review summarizes experimental data demonstrating such role and proposes a novel model, the μ opioid receptor balance model, to account for the contribution of μ receptors to the subtle regulation of social behaviour. Interestingly, μ receptor null mice show behavioural deficits similar to those observed in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including severe impairment in social interactions. Therefore, after a brief summary of recent evidence for blunted (social) reward processes in subjects with ASD, we review here arguments for altered μ receptor function in this pathology. This article is part of a themed section on Emerging Areas of Opioid Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie P Pellissier
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours Rabelais, IFCE, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandía
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours Rabelais, IFCE, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Thibaut Laboute
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours Rabelais, IFCE, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérôme A J Becker
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours Rabelais, IFCE, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Julie Le Merrer
- Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours Rabelais, IFCE, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
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Browne CA, Erickson RL, Blendy JA, Lucki I. Genetic variation in the behavioral effects of buprenorphine in female mice derived from a murine model of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:401-407. [PMID: 28188737 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic studies have identified the non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (A118G) in the human mu opioid receptor (MOR) gene (OPRM1) as a critical genetic variant capable of altering the efficacy of opioid therapeutics. To date few studies have explored the potential impact of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism on the pharmacological effects of buprenorphine (BPN), a potent MOR partial agonist and kappa opioid receptor antagonist, which is approved by the FDA for the treatment of opioid addiction and chronic pain. The goal of these studies was to determine whether the MOR-mediated behavioral effects of BPN were altered in the Oprm1 A112G mouse model of the human OPRM1 A118G SNP. All studies were conducted in female, AA, AG and GG mice. BPN's maximal analgesic effect in the hot plate test was significantly blunted in AG and GG mice compared to wild type AA mice. Similarly, the BPN-induced reduction of latency to consume food in the novelty induced hypophagia test was blocked entirely in AG and GG mice compared to their AA littermates. In addition, GG mice exhibited marked reductions in psychostimulant hyperlocomotor activity compared to the AA group. In contrast, reduced immobility in the forced swim test, an effect of BPN mediated by kappa opioid receptors, was not affected by genotype. These studies demonstrate the ability of the Oprm1 A112G SNP to attenuate the analgesic, anxiolytic and hyperlocomotor effects of BPN. Overall, these data suggest that the OPRM1 A118G SNP will significantly impact the clinical efficacy of BPN in its therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Browne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| | - Rebecca L Erickson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julie A Blendy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Irwin Lucki
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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58
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Reed B, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. Endogenous opioid system in addiction and addiction-related behaviors. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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59
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Hofford RS, Beckmann JS, Bardo MT. Rearing environment differentially modulates cocaine self-administration after opioid pretreatment: A behavioral economic analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:89-94. [PMID: 27511893 PMCID: PMC5037017 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown that previous experiences during development, especially if stressful, can alter an organism's response to opioids later in life. Given the previous literature on opioid modulation of cocaine self-administration, the current study raised rats in either an enriched condition (EC) or isolated condition (IC) and employed behavioral economics to study the effects of naltrexone and morphine on cocaine self-administration. METHODS EC and IC rats were trained to lever press for cocaine using a within-session demand procedure. This procedure measured cocaine consumption under changing cocaine price by decreasing the dose of cocaine earned throughout a session. Rats were able to self-administer cocaine on a FR1; every 10min the cocaine dose was systematically decreased (0.75-0.003mg/kg/infusion cocaine). After reaching stability on this procedure, rats were randomly pretreated with 0, 0.3, 1, or 3mg/kg naltrexone once every 3days, followed by random pretreatments of 0, 0.3, 1, or 3mg/kg morphine once every 3days. Economic demand functions were fit to each rat's cocaine consumption from each pretreatment, and appropriate mathematical parameters were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS Naltrexone decreased the essential value of cocaine in IC rats only. However, morphine decreased the essential value of cocaine and the consumption of cocaine at zero price in both EC and IC rats. CONCLUSION These results indicate that environmental experiences during development should be considered when determining the efficacy of opioid drugs, especially for the treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. Hofford
- Corresponding author: ; 741 S. Limestone, 448 C BBSRB, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40536
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Ziauddeen H, Nestor LJ, Subramaniam N, Dodds C, Nathan PJ, Miller SR, Sarai BK, Maltby K, Fernando D, Warren L, Hosking LK, Waterworth D, Korzeniowska A, Win B, Richards DB, Vasist Johnson L, Fletcher PC, Bullmore ET. Opioid Antagonists and the A118G Polymorphism in the μ-Opioid Receptor Gene: Effects of GSK1521498 and Naltrexone in Healthy Drinkers Stratified by OPRM1 Genotype. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2647-57. [PMID: 27109624 PMCID: PMC5026731 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The A118G single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1799971) in the μ-opioid receptor gene, OPRM1, has been much studied in relation to alcohol use disorders. The reported effects of allelic variation at this SNP on alcohol-related behaviors, and on opioid receptor antagonist treatments, have been inconsistent. We investigated the pharmacogenetic interaction between A118G variation and the effects of two μ-opioid receptor antagonists in a clinical lab setting. Fifty-six overweight and moderate-heavy drinkers were prospectively stratified by genotype (29 AA homozygotes, 27 carriers of at least 1 G allele) in a double-blind placebo-controlled, three-period crossover design with naltrexone (NTX; 25 mg OD for 2 days, then 50 mg OD for 3 days) and GSK1521498 (10 mg OD for 5 days). The primary end point was regional brain activation by the contrast between alcohol and neutral tastes measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Secondary end points included other fMRI contrasts, subjective responses to intravenous alcohol challenge, and food intake. GSK1521498 (but not NTX) significantly attenuated fMRI activation by appetitive tastes in the midbrain and amygdala. GSK1521498 (and NTX to a lesser extent) significantly affected self-reported responses to alcohol infusion. Both drugs reduced food intake. Across all end points, there was less robust evidence for significant effects of OPRM1 allelic variation, or for pharmacogenetic interactions between genotype and drug treatment. These results do not support strong modulatory effects of OPRM1 genetic variation on opioid receptor antagonist attenuation of alcohol- and food-related behaviors. However, they do support further investigation of GSK1521498 as a potential therapeutic for alcohol use and eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liam J Nestor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Naresh Subramaniam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chris Dodds
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, inVentiv Health Clinical, Maidenhead, UK
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Kay Maltby
- GSK Clinical Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Disala Fernando
- GSK Clinical Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Liling Warren
- Acclarogen, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Dawn Waterworth
- Genetics, Target Science, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | | | - Beta Win
- GSK, Global Clinical Safety & Pharmacovigilance, Stockley Park, UK
| | - Duncan B Richards
- Academic Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
| | | | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Fulbourn Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Academic Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, UK
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61
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Nuechterlein EB, Ni L, Domino EF, Zubieta JK. Nicotine-specific and non-specific effects of cigarette smoking on endogenous opioid mechanisms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:69-77. [PMID: 27095017 PMCID: PMC4891463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates differences in μ-opioid receptor mediated neurotransmission in healthy controls and overnight-abstinent smokers, and potential effects of the OPRM1 A118G genotype. It also examines the effects of smoking denicotinized (DN) and average nicotine (N) cigarettes on the μ-opioid system. Positron emission tomography with (11)C-carfentanil was used to determine regional brain μ-opioid receptor (MOR) availability (non-displaceable binding potential, BPND) in a sample of 19 male smokers and 22 nonsmoking control subjects. Nonsmokers showed greater MOR BPND than overnight abstinent smokers in the basal ganglia and thalamus. BPND in the basal ganglia was negatively correlated with baseline craving levels and Fagerström scores. Interactions between group and genotype were seen in the nucleus accumbens bilaterally and the amygdala, with G-allele carriers demonstrating lower BPND in these regions, but only among smokers. After smoking the DN cigarette, smokers showed evidence of MOR activation in the thalamus and nucleus accumbens. No additional activation was observed after the N cigarette, with a mean effect of increases in MOR BPND (i.e., deactivation) with respect to the DN cigarette effects in the thalamus and left amygdala. Changes in MOR BPND were related to both Fagerström scores and changes in craving. This study showed that overnight-abstinent smokers have lower concentrations of available MORs than controls, an effect that was related to both craving and the severity of addiction. It also suggests that nicotine non-specific elements of the smoking experience have an important role in regulating MOR-mediated neurotransmission, and in turn modulating withdrawal-induced craving ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Nuechterlein
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Lisong Ni
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edward F. Domino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA and Department of PsychiatryI
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Abstract
Personal social network size exhibits considerable variation in the human population and is associated with both physical and mental health status. Much of this inter-individual variation in human sociality remains unexplained from a biological perspective. According to the brain opioid theory of social attachment, binding of the neuropeptide β-endorphin to μ-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key neurochemical mechanism involved in social bonding, particularly amongst primates. We hypothesise that a positive association exists between activity of the μ-opioid system and the number of social relationships that an individual maintains. Given the powerful analgesic properties of β-endorphin, we tested this hypothesis using pain tolerance as an assay for activation of the endogenous μ-opioid system. We show that a simple measure of pain tolerance correlates with social network size in humans. Our results are in line with previous studies suggesting that μ-opioid receptor signalling has been elaborated beyond its basic function of pain modulation to play an important role in managing our social encounters. The neuroplasticity of the μ-opioid system is of future research interest, especially with respect to psychiatric disorders associated with symptoms of social withdrawal and anhedonia, both of which are strongly modulated by endogenous opioids.
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Karjalainen T, Tuominen L, Manninen S, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Sams M, Nummenmaa L. Behavioural activation system sensitivity is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1310-6. [PMID: 27053768 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reinforcement-sensitivity theory proposes that behavioural activation and inhibition systems (BAS and BIS, respectively) guide approach and avoidance behaviour in potentially rewarding and punishing situations. Their baseline activity presumably explains individual differences in behavioural dispositions when a person encounters signals of reward and harm. Yet, neurochemical bases of BAS and BIS have remained poorly understood. Here we used in vivo positron emission tomography with a µ-opioid receptor (MOR) specific ligand [(11)C]carfentanil to test whether individual differences in MOR availability would be associated with BAS or BIS. We scanned 49 healthy subjects and measured their BAS and BIS sensitivities using the BIS/BAS scales. BAS but not BIS sensitivity was positively associated with MOR availability in frontal cortex, amygdala, ventral striatum, brainstem, cingulate cortex and insula. Strongest associations were observed for the BAS subscale 'Fun Seeking'. Our results suggest that endogenous opioid system underlies BAS, and that differences in MOR availability could explain inter-individual differences in reward seeking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomi Karjalainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku 20521, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Art, School of Arts, Design and Architecture, 00076 AALTO, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO, Espoo, Finland Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
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Schwantes-An TH, Zhang J, Chen LS, Hartz SM, Culverhouse RC, Chen X, Coon H, Frank J, Kamens HM, Konte B, Kovanen L, Latvala A, Legrand LN, Maher BS, Melroy WE, Nelson EC, Reid MW, Robinson JD, Shen PH, Yang BZ, Andrews JA, Aveyard P, Beltcheva O, Brown SA, Cannon DS, Cichon S, Corley RP, Dahmen N, Degenhardt L, Foroud T, Gaebel W, Giegling I, Glatt SJ, Grucza RA, Hardin J, Hartmann AM, Heath AC, Herms S, Hodgkinson CA, Hoffmann P, Hops H, Huizinga D, Ising M, Johnson EO, Johnstone E, Kaneva RP, Kendler KS, Kiefer F, Kranzler HR, Krauter KS, Levran O, Lucae S, Lynskey MT, Maier W, Mann K, Martin NG, Mattheisen M, Montgomery GW, Müller-Myhsok B, Murphy MF, Neale MC, Nikolov MA, Nishita D, Nöthen MM, Nurnberger J, Partonen T, Pergadia ML, Reynolds M, Ridinger M, Rose RJ, Rouvinen-Lagerström N, Scherbaum N, Schmäl C, Soyka M, Stallings MC, Steffens M, Treutlein J, Tsuang M, Wall TL, Wodarz N, Yuferov V, Zill P, Bergen AW, Chen J, Cinciripini PM, Edenberg HJ, Ehringer MA, Ferrell RE, Gelernter J, Goldman D, Hewitt JK, Hopfer CJ, Iacono WG, Kaprio J, Kreek MJ, Kremensky IM, Madden PAF, McGue M, Munafò MR, Philibert RA, Rietschel M, Roy A, Rujescu D, Saarikoski ST, Swan GE, Todorov AA, Vanyukov MM, Weiss RB, Bierut LJ, Saccone NL. Association of the OPRM1 Variant rs1799971 (A118G) with Non-Specific Liability to Substance Dependence in a Collaborative de novo Meta-Analysis of European-Ancestry Cohorts. Behav Genet 2016; 46:151-69. [PMID: 26392368 PMCID: PMC4752855 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9737-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mu1 opioid receptor gene, OPRM1, has long been a high-priority candidate for human genetic studies of addiction. Because of its potential functional significance, the non-synonymous variant rs1799971 (A118G, Asn40Asp) in OPRM1 has been extensively studied, yet its role in addiction has remained unclear, with conflicting association findings. To resolve the question of what effect, if any, rs1799971 has on substance dependence risk, we conducted collaborative meta-analyses of 25 datasets with over 28,000 European-ancestry subjects. We investigated non-specific risk for "general" substance dependence, comparing cases dependent on any substance to controls who were non-dependent on all assessed substances. We also examined five specific substance dependence diagnoses: DSM-IV alcohol, opioid, cannabis, and cocaine dependence, and nicotine dependence defined by the proxy of heavy/light smoking (cigarettes-per-day >20 vs. ≤ 10). The G allele showed a modest protective effect on general substance dependence (OR = 0.90, 95% C.I. [0.83-0.97], p value = 0.0095, N = 16,908). We observed similar effects for each individual substance, although these were not statistically significant, likely because of reduced sample sizes. We conclude that rs1799971 contributes to mechanisms of addiction liability that are shared across different addictive substances. This project highlights the benefits of examining addictive behaviors collectively and the power of collaborative data sharing and meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8232, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Genometrics Section, Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8232, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Li-Shiun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sarah M Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robert C Culverhouse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helen M Kamens
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Leena Kovanen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Antti Latvala
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Lisa N Legrand
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Brion S Maher
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Whitney E Melroy
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mark W Reid
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Jason D Robinson
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pei-Hong Shen
- Section of Human Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Bao-Zhu Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | | | - Paul Aveyard
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Beltcheva
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Sandra A Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dale S Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84108, USA
| | - Sven Cichon
- Department. of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4003, Switzerland
| | - Robin P Corley
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Norbert Dahmen
- Ökumenisches Hainich-Klinikum, Mühlhausen/Thüringen, Germany
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | | | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Richard A Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jill Hardin
- Center for Health Sciences, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stefan Herms
- Department. of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4003, Switzerland
| | - Colin A Hodgkinson
- Section of Human Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Department. of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, 4003, Switzerland
| | - Hyman Hops
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - David Huizinga
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Marcus Ising
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Eric O Johnson
- Behavioral Health Research Division, Research Triangle Institute International, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Elaine Johnstone
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Radka P Kaneva
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Falk Kiefer
- Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ken S Krauter
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Orna Levran
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Susanne Lucae
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael T Lynskey
- Addictions Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, SE5 8BB, UK
| | | | - Karl Mann
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department. of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | | | - Michael F Murphy
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Michael C Neale
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Momchil A Nikolov
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denise Nishita
- Center for Health Sciences, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Department. of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Timo Partonen
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Michele L Pergadia
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Maureen Reynolds
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Monika Ridinger
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 8548, Regensburg, Germany
- Psychiatric Hospital, Konigsfelden, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Richard J Rose
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Noora Rouvinen-Lagerström
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Addiction Research Group at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Schmäl
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Soyka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, 3860, Munich, Germany
- Private Hospital Meiringen, Meiringen, Switzerland
| | - Michael C Stallings
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Michael Steffens
- Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Kurt-Georg-Kiesinger-Allee 3, 53175, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ming Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Tamara L Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Norbert Wodarz
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 8548, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vadim Yuferov
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, USA
| | | | - Andrew W Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jingchun Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Paul M Cinciripini
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Marissa A Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Robert E Ferrell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - David Goldman
- Section of Human Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John K Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Christian J Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - William G Iacono
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Ivo M Kremensky
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine Center, Medical University-Sofia, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Matt McGue
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, and School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | | | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alec Roy
- Psychiatry Service, Department of Veteran Affairs, New Jersey VA Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, 07018, USA
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), 06112, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sirkku T Saarikoski
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, 00271, Finland
| | - Gary E Swan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Alexandre A Todorov
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael M Vanyukov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Robert B Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nancy L Saccone
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8232, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Alcohol addiction is one of the most common and devastating diseases in the world. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of alcohol addicted individuals, it is unlikely that one medication will help nearly all patients. Thus, there is a clear need to develop predictors of response to existing medications. Naltrexone is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist which has been approved in the United States for treatment of alcohol addiction since 1994. It has limited efficacy, in part due to noncompliance, but many patients do not respond despite high levels of compliance. There are reports that a mis-sense single nucleotide polymorphism (rs179919 or A118G) in the mu-opioid receptor gene predicts a favorable response to naltrexone if an individual carries a 'G' allele. This chapter will review the evidence for this hypothesis. The data are promising that the 'G' allele predisposes to a beneficial naltrexone response among alcohol addicted persons, but additional research is needed to prove this hypothesis in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Berrettini
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 125 S. 31st St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Glatt CE, Lee FS. Common Polymorphisms in the Age of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Integration and Translation. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:25-31. [PMID: 25680673 PMCID: PMC4496317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The value of common polymorphisms in guiding clinical psychiatry is limited by the complex polygenic architecture of psychiatric disorders. Common polymorphisms have too small an effect on risk for psychiatric disorders as defined by clinical phenomenology to guide clinical practice. To identify polymorphic effects that are large and reliable enough to serve as biomarkers requires detailed analysis of a polymorphism's biology across levels of complexity from molecule to cell to circuit and behavior. Emphasis on behavioral domains rather than clinical diagnosis, as proposed in the Research Domain Criteria framework, facilitates the use of mouse models that recapitulate human polymorphisms because effects on equivalent phenotypes can be translated across species and integrated across levels of analysis. A knockin mouse model of a common polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) provides examples of how such a vertically integrated translational approach can identify robust genotype-phenotype relationships that have relevance to psychiatric practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.,
| | - Francis S. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA,Department of Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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68
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Kaiser T, Feng G. Modeling psychiatric disorders for developing effective treatments. Nat Med 2015; 21:979-88. [PMID: 26340119 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in identifying risk-associated genes have provided unprecedented opportunities for developing animal models for psychiatric disease research with the goal of attaining translational utility to ultimately develop novel treatments. However, at this early stage, successful translation has yet to be achieved. Here we review recent advances in modeling psychiatric disease, discuss the utility and limitations of animal models, and emphasize the importance of shifting from behavioral analysis to identifying neurophysiological abnormalities, which are likely to be more conserved across species and thus may increase translatability. Looking forward, we envision that preclinical research will align with clinical research to build a common framework of comparable neurobiological abnormalities and to help form subgroups of patients on the basis of similar pathophysiology. Experimental neuroscience can then use animal models to discover mechanisms underlying distinct abnormalities and develop strategies for effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaiser
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Henderson-Redmond AN, Yuill MB, Lowe TE, Kline AM, Zee ML, Guindon J, Morgan DJ. Morphine-induced antinociception and reward in "humanized" mice expressing the mu opioid receptor A118G polymorphism. Brain Res Bull 2015; 123:5-12. [PMID: 26521067 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rewarding and antinociceptive effects of opioids are mediated through the mu-opioid receptor. The A118G single nucleotide polymorphism in this receptor has been implicated in drug addiction and differences in pain response. Clinical and preclinical studies have found that the G allele is associated with increased heroin reward and self-administration, elevated post-operative pain, and reduced analgesic responsiveness to opioids. Male and female mice homozygous for the "humanized" 118AA or 118GG alleles were evaluated to test the hypothesis that 118GG mice are less sensitive to the rewarding and antinociceptive effects of morphine. We found that 118AA and 118GG mice of both genders developed conditioned place preference for morphine. All mice developed tolerance to the antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of morphine. However, morphine tolerance was not different between AA and GG mice. We also examined sensitivity to the antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of cumulative morphine doses. We found that 118GG mice show reduced hypothermic and antinociceptive responses on the hotplate for 10mg/kg morphine. Finally, we examined basal pain response and morphine-induced antinociception in the formalin test for inflammatory pain. We found no gender or genotype differences in either basal pain response or morphine-induced antinociception in the formalin test. Our data suggests that homozygous expression of the GG allele in mice blunts morphine-induced hypothermia and hotplate antinociception but does not alter morphine CPP, morphine tolerance, or basal inflammatory pain response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Henderson-Redmond
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Matthew B Yuill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Tammy E Lowe
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Benedict College, Columbia, South Carolina 29204, United States
| | - Aaron M Kline
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Michael L Zee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Josée Guindon
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States.
| | - Daniel J Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States; Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
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Berrettini W. Opioid neuroscience for addiction medicine: From animal models to FDA approval for alcohol addiction. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:253-67. [PMID: 26806780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol addiction is one of the most common and devastating diseases in the world. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of alcohol-addicted individuals, it is unlikely that one medication will help nearly all patients. Thus, there is a clear need to develop predictors of response to existing medications. Naltrexone is a mu opioid receptor antagonist which has been approved in the United States for treatment of alcohol addiction since 1994. It has limited efficacy, in part due to noncompliance, but many patients do not respond despite high levels of compliance. There are reports that a mis-sense single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs179919 or A118G) in the mu opioid receptor gene predicts a favorable response to naltrexone if an individual carries a "G" allele. This chapter will review the evidence for this hypothesis. The data suggest that the "G" allele has a complex role in alcohol addiction, increasing the rewarding valence of alcohol. Whether the G allele increases risk for alcoholism and whether it predisposes to a beneficial naltrexone response among alcohol-addicted persons must await additional research with large sample sizes of multiple ethnicities in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Berrettini
- Karl E Rickles Professor of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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71
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Robinson JE, Vardy E, DiBerto JF, Chefer VI, White KL, Fish EW, Chen M, Gigante E, Krouse MC, Sun H, Thorsell A, Roth BL, Heilig M, Malanga CJ. Receptor Reserve Moderates Mesolimbic Responses to Opioids in a Humanized Mouse Model of the OPRM1 A118G Polymorphism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:2614-22. [PMID: 25881115 PMCID: PMC4569952 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The OPRM1 A118G polymorphism is the most widely studied μ-opioid receptor (MOR) variant. Although its involvement in acute alcohol effects is well characterized, less is known about the extent to which it alters responses to opioids. Prior work has shown that both electrophysiological and analgesic responses to morphine but not to fentanyl are moderated by OPRM1 A118G variation, but the mechanism behind this dissociation is not known. Here we found that humanized mice carrying the 118GG allele (h/mOPRM1-118GG) were less sensitive than h/mOPRM1-118AA littermates to the rewarding effects of morphine and hydrocodone but not those of other opioids measured with intracranial self-stimulation. Reduced morphine reward in 118GG mice was associated with decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens and reduced effects on GABA release in the ventral tegmental area that were not due to changes in drug potency or efficacy in vitro or receptor-binding affinity. Fewer MOR-binding sites were observed in h/mOPRM1-118GG mice, and pharmacological reduction of MOR availability unmasked genotypic differences in fentanyl sensitivity. These findings suggest that the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism decreases sensitivity to low-potency agonists by decreasing receptor reserve without significantly altering receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Elliott Robinson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eyal Vardy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey F DiBerto
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Vladimir I Chefer
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kate L White
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric W Fish
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eduardo Gigante
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Krouse
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annika Thorsell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Markus Heilig
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Bethesda, MD, USA,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C J Malanga
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Physicians' Office Building, 170 Manning Drive, CB 7025, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA, Tel: +1 919 966 1683, Fax: +1 919 843 4576, E-mail:
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72
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Mouse model of OPRM1 (A118G) polymorphism increases sociability and dominance and confers resilience to social defeat. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3582-90. [PMID: 25716856 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4685-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1 A118G) has been widely studied for its association in drug addiction, pain sensitivity, and, more recently, social behavior. The endogenous opioid system has been shown to regulate social distress and reward in a variety of animal models. However, mechanisms underlying the associations between the OPRM1 A118G SNP and these behaviors have not been clarified. We used a mouse model possessing the human equivalent nucleotide/amino acid substitution to study social affiliation and social defeat behaviors. In mice with the Oprm1 A112G SNP, we demonstrate that the G allele is associated with an increase in home-cage dominance and increased motivation for nonaggressive social interactions, similar to what is reported in human populations. When challenged by a resident aggressor, G-allele carriers expressed less submissive behavior and exhibited resilience to social defeat, demonstrated by a lack of subsequent social avoidance and reductions in anhedonia as measured by intracranial self-stimulation. Protection from social defeat in G-allele carriers was associated with a greater induction of c-fos in a resilience circuit comprising the nucleus accumbens and periaqueductal gray. These findings led us to test the role of endogenous opioids in the A112G mice. We demonstrate that the increase in social affiliation in G carriers is blocked by pretreatment with naloxone. Together, these data suggest a mechanism involving altered hedonic state and neural activation as well as altered endogenous opioid tone in the differential response to aversive and rewarding social stimuli in G-allele carriers.
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73
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Nummenmaa L, Manninen S, Tuominen L, Hirvonen J, Kalliokoski KK, Nuutila P, Jääskeläinen IP, Hari R, Dunbar RIM, Sams M. Adult attachment style is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability in humans. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:3621-8. [PMID: 26046928 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human attachment behavior mediates establishment and maintenance of social relationships. Adult attachment characteristically varies on anxiety and avoidance dimensions, reflecting the tendencies to worry about the partner breaking the social bond (anxiety) and feeling uncomfortable about depending on others (avoidance). In primates and other mammals, the endogenous μ-opioid system is linked to long-term social bonding, but evidence of its role in human adult attachment remains more limited. We used in vivo positron emission tomography to reveal how variability in μ-opioid receptor (MOR) availability is associated with adult attachment in humans. We scanned 49 healthy subjects using a MOR-specific ligand [(11) C]carfentanil and measured their attachment avoidance and anxiety with the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised scale. The avoidance dimension of attachment correlated negatively with MOR availability in the thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as the frontal cortex, amygdala, and insula. No associations were observed between MOR availability and the anxiety dimension of attachment. Our results suggest that the endogenous opioid system may underlie interindividual differences in avoidant attachment style in human adults, and that differences in MOR availability are associated with the individuals' social relationships and psychosocial well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Nummenmaa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Psychology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Manninen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Lauri Tuominen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jussi Hirvonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Riitta Hari
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, Ox1 3UD, UK
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, 00076, AALTO, Espoo, Finland
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74
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Domino EF, Hirasawa-Fujita M, Ni L, Guthrie SK, Zubieta JK. Regional brain [(11)C]carfentanil binding following tobacco smoking. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:100-104. [PMID: 25598501 PMCID: PMC4375952 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if overnight tobacco abstinent carriers of the AG or GG (*G) vs. the AA variant of the human mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) A118G polymorphism (rs1799971) differ in [(11)C]carfentanil binding after tobacco smoking. METHODS Twenty healthy American male smokers who abstained from tobacco overnight were genotyped and completed positron emission tomography (PET) scans with the mu opioid receptor agonist, [(11)C]carfentanil. They smoked deniconized (denic) and average nicotine (avnic) cigarettes during the PET scans. RESULTS Smoking avnic cigarette decreased the binding potential (BPND) of [(11)C]carfentanil in the right medial prefrontal cortex (mPfc; 6, 56, 18), left anterior medial prefrontal cortex (amPfc; -2, 46, 44), right ventral striatum (vStr; 16, 3, -10), left insula (Ins; -42, 10, -12), right hippocampus (Hippo; 18, -6, -14) and left cerebellum (Cbl; -10, -88, -34), and increased the BPND in left amygdala (Amy; -20, 0, -22), left putamen (Put; -22, 10, -6) and left nucleus accumbens (NAcc; -10, 12, -8). In the AA allele carriers, avnic cigarette smoking significantly changed the BPND compared to after denic smoking in most brain areas listed above. However in the *G carriers the significant BPND changes were confirmed in only amPfc and vStr. Free mu opioid receptor availability was significantly less in the *G than the AA carriers in the Amy and NAcc. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that BPND changes induced by avnic smoking in OPRM1 *G carriers were blunted compared to the AA carriers. Also *G smokers had less free mu opioid receptor availability in Amy and NAcc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Domino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | | | - Lisong Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Sally K Guthrie
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Jon Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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75
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Knapman A, Santiago M, Connor M. Buprenorphine signalling is compromised at the N40D polymorphism of the human μ opioid receptor in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:4273-88. [PMID: 24846673 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There is significant variation in individual response to opioid drugs, which may result in inappropriate opioid therapy. Polymorphisms of the μ opioid receptor (MOP receptor) may contribute to individual variation in opioid response by affecting receptor function, and the effect may be ligand-specific. We sought to determine functional differences in MOP receptor signalling at several signalling pathways using a range of structurally distinct opioid ligands in cells expressing wild-type MOP receptors (MOPr-WT) and the commonly occurring MOP receptor variant, N40D. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH MOPr-WT and MOPr-N40D were stably expressed in CHO cells and in AtT-20 cells. Assays of AC inhibition and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were performed on CHO cells, and assays of K activation were performed on AtT-20 cells. Signalling profiles for each ligand were compared between variants. KEY RESULTS Buprenorphine efficacy was reduced by over 50% at MOPr-N40D for AC inhibition and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Buprenorphine potency was reduced threefold at MOPr-N40D for K channel activation. Pentazocine efficacy was reduced by 50% for G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K channel activation at MOPr-N40D. No other differences were observed for any other ligands tested. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The N40D variant is present in 10-50% of the population. Buprenorphine is a commonly prescribed opioid analgesic, and many individuals do not respond to buprenorphine therapy. This study demonstrates that buprenorphine signalling to several effectors via the N40D variant of MOP receptors is impaired, and this may have important consequences in a clinical setting for individuals carrying the N40D allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Knapman
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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76
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Bilbao A, Robinson JE, Heilig M, Malanga CJ, Spanagel R, Sommer WH, Thorsell A. A pharmacogenetic determinant of mu-opioid receptor antagonist effects on alcohol reward and consumption: evidence from humanized mice. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:850-8. [PMID: 25442002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been proposed that therapeutic responses to naltrexone in alcoholism are moderated by variation at the mu-opioid receptor gene locus (OPRM1). This remains controversial because human results vary and no prospectively genotyped studies have been reported. We generated humanized mice carrying the respective human OPRM1 A118G alleles. Here, we used this model system to examine the role of OPRM1 A118G variation for opioid antagonist effects on alcohol responses. METHODS Effects of naltrexone on alcohol reward were examined using intracranial self-stimulation. Effects of naltrexone or nalmefene on alcohol intake were examined in continuous access home cage two-bottle free-choice drinking and operant alcohol self-administration paradigms. RESULTS Alcohol lowered brain stimulation reward thresholds in 118GG mice in a manner characteristic of rewarding drugs, and this effect was blocked by naltrexone. Brain stimulation reward thresholds were unchanged by alcohol or naltrexone in 118AA mice. In the home cage, increased alcohol intake emerged in 118GG mice with increasing alcohol concentrations and was 33% higher at 17% alcohol. At this concentration, naltrexone selectively suppressed alcohol intake in 118GG animals to a level virtually identical to that of 118AA mice. No effect of naltrexone was found in the latter group. Similarly, both naltrexone and nalmefene were more effective in suppressing operant alcohol self-administration in 118GG mice. CONCLUSIONS In a model that allows close experimental control, OPRM1 A118G variation robustly moderates effects of opioid antagonism on alcohol reward and consumption. These findings strongly support a personalized medicine approach to alcoholism treatment that takes into account OPRM1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Bilbao
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Sweden
| | - C J Malanga
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Sommer
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Annika Thorsell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköpings Universitet, Linköping, Sweden.
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77
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Mague SD, Port RG, McMullen ME, Carlson GC, Turner JR. Mouse model of OPRM1 (A118G) polymorphism has altered hippocampal function. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:426-35. [PMID: 25986698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the human μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1 A118G) has been widely studied for its association in a variety of drug addiction and pain sensitivity phenotypes; however, the extent of these adaptations and the mechanisms underlying these associations remain elusive. To clarify the functional mechanisms linking the OPRM1 A118G SNP to altered phenotypes, we used a mouse model possessing the equivalent nucleotide/amino acid substitution in the Oprm1 gene. In order to investigate the impact of this SNP on circuit function, we used voltage-sensitive dye imaging in hippocampal slices and in vivo electroencephalogram recordings of the hippocampus following MOPR activation. As the hippocampus contains excitatory pyramidal cells whose activity is highly regulated by a dense network of inhibitory neurons, it serves as an ideal structure to evaluate how putative receptor function abnormalities may influence circuit activity. We found that MOPR activation increased excitatory responses in wild-type animals, an effect that was significantly reduced in animals possessing the Oprm1 SNP. Furthermore, in order to assess the in vivo effects of this SNP during MOPR activation, EEG recordings of hippocampal activity following morphine administration corroborated a loss-of-function phenotype. In conclusion, as these mice have been shown to have similar MOPR expression in the hippocampus between genotypes, these data suggest that the MOPR A118G SNP results in a loss of receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Mague
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Russell G Port
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael E McMullen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Greg C Carlson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jill R Turner
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29036, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Berrettini
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.
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79
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Ng J, Trask JS, Smith DG, Kanthaswamy S. Heterospecific SNP diversity in humans and rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 2015; 44:194-201. [PMID: 25963897 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conservation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between human and other primates (i.e., heterospecific SNPs) in candidate genes can be used to assess the utility of those organisms as models for human biomedical research. METHODS A total of 59,691 heterospecific SNPs in 22 rhesus macaques and 20 humans were analyzed for human trait associations and 4207 heterospecific SNPs biallelic in both taxa were compared for genetic variation. RESULTS Variation comparisons at the 4207 SNPs showed that humans were more genetically diverse than rhesus macaques with observed and expected heterozygosities of 0.337 and 0.323 vs. 0.119 and 0.102, and minor allele frequencies of 0.239 and 0.063, respectively. In total, 431 of the 59,691 heterospecific SNPs are reportedly associated with human-specific traits. CONCLUSION While comparisons between human and rhesus macaque genomes are plausible, functional studies of heterospecific SNPs are necessary to determine whether rhesus macaque alleles are associated with the same phenotypes as their corresponding human alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Ng
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Satkoski Trask
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David Glenn Smith
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sree Kanthaswamy
- Molecular Anthropology Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University (ASU) at the West Campus, Glendale, AZ, USA.,Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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80
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Woodcock EA, Lundahl LH, Burmeister M, Greenwald MK. Functional mu opioid receptor polymorphism (OPRM1 A(118) G) associated with heroin use outcomes in Caucasian males: A pilot study. Am J Addict 2015; 24:329-35. [PMID: 25911999 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heroin's analgesic, euphoric and dependence-producing effects are primarily mediated by the mu opioid receptor (MOR). A single gene, OPRM1, encodes the MOR. The functional polymorphism A(118)G, located in exon 1 of the OPRM1 gene, results in anatomically-specific reductions in MOR expression, which may alter an individual's response to heroin. In prior studies 118G (rare allele) carriers demonstrated significantly greater opioid tolerance, overdose vulnerability, and pain sensitivity than 118AA homozygotes. Those findings suggest OPRM1 genotype may impact characteristics of heroin use. METHODS The present pilot study characterized the impact of OPRM1 genotype (rs1799971, 118G allele carriers vs. 118AA homozygotes) on heroin-use phenotypes associated with heroin dependence severity in a sample of male, Caucasian chronic heroin users (n = 86). RESULTS Results indicate that 118G allele carriers reported significantly more heroin use-related consequences and heroin-quit attempts, and were more likely to have sought treatment for their heroin use than 118AA homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings, consistent with extant data, illustrate a role for OPRM1 allelic variation on heroin use characteristics, and provide support for considering genotype in heroin treatment and relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Woodcock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Translational Neuroscience Program, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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81
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Linnstaedt SD, Hu J, Bortsov AV, Soward AC, Swor R, Jones J, Lee D, Peak D, Domeier R, Rathlev N, Hendry P, McLean SA. μ-Opioid Receptor Gene A118 G Variants and Persistent Pain Symptoms Among Men and Women Experiencing Motor Vehicle Collision. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:637-44. [PMID: 25842347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The μ-opioid receptor 1 (OPRM1) binds endogenous opioids. Increasing evidence suggests that endogenous OPRM1 agonists released at the time of trauma may contribute to the development of posttraumatic musculoskeletal pain (MSP). In this prospective observational study, we evaluated the hypothesis that individuals with an AG or GG genotype at the OPRM1 A118 G allele, which results in a reduced response to opioids, would have less severe MSP 6 weeks after motor vehicle collision (MVC). Based on previous evidence, we hypothesized that this effect would be sex-dependent and most pronounced among women with substantial peritraumatic distress. European American men and women ≥ 18 years of age presenting to the emergency department after MVC and discharged to home after evaluation (N = 948) were enrolled. Assessments included genotyping and 6-week evaluation of overall MSP severity (0-10 numeric rating scale). In linear regression modeling, a significant A118 G Allele × Sex interaction was observed: an AG/GG genotype predicted reduced MSP severity among women with substantial peritraumatic distress (β = -.925, P = .014) but not among all women. In contrast, men with an AG/GG genotype experienced increased MSP severity at 6 weeks (β = .827, P = .019). Further studies are needed to understand the biologic mechanisms mediating observed sex differences in A118 G effects. PERSPECTIVE These results suggest a sex-dependent mechanism by which an emotional response to trauma (distress) contributes to a biologic mechanism (endogenous opioid release) that increases MSP in the weeks after stress exposure. These results also support the hypothesis that endogenous opioids influence pain outcomes differently in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Linnstaedt
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - JunMei Hu
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrey V Bortsov
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - April C Soward
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert Swor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey Jones
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Spectrum Health Butterworth Campus, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - David Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York
| | - David Peak
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Domeier
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Niels Rathlev
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Phyllis Hendry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine/Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Samuel A McLean
- TRYUMPH Research Program, Anesthesiology Department, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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82
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Zhang Y, Picetti R, Butelman ER, Ho A, Blendy JA, Kreek MJ. Mouse model of the OPRM1 (A118G) polymorphism: differential heroin self-administration behavior compared with wild-type mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1091-100. [PMID: 25336208 PMCID: PMC4367451 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mu-opioid receptors (MOPRs) are the target of heroin and other prescription opioids, which are currently responsible for massive addiction morbidity in the US. The gene coding for the human MOPR (OPRM1) has an important functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), A118G. The OPRM1 A118G genotype results in substantially increased risk of heroin addiction in humans; however, the neurobiological mechanism for this increased risk is not fully understood. This study examined heroin self-administration (SA) behavior in A112G (G/G) mice, harboring a functionally equivalent SNP in Oprm1 with a similar amino acid substitution, in extended (4 h) SA sessions. Adult male and female G/G mice and 'wild-type' litter mates (A/A) were allowed to self-administer heroin (0.25 mg/kg/unit dose, FR1 with a nose poke response) for 4 h/day, for 10 consecutive days. Half of the mice then continued in a heroin dose-response study, while extinction from heroin SA was studied in the other half. In vivo microdialysis was used to measure acute heroin-induced increases of striatal dopamine in the GG vs AA genotypes. Male and female G/G mice responded for heroin significantly more (and thus had greater intake) than A/A mice, in the initial 10 days of heroin SA, and in the subsequent dose-response study. There were no significant differences in extinction of SA between the A/A and G/G mice. Heroin-induced increases in striatal dopamine levels are higher in the GG mice than in the AA mice. Both male and female G/G mice self-administered more heroin than did A/A mice over a 10-day period, possibly because of the greater increases of heroin-induced striatal dopamine in the GG mice. Furthermore, G/G male mice escalated the amount of heroin self-administration across 10 extended-access sessions more than A/A male mice did. These are the first studies to examine the acquisition of heroin SA in this mouse model. These studies may lead to a better understanding of the neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms that underlie greater risk of heroin addiction in carriers of the A118G SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA,The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA, Tel: +212 327 8490, Fax: +212 327 8574, E-mail:
| | - Roberto Picetti
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann Ho
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie A Blendy
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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83
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Peciña M, Love T, Stohler CS, Goldman D, Zubieta JK. Effects of the Mu opioid receptor polymorphism (OPRM1 A118G) on pain regulation, placebo effects and associated personality trait measures. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:957-65. [PMID: 25308352 PMCID: PMC4330509 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mu-opioid receptors (MOPRs) are critically involved in the modulation of pain and analgesia, and represent a candidate mechanism for the development of biomarkers of pain conditions and their responses to treatment. To further understand the human implications of genetic variation within the opioid system in pain and opioid-mediated placebo responses, we investigated the association between the functional single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1), A118G, and psychophysical responses, personality traits, and neurotransmitter systems (dopamine (DA), opioid) related to pain and placebo analgesia. OPRM1 G carriers, compared with AA homozygotes, showed an overall reduction of baseline μ-opioid receptor availability in regions implicated in pain and affective regulation. In response to a sustained painful stimulus, we found no effect of A118G on pain-induced endogenous opioid release. Instead, AA homozygotes showed a blunted DA response in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in response to the pain challenge. After placebo administration, G carriers showed more pronounced mood disturbances and lower placebo-induced μ-opioid system activation in the anterior insula (aINS), the amygdala (AMY), the NAc, the thalamus (THA), and the brainstem, as well as lower levels of DA D2/3 activation in the NAc. At a trait level, G carriers reported higher NEO-Neuroticism scores; a personality trait previously associated with increased pain and lower placebo responses, which were negatively correlated with baseline μ-opioid receptor availability in the aINS and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Our results demonstrate that the A118G OPRM1 polymorphism contributes to interindividual variations in the function of neurotransmitters responsive to pain (endogenous opioid and dopamine), as well as their regulation through cognitive-emotional influences in the context of therapeutic expectations, the so-called placebo effect. These effects are relevant to human vulnerability to disease processes where these neurotransmitters have a role, such as persistent pain, mood, and substance use disorders, and responses to their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peciña
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tiffany Love
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, 205 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0720, USA, Tel: +1 734 763 6843, Fax: +1 734 647 4130, E-mail:
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84
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Abstract
Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disorder with complex biological mechanisms underlying the motivational basis for this behavior. Although more than 70 % of current smokers express a desire to quit, most relapse within one year, underscoring the need for novel treatments. A key focus of translational research models addressing nicotine dependence has been on cross-validation of human and animal models in order to improve the predictive value of medication screening paradigms. In this chapter, we review several lines of research highlighting the utility of cross-validation models in elucidating the biological underpinnings of nicotine reward and reinforcement, identifying factors which may influence individual response to treatment, and facilitating rapid translation of findings to practice.
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85
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Abstract
Our dynamic environment regularly exposes us to potentially life-threatening challenges or stressors. To answer these challenges and maintain homeostasis, the stress response, an innate coordinated engagement of central and peripheral neural systems is initiated. Although essential for survival, the inappropriate initiation of the stress response or its continuation after the stressor is terminated has pathological consequences that have been linked to diverse neuropsychiatric and medical diseases. Substantial individual variability exists in the pathological consequences of stressors. A theme of this Special Issue is that elucidating the basis of individual differences in resilience or its flipside, vulnerability, will greatly advance our ability to prevent and treat stress-related diseases. This can be approached by studying individual differences in "pro-stress" mediators such as corticosteroids or the hypothalamic orchestrator of the stress response, corticotropin-releasing factor. More recently, the recognition of endogenous neuromodulators with "anti-stress" activity that have opposing actions or that restrain stress-response systems suggests additional bases for individual differences in stress pathology. These "anti-stress" neuromodulators offer alternative strategies for manipulating the stress response and its pathological consequences. This review uses the major brain norepinephrine system as a model stress-response system to demonstrate how co-regulation by opposing pro-stress (corticotropin-releasing factor) and anti-stress (enkephalin) neuromodulators must be fine-tuned to produce an adaptive response to stress. The clinical consequences of tipping this fine-tuned balance in the direction of either the pro- or anti-stress systems are emphasized. Finally, that each system provides multiple points at which individual differences could confer stress vulnerability or resilience is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita J. Valentino
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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86
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Detection of mu opioid receptor (MOPR) and its glycosylation in rat and mouse brains by western blot with anti-μC, an affinity-purified polyclonal anti-MOPR antibody. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1230:141-54. [PMID: 25293322 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1708-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Our experience demonstrates that it is difficult to identify MOPR in rat and mouse brains by western blot, in part due to low abundance of the receptor and a wide relative molecular mass (Mr) range of the receptor associated with its heterogeneous glycosylation states. Here, we describe generation and purification of anti-μC (a rabbit polyclonal anti-MOPR antibody), characterization of its specificity in immunoblotting of HA-tagged MOPR expressed in a cell line, and ultimately, unequivocal detection of the MOPR in brain tissues by western blot with multiple rigorous controls. In particular, using brain tissues from MOPR knockout (K/O) mice as the negative controls allowed unambiguous identification of the MOPR band, since the anti-MOPR antibody, even after affinity purification, recognizes nonspecific protein bands. The MOPR was resolved as a faint, broad, and diffuse band with a wide Mr range of 58-84 kDa depending on brain regions and species. Upon deglycosylation to remove N-linked glycans by PNGase F (but not Endo H), the MOPR became a dense and sharp band with Mr of ~43 kDa, close to the theoretical Mr of its deduced amino acid sequences. Thus, MOPRs in rodent brains are differentially glycosylated by complex type of N-linked glycans in brain region- and species-specific manners. Furthermore, we characterized the MOPR in an A112G/N38D-MOPR knockin mouse model that possesses the equivalent substitution of the A118G/N40D SNP in the human MOPR gene. The substitution removes one of the four and five N-linked consensus glycosylation sites of the mouse and human MOPR, respectively. We demonstrated that the Mr of the MOPR in A112G mouse brains was lower than that in wild-type mouse brains, and that the difference was due to lower degrees of N-linked glycosylation.
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87
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Seneviratne C. Advances in Medications and Tailoring Treatment for Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Res 2015; 37:15-28. [PMID: 26259086 PMCID: PMC4476601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic heritable brain disorder with a variable clinical presentation. This variability, or heterogeneity, in clinical presentation suggests complex interactions between environmental and biological factors, resulting in several underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in the development and progression of AUD. Classifying AUD into subgroups of common clinical or pathological characteristics would ease the complexity of teasing apart underlying molecular mechanisms. Genetic association analyses have revealed several polymorphisms-small differences in DNA-that increase a person's vulnerability to develop AUD and other alcohol-related intermediate characteristics, such as severity of drinking, age of AUD onset, or measures of craving. They also have identified polymorphisms associated with reduced drinking. Researchers have begun utilizing these genetic polymorphisms to identify alcoholics who might respond best to various treatments, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of currently tested medications for treating AUD. This review compares the efficacy of medications tested for treatment of AUD with and without incorporating genetics. It then discusses advances in pre-clinical genetic and genomic studies that potentially could be adapted to clinical trials to improve treatment efficacy. Although a pharmacogenetic approach is promising, it is relatively new and will need to overcome many challenges, including inadequate scientific knowledge and social and logistic constraints, to be utilized in clinical practice.
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88
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Slavich GM, Tartter MA, Brennan PA, Hammen C. Endogenous opioid system influences depressive reactions to socially painful targeted rejection life events. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 49:141-9. [PMID: 25086307 PMCID: PMC4165779 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although exposure to a recent major life event is one of the strongest known risk factors for depression, many people who experience such stress do not become depressed. Moreover, the biological mechanisms underlying differential emotional reactions to social adversity remain largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we examined whether the endogenous opioid system, which is known to influence sensitivity to physical pain, is also implicated in differential risk for depression following socially painful targeted rejection versus non-targeted rejection life events. Adolescents (n=420) enrolled in a large longitudinal birth cohort study had their recent stress exposure and current mental health status assessed using self-report and interview-based methods. Participants were also genotyped for the A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1, rs1799971), which has been found to influence neural and psychological responses to rejection, likely by affecting opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency. As hypothesized, G allele carriers, who are known to exhibit less opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency, were more severely depressed and twice as likely to meet criteria for major depressive disorder following a recent targeted rejection major life event (e.g., being broken up with, getting fired) relative to A/A homozygotes who experienced such stress. However, A118G genotype did not moderate the effects of other similarly severe major life events on depression. These data thus elucidate a biological pathway that may specifically influence sensitivity to social pain and rejection, which in turn has implications for understanding differential risk for depression and several other social stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Corresponding author at: Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA Medical Plaza 300, Room 3156, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7076, USA. (G. Slavich)
| | | | | | - Constance Hammen
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles
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89
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Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Although a number of studies have investigated the association of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism with pain response, a consensus has not yet been reached.
Methods:
The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library to identify gene-association studies that explored the impact of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism on postoperative opioid requirements through July 2013. Two evaluators independently reviewed and selected articles on the basis of prespecified selection criteria. The authors primarily investigated the standardized mean difference (SMD) of required amounts of opioids between AA homozygotes and G-allele carriers. The authors also performed subgroup analyses for race, opioid use, and type of surgery. Potential bias was assessed using the Egger’s test with a trim and fill procedure.
Results:
Three hundred forty-six articles were retrieved from databases, and 18 studies involving 4,607 participants were included in the final analyses. In a random-effect meta-analysis, G-allele carriers required a higher mean opioid dose than AA homozygotes (SMD, −0.18; P = 0.003). Although there was no evidence of publication bias, heterogeneity was present among studies (I2 = 66.8%). In the subgroup meta-analyses, significance remained robust in Asian patients (SMD, −0.21; P = 0.001), morphine users (SMD, −0.29; P <0.001), and patients who received surgery for a viscus (SMD, −0.20; P = 0.008).
Conclusions:
The OPRM1 A118G polymorphism was associated with interindividual variability in postoperative response to opioids. In a subpopulation, identifying OPRM1 A118G polymorphism may provide valuable information regarding the individual analgesic doses that are required to achieve satisfactory pain control.
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90
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Knapman A, Connor M. Cellular signalling of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the human μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1). Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:349-63. [PMID: 24527749 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is significant variability in individual responses to opioid drugs, which is likely to have a significant genetic component. A number of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding regions of the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) have been postulated to contribute to this variability. Although many studies have investigated the clinical influences of these μ-opioid receptor variants, the outcomes are reported in the context of thousands of other genes and environmental factors, and we are no closer to being able to predict individual response to opioids based on genotype. Investigation of how μ-opioid receptor SNPs affect their expression, coupling to second messengers, desensitization and regulation is necessary to understand how subtle changes in receptor structure can impact individual responses to opioids. To date, the few functional studies that have investigated the consequences of SNPs on the signalling profile of the μ-opioid receptor in vitro have shown that the common N40D variant has altered functional responses to some opioids, while other, rarer, variants display altered signalling or agonist-dependent regulation. Here, we review the data available on the effects of μ-opioid receptor polymorphisms on receptor function, expression and regulation in vitro, and discuss the limitations of the studies to date. Whether or not μ-opioid receptor SNPs contribute to individual variability in opioid responses remains an open question, in large part because we have relatively little good data about how the amino acid changes affect μ-opioid receptor function. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Knapman
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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91
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Cox BM, Christie MJ, Devi L, Toll L, Traynor JR. Challenges for opioid receptor nomenclature: IUPHAR Review 9. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:317-23. [PMID: 24528283 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent developments in the study of the structure and function of opioid receptors raise significant challenges for the definition of individual receptor types and the development of a nomenclature that precisely describes isoforms that may subserve different functions in vivo. Presentations at the 2013 meeting of the International Narcotics Research Conference in Cairns, Australia, considered some of the new discoveries that are now unravelling the complexities of opioid receptor signalling. Variable processing of opioid receptor messenger RNAs may lead to the presence of several isoforms of the μ receptor. Each opioid receptor type can function either as a monomer or as part of a homo- or heterodimer or higher multimer. Additionally, recent evidence points to the existence of agonist bias in the signal transduction pathways activated through μ receptors, and to the presence of regulatory allosteric sites on the receptors. This brief review summarizes the recent discoveries that raise challenges for receptor definition and the characterization of signal transduction pathways activated by specific receptor forms. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Cox
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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92
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Walter C, Doehring A, Oertel BG, Lötsch J. µ-opioid receptor gene variant OPRM1 118 A>G: a summary of its molecular and clinical consequences for pain. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1915-25. [PMID: 24236490 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The human µ-opioid receptor variant 118 A>G (rs1799971) has become one of the most analyzed genetic variants in the pain field. At the molecular level, the variant reduces opioid receptor signaling efficiency and expression, the latter probably via a genetic-epigenetic interaction. In experimental settings, the variant was reproducibly associated with decreased effects of exogenous opioids. However, this translates into very small clinical effects (meta-analysis of 14 studies: Cohen's d = 0.096; p = 0.008), consisting of slightly higher opioid dosing requirements in peri- and post-operative settings. An effect can neither be maintained for chronic analgesic therapy nor for opioid side effects. It seems unlikely that further studies will reveal larger effect sizes and, therefore, further analyses appear unwarranted. Thus, due to its small effect size, the SNP is without major clinical relevance as a solitary variant, but should be regarded as a part of complex genotypes underlying pain and analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Walter
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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93
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Zhou Y, Kreek MJ. Alcohol: a stimulant activating brain stress responsive systems with persistent neuroadaptation. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:51-8. [PMID: 24929109 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Addictive diseases, including addiction to alcohol, opiates or cocaine, pose massive public health costs. Addictions are chronic relapsing brain diseases, caused by drug-induced direct effects and persistent neuroadaptations at the molecular, cellular and behavioral levels. These drug-type specific neuroadapations are mainly contributed by three factors: environment, including stress, the direct reinforcing effects of the drug on the CNS, and genetics. Results from animal models and basic clinical research (including human genetic study) have shown important interactions between the stress responsive systems and alcohol abuse. In this review we will discuss the involvement of the dysregulation of the stress responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in alcohol addiction (Section I). Addictions to specific drugs such as alcohol, psychostimulants and opiates (e.g., heroin) have some common direct or downstream effects on several brain stress-responsive systems, including vasopressin and its receptor system (Section II), POMC and mu opioid receptor system (Section III) and dynorphin and kappa opioid receptor systems (Section IV). Further understanding of these systems, through laboratory-based and translational studies, have the potential to optimize early interventions and to discover new treatment targets for the therapy of alcoholism. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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94
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Wang YJ, Huang P, Blendy JA, Liu-Chen LY. Brain region- and sex-specific alterations in DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in mice with Oprm1 A112G. Addict Biol 2014; 19:354-61. [PMID: 22862850 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human μ-opioid receptor (MOPR) gene (OPRM1) was associated with heightened dopamine release by alcohol intake, better treatment outcome for nicotine and alcohol addiction, and reduced analgesic responses to morphine. A mouse model that possesses the equivalent substitution (A112G) in the mouse MOPR gene (OPRM1) was generated to delineate the mechanisms of the impact of the SNP. Mice homozygous for the G112 allele (G/G) displayed lower morphine-induced antinociception than mice homozygous for the A112 allele (A/A), similar to the results in humans. In this study, we examined whether A112G SNP affected MOPR-mediated G protein activation in the mouse model. We compared A/A and G/G mice in the MOPR-selective agonist [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO)-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in brain regions by autoradiography. When the data of males and females were combined, G/G mice exhibited lower DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in the ventral tegmental area than A/A mice, in accord with the previously reported reduced morphine-induced hyperactivity and locomotor sensitization in G/G mice. In the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, female G/G mice displayed lower DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding than female A/A mice, which is consistent with the previously reported deficiency in morphine-induced conditioned place preference in female G/G mice. In G/G mice, males showed higher DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding than females in the cingulate cortex, caudate putamen, NAc core, thalamus and amygdala. Thus, A112G SNP affects DAMGO-stimulated [(35) S]GTPγS binding in region- and sex-specific manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Substance Abuse Research; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Substance Abuse Research; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Julie A. Blendy
- Department of Pharmacology; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; Center for Substance Abuse Research; Temple University School of Medicine; Philadelphia PA USA
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95
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Haerian BS, Haerian MS. OPRM1 rs1799971 polymorphism and opioid dependence: evidence from a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:813-24. [PMID: 23651028 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The OPRM1 gene encodes the µ-opioid receptor, which is the primary site of action of most opioids. Several studies and three meta-analyses have examined a possible link between the exonic OPRM1 A118G (rs1799971) polymorphism and opioid dependence; however, results have been inconclusive. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis have been carried out to examine whether this polymorphism is associated with opioid dependence. Thirteen studies (n = 9385), comprising 4601 opioid dependents and 4784 controls, which evaluated association of the OPRM1 rs1799971 polymorphism with susceptibility to opioids, were included in this study. Our meta-analysis showed significant association between this polymorphism and susceptibility to opioid dependence in overall studies under a codominant model, as well as susceptibility to opioid dependence or heroin dependence in Asians under an autosomal dominant model. The nonsynonymous OPRM1 rs1799971 might be a risk factor for addiction to opioids or heroin in an Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batoul Sadat Haerian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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96
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Neuroimaging in psychiatric pharmacogenetics research: the promise and pitfalls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2327-37. [PMID: 23793356 PMCID: PMC3799069 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The integration of research on neuroimaging and pharmacogenetics holds promise for improving treatment for neuropsychiatric conditions. Neuroimaging may provide a more sensitive early measure of treatment response in genetically defined patient groups, and could facilitate development of novel therapies based on an improved understanding of pathogenic mechanisms underlying pharmacogenetic associations. This review summarizes progress in efforts to incorporate neuroimaging into genetics and treatment research on major psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and addiction. Methodological challenges include: performing genetic analyses in small study populations used in imaging studies; inclusion of patients with psychiatric comorbidities; and the extensive variability across studies in neuroimaging protocols, neurobehavioral task probes, and analytic strategies. Moreover, few studies use pharmacogenetic designs that permit testing of genotype × drug effects. As a result of these limitations, few findings have been fully replicated. Future studies that pre-screen participants for genetic variants selected a priori based on drug metabolism and targets have the greatest potential to advance the science and practice of psychiatric treatment.
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Abstract
Opiates are among the oldest medications available to manage a number of medical problems. Although pain is the current focus, early use initially focused upon the treatment of dysentery. Opium contains high concentrations of both morphine and codeine, along with thebaine, which is used in the synthesis of a number of semisynthetic opioid analgesics. Thus, it is not surprising that new agents were initially based upon the morphine scaffold. The concept of multiple opioid receptors was first suggested almost 50 years ago (Martin, 1967), opening the possibility of new classes of drugs, but the morphine-like agents have remained the mainstay in the medical management of pain. Termed mu, our understanding of these morphine-like agents and their receptors has undergone an evolution in thinking over the past 35 years. Early pharmacological studies identified three major classes of receptors, helped by the discovery of endogenous opioid peptides and receptor subtypes-primarily through the synthesis of novel agents. These chemical biologic approaches were then eclipsed by the molecular biology revolution, which now reveals a complexity of the morphine-like agents and their receptors that had not been previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavril W Pasternak
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065.
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98
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Abstract
Alcohol addiction is one of the most common and devastating diseases in the world. Given the tremendous heterogeneity of alcohol-addicted individuals, it is unlikely that one medication will help nearly all patients. Thus, there is a clear need to develop predictors of response to existing medications. Naltrexone is a μ-opioid receptor antagonist, which has been approved in the United States for treatment of alcohol addiction since 1994. It has limited efficacy, in part because of noncompliance, but many patients do not respond despite high levels of compliance. There are reports that a missense single nucleotide polymorphism (rs179919 or A118G) in the μ-opioid receptor gene predicts a favorable response to naltrexone if an individual carries a "G" allele. This work will review the evidence for this hypothesis. The data are promising that the "G" allele predisposes to a beneficial naltrexone response among alcohol-addicted persons, but additional research is needed to prove this hypothesis in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade Berrettini
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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99
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Mura E, Govoni S, Racchi M, Carossa V, Ranzani GN, Allegri M, van Schaik RH. Consequences of the 118A>G polymorphism in the OPRM1 gene: translation from bench to bedside? J Pain Res 2013; 6:331-53. [PMID: 23658496 PMCID: PMC3645947 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s42040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The 118A>G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) gene has been the most described variant in pharmacogenetic studies regarding opioid drugs. Despite evidence for an altered biological function encoded by this variant, this knowledge is not yet utilized clinically. The aim of the present review was to collect and discuss the available information on the 118A>G SNP in the OPRM1 gene, at the molecular level and in its clinical manifestations. In vitro biochemical and molecular assays have shown that the variant receptor has higher binding affinity for β-endorphins, that it has altered signal transduction cascade, and that it has a lower expression compared with wild-type OPRM1. Studies using animal models for 118A>G have revealed a double effect of the variant receptor, with an apparent gain of function with respect to the response to endogenous opioids but a loss of function with exogenous administered opioid drugs. Although patients with this variant have shown a lower pain threshold and a higher drug consumption in order to achieve the analgesic effect, clinical experiences have demonstrated that patients carrying the variant allele are not affected by the increased opioid consumption in terms of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mura
- Department of Drug Sciences, Centre of Excellence in Applied Biology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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100
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Wachman EM, Hayes MJ, Brown MS, Paul J, Harvey-Wilkes K, Terrin N, Huggins GS, Aranda JV, Davis JM. Association of OPRM1 and COMT single-nucleotide polymorphisms with hospital length of stay and treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome. JAMA 2013; 309:1821-7. [PMID: 23632726 PMCID: PMC4432911 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) caused by in utero opioid exposure is a growing problem; genetic factors influencing the incidence and severity have not been previously examined. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1), multidrug resistance (ABCB1), and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) genes are associated with risk for opioid addiction in adults. OBJECTIVE To determine whether SNPs in the OPRM1, ABCB1, and COMT genes are associated with length of hospital stay and the need for treatment of NAS. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Prospective multicenter cohort study conducted at 5 tertiary care centers and community hospitals in Massachusetts and Maine between July 2011 and July 2012. DNA samples were genotyped for SNPs, and then NAS outcomes were correlated with genotype. Eighty-six of 140 eligible mother-infant dyads were enrolled. Infants were eligible if they were 36 weeks' gestational age or older and exposed to methadone or buprenorphine in utero . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcome measure was length of hospital stay, with between-group differences expressed as β and calculated with linear regression models. Secondary outcome measures included need for any medical treatment for NAS and treatment with 2 or more medications. RESULTS Infants with the OPRM1 118A>G AG/GG genotype had shortened length of stay (β = -8.5 days; 95% CI, -14.9 to -2.1 days; P = .009) and were less likely to receive any treatment than AA infants (48% vs 72%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63-0.96; P = .006). The COMT 158A>G AG/GG genotype was associated with shortened length of stay (β = -10.8 days; 95% CI, -18.2 to -3.4 days; P = .005) and less treatment with 2 or more medications (18% vs 56%; adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.55-0.86; P = .001) than the AA genotype. Associations with the ABCB1 SNPs were not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among infants with NAS, variants in the OPRM1 and COMT genes were associated with a shorter length of hospital stay and less need for treatment. These preliminary findings may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha M Wachman
- Department of Pediatrics, The Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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