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Pelegrin M, Marin M, Noël D, Piechaczyk M. Genetically engineered antibodies in gene transfer and gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:2165-75. [PMID: 9794201 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.15-2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to produce and engineer human monoclonal antibodies provides a basis for the development of novel therapeutical strategies against a variety of diseases. These strategies not only include improved passive immunotherapy but also more sophisticated antibody-based gene therapies involving gene transfer approaches. Four of the major applications of antibody gene engineering in the field of gene therapy are reviewed here. These are (1) the redefinition of viral vector tropism of infection for better transduction of cells of therapeutical interest, (2) the grafting of new cell recognition activities to effector cells of the immune system to kill cancer and pathogen-infected cells, (3) the inhibition of cellular and viral functions through intracellular expression of antibody-derived molecules, and (4) the systemic delivery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by non-B cells in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pelegrin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of Montpellier, CNRS, France
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52
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Grim JE, Siegal GP, Alvarez RD, Curiel DT. Intracellular expression of the anti-erbB-2 sFv N29 fails to accomplish efficient target modulation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 250:699-703. [PMID: 9784409 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of intracellular single chain antibodies has recently emerged as a highly efficient method of down-regulating or ablating protein expression. In this regard, we have demonstrated that a single chain antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the erbB-2 molecule causes a specific toxicity in erbB-2 positive tumor types. To further investigate the mechanism of this effect, we developed a second anti-erbB-2 sFv predicted to recognize an alternate extracellular epitope of the erbB-2 molecule. When produced as a secreted protein from the erbB-2 negative COS-1 cell line, this sFv binds specifically to erbB-2 positive cells, indicating that cellular machinery is able to produce a properly folded and functional sFv protein. However, by several assays, this sFv was shown to be unable to retain the erbB-2 protein within the ER. These negative results have implications for the evaluation and utilization of sFv knockout strategies in experimental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Grim
- Gene Therapy Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
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53
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Tewari D, Goldstein SL, Notkins AL, Zhou P. cDNA Encoding a Single-Chain Antibody to HIV p17 with Cytoplasmic or Nuclear Retention Signals Inhibits HIV-1 Replication. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.5.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
HIV-1 gag p17 protein is an attractive target for molecular intervention, because it is involved in the viral replication cycle at both the pre- and postintegration levels. In the present experiments, we targeted p17 by intracellularly expressing a cDNA encoding an Ab to p17. cDNA from a hybridoma-secreting Ab to p17 was cloned, sequenced, reconstructed as a single-chain Ab fragment (scFv), and expressed in the cytoplasm or nucleus with appropriate retention signals. The expressed scFvs had no effect on T cell growth or CD4 expression and bound specifically to HIV-1 p17. Human CD4+ Jurkat T cells that expressed scFvs and were infected with HIV-1 showed a marked reduction in virus replication compared with cells expressing vector alone. The inhibition of virus replication was more pronounced when scFvs were expressed in the cytoplasm rather than the nucleus. From these studies, we conclude that the intracellular expression of a single-chain Ab to p17 inhibits HIV replication; in addition, the degree of inhibition is related to the intracellular targeting site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanker Tewari
- *Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Simoy L. Goldstein
- †National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Abner L. Notkins
- *Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Paul Zhou
- *Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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54
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Conrad U, Fiedler U. Compartment-specific accumulation of recombinant immunoglobulins in plant cells: an essential tool for antibody production and immunomodulation of physiological functions and pathogen activity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 38:101-109. [PMID: 9738962 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006029617949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Expression and stability of immunoglobulins in transgenic plants have been investigated and optimized by accumulation in different cellular compartments as cytosol, apoplastic space and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as will be discussed in this review. In several cases described the highest accumulation of complete active antibodies was achieved by targeting into the apoplastic space. High-level expression of active recombinant single-chain Fv antibodies (scFv's) was obtained by retention of these proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. This has been shown for leaves and seeds of transgenic tobacco as well as for potato tubers. Transgenic tobacco seeds, potato tubers and tobacco leaves can facilitate stable storage of scFv's accumulated in the ER over an extended (seeds, tubers) or a short (leaves) period of time. The expression of specific scFv's in different plant species, plant organs and cellular compartments offers the possibility of blocking regulatory factors or pathogens specifically. Examples are scFv's expressed in the cytosol and the apoplastic space of transgenic plant cells modulating the infection process of plant viruses and a cytosolically expressed scFv that influenced the activity of phytochrome A protein. The immunomodulation approach has been shown to be also applicable for investigating the action of the phyto-hormone abscisic acid (ABA). High-level accumulation of specific anti-ABA scFv's in the ER of all leaf cells has been used to block the influence of ABA on the stomatal functions. Seed-specific expression of high amounts of anti-ABA-scFv's at a defined time of seed-development induced a developmental switch from seed ripening to vegetative growth. It has been demonstrated that ER retention is essential for the accumulation of sufficient scFv to bind high concentrations of ABA in the transgenic seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Conrad
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben, Germany.
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55
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Bosilevac JM, Gilchrist CA, Jankowski PE, Paul S, Rees AR, Hinrichs SH. Inhibition of activating transcription factor 1- and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein-activated transcription by an intracellular single chain Fv fragment. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16874-9. [PMID: 9642248 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.27.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1) and cAMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) activate transcription through CREs located in the promoters of cellular and viral genes. We previously described a monoclonal antibody (mAb41.4) that prevents ATF1 binding to DNA and reduces CRE-driven promoter activity in vitro (Orten, D. J., Strawhecker, J. M., Sanderson, S. D., Huang, D., Prytowsky, M. B. , and Hinrichs, S. H. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32254-32263). A single chain Fv (scFv) fragment from the mAb41.4-expressing hybridoma was generated to provide a means to investigate transcription factor function via intracellular expression of the scFv fragment. The affinity of scFv4 (subgroup: VL kappa-III, VH miscellaneous) for ATF1 was similar to that of the parental mAb and the Fab fragment, but it demonstrated greater inhibitory activity and reacted with CREB. scFv4 disrupted the binding of both ATF1 and CREB in electrophoretic mobility shift assays and reduced expression of CRE-driven expression in vitro. Transient expression of scFv had no effect on the non-CRE-containing adenovirus major late promoter. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen promoter, containing two CREs, was significantly more sensitive to inhibition by scFv than the cytomegalovirus immediate-early promoter, containing five CREs. Cotransfection of either ATF1 or CREB in the presence of scFv restored basal levels of expression. The intracellular expression of scFv provides a unique means to investigate the roles of the transcription factors ATF1 and CREB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bosilevac
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6495, USA
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56
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Biocca S, Tafani M, Cattaneo A. Assembled IgG molecules are exported from the endoplasmic reticulum in myeloma cells despite the retention signal SEKDEL. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 246:518-23. [PMID: 9610394 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The KDEL retention signal, when added at the C-terminal of the constant region of light and heavy chains of immunoglobulins is able to efficiently retain assembled immunoglobulins only in cells of nonlymphoid origin. In transfected myeloma cells the wild type and the KDEL-Ig mutants are secreted with the same efficiency. This phenomenon is not due to a proteolytic cleavage of the KDEL signal nor to a lack of intermolecular disulfide bond formation and is not due to an impaired recognition of the KDEL signal in myeloma cells. Thus, the constitutive secretion of assembled immunoglobulins, currently considered to follow a default process, appears to be regulated by a mechanism that is able to overcome an efficient ER retention system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biocca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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57
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Antibodies for targeted gene therapy: extracellular gene targeting and intracellular expression. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 31:153-170. [PMID: 10837623 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(97)00099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antibody genes of human origin and human antibodies directed against human proteins have become widely available in recent years. These are valuable reagents for gene therapy applications, in which the use of human proteins and genes allows for increased therapeutic benefit. Engineered human antibodies can be used in gene therapy both as a component of a gene delivery system and as a therapeutic gene. As the targeting moiety of a gene delivery system, the antibody should meet certain criteria that have been previously determined from other clinical applications of antibodies. These include bioavailability, specificity for the target cell, and rapid clearance. In addition, if repeat delivery of therapeutic genes is going to be needed, then gene delivery vectors should be non-immunogenic to allow repeated administration. The use of human antibodies in this application should therefore be superior to approaches which use rodent-derived antibodies. Another application of antibodies in gene therapy is the use of antibodies expressed inside the cell (intrabodies) as therapeutic agents. The power of the immune system to rearrange a limited set of genes to create recognition sites for any known molecule is well documented. The ability to harness this information and use these highly specific binding molecules as medicines to inhibit an unwanted cellular function is a promising advance in the field of molecular medicine, and in particular, in the field of intracellular immunization.
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58
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Zhou P, Goldstein S, Devadas K, Tewari D, Notkins AL. Cells Transfected with a Non-Neutralizing Antibody Gene Are Resistant to HIV Infection: Targeting the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Trans-Golgi Network. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.3.1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasmids containing single chain Fv (scFv) non-neutralizing human anti-HIV-1 gp41 Ab cDNA, with or without endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or trans-Golgi network (TGN) retention signals, were constructed. Stable transfectants expressing these scFvs then were generated from COS-7 cells and HIV-1-susceptible CD4+ human T cells (Jurkat). scFv without a retention signal was secreted from cells, whereas scFv with an ER or TGN retention signal remained primarily within targeted intracellular compartments. The expression of scFv, scFv-ER, and scFv-TGN did not adversely affect the appearance of uninfected cells, as measured by growth rate or CD4 expression. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the t1/2 of scFv-ER and scFv-TGN within cells was greater than 24 h and less than 9 h, respectively. The scFv-ER and scFv-TGN bound HIV gp160, and the scFv-ER-gp160 and the scFv-TGN-gp160 complexes were stable within HIV-infected transfectants. Further studies revealed that the maturation processing of gp160 into gp120 and gp41 was blocked in the scFv-ER transfectants, but not in the scFv-TGN transfectants. Moreover, HIV replication, as measured by p24, was inhibited by up to 99% in cells transfected with scFv-ER or scFv-TGN, but was not inhibited in cells transfected with the secretory form of scFv. It is concluded that the targeting of non-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 Abs to specific intracellular compartments blocks HIV replication and represents a potential therapeutic strategy for protecting uninfected lymphopoietic stem cells from HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Zhou
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
| | - Simoy Goldstein
- †Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Krishnakumar Devadas
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
| | - Deepanker Tewari
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
| | - Abner Louis Notkins
- *Experimental Medicine Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental Research and Immunodeficiency Virus Section, and
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59
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Rondon IJ, Marasco WA. Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) for gene therapy of infectious diseases. Annu Rev Microbiol 1997; 51:257-83. [PMID: 9343351 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.51.1.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) represent a new class of neutralizing molecules with a potential use in gene therapy. Intrabodies are engineered single-chain antibodies in which the variable domain of the heavy chain is joined to the variable domain of the light chain through a peptide linker, preserving the affinity of the parent antibody. Intrabodies are expressed inside cells and directed to different subcellular compartments where they can exert their function more effectively. The effects of intrabodies have been investigated using structural, regulatory, and enzymatic proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) as targets. These intrabodies have demonstrated their versatility by controlling early as well as late events of the viral life cycle. In this article, we review studies of the use of intrabodies as research tools and therapeutic agents against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Rondon
- Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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60
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Richardson JH, Waldmann TA, Sodroski JG, Marasco WA. Inducible knockout of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain: expression of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor is not required for the in vitro growth of HTLV-I-transformed cell lines. Virology 1997; 237:209-16. [PMID: 9356333 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy that is associated with HTLV-I infection and characterized by constitutive expression of the high-affinity interleukin-2 receptor. The alpha subunit of the high-affinity receptor (IL-2Ralpha), which is normally present only on activated T cells, is specifically upregulated by HTLV-I and constitutively expressed on fresh leukemic cells from ATL patients as well as cell lines transformed by HTLV-I in vitro. Here we directly address the functional significance of IL-2Ralpha expression in HTLV-I transformed cell lines by using an endoplasmic reticulum-targeted single-chain antibody to inhibit the cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha. Using constitutive and tetracycline-repressible systems to express the ER-targeted antibody against IL-2Ralpha, we have reduced cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha by more that 2 logs of mean fluorescence intensity to virtually undetectable levels in the IL-2-independent HTLV-I-transformed cell lines C8166-45 and HUT102. No toxicity was associated with the intracellular retention of IL-2Ralpha, and the growth rate of the IL-2Ralpha-negative cells was in each case comparable to that of the parental cell line. We conclude that cell surface expression of IL-2Ralpha is dispensable for the in vitro growth of these HTLV-I-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Richardson
- Division of Human Retrovirology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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61
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Phillips J, Artsaenko O, Fiedler U, Horstmann C, Mock HP, Müntz K, Conrad U. Seed-specific immunomodulation of abscisic acid activity induces a developmental switch. EMBO J 1997; 16:4489-96. [PMID: 9303293 PMCID: PMC1170075 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/16.15.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A single-chain Fv antibody (scFv) gene, which has previously been used to immunomodulate abscisic acid (ABA) activity in transgenic tobacco to create a 'wilty' phenotype, was put under control of the seed-specific USP promoter from Vicia faba and used to transform tobacco. Transformants were phenotypically similar to wild-type plants apart from their seeds. Anti-ABA scFv embryo development differed markedly from wild-type embryo development. Seeds which accumulated similar levels of a scFv that binds to oxazolone, a hapten absent from plants, developed like wild-type embryos. Anti-ABA scFv embryos developed green cotyledons containing chloroplasts and accumulated photosynthetic pigments but produced less seed storage protein and oil bodies. Anti-ABA scFv seeds germinated precociously if removed from seed capsules during development but were incapable of germination after drying. Total ABA levels were higher than in wild-type seeds but calculated free ABA levels were near-zero until 21 days after pollination. We show for the first time seed-specific immunomodulation and the resulting switch from the seed maturation programme to a germination programme. We conclude that the immunomodulation of hormones can alter the development programme of target organs, allowing the study of the directly blocked endogenous molecules and manipulation of the system concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Phillips
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung Gatersleben, Germany
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62
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Persic L, Righi M, Roberts A, Hoogenboom HR, Cattaneo A, Bradbury A. Targeting vectors for intracellular immunisation. Gene 1997; 187:1-8. [PMID: 9073060 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We define intracellular immunization as the inhibition or inactivation of the function of a molecule by the ectopic intracellular expression of antibody binding domains which recognise the molecule. Such recombinant antibodies can be directed to different compartments of eukaryotic cells by means of previously defined targeting signals, thus permiting the study of any molecule in any cellular compartment for which an antibody is available. For this purpose, we have created a set of vectors based on the VHExpress vector described [Persic, L., Roberts, A., Wilton, J., Cattaneo, A., Bradbury, A. and Hoogenboom, H.R. (1997) An integrated vector system for the eukaryotic expression of antibodies or their fragments after selection from phage display libraries. Gene 187, 000-000], which has been modified to express scFvs (single chain fragments) linked to specific targeting signals. These permit the localisation of scFvs to different intracellular compartments: the endoplasmic reticulum (scFvE-er), the nucleus (scFvE-nuclear), the mitochondria (scFvE-mit), the cytoplasm (scFvE-cyto), and as secreted proteins (scFvE-sec). The function of these vectors has been assessed by the immunofluorescence of COS cells transiently transfected with constructs containing the alphaD11 scFv.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Persic
- Societa Italiana per la Ricerca Scientifica, Roma, Italy
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63
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Sodroski J. Perspective: research highlights at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Center for AIDS Research (CFAR). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:1499-502. [PMID: 8911574 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Sodroski
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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64
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Yuan Q, Strauch KL, Lobb RR, Hemler ME. Intracellular single-chain antibody inhibits integrin VLA-4 maturation and function. Biochem J 1996; 318 ( Pt 2):591-6. [PMID: 8809051 PMCID: PMC1217661 DOI: 10.1042/bj3180591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A single-chain antibody construct was prepared containing the VH and VL regions of anti-(integrin alpha 4) antibody HP1/2, an interchain linker and a KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence. Intracellular expression of this single-chain antibody caused cell-surface expression of alpha 4 beta 1 integrin to be decreased by 80% on selected RD cells and by 65-100% on selected Jurkat cells, relative to mock transfectants. Immunoprecipitation from single-chain-antibody-transfected cells showed that the single-chain antibody was complexed with the integrin alpha 4 and beta 1 subunits, and the diminished sizes of alpha 4 and beta 1 were consistent with impaired maturation. Furthermore, cell adhesion to alpha 4 beta 1 ligands [VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1), FN40 (40 kDa chymotryptic fragment of fibronectin) and CS1] was greatly impaired in both RD and Jurkat cells, and cell spreading on immobilized FN40 protein was almost completely eliminated. Thus we conclude that intracellular single-chain antibodies may be used to reduce or eliminate cell-surface expression of a specific integrin, with specific functional consequences. This approach should be generally applicable to other integrin subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yuan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, U.S.A
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65
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Biocca S, Ruberti F, Tafani M, Pierandrei-Amaldi P, Cattaneo A. Redox state of single chain Fv fragments targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, cytosol and mitochondria. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:1110-5. [PMID: 9636285 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1095-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we have engineered the targeting of ScFv fragments to mitochondria and demonstrated that this can occur efficiently. This extends the range of subcellular compartments where antibody domains can be targeted in order to interfere with the action of the corresponding antigen. Moreover, we have compared the redox state of ScFv fragments targeted to the secretory compartment, the cytosol and the mitochondria, and demonstrated that cysteine residues in ScFv targeted to the secretory compartments and to the mitochondria are oxidized. On the contrary, cytosolic antibody domains are expressed in a reduced state, which is probably the reason for their lower expression levels. These pitfalls, however, do not prevent their successful utilization for intracellular immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biocca
- Institute of Neurobiology, CNR, Roma, Italy.
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