51
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Navot N, Kimmel E, Avtalion RR. Enhancement of antigen uptake and antibody production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following bath immunization and ultrasound treatment. Vaccine 2004; 22:2660-6. [PMID: 15193392 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound irradiation and hyperosmotic treatments were compared as facilitators of antigen (BSA) penetration through the skin by bath vaccination and as enhancers of the antibody response in goldfish. The kinetics of BSA penetration and accumulation into the skin, and via it to the blood, and the consequent specific stimulation of the humoral immune response, were studied. The main findings are: (1). ultrasonic treatment is more effective than hyperosmotic treatment in enhancing both antigen transport through the skin and antibody production; (2). the requirements for high antigen concentrations, which are needed for simple bath immersion, could be reduced five times in presonicated fish; and (3). anesthesia, which significantly reduced gill uptake following hyperosmotic treatment, had no effect on skin uptake. The importance of these finding for mass vaccination of adult fish and larvae is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noy Navot
- Laboratory of Fish Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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52
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Zhu W, Thomas CE, Sparling PF. DNA immunization of mice with a plasmid encoding Neisseria gonorrhea PorB protein by intramuscular injection and epidermal particle bombardment. Vaccine 2004; 22:660-9. [PMID: 14741158 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding PorB from Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain FA1090 was analyzed in BALB/C mice immunized by intramuscular needle injection or epidermal gene gun bombardment. Both delivery routes generated measurable specific antibodies although the gene gun response was slower. Antibody isotypes were indicative of Th2 activation following gene gun immunization and of Th1 activation following intramuscular injection. In both immunization protocols, boosting with either renatured recombinant (rr) PorB protein or PorB expressed from Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRPs) significantly increased anti-PorB antibody levels. Boosting with rrPorB protein had little effect on antibody isotypes, while boosting with VRPs expressing PorB-enhanced a Th1 type response. Whole cell binding experiments showed that a portion of the antibodies recognized the surface of the homologous N. gonorrhoeae strain. Serum from groups with high antibody levels showed some opsonization of the homologous strain using human neutrophils. These results showed the potential of DNA vaccination for the purpose of priming an antibody response against PorB of N. gonorrhoeae. When combined with a protein or VRP boost, DNA priming resulted in high-titer and long-lasting responses. Based on different prime-boost protocols, we could polarize immune responses to predominantly Th1 or Th2, which should enable future studies of the types of immune responses that are protective in mouse models of gonorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7031, 8431 Medicine and Biomolecular Research Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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53
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Moreno S, López-Fuertes L, Vila-Coro AJ, Sack F, Smith CA, Konig SA, Wittig B, Schroff M, Juhls C, Junghans C, Timón M. DNA immunisation with minimalistic expression constructs. Vaccine 2004; 22:1709-16. [PMID: 15068854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2003.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The low efficacy obtained in large animals makes plasmid-based DNA vaccines commercially unviable. Another concern is the presence of antibiotic resistance markers on virtually all conventional plasmids. Here we describe the use of minimalistic, immunogenically defined gene expression (MIDGE) vectors for DNA vaccination. MIDGE are linear, covalently-closed vectors containing all the essential information for gene expression and none of the non-essential and potentially dangerous plasmid backbone sequences. MIDGE vectors can also be chemically modified on both ends at defined positions allowing targeting of the DNA to specific cell types or cellular compartments. Immunisation of mice with simple and end-modified MIDGE vectors showed that they are efficacious tools to generate and/or manipulate antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moreno
- Mologen Molecular Medicines S L, C/Antonio de Cabezón 83, Piso 2, 28034 Fuencarral, Madrid, Spain
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54
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Giri M, Ugen KE, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the past decade. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:370-89. [PMID: 15084506 PMCID: PMC387404 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.2.370-389.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews advances in the field of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and AIDS vaccine development over the last decade, with an emphasis on the DNA vaccination approach. Despite the discovery of HIV-1 and AIDS in humans nearly 20 years ago, there is no vaccine yet that can prevent HIV-1 infection. The focus has shifted toward developing vaccines that can control virus replication and disease progression by eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses. Among several approaches evaluated, the DNA-based modality has shown considerable promise in terms of its ability to elicit cellular immune responses in primate studies. Of great importance are efforts aimed at improvement of the potency of this modality in the clinic. The review discusses principles of DNA vaccine design and the various mechanisms of plasmid-encoded antigen presentation. The review also outlines current DNA-based vaccine strategies and vectors that have successfully been shown to control virus replication and slow disease progression in animal models. Finally, it lists recent strategies that have been developed as well as novel approaches under consideration to enhance the immunogenicity of plasmid-encoded HIV-1 antigen in various animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Giri
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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55
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Li BW, Rush A, Zhang SR, Curtis KC, Weil GJ. Antibody responses to Brugia malayi antigens induced by DNA vaccination. FILARIA JOURNAL 2004; 3:1. [PMID: 14738569 PMCID: PMC343290 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2883-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background DNA vaccination is a convenient means of immunizing animals with recombinant parasite antigens. DNA delivery methods are believed to affect the qualitative nature of immune responses to DNA vaccines in ways that may affect their protective activity. However, relatively few studies have directly compared immune responses to plasmids encoding the same antigens after injection by different routes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the influence of the route of administration on antibody responses to plasmids encoding antigens from the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi. Methods Four B. malayi genes and partial genes encoding paramyosin (BM5), heat shock protein (BMHSP-70), intermediate filament (BMIF) and a serodiagnostic antigen (BM14) were inserted in eukaryotic expression vectors (pJW4303 and pCR™3.1). BALB/c mice were immunized with individual recombinant plasmids or with a cocktail of all four plasmids by intramuscular injection (IM) or by gene gun-intradermal inoculation (GG). Antibody responses to recombinant antigens were measured by ELISA. Mean IgG1 to IgG2a antibody ratios were used as an indicator of Th1 or Th2 bias in immune responses induced with particular antigens by IM or GG immunization. The statistical significance of group differences in antibody responses was assessed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Mice produced antibody responses to all four filarial antigens after DNA vaccination by either the IM or GG route. Antibody responses to BM5 paramyosin were strongly biased toward IgG1 with lower levels of IgG2a after GG vaccination, while IM vaccination produced dominant IgG2a antibody responses. Antibody responses were biased toward IgG1 after both IM and GG immunization with BMIF, but antibodies were biased toward IgG2a after IM and GG vaccination with BMHSP-70 and BM14. Animals injected with a mixture of four recombinant plasmid DNAs produced antibodies to all four antigens. Conclusions Our results show that monovalent and polyvalent DNA vaccination successfully induced antibody responses to a variety of filarial antigens. However, antibody responses to different antigens varied in magnitude and with respect to isotype bias. The isotype bias of antibody responses following DNA vaccination can be affected by route of administration and by intrinsic characteristics of individual antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Wen Li
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amy Rush
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shaorong R Zhang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kurt C Curtis
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gary J Weil
- Infectious Diseases Division, Campus Box 8051, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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56
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Dyer CM, Zhan Y, Brady JL, Carbone FR, Smyth MJ, Lew AM. Unexpectedly, induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes enhances the humoral response after DNA immunization. Blood 2004; 103:3073-5. [PMID: 15070687 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are many examples (eg, immune deviation) in which enhanced cellular responses correspond with lower humoral responses, here we demonstrate for the first time 2 models in which cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity is associated with an enhanced antibody response. First, C57BL/6 mice generate a stronger antibody response to ovalbumin DNA immunization than congenic bm1 mice. The latter differ from C57BL/6 mice in that the H-2Kb molecule is mutated so that the immunodominant CTL epitope of ovalbumin is no longer presented. Second, pre-existing CTLs (induced by ovalbumin peptide-priming) increased the antibody response to a second unrelated antigen (beta-galactosidase) co-immunized with ovalbumin. One possible mechanism is that CTLs may release antigen from DNA-transfected cells by killing or damaging them, and this freed antigen is then accessible to dendritic cells and B cells. Our finding of CTL-mediated antibody enhancement has important implications for tumor and viral immunobiology and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Dyer
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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57
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Smooker PM, Rainczuk A, Kennedy N, Spithill TW. DNA vaccines and their application against parasites--promise, limitations and potential solutions. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2004; 10:189-236. [PMID: 15504707 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(04)10007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA or nucleic acid vaccines are being evaluated for efficacy against a range of parasitic diseases. Data from studies in rodent model systems have provided proof of principle that DNA vaccines are effective at inducing both humoral and T cell responses to a variety of candidate vaccine antigens. In particular, the induction of potent cellular responses often gives DNA vaccination an immunological advantage over subunit protein vaccination. Protection against parasite challenge has been demonstrated in a number of systems. However, application of parasite DNA vaccines in large animals including ruminants, primates and humans has been compromised by the relative lack of immune responsiveness to the vaccines, but the reasons for this hyporesponsiveness are not clear. Here, we review DNA vaccines against protozoan parasites, in particular vaccines for malaria, and the use of genomic approaches such as expression library immunization to generate novel vaccines. The application of DNA vaccines in ruminants is reviewed. We discuss some of the approaches being evaluated to improve responsiveness in large animals including the use of cytokines as adjuvants, targeting molecules as delivery ligands, electroporation and CpG oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Smooker
- Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Biology, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Australia
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58
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Nayak BP, Sailaja G, Jabbar AM. Enhancement of gp120-specific immune responses by genetic vaccination with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gene fused to the gene coding for soluble CTLA4. J Virol 2003; 77:10850-61. [PMID: 14512535 PMCID: PMC224956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.10850-10861.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines exploit the inherent abilities of professional antigen-presenting cells to prime the immune system and to elicit immunity against diverse pathogens. In this study, we explored the possibility of augmenting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120-specific immune responses by a DNA vaccine coding for a fusion protein, CTLA4:gp120, in mice. In vitro binding studies revealed that secreted CTLA4:gp120 protein induced a mean florescence intensity shift, when incubated with Raji B cells, indicating its binding to B7 proteins on Raji B cells. Importantly, we instituted three different vaccination regimens to test the efficacy of DNA vaccines encoding gp120 and CTLA4:gp120 in the induction of both cellular (CD8(+)) and antibody responses. Each of the vaccination regimens incorporated a single intramuscular (i.m.) injection of the DNA vaccines to prime the immune system, followed by two booster injections. The i.m.-i.m.-i.m. regimen induced only modest levels of gp120-specific CD8(+) T cells, but the antibody response by CTLA4:gp120 DNA was nearly 16-fold higher than that induced by gp120 DNA. In contrast, using the i.m.-subcutaneous (s.c.)-i.m. regimen, it was found that gp120 and CTLA4:gp120 DNAs were capable of inducing significant levels of gp120-specific CD8(+) T cells (3.5 and 11%), with antibody titers showing a modest twofold increase for CTLA4:gp120 DNA. In the i.m.-gene gun (g.g.)-g.g. regimen, the mice immunized with gp120 and CTLA4:gp120 harbored gp120-specific CD8(+) T cells at frequencies of 0.9 and 2.9%, with the latter showing an eightfold increase in antibody titers. Thus, covalent antigen modification and the routes of genetic vaccination have the potential to modulate antigen-specific immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Nayak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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59
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Nagata S, Salvatore G, Pastan I. DNA immunization followed by a single boost with cells: a protein-free immunization protocol for production of monoclonal antibodies against the native form of membrane proteins. J Immunol Methods 2003; 280:59-72. [PMID: 12972188 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in antibody-based therapies require the development of an efficient method for generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the native form of membrane proteins. We examined DNA immunization followed by a single boost with cells as a protein-free immunization protocol for production of MAbs. Mice immunized with plasmid cDNAs encoding human CD30 or Ret tyrosine kinase were given a single boost with cells expressing the corresponding antigen prior to cell fusion. A total of nine cell fusion experiments revealed that the cell boost is necessary for efficient generation of hybridomas and the DNA-cell boost method gave good yields of specific MAbs (5-59 MAbs from one mouse). All IgG isotypes except IgG3 were generated, although IgG2a was the dominant isotype. All the MAbs reacted with native antigens expressed on cells in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis as well as with recombinant CD30 or Ret protein genetically fused with human Fc in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The affinities of the anti-CD30 MAbs to CD30-Fc protein ranged from 0.9 to 12.4 nM Kds, which were comparable to existing MAbs to these proteins, which range from 3.0 to 13.0 nM. Western blot analysis and topographical epitope mapping experiments based on the mutual competition of pairs of the anti-CD30 MAbs revealed that about 40% of the epitopes were linear epitopes and that each epitope was topographically classified into one of six groups. The large number of MAbs that react with high affinities to a variety of epitopes on the native form of antigens indicates that the method presented in this paper could be generally useful for generating MAbs to other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nagata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr, Rm 5106, Bethesda, MD 20892-4264, USA
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60
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Rainczuk A, Smooker PM, Kedzierski L, Black CG, Coppel RL, Spithill TW. The protective efficacy of MSP4/5 against lethal Plasmodium chabaudi adami challenge is dependent on the type of DNA vaccine vector and vaccination protocol. Vaccine 2003; 21:3030-42. [PMID: 12798647 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The enhancement of immunogenicity of malarial DNA vaccines is important if they are to have practical application in protecting against blood-stage malaria. Here we describe three different DNA vaccine vector types used in conjunction with the blood-stage merozoite surface protein 4/5 (MSP4/5), the murine homologue of Plasmodium falciparum MSP4 and MSP5, in an attempt to enhance survival against lethal Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS blood-stage challenge. MSP4/5 was inserted into VR1020 (secretory), monocyte-chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) (chemoattractant), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) (lymph node targeting) vectors. Mice were immunized intradermally via gene-gun, IM injection, or boosting with recombinant MSP4/5 protein. Antibody responses after boosting were predominantly of the IgG1 and IgE isotypes, with low avidity antibodies produced in DNA primed groups. Despite antibody responses comparable to recombinant protein immunization, boosting mice primed with antigens encoded by MCP-3 and CTLA4 vectors did not enhance survival compared to vector control groups. Gene-gun vaccination using VR1020/MSP4/5 followed by recombinant MSP4/5 boosting, or gene-gun DNA vaccination alone using MCP-3/MSP4/5, resulted in enhanced survival compared to empty vector control mice. The results suggest that the enhancement of survival against lethal blood-stage malaria challenge after utilizing MSP4/5 DNA vaccination is therefore highly dependent on the route and type of vaccine vector employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rainczuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Clayton 3800, Australia.
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61
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Shkreta L, Talbot BG, Lacasse P. Optimization of DNA vaccination immune responses in dairy cows: effect of injection site and the targeting efficacy of antigen-bCTLA-4 complex. Vaccine 2003; 21:2372-82. [PMID: 12744868 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of immunization site and antigen presenting cell targeting on cattle immune responses to DNA immunization. Cows were vaccinated with the plasmid expression vector pCI alone, pCI encoding the bacterial antigen beta-galactosidase (pCI-beta-gal) or pCI encoding bCTLA 4 fused to beta-gal (pCI-bCTLA-hIgG-beta-gal). The plasmids were delivered by intramuscular, intradermal, intramammary gland, or intra supramammary lymph node needle-injection. Both vaccines induced significant humoral and cellular immune responses. pCI-beta-gal elicited a higher IgG response than immunization with pCI-bCTLA-hIgG-beta-gal. Cows injected intramuscularly and intramammary had higher IgG and IgG-1 humoral responses than cows immunized intradermaly or in the lymph nodes. The injection site did not significantly affect the magnitude of the IgG2 and IgM antibody responses, although a trend similar to the IgG results was observed. The lymphocyte proliferation index was higher with pCI-beta-gal but was not affected by the injection site. These results suggest that in bovine, the injection site can affect immune responses but they do not provide evidence that bCTLA-4-hIgG-antigen targeting is effective in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulzim Shkreta
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, QC, Sherbrooke, Canada J1K 2R1
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62
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Ito K, Ito K, Shinohara N, Kato S. DNA immunization via intramuscular and intradermal routes using a gene gun provides different magnitudes and durations on immune response. Mol Immunol 2003; 39:847-54. [PMID: 12686500 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(03)00024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the antibody (Ab) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to gene gun (GG)-mediated DNA immunization via the intramuscular (i.m.) and intradermal (i.d.) routes. BALB/c mice were immunized five times at weekly intervals with plasmid DNA encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). EGFP production was rapidly detected in the target tissues after injection via either delivery route. There were significant differences in the magnitude and duration of the Ab and CTL responses according to the route employed. Intradermal injection elicited higher Ab and CTL responses to EGFP than i.m. injection 1 week after the last immunization. However, both immune responses were reduced rapidly 5 weeks after the last immunization via i.d. injection. In contrast, in mice injected via the i.m. routes, Ab and CTL responses 5 weeks after the last immunization remained at levels similar to those detected after 1 week. All mice generated a predominantly IgG1 Ab response via either route. These findings suggest that a combination of these two routes of DNA immunization would provide optimal conditions for induction of a broad immune response, and this information is expected to be very important for future applications of DNA vaccination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Biolistics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Gold
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Immunization/instrumentation
- Immunization/methods
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Luminescent Proteins/analysis
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microspheres
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/analysis
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ito
- Department of Immunology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan.
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63
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Li AF, Escher A. Intradermal or oral delivery of GAD-encoding genetic vaccines suppresses type 1 diabetes. DNA Cell Biol 2003; 22:227-32. [PMID: 12823899 DOI: 10.1089/104454903321908610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic vaccines are promising candidates for prevention of type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease resulting from cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. It is known that the prophylactic effect and immune responses induced by administration of a genetic vaccine can depend on site of delivery. In the work presented here, we used the NOD mouse model for type 1 diabetes to evaluate different routes of delivery for DNA vaccines coding for the beta-cell antigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). Plasmid DNA coding for intracellular or secreted GAD was given via either the intramuscular (i.m.), intradermal (i.d.), or oral route, using, respectively, 300, 100, or 300 micro g DNA per mouse. Results indicated that both i.d. and oral delivery of GAD-encoding DNA were more effective than i.m. delivery for disease suppression. In addition, cytokine-specific ELISpot analysis indicated that immune responses induced by the different immunization protocols were more dependent on the cellular localization of GAD antigen than on the delivery route, while ELISA of anti-GAD serum antibody isotypes indicated that i.d. delivery of DNA was most likely to induce a Th2-like response. Our results suggest that i.d. or oral delivery of a genetic vaccine for type 1 diabetes might be preferable over the i.m. route in a future clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Li
- Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy and Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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64
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Kamata M, Denda-Nagai K, Kubota N, Aida S, Takeda K, Irimura T. Vaccination of mice with MUC1 cDNA suppresses the development of lung metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2003; 19:689-96. [PMID: 12553374 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021332932531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice were immunized intradermally with various doses of purified pCEP4 plasmid DNA containing full-length MUC1 cDNA (22 tandem repeats). Mice immunized with MUC1 DNA three times at weekly intervals had serum antibodies to a synthetic peptide corresponding to the tandem repeats of MUC1. The antibody titer correlated with the plasmid DNA dose. After the third immunization mice were injected intravenously with 5 x 10(5) 16-F10 melanoma cells that had been stably transfected with MUC1 cDNA (F10-MUC1-C8 clone cells). The number of lung metastatic nodules three weeks after inoculation of F10-MUC1-C8 cells was significantly lower in mice immunized with MUC1 plasmid DNA than in mice immunized with the vector DNA alone. Thus, the suppression of lung metastasis was antigen-specific. In vivo depletion of lymphocyte subpopulations by specific antibodies revealed that natural killer cells are the major effector cells responsible for the suppression of lung metastasis. CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells apparently played some roles too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kamata
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan
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65
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Baker SC, Kanjanahaluethai A, Sherer NM, Axtell DD, Schiller JJ. Exploiting DNA immunization to generate polyclonal antisera to coronavirus replicase proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 494:283-9. [PMID: 11774482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1325-4_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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66
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McKenzie BS, Corbett AJ, Brady JL, Dyer CM, Strugnell RA, Kent SJ, Kramer DR, Boyle JS, Lew AM. Nucleic acid vaccines: tasks and tactics. Immunol Res 2002; 24:225-44. [PMID: 11817323 DOI: 10.1385/ir:24:3:225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There are no adequate vaccines against some of the new or reemerged infectious scourges such as HIV and TB. They may require strong and enduring cell-mediated immunity to be elicited. This is quite a task, as the only known basis of protection by current commercial vaccines is antibody. As DNA or RNA vaccines may induce both cell-mediated and humoral immunity, great interest has been shown in them. However, doubt remains whether their efficacy will suffice for their clinical realization. We look at the various tactics to increase the potency of nucleic acid vaccines and divided them broadly under those affecting delivery and those affecting immune induction. For delivery, we have considered ways of improving uptake and the use of bacterial, replicon or viral vectors. For immune induction, we considered aspects of immunostimulatory CpG motifs, coinjection of cytokines or costimulators and alterations of the antigen, its cellular localization and its anatomical localization including the use of ligand-targeting to lymphoid tissue. We also thought that mucosal application of DNA deserved a separate section. In this review, we have taken the liberty to discuss these enhancement methods, whenever possible, in the context of the underlying mechanisms that might argue for or against these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S McKenzie
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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67
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Abstract
The latest clinical data obtained with DNA vaccines against HIV and malaria have shown promise, but it is clear that when DNA vaccines are compared with other vaccine vector delivery systems, there is still room for improvement. Further development is more than possible, based on the wealth of information accumulating on methods and approaches to increase immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize some of the latest technological advances to increase immunogenicity of DNA vaccines administered by the im. and id. routes. By means of examples, the review will be intended to focus only on recent developments reported in the last 2 years and likely to go towards the improvement of mucosal, humoral and cellular immune responses mostly against cancer and infectious disease antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemieux
- Gene Therapy Department, Supratek Pharma Inc., Laval, Quebec, Canada.
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68
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Corbett AJ, Brady JL, Lew AM. A single buffer that universally serves both restriction digestion and loading. Mol Biotechnol 2002; 21:51-5. [PMID: 11989659 DOI: 10.1385/mb:21:1:051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Restriction digestion is routinely performed in a buffer compatible with the restriction enzyme used. To load the samples on agarose gels for electrophoresis it is then necessary to add a loading buffer. A 10X loading buffer is often used, and consists of a dye to track the electrophoresis and a dense solution so that the digestion mixture sinks into the well. We describe a new buffer, which acts as a universal digestion buffer as well as a loading buffer. This avoids double handling of samples, which wastes both time and consumables. Importantly, the efficiency of digestion was found not to be significantly decreased in this new buffer.
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69
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Sévigny J, Sundberg C, Braun N, Guckelberger O, Csizmadia E, Qawi I, Imai M, Zimmermann H, Robson SC. Differential catalytic properties and vascular topography of murine nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1) and NTPDase2 have implications for thromboregulation. Blood 2002; 99:2801-9. [PMID: 11929769 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.8.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a recently described family of ectonucleotidases that differentially hydrolyze the gamma and beta phosphate residues of extracellular nucleotides. Expression of this enzymatic activity has the potential to influence nucleotide P2 receptor signaling within the vasculature. We and others have documented that NTPDase1 (CD39, 78 kd) hydrolyzes both triphosphonucleosides and diphosphonucleosides and thereby terminates platelet aggregation responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In contrast, we now show that NTPDase2 (CD39L1, 75 kd), a preferential nucleoside triphosphatase, activates platelet aggregation by converting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ADP, the specific agonist of P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptors. We developed specific antibodies to murine NTPDase1 and NTPDase2 and observed that both enzymes are present in the cardiac vasculature; NTPDase1 is expressed by endothelium, endocardium, and to a lesser extent by vascular smooth muscle, while NTPDase2 is associated with the adventitia of muscularized vessels, microvascular pericytes, and other cell populations in the subendocardial space. Moreover, NTPDase2 represents a novel marker for microvascular pericytes. Differential expression of NTPDases in the vasculature suggests spatial regulation of nucleotide-mediated signaling. In this context, NTPDase1 should abrogate platelet aggregation and recruitment in intact vessels by the conversion of ADP to adenosine monophosphate, while NTPDase2 expression would promote platelet microthrombus formation at sites of extravasation following vessel injury. Our data suggest that specific NTPDases, in tandem with ecto-5'-nucleotidase, not only terminate P2 receptor activation and trigger adenosine receptors but may also allow preferential activation of specific subsets of P2 receptors sensitive to ADP (e.g., P2Y(1), P2Y(3), P2Y(12)) and uridine diphosphate (P2Y(6)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Sévigny
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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70
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Hänninen A, Martinez NR, Davey GM, Heath WR, Harrison LC. Transient blockade of CD40 ligand dissociates pathogenic from protective mucosal immunity. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0213720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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71
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Hänninen A, Martinez NR, Davey GM, Heath WR, Harrison LC. Transient blockade of CD40 ligand dissociates pathogenic from protective mucosal immunity. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:261-7. [PMID: 11805138 PMCID: PMC150838 DOI: 10.1172/jci13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen administration via oral and other mucosal routes can suppress systemic immunity to the antigen and has been used to prevent experimental autoimmune disease. This approach may prove ineffective or even harmful if it leads to a concomitant induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and indeed, mucosal administration of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) has been shown to elicit CTL activation while simultaneously inducing oral tolerance. Here we show that induction by oral OVA of CTLs in wild-type mice, and of diabetes in mice expressing OVA transgenically in pancreatic beta cells, can be prevented by transiently blocking the CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, CD40L blockade did not diminish oral tolerance, as measured by suppression of systemic OVA-primed T cell proliferation, IFN-gamma secretion, and Ab production. Consistent with these findings, mice lacking CD40 expression could be orally tolerized to OVA. Transient CD40L blockade therefore dissociates pathogenic from protective immunity and should enhance the efficacy and safety of oral tolerance for preventing autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Hänninen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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72
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Hervé M, Dupré L, Ban E, Schacht AM, Capron A, Riveau G. Features of the antibody response attributable to plasmid backbone adjuvanticity after DNA immunization. Vaccine 2001; 19:4549-56. [PMID: 11483283 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination induces antigen-specific immune responses with characteristics distinct from other vaccination modes. In the present study, the contribution of the plasmid backbone adjuvant effect to the quality of the DNA-raised antibody response was investigated. For this purpose, three intradermal primings were compared in mice using: (1) the recombinant Schistosoma haematobium glutathione S-transferase antigen (rSh28GST): (2) rSh28GST supplemented with a non-coding plasmid; and (3) a Sh28GST-encoding plasmid. In contrast to immunization with the protein, DNA immunization elicited a very stable antibody (Ab) response over a prolonged period of time. This feature was attributed to the plasmid backbone, because co-administration of the non-coding plasmid with rSh28GST allowed the maintenance of the specific Ab response. A strong anamnestic Ab response was induced after intradermal boost with rSh28GST only in the mice primed with pMSh. This indicated that the selective ability of DNA vaccination to induce memory humoral response was independent of the plasmid backbone. In contrast the plasmid backbone was found to strongly participate in the preferential IgG2a Ab production observed. These results suggest that, following DNA immunization, the Th1-biased profile and the maintenance of the long-lived Ab response could be attributed to an adjuvant effect of the plasmid backbone during priming, whereas the strength of B-cell memory was independent of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hervé
- Relations Hôte-Parasite et Stratégies Vaccinales, INSERM U 167, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 Rue du professeur Calmette, BP-245, F-59019, Cedex, Lille, France.
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73
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Scheerlinck JP, Casey G, McWaters P, Kelly J, Woollard D, Lightowlers MW, Tennent JM, Chaplin PJ. The immune response to a DNA vaccine can be modulated by co-delivery of cytokine genes using a DNA prime-protein boost strategy. Vaccine 2001; 19:4053-60. [PMID: 11427282 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A large-scale DNA vaccination trial was performed in sheep to investigate whether co-delivery of the cytokine genes IL-4, IL-5, IL-15, GM-CSF or IFN-gamma could modulate the immune response generated to an antigen, in a DNA prime-recombinant protein boost regime. Vaccination with the recombinant EG95 protein has been shown to induce protection in sheep from Echinococcus granulosus infection, the causative agent of hydatid disease. Here we demonstrate that vaccination with DNA encoding EG95 effectively primed the humoral response, as judged by high IgG anti-EG95 titres detected one-week after a boost with the recombinant protein. However, by two weeks after protein-boost the titres in the control group had reached levels similar to the groups primed with EG95 DNA. Priming with two doses of DNA vaccine followed by boosting with recombinant protein induced a predominantly IgG1 response. In contrast, priming and boosting with the protein vaccine generated a strong IgG2 response. Co-delivery of the EG95 DNA vaccine with DNA encoding GM-CSF enhanced the antibody titre to EG95 while co-delivery of IFN-gamma or IL-4 encoding DNA appeared to reduce the ability of the DNA vaccine to prime an IgG antibody response. This study has demonstrated the efficacy of the co-delivery of cytokines to modulate immune responses generated in a DNA prime-protein boost strategy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Base Sequence
- COS Cells
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Echinococcosis/immunology
- Echinococcosis/prevention & control
- Echinococcosis/veterinary
- Echinococcus/genetics
- Echinococcus/immunology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/administration & dosage
- Helminth Proteins/genetics
- Helminth Proteins/immunology
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-5/genetics
- Sheep
- Sheep Diseases/immunology
- Sheep Diseases/prevention & control
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Scheerlinck
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology Unit, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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74
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Yamakami K, Akao S, Sato M, Nitta Y, Miyazaki J, Tadakuma T. A single intradermal administration of soluble leishmanial antigen and plasmid expressing interleukin-12 protects BALB/c mice from Leishmania major infection. Parasitol Int 2001; 50:81-91. [PMID: 11438430 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5769(01)00070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In murine leishmaniasis, the induction of the T-helper type 1 (Th1) response contributes to infection resistance, whereas the establishment of the Th2 response makes the mice susceptible to infection. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) plays a pivotal role in the diversification of immune responses to the Th1 type. In this study, we tested whether the co-administration of IL-12 expression plasmid which compose p35 and p40 subunits and soluble leishmanial antigen (SLA) will skew the susceptible BALB/c mice to Th1 response and protect from leishmaniasis. When the mice were intradermally injected with the combination of IL-12 plasmid and SLA 7 days prior to the challenge with 1x10(6) promastigotes of Leishmania major, the local lesions completely healed and the parasite burden in the local lymph nodes significantly decreased. The cured mice attained long-term immunity, and were resistant to any subsequent rechallenge of the lethal dose of the parasite. The protective effect was associated with the development of a Th1 response, as demonstrated by the enhanced level of antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and dominant production of IgG2a in the serum. In contrast, the administration of empty plasmid plus SLA or IL-12 plasmid alone failed to protect the disease and shape the Th1 response. Furthermore, the protective efficiency induced by the vaccination was clearly prevented by the injection of either neutralizing anti-IL-12 mAb or anti-IFN-gamma mAb. The IL-12 expression plasmid is thus an effective adjuvant for the elicitation of a protective Th1 response against leishmaniasis and is therefore, considered to be appropriate for vaccinations that require the induction of Th1 type immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Protozoan/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Injections, Intradermal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/genetics
- Interleukin-12/immunology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Leishmania major/growth & development
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids
- Protozoan Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Protozoan Vaccines/immunology
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamakami
- Department of Parasitology and Immunology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2, Namiki, 359-8513, Tokorozawa, Japan.
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75
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Abstract
Lysine, an essential cationic amino acid, has a positively charged R group. The structure of lysine is given as (H(3)N(+)-)CH(-COO(-))-CH(2)-CH(2)-CH(2)-CH(2)-N(+)H(3).While the anabolic role(s) of the molecule has been in focus for quite a few decades now, its biological properties, e.g. role in cellular proliferation in vitro (both anchorage dependent and anchorage independent) and in vivo, its ability to induce strong inflammatory and immune responses - both humoral and cell mediated, its role in augmented healing of all types of wounds in animal models as well as in human subjects (both acute and chronic), as well as its role in inducing extensive angiogenic responses, have never received reasonable attention so far. In the current brief and indicative review (rather than exhaustive reviews of each area), we intend to bring these biological properties of the molecule to focus while discussing a few other interesting aspects - lysine as a food preservative as well as its possible role(s) in immune therapy. While the areas look extremely divergent, we propose a common denominator in the form of a possible molecular mechanism of action of the molecule in all these diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Datta
- School of BioMedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India,
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76
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Li M, Davey GM, Sutherland RM, Kurts C, Lew AM, Hirst C, Carbone FR, Heath WR. Cell-associated ovalbumin is cross-presented much more efficiently than soluble ovalbumin in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6099-103. [PMID: 11342628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the antigenic requirements for cross-presentation, we compared the in vivo efficiency of presentation of cell-associated vs soluble OVA with the OT-I (CD8) and OT-II (CD4) TCR transgenic lines. Cross-presentation of cell-associated OVA was very efficient, requiring as little as 21 ng of OVA to activate OT-II cells and 100-fold less to activate OT-I cells. In contrast, soluble OVA was presented inefficiently, requiring at least 10,000 ng OVA for activation of either T cell subset. Thus, cell-associated OVA was presented 500-fold more efficiently than soluble OVA to CD4 T cells and 50,000-fold more efficiently to CD8 T cells. These data, which represent the first quantitative in vivo analysis of cross-presentation, show that cell-associated OVA is very efficiently presented via the class I pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- Immunology Division and Transplantation and Autoimmunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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77
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Abstract
The relatively low efficacy of DNA vaccines in inducing immune responses, especially in large animal species and humans, has impaired their practical use. Despite considerable effort expended on improving DNA vaccine delivery, only minute amounts of Ag are available for immune induction following DNA vaccination. Two complementary strategies have been used to improve and modulate the immune response induced by DNA vaccines: (i) supplementing DNA vaccines with plasmids encoding cytokines and (ii) targeting the Ag encoded by DNA vaccine through genetically fusing the Ag to molecules binding cell surface receptors. This paper reviews recent progress in these two areas and possible mechanisms responsible for the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Scheerlinck
- Centre for Animal Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
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78
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Sutherland RM, McKenzie BS, Corbett AJ, Brady JL, Lew AM. Overcoming the poor immunogenicity of a protein by DNA immunization as a fusion construct. Immunol Cell Biol 2001; 79:49-53. [PMID: 11168623 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The production of antibodies against poorly immunogenic proteins is problematic. Often there is a failure to generate such antibodies. Furthermore, antibodies against other specificities are frequently induced. We describe a simple approach, analogous to conjugation to a protein carrier, whereby immunization with naked DNA was used to raise antibody to a highly homologous and poorly immunogenic allotypic protein. Deoxyribonucleic acid encoding the protein of interest was fused to DNA encoding the Fc region of a foreign Ig, resulting in increased immunogenicity. The potential applications of this approach include the production of antisera and mAb to allotypic variants, mutant proteins, and proteins that are highly conserved between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Sutherland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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79
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Shedlock DJ, Weiner DB. DNA vaccination: antigen presentation and the induction of immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.6.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devon J. Shedlock
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David B. Weiner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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80
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Zhan Y, Brady JL, Johnston AM, Lew AM. Predominant transgene expression in exocrine pancreas directed by the CMV promoter. DNA Cell Biol 2000; 19:639-45. [PMID: 11098215 DOI: 10.1089/10445490050199045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhancer/promoter of the human cytomegalovirus gene encoding the major immediate-early protein (CMVp) is reputed to be one of the strongest and most promiscuous regulatory elements for directing transcription of heterologous genes in vitro. However, transgene expression under the promoter in adult transgenic mice is often more restricted. We selected a CMVp segment from position -350 to +59 to control expression of transgenes for two secretory fusion proteins. Expression was analyzed by immunohistology staining and quantified by Northern blot, Western blot, and ELISA of secretions from explanted tissues. In all six lines of transgenic mice, the highest expression of transgenes at the mRNA and protein level was observed in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas, although the levels of expression varied among the lines. The results indicate not only that CMVp is not a universal promoter in vivo but indeed that it can be relatively specific for the exocrine pancreas, where expression of the gene it controlled was consistently very high.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/genetics
- Antibodies/metabolism
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cytomegalovirus/genetics
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, OX40
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Transgenes/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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81
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Kanellos TS, Byarugaba DK, Russell PH, Howard CR, Partidos CD. Naked DNA when co-administered intranasally with heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli primes effectively for systemic B- and T-cell responses to the encoded antigen. Immunol Lett 2000; 74:215-20. [PMID: 11064104 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study a novel prime-boost immunisation strategy was evaluated. Priming of BALB/c mice by the intranasal route with plasmid DNA encoding beta-galactosidase (LacZ) with or without heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli as a mucosal adjuvant, resulted in the induction of weak serum antibody and proliferative T-cell responses. However, following an intraperitoneal booster injection with the beta-galactosidase protein (beta-gal), strong antibody and proliferative T-cell responses were induced in all the mice. These responses were highest in mice primed intranasally with a mixture of LacZ+LT as compared to those mice primed with DNA (LacZ) or protein (beta-gal) alone. Moreover, LacZ+LT primed mice produced high avidity antibodies and the subclasses of serum antibodies were IgG1 and IgG2a, suggesting a mixed Th1/Th2-type response. Priming of mice with either protein (beta-gal) or DNA (LacZ) alone, produced predominantly IgG1 antibodies, suggesting a Th2-type response. These findings suggest that the use of a heterologous DNA-prime, protein-boost immunisation scheme combining different routes of administration, might be an advantageous strategy for the induction of accelerated immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Toxins/pharmacology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- DNA, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- Enterotoxins/administration & dosage
- Enterotoxins/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- Female
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunization/methods
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lac Operon
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Kanellos
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, NW I OTU, London, UK.
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82
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Matsumoto Y. Characterization of T cell receptor (TCR) of organ-specific autoimmune disease-inducing T cells and TCR-based immunotherapy with DNA vaccines. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 110:1-12. [PMID: 11024529 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00346-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases and their animal models are characterized by the finding that the development of the diseases is closely associated with, or induced by, T cells reactive to organ-specific antigens. Therefore, the identification of T cell receptors (TCR) used by disease-inducing T cells within a short period of time is a key factor for designing TCR-based immunotherapy. The findings introduced in this article show that TCR associated with the development of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune diseases including encephalomyelitis (EAE), neuritis (EAN) and carditis (EAC) are identifiable by complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratyping analysis and subsequent sequencing of the CDR3 region of spectratype-derived TCR clones. It is also demonstrated that immunotherapy targeting disease-associated TCR using monoclonal antibodies and DNA vaccines significantly reduced the histological severity, and completely suppressed the inflammation in some animals. Since depletion or suppression of one of several types of effector cells does not significantly improve the severity of the disease, combined TCR-based immunotherapy should be considered as a primary therapy for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. TCR-based immunotherapy after rapid identification of autoimmune disease-associated TCR by CDR3 spectratyping can be applicable, not only to animal, but also to human autoimmune diseases whose pathomechanism is poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Musashidai 2-6 Fuchu, 183-8526, Tokyo, Japan.
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83
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Weiss R, Leitner WW, Scheiblhofer S, Chen D, Bernhaupt A, Mostböck S, Thalhamer J, Lyon JA. Genetic vaccination against malaria infection by intradermal and epidermal injections of a plasmid containing the gene encoding the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein. Infect Immun 2000; 68:5914-9. [PMID: 10992502 PMCID: PMC101554 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.10.5914-5919.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circumsporozoite protein (CSP) from the surface of sporozoite stage Plasmodium sp. malaria parasites is among the most important of the malaria vaccine candidates. Gene gun injection of genetic vaccines encoding Plasmodium berghei CSP induces a significant protective effect against sporozoite challenge; however, intramuscular injection does not. In the present study we compared the immune responses and protective effects induced by P. berghei CSP genetic vaccines delivered intradermally with a needle or epidermally with a gene gun. Mice were immunized three times at 4-week intervals and challenged by a single infectious mosquito bite. Although 50 times more DNA was administered by needle than by gene gun, the latter method induced significantly greater protection against infection. Intradermal injection of the CSP genetic vaccine induced a strong Th1-type immune response characterized by a dominant CSP-specific immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) humoral response and high levels of gamma interferon produced by splenic T cells. Gene gun injection induced a predominantly Th2-type immune response characterized by a high IgG1/IgG2a ratio and significant IgE production. Neither method generated measurable cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. The results indicate that a gene gun-mediated CS-specific Th2-type response may be best for protecting against malarial sporozoite infection when the route of parasite entry is via mosquito bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Weiss
- Immunology Group, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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84
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Zhan Y, Martin RM, Sutherland RM, Brady JL, Lew AM. Local production of anti-CD4 antibody by transgenic allogeneic grafts affords partial protection. Transplantation 2000; 70:947-54. [PMID: 11014648 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200009270-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive drugs and anti-lymphocyte antibody are used clinically to suppress cellular rejection responses. However, these systemic regimens often led to general immunodeficiency and thus increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection and neoplasia. Immunosuppressive molecules delivered locally may be a way of inhibiting rejection responses, whereas systemic immunity is preserved. To achieve protective local immunosuppression, we produced a graft secreting its own immunomodulator, by deriving transgenic mice expressing a chimeric anti-CD4 antibody (GK2c) in the pancreas. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic mice in bml genetic background expressing a modified anti-mouse CD4 antibody (GK2c) under two promoters have been produced. Tissue expression of GK2c was detected by immunoperoxidase staining. Under the cytomegalovirus promoter, there was abundant GK2c expression in pancreatic exocrine tissue. Under the rat preproinsulin II promoter, there was abundant GK2c expression in pancreatic endocrine tissue only. High-expression transgenic lines had 10-100 microg/ml GK2c in blood plasma. By flow cytometry, these transgenic mice were devoid of CD4+ cells in their peripheral lymphoid organs. To test transgenic mice as donors, fetal pancreata from transgenic mice were grafted into fully allogeneic CBA mice under the kidney capsule, transgenic grafts had prolonged survival compared with control non-transgenic grafts. Furthermore, GK2c transgenic grafts had reduced infiltration with an absence of CD4+ cells at the graft site without any effect on the cell composition in lymphatic tissues. CONCLUSION Transgenic grafts that secrete anti-CD4 antibody can afford some protection against graft rejection, while only affecting the CD4 population at the graft site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
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85
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Abstract
Specific anatomical and biological properties make the skin a very interesting target organ for gene therapy approaches. Different cell types of the epidermis, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, or dendritic cells, can be genetically modified to treat a broad spectrum of diseases, including genetically inherited skin disorders, tumour diseases, metabolic disorders and infectious diseases. The easy accessibility of skin suggests that different methods for gene delivery can be pursued, depending on the desired application. The approach used to deliver DNA to the skin will influence not only the efficiency of DNA delivery, but also the level and duration of transgene expression. Furthermore, the desired biological effect will also influence the decision of which gene transfer method is the best choice. Among the current challenges of cutaneous gene therapy are: optimising the efficiency of direct in vivo gene delivery; targeting specific epidermal cells, including keratinocyte stem cells; achieving sustained gene expression and regulating gene expression in vivo. This review summarises recent advances in the field of skin gene therapy and evaluates possible strategies to overcome obstacles and achieve successful clinical applications of skin gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pfützner
- National Institute of Health, Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908, USA.
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86
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Abstract
The development and widespread use of vaccines against infectious agents have been a great triumph of medical science. One reason for the success of currently available vaccines is that they are capable of inducing long-lived antibody responses, which are the principal agents of immune protection against most viruses and bacteria. Despite these successes, vaccination against intracellular organisms that require cell-mediated immunity, such as the agents of tuberculosis, malaria, leishmaniasis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection, are either not available or not uniformly effective. Owing to the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases worldwide, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in generating long-lived cellular immune responses has tremendous practical importance. For these reasons, a new form of vaccination, using DNA that contains the gene for the antigen of interest, is under intensive investigation, because it can engender both humoral and cellular immune responses. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines elicit immune responses. In addition, a list of potential applications in a variety of preclinical models is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gurunathan
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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87
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Deliyannis G, Boyle JS, Brady JL, Brown LE, Lew AM. A fusion DNA vaccine that targets antigen-presenting cells increases protection from viral challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:6676-80. [PMID: 10823919 PMCID: PMC18699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.120162497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the immunological potency, particularly the Ab response, is a serious hurdle for the protective efficacy and hence broad application of DNA vaccines. We examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a hemagglutinin-based influenza DNA vaccine that was targeted to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by fusion to CTLA4. The targeted vaccine was shown to induce an accelerated and increased Ab response (as compared with those receiving the nontargeted control) that was predominated by IgG1 and recognized conformationally dependent viral epitopes. Moreover, mice receiving the APC-targeted DNA vaccine had significantly reduced viral titers (100-fold) after a nonlethal virus challenge. The increased protective efficacy was most likely because of increased Ab responses, as cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were not enhanced. Targeting was demonstrated by direct binding studies of CTLA4 fusion proteins to the cognate ligand (B7; expressed on APCs in vivo). In addition, a targeted protein was detected at 4-fold higher levels in draining lymph nodes within 2-24 h of administration. Therefore, this study demonstrates that targeting DNA-encoded antigen to APCs results in enhanced immunity and strongly suggests that this approach may be useful in improving the protective efficacy of DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Deliyannis
- Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Australia
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88
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Schlereth B, Germann PG, ter Meulen V, Niewiesk S. DNA vaccination with both the haemagglutinin and fusion proteins but not the nucleocapsid protein protects against experimental measles virus infection. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1321-5. [PMID: 10769075 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-5-1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids that expressed the nucleocapsid, haemagglutinin and fusion proteins of measles virus (MV) were used to immunize cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) against intranasal MV infection. After immunization with all three plasmids, T cell responses and MV-specific antibodies were induced. A reduction in virus titre was observed in lung tissue from animals immunized with plasmids expressing the viral glycoproteins. Histologically, however, a moderate peribronchitis was observed after immunization with the plasmid expressing the fusion protein whereas, after immunization with plasmids expressing haemagglutinin or both glycoproteins, only mild or focal peribronchitis was seen. Immunization with the nucleocapsid did not reduce virus titres, probably because of the failure to induce neutralizing antibodies. A disadvantage of plasmid immunization was its inefficacy in the presence of MV-specific 'maternal' antibodies. This indicates that genetic immunization has to be improved to be a useful alternative vaccine against measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schlereth
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
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89
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of systemic immunosuppressive drugs have been paramount in the success in transplantation, but there are serious deleterious effects. Genetic modification of grafts to secrete immunomodulators locally may be a way to reduce the need for systemic immunosuppression. METHODS AND RESULTS An insulinoma cell line, NIT, having the nonobese diabetic (NOD) genotype but also expressing the SV40 large T Ag, was transfected with CTLA4Ig or OX40Ig in an attempt to block signals in the costimulatory/adhesion pathways. The extracellular domains of these molecules have been fused to the Fc of IgG2c derived from the NOD mouse strain. This resulted in secreted and dimerized proteins. SV40 T Ag is potent at inducing graft rejection. Test and control transfectants were transplanted subcutaneously into young NOD mice to determine whether secretion of CTLA4Ig and OX40Ig would promote survival of the insulinoma graft. In immunodeficient mice, cell growth was similar for all transfectants. However, in immunocompetent NOD mice, the survival/growth of test grafts was significantly better than that of controls. By combining test transfectants, we found that graft survival was enhanced in an additive and significant fashion. In vitro, there was a significant reduction in immune responses-compared with control-when purified fusion proteins were added to mixed leukocyte reaction cultures. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that blockade of individual costimulatory/adhesion signals by graft manipulation can contribute to transplantation success and that blockade of combinations of signals in these pathways enhances this success. Successful immunomodulation by the graft itself can be achieved.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation/therapeutic use
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Genetic Techniques
- Immunocompetence
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Insulin/biosynthesis
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans Transplantation
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Mice, Inbred NOD/physiology
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Brady
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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90
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Lew AM, Brady BJ, Boyle BJ. Site-directed immune responses in DNA vaccines encoding ligand-antigen fusions. Vaccine 2000; 18:1681-5. [PMID: 10689148 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the key limitations to DNA vaccines is lack of efficacy. We found that the spleen was a superior injection site to the dermis or muscle for inducing immune responses. To target sites of immune induction more practicably, antigen (human IgG1) was fused with two ligands, L-selectin (L-SEL-hIg) or CTLA4 (CTLA4-hIg) the receptors of which are found on high endothelial venule cells in lymph nodes and antigen presenting cells, respectively. Antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses were increased. We now show that dimerization is critical for this enhancement, presumably because of avidity considerations. The hinge of hIgG3 can replace that of hIgG1 as a dimerization moiety. Fusion of other antigens e.g. ovalbumin and a malaria antigen AMA-1 have confirmed that CTLA4 induces an enhanced antibody response. Notably, in a challenge model, we have shown that CTLA4 also improves efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lew
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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91
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La Cava A, Billetta R, Gaietta G, Bonnin DB, Baird SM, Albani S. Cell-mediated DNA transport between distant inflammatory sites following intradermal DNA immunization in the presence of adjuvant. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1340-5. [PMID: 10640748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
After intradermal genetic immunization, naked DNA is transported from the site of injection to regional lymph nodes. Little is known on how inflammation influences this process and whether DNA is transported beyond local lymph nodes. In the experiments herein reported, we injected naked DNA in the presence of adjuvant to address questions related to 1) the fate of naked DNA in the presence of inflammation; 2) the generation of immune responses to the encoded protein during inflammation; and, more in general, 3) the fate of ingested molecules beyond regional lymph nodes during inflammation. Two sites of inflammation were induced in vivo in mice. Naked DNA was injected in the nape together with adjuvant, and adjuvant only was injected at a distant peritoneal site. Injected DNA, uptaken at the primary dermal site of inflammation, was transported beyond regional lymph nodes to distant organs such as the spleen and to the distant peritoneal site of inflammation. This transport, mediated by CD11b+ cells, was cumulative during chronic inflammation. These results indicate a novel route of transport of DNA beyond regional lymph nodes and may have specific implications for DNA-based immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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92
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Cruz-Revilla C, Rosas G, Fragoso G, López-Casillas F, Toledo A, Larralde C, Sciutto E. Taenia crassiceps cysticercosis: protective effect and immune response elicited by DNA immunization. J Parasitol 2000; 86:67-74. [PMID: 10701566 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0067:tccpea]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a protective recombinant antigen of Taenia crassiceps cysticerci present in all stages of Taenia solium (KETc7), cloned into pcDNA3 plasmid with the signal peptide sequence of the beta-glycan receptor (pTc-sp7), has been shown to be effective in protecting mice against experimental infection of T. crassiceps. To explore further the possibilities of this form of immunization and the immune response induced, mice were injected intramuscularly (i.m.) or intradermally (i.d.) with 3 doses of pTc-sp7. Similar levels of resistance were found using either i.m. or i.d. immunization. Spleen cells from i.d. and i.m. DNA immunized mice induced a specific T-cell response to T. crassiceps antigens and to a synthetic peptide from the immunogen itself (GK-1). Proliferated cells were especially enriched in CD8+ CD4- T-lymphocytes. A clear increase in the percentage of CD3+ cells that produce gamma-interferon and interleukin-2 was detected when measuring the intracellular cytokine production, an indication of the pTc-sp7 capacity to induce an effective cellular response. These results provide encouraging information on the use of KETc7 in the prevention of cysticercosis as well as a first insight into the characterization of the immune response induced by pTc-sp7 that hints to the relevance of cellular immunity in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cruz-Revilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF
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93
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Chen HW, Pan CH, Liau MY, Jou R, Tsai CJ, Wu HJ, Lin YL, Tao MH. Screening of protective antigens of Japanese encephalitis virus by DNA immunization: a comparative study with conventional viral vaccines. J Virol 1999; 73:10137-45. [PMID: 10559329 PMCID: PMC113066 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.10137-10145.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/1999] [Accepted: 09/17/1999] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the relative role of the structural and nonstructural proteins of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in inducing protective immunities and compared the results with those induced by the inactivated JEV vaccine. Several inbred and outbred mouse strains immunized with a plasmid (pE) encoding the JEV envelope protein elicited a high level of protection against a lethal JEV challenge similar to that achieved by the inactivated vaccine, whereas all the other genes tested, including those encoding the capsid protein and the nonstructural proteins NS1-2A, NS3, and NS5, were ineffective. Moreover, plasmid pE delivered by intramuscular or gene gun injections produced much stronger and longer-lasting JEV envelope-specific antibody responses than immunization of mice with the inactivated JEV vaccine did. Interestingly, intramuscular immunization of plasmid pE generated high-avidity antienvelope antibodies predominated by the immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) isotype similar to a sublethal live virus immunization, while gene gun DNA immunization and inactivated JEV vaccination produced antienvelope antibodies of significantly lower avidity accompanied by a higher IgG1-to-IgG2a ratio. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the JEV envelope protein represents the most critical antigen in providing protective immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Capsid/genetics
- Capsid/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Minute Virus of Mice
- Plasmids
- RNA Helicases
- Serine Endopeptidases
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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94
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Bennett AM, Phillpotts RJ, Perkins SD, Jacobs SC, Williamson ED. Gene gun mediated vaccination is superior to manual delivery for immunisation with DNA vaccines expressing protective antigens from Yersinia pestis or Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus. Vaccine 1999; 18:588-96. [PMID: 10547416 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(99)00317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmids expressing the V antigen of Yersinia pestis or the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) virus were used to vaccinate mice by intra-dermal or intra-muscular injection, or by particle-mediated bombardment using the Helios gene gun. After two immunizations, groups of mice which had received 4 microg doses of plasmid DNA using the gene gun had IgG levels which were higher than in other groups manually immunised with 12-fold more plasmid DNA. The immunoglobulin isotype profile was predominantly IgG1 following inoculation with either plasmid. Our results indicate that gene gun mediated vaccination can be used to increase the magnitude of the immune response to both bacterial and viral antigens expressed by plasmid DNA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/genetics
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Biolistics/methods
- Child, Preschool
- DNA/administration & dosage
- DNA/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Female
- Gold
- Humans
- Injections, Intradermal
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Yersinia pestis/genetics
- Yersinia pestis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bennett
- Defence Evaluation and Research Agency, CBD Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
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95
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Suter M, Lew AM, Grob P, Adema GJ, Ackermann M, Shortman K, Fraefel C. BAC-VAC, a novel generation of (DNA) vaccines: A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing a replication-competent, packaging-defective virus genome induces protective immunity against herpes simplex virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:12697-702. [PMID: 10535985 PMCID: PMC23055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.22.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to exploit bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) as large antigen-capacity DNA vaccines (BAC-VAC) against complex pathogens, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The 152-kbp HSV-1 genome recently has been cloned as an F-plasmid-based BAC in Escherichia coli (fHSV), which can efficiently produce infectious virus progeny upon transfection into mammalian cells. A safe modification of fHSV, fHSVDeltapac, does not give rise to progeny virus because the signals necessary to package DNA into virions have been excluded. However, in mammalian cells fHSVDeltapac DNA can still replicate, express the HSV-1 genes, cause cytotoxic effects, and produce virus-like particles. Because these functions mimic the lytic cycle of the HSV-1 infection, fHSVDeltapac was expected to stimulate the immune system as efficiently as a modified live virus vaccine. To test this hypothesis, mice were immunized with fHSVDeltapac DNA applied intradermally by gold-particle bombardment, and the immune responses were compared with those induced by infection with disabled infectious single cycle HSV-1. Immunization with either fHSVDeltapac or disabled infectious single cycle HSV-1 induced the priming of HSV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells and the production of virus-specific antibodies and conferred protection against intracerebral injection of wild-type HSV-1 at a dose of 200 LD(50). Protection probably was cell-mediated, as transfer of serum from immunized mice did not protect naive animals. We conclude that BAC-VACs per se, or in combination with genetic elements that support replicative amplification of the DNA in the cell nucleus, represent a useful new generation of DNA-based vaccination strategies for many viral and nonviral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suter
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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96
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Fournillier A, Depla E, Karayiannis P, Vidalin O, Maertens G, Trépo C, Inchauspé G. Expression of noncovalent hepatitis C virus envelope E1-E2 complexes is not required for the induction of antibodies with neutralizing properties following DNA immunization. J Virol 1999; 73:7497-504. [PMID: 10438839 PMCID: PMC104276 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7497-7504.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactive glycoproteins present on the surface of viral particles represent the main target of neutralizing antibodies. The ability of DNA vaccination to induce antibodies directed at such structures was investigated by using eight different expression plasmids engineered either to favor or to prevent interaction between the hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2. Independently of the injection route (intramuscular or intraepidermal), plasmids expressing antigens capable of forming heterodimers presumed to be the prebudding form of the HCV envelope protein complex failed to induce any significant, stable antibodies following injection in mice. In sharp contrast, high titers of antibodies directed at both conformational and linear determinants were induced by using plasmids expressing severely truncated antigens that have lost the ability to form native complexes. In addition, only a truncated form of E2 induced antibodies reacting against the hypervariable region 1 of E2 (specifically with the C-terminal part of it) known to contain a neutralization site. When injected intraepidermally into small primates, the truncated E2-encoding plasmid induced antibodies able to neutralize in vitro the binding of a purified E2 protein onto susceptible cells. Because such antibodies have been associated with viral clearance in both humans and chimpanzees, these findings may have important implications for the development of protective immunity against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fournillier
- INSERM U271, Virus des hépatites, Rétrovirus humains et Pathologies associées, 69424 Lyon Cédex, France
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97
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Mossman SP, Pierce CC, Robertson MN, Watson AJ, Montefiori DC, Rabin M, Kuller L, Thompson J, Lynch JB, Morton WR, Benveniste RE, Munn R, Hu SL, Greenberg P, Haigwood NL. Immunization against SIVmne in macaques using multigenic DNA vaccines. J Med Primatol 1999; 28:206-13. [PMID: 10593487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1999.tb00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
All structural and regulatory genes of SIVmne were cloned into mammalian expression vectors to optimize expression in vitro and immunogenicity in mice. Macaca fascicularis were immunized four times with plasmid DNA (n = 4), or two DNA priming inoculations followed by two boosts of recombinant gp160 plus Gag-Pol particles (n = 4). Following intrarectal challenge with SIVmne, all macaques became infected. Three monkeys immunized with DNA alone maintained low plasma virus loads by 1 year post-challenge; the fourth exhibited high virus loads and significant CD4+ cell decline. Two of the DNA plus boost and three control macaques had high virus loads and associated CD4+ cell decline. Both vaccine protocols elicited antibodies and comparable helper T-cell proliferative responses to gp160. Cytokine mRNA levels in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) taken at time of challenge suggested a dominant T helper (Th) 1 state in three DNA-immunized and one protein-boosted macaque, which correlated with low virus loads and high CD4+ cell counts post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mossman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, WA 98109-1651, USA
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98
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Smooker PM, Steeper KR, Drew DR, Strugnell RA, Spithill TW. Humoral responses in mice following vaccination with DNA encoding glutathione S-transferase of Fasciola hepatica: effects of mode of vaccination and the cellular compartment of antigen expression. Parasite Immunol 1999; 21:357-64. [PMID: 10417670 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.1999.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The humoral responses in mice following vaccination with DNA constructs encoding Fasciola hepatica glutathione S-transferase (GST) have been evaluated. GST47 cDNA was subcloned into two DNA vaccine vectors, VR1012 and VR1020, which direct expression to the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments, respectively. Expression was confirmed by transfection into COS 7 cells. Groups of mice were vaccinated with these constructs, by either intramuscular injection with the VR1012-or VR1020-based constructs, or intradermal vaccination (with a gene gun) with the VR1020-based construct. Vaccination with the construct designed for secretion resulted in an increased humoral response compared to vaccination with the nonsecretory construct. The level of the total humoral response after vaccination with the secretion construct was not dependent on the route of vaccination. However, the isotype profile of the response differed between the groups; intramuscular vaccination with the construct directing cytoplasmic expression yielded an immuoglobulin (Ig)G2a dominant (Th1-type) response, intradermal vaccination with the secretory construct a IgG1/IgE dominant (Th2-type) response, and intramuscular vaccination with the secretory construct a mixed isotype response. These results demonstrate that the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine based on Fasciola GST, as well as the isotype of the response against GST, is determined by the mode of vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Smooker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Australia
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99
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Laylor R, Porakishvili N, De Souza JB, Playfair JH, Delves PJ, Lund T. DNA vaccination favours memory rather than effector B cell responses. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117:106-12. [PMID: 10403923 PMCID: PMC1905479 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following priming and boosting of mice with a DNA vector pEE6DeltaS-hCGss expressing sequences encoding a transmembrane version of the beta-chain of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCGbeta), we failed to detect appreciable levels of specific antibody. However, subsequent challenge with hCG protein in Ribi adjuvant elicited a strong and rapid secondary immune response. This response was of comparable magnitude to that produced following priming, boosting and challenge with protein in adjuvant. Thus, DNA vaccination with this vector is as efficient in generating B cell memory as is conventional immunization, but the memory generation occurs in the absence of an overt effector response. Despite an overall similar level of specific antibody, the DNA-vaccinated mice produced hCG-specific antibodies biased towards IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes, whereas the protein-vaccinated mice produced higher levels of IgG1 antibodies. Both Th1 and Th2 cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-4) were lower in the spleens of the DNA-immunized animals compared with the protein-Ribi-immunized animals, possibly suggesting a different level of helper T cell response to the two different modes of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laylor
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Immunology, The Windeyer Institute for Medical Sciences, UCL, London, UK
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Kamath AT, Feng CG, Macdonald M, Briscoe H, Britton WJ. Differential protective efficacy of DNA vaccines expressing secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:1702-7. [PMID: 10085007 PMCID: PMC96517 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.4.1702-1707.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/1998] [Accepted: 01/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of more-effective antituberculosis vaccines would assist in the control of the global problem of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One recently devised vaccination strategy is immunization with DNA plasmids encoding individual microbial genes. Using the genes for the M. tuberculosis secreted proteins MPT64 (23 kDa), Ag85B (30 kDa), and ESAT-6 (6 kDa) as candidate antigens, DNA vaccines were prepared and tested for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a murine model of aerosolized tuberculosis (TB). Intramuscular immunization with DNA-64 or DNA-85B resulted in the activation of CD4(+) T cells, which produce gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), and high titers of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Further, DNA-64 induced major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells. The addition of a eukaryotic leader sequence to mpt64 did not significantly increase the T-cell or antibody response. Each of the three DNA vectors stimulated a significant reduction in the level of M. tuberculosis infection in the lungs of mice challenged 4 weeks after immunization, but not to the levels resulting after immunization with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The vaccines showed a consistent hierarchy of protection, with the most effective being Ag85B, followed by ESAT-6 and then MPT64. Coimmunization with the three vectors resulted in a greater degree of protection than that induced by any single vector. This protective efficacy was associated with the emergence of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells earlier than in infected animals immunized with a control vector. The efficacy of these DNA vaccines suggests that multisubunit vaccination may contribute to future vaccine strategies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Kamath
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales 2042, Australia
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