51
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Evans C, Hvoslef-Eide M, Thomas R, Kidd E, Good MA. A rapidly acquired foraging-based working memory task, sensitive to hippocampal lesions, reveals age-dependent and age-independent behavioural changes in a mouse model of amyloid pathology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 149:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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52
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Blockx I, Einstein S, Guns PJ, Van Audekerke J, Guglielmetti C, Zago W, Roose D, Verhoye M, Van der Linden A, Bard F. Monitoring Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Following Amyloid-β Immunotherapy Using Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI in a PDAPP Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 54:723-35. [PMID: 27567811 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) have been reported with some anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) immunotherapy trials. They are detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and thought to represent transient accumulation of fluid/edema (ARIA-E) or microhemorrhages (ARIA-H). Although the clinical significance and pathophysiology are unknown, it has been proposed that anti-Aβimmunotherapy may affect blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. OBJECTIVE To examine vascular integrity in aged (12-16 months) PDAPP and wild type mice (WT), we performed a series of longitudinal in vivo MRI studies. METHODS Mice were treated on a weekly basis using anti-Aβimmunotherapy (3D6) and follow up was done longitudinally from 1-12 weeks after treatment. BBB-integrity was assessed using both visual assessment of T1-weighted scans and repeated T1 mapping in combination with gadolinium (Gd-DOTA). RESULTS A subset of 3D6 treated PDAPP mice displayed numerous BBB disruptions, whereas WT and saline-treated PDAPP mice showed intact BBB integrity under the conditions tested. In addition, the contrast induced decrease in T1 value was observed in the meningeal and midline area. BBB disruption events occurred early during treatment (between 1 and 5 weeks), were transient, and resolved quickly. Finally, BBB-leakages associated with microhemorrhages were confirmed by Perls'Prussian blue histopathological analysis. CONCLUSION Our preclinical findings support the hypothesis that 3D6 leads to transient leakage from amyloid-positive vessels. The current study has provided valuable insights on the time course of vascular alterations during immunization treatment and supports further research in relation to the nature of ARIA and the utility of in vivo repeated T1 MRI as a translational tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Blockx
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Expert Group Antwerp Molecular Imaging (EGAMI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Wagner Zago
- Prothena Biosciences Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dimitri Roose
- Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Frederique Bard
- Janssen Prevention Center, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, San Diego, CA, USA
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53
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Clayton KA, Van Enoo AA, Ikezu T. Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Microglia in Brain Homeostasis and Proteopathy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:680. [PMID: 29311768 PMCID: PMC5733046 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is central to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), although the mechanisms by which it occurs at protein or cellular levels are not fully understood. Alzheimer's disease is the most common proteopathy and is characterized by two unique pathologies: senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, the former accumulating earlier than the latter. Aging alters the proteostasis of amyloid-β peptides and microtubule-associated protein tau, which are regulated in both autonomous and non-autonomous manners. Microglia, the resident phagocytes of the central nervous system, play a major role in the non-autonomous clearance of protein aggregates. Their function is significantly altered by aging and neurodegeneration. This is genetically supported by the association of microglia-specific genes, TREM2 and CD33, and late onset Alzheimer's disease. Here, we propose that the functional characterization of microglia, and their contribution to proteopathy, will lead to a new therapeutic direction in Alzheimer's disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Clayton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alicia A Van Enoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Neurology, Medical School, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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54
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Latta-Mahieu M, Elmer B, Bretteville A, Wang Y, Lopez-Grancha M, Goniot P, Moindrot N, Ferrari P, Blanc V, Schussler N, Brault E, Roudières V, Blanchard V, Yang ZY, Barneoud P, Bertrand P, Roucourt B, Carmans S, Bottelbergs A, Mertens L, Wintmolders C, Larsen P, Hersley C, McGathey T, Racke MM, Liu L, Lu J, O'Neill MJ, Riddell DR, Ebneth A, Nabel GJ, Pradier L. Systemic immune-checkpoint blockade with anti-PD1 antibodies does not alter cerebral amyloid-β burden in several amyloid transgenic mouse models. Glia 2017; 66:492-504. [PMID: 29134678 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation represents a central component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent work suggests that breaking immune tolerance by Programmed cell Death-1 (PD1) checkpoint inhibition produces an IFN-γ-dependent systemic immune response, with infiltration of the brain by peripheral myeloid cells and neuropathological as well as functional improvements even in mice with advanced amyloid pathology (Baruch et al., (): Nature Medicine, 22:135-137). Immune checkpoint inhibition was therefore suggested as potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders when activation of the immune system is appropriate. Because a xenogeneic rat antibody (mAb) was used in the study, whether the effect was specific to PD1 target engagement was uncertain. In the present study we examined whether PD1 immunotherapy can lower amyloid-β pathology in a range of different amyloid transgenic models performed at three pharmaceutical companies with the exact same anti-PD1 isotype and two mouse chimeric variants. Although PD1 immunotherapy stimulated systemic activation of the peripheral immune system, monocyte-derived macrophage infiltration into the brain was not detected, and progression of brain amyloid pathology was not altered. Similar negative results of the effect of PD1 immunotherapy on amyloid brain pathology were obtained in two additional models in two separate institutions. These results show that inhibition of PD1 checkpoint signaling by itself is not sufficient to reduce amyloid pathology and that additional factors might have contributed to previously published results (Baruch et al., (): Nature Medicine, 22:135-137). Until such factors are elucidated, animal model data do not support further evaluation of PD1 checkpoint inhibition as a therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradford Elmer
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Alexis Bretteville
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Yaming Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | - Mati Lopez-Grancha
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Philippe Goniot
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Nicolas Moindrot
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Paul Ferrari
- SANOFI, 13 quai Jules Guesde, Vitry/Seine, 94403, France
| | | | - Nathalie Schussler
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Emmanuel Brault
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Valérie Roudières
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | | | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Pascal Barneoud
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Philippe Bertrand
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
| | - Bart Roucourt
- reMYND NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Sofie Carmans
- reMYND NV, Gaston Geenslaan 1, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Astrid Bottelbergs
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Mertens
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Cindy Wintmolders
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Peter Larsen
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | | | - Tyler McGathey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | | | - Ling Liu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | - Jirong Lu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46285
| | | | | | - Andreas Ebneth
- Janssen Research & Development, a Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V, Beerse, B-2340, Belgium
| | - Gary J Nabel
- SANOFI NA BT Lab, 270 Albany St, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02319
| | - Laurent Pradier
- SANOFI Neurosciences, 1 rue P. Brossolette, Chilly-Mazarin, 91385, France
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55
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Human Brain-Derived Aβ Oligomers Bind to Synapses and Disrupt Synaptic Activity in a Manner That Requires APP. J Neurosci 2017; 37:11947-11966. [PMID: 29101243 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2009-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling genetic evidence links the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and several theories have been advanced to explain the relationship. A leading hypothesis proposes that a small amphipathic fragment of APP, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), self-associates to form soluble aggregates that impair synaptic and network activity. Here, we used the most disease-relevant form of Aβ, protein isolated from AD brain. Using this material, we show that the synaptotoxic effects of Aβ depend on expression of APP and that the Aβ-mediated impairment of synaptic plasticity is accompanied by presynaptic effects that disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance. The net increase in the E/I ratio and inhibition of plasticity are associated with Aβ localizing to synapses and binding of soluble Aβ aggregates to synapses requires the expression of APP. Our findings indicate a role for APP in AD pathogenesis beyond the generation of Aβ and suggest modulation of APP expression as a therapy for AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we report on the plasticity-disrupting effects of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) isolated from Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and the requirement of amyloid precursor protein (APP) for these effects. We show that Aβ-containing AD brain extracts block hippocampal LTP, augment glutamate release probability, and disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory balance. These effects are associated with Aβ localizing to synapses and genetic ablation of APP prevents both Aβ binding and Aβ-mediated synaptic dysfunctions. Our results emphasize the importance of APP in AD and should stimulate new studies to elucidate APP-related targets suitable for pharmacological manipulation.
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56
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Lack of BACE1 S-palmitoylation reduces amyloid burden and mitigates memory deficits in transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9665-E9674. [PMID: 29078331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708568114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by pathological brain lesions and a decline in cognitive function. β-Amyloid peptides (Aβ), derived from proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), play a central role in AD pathogenesis. β-Site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), the transmembrane aspartyl protease which initiates Aβ production, is axonally transported in neurons and accumulates in dystrophic neurites near cerebral amyloid deposits in AD. BACE1 is modified by S-palmitoylation at four juxtamembrane cysteine residues. S-palmitoylation is a dynamic posttranslational modification that is important for trafficking and function of several synaptic proteins. Here, we investigated the in vivo significance of BACE1 S-palmitoylation through the analysis of knock-in mice with cysteine-to-alanine substitution at the palmitoylated residues (4CA mice). BACE1 expression, as well as processing of APP and other neuronal substrates, was unaltered in 4CA mice despite the lack of BACE1 S-palmitoylation and reduced lipid raft association. Whereas steady-state Aβ levels were similar, synaptic activity-induced endogenous Aβ production was not observed in 4CA mice. Furthermore, we report a significant reduction of cerebral amyloid burden and BACE1 accumulation in dystrophic neurites in the absence of BACE1 S-palmitoylation in mouse models of AD amyloidosis. Studies in cultured neurons suggest that S-palmitoylation is required for dendritic spine localization and axonal targeting of BACE1. Finally, the lack of BACE1 S-palmitoylation mitigates cognitive deficits in 5XFAD mice. Using transgenic mouse models, these results demonstrate that intrinsic posttranslational S-palmitoylation of BACE1 has a significant impact on amyloid pathogenesis and the consequent cognitive decline.
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57
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Minter MR, Hinterleitner R, Meisel M, Zhang C, Leone V, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Zhang X, Musch MW, Shen X, Jabri B, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in microbial diversity during post-natal development alters amyloid pathology in an aged APP SWE/PS1 ΔE9 murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10411. [PMID: 28874832 PMCID: PMC5585265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the commensal microbiome regulates host immunity and influences brain function; findings that have ramifications for neurodegenerative diseases. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we previously reported that perturbations in microbial diversity induced by life-long combinatorial antibiotic (ABX) selection pressure in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of amyloidosis is commensurate with reductions in amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque pathology and plaque-localised gliosis. Considering microbiota-host interactions, specifically during early post-natal development, are critical for immune- and neuro-development we now examine the impact of microbial community perturbations induced by acute ABX exposure exclusively during this period in APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. We show that early post-natal (P) ABX treatment (P14-P21) results in long-term alterations of gut microbial genera (predominantly Lachnospiraceae and S24-7) and reduction in brain Aβ deposition in aged APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mice. These mice exhibit elevated levels of blood- and brain-resident Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells and display an alteration in the inflammatory milieu of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we confirm that plaque-localised microglia and astrocytes are reduced in ABX-exposed mice. These findings suggest that ABX-induced microbial diversity perturbations during post-natal stages of development coincide with altered host immunity mechanisms and amyloidosis in a murine model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Xulun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Mark W Musch
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xunuo Shen
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. .,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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58
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Tai LM, Balu D, Avila-Munoz E, Abdullah L, Thomas R, Collins N, Valencia-Olvera AC, LaDu MJ. EFAD transgenic mice as a human APOE relevant preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1733-1755. [PMID: 28389477 PMCID: PMC5580905 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r076315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified in 1993, APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), increasing risk up to 15-fold compared with APOE3, with APOE2 decreasing AD risk. However, the functional effects of APOE4 on AD pathology remain unclear and, in some cases, controversial. In vivo progress to understand how the human (h)-APOE genotypes affect AD pathology has been limited by the lack of a tractable familial AD-transgenic (FAD-Tg) mouse model expressing h-APOE rather than mouse (m)-APOE. The disparity between m- and h-apoE is relevant for virtually every AD-relevant pathway, including amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and clearance, neuroinflammation, tau pathology, neural plasticity and cerebrovascular deficits. EFAD mice were designed as a temporally useful preclinical FAD-Tg-mouse model expressing the h-APOE genotypes for identifying mechanisms underlying APOE-modulated symptoms of AD pathology. From their first description in 2012, EFAD mice have enabled critical basic and therapeutic research. Here we review insights gleaned from the EFAD mice and summarize future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Deebika Balu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Evangelina Avila-Munoz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Nicole Collins
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612.
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59
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Teplyakov A, Obmolova G, Gilliland GL. A coiled conformation of amyloid-β recognized by antibody C706. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2017; 9:66. [PMID: 28830506 PMCID: PMC5568176 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-017-0296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background β-Amyloid (Aβ) peptide is believed to play a pivotal role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Passive immunization with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies may facilitate the clearance of Aβ in the brain and may thus prevent the downstream pathology. Antibodies targeting the immunodominant N-terminal epitope of Aβ and capable of binding both the plaques and soluble species have been most efficacious in animal models. Structural studies of such antibodies with bound Aβ peptides provided the basis for understanding the mechanisms of action and the differences in potency. To gain further insight into the structural determinants of antigen recognition and the preferential Aβ conformations, we determined the crystal structure of murine antibody C706 in complex with the N-terminal Aβ 1–16 peptide sequence. Methods The antigen-binding fragment of C706 was expressed in HEK293 cells and was crystallized in complex with the Aβ peptide. The X-ray structure was determined at 1.9-Å resolution. Results The binding epitope of C706 is centered on residues Arg5 and His6, which provide the majority of interactions. Unlike most antibodies, C706 recognizes a coiled rather than extended conformation of Aβ. Conclusions Comparison with other antibodies targeting the N-terminal section of Aβ suggests that the conformation of the bound peptide may be linked to the immunization protocol and may reflect the preference for the extended conformation in the context of a longer Aβ peptide as opposed to the coiled conformation in the isolated short peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Teplyakov
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA.
| | - Galina Obmolova
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
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60
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Yi B, Sahn JJ, Ardestani PM, Evans AK, Scott LL, Chan JZ, Iyer S, Crisp A, Zuniga G, Pierce JT, Martin SF, Shamloo M. Small molecule modulator of sigma 2 receptor is neuroprotective and reduces cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2017; 140:561-575. [PMID: 27926996 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that modulating the sigma 2 receptor (Sig2R) can provide beneficial effects for neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we report the identification of a novel class of Sig2R ligands and their cellular and in vivo activity in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report that SAS-0132 and DKR-1051, selective ligands of Sig2R, modulate intracellular Ca2+ levels in human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. The Sig2R ligands SAS-0132 and JVW-1009 are neuroprotective in a C. elegans model of amyloid precursor protein-mediated neurodegeneration. Since this neuroprotective effect is replicated by genetic knockdown and knockout of vem-1, the ortholog of progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1), these results suggest that Sig2R ligands modulate a PGRMC1-related pathway. Last, we demonstrate that SAS-0132 improves cognitive performance both in the Thy-1 hAPPLond/Swe+ transgenic mouse model of AD and in healthy wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that Sig2R is a promising therapeutic target for neurocognitive disorders including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitna Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - James J Sahn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Pooneh Memar Ardestani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Andrew K Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Luisa L Scott
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution and Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica Z Chan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sangeetha Iyer
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution and Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley Crisp
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution and Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriella Zuniga
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution and Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan T Pierce
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Brain, Behavior and Evolution and Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen F Martin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
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61
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Olsson B, Schott JM, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. The use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers to measure change in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:767-775. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1341311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob Olsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M. Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
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62
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Zhou L, Liu J, Dong D, Wei C, Wang R. Dynamic alteration of neprilysin and endothelin-converting enzyme in age-dependent APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:184-196. [PMID: 28123645 PMCID: PMC5250715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Imbalance of Aβ production and Aβ removal leads to Aβ accumulation. Aβ degrading enzyme (including neprilysin-NEP, endothelin converting enzyme-ECE) as a therapeutic strategy for lowering brain Aβ deposition has attracted increasing attention. In this study, we investigated alteration of age and region-dependent in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice (3, 6, 9, 12 months) and their age-matched wild type mice including the ability of spatial memory, Aβ deposits, the protein expression, location and activity of NEP and ECE. Our data demonstrated that, as compared with wild type mice, APP/PS1 mice displayed significant cognitive deficit at 9 month revealed by obviously longer in the latency and distance to find the platform and shorter in time spent and swimming distance in the target quadrant. Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels exhibited a significant increase with age in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice after 6 month, compared with their age-matched wild type mice. And Aβ42 levels were significantly higher than Aβ40 levels in the same age of APP/PS1 mice. Furthermore, NEP protein and activity displayed a marked decrease with age in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice older than 6 month. Slightly different from NEP, ECE protein was up-regulated with age, while ECE activity showed a significantly decrease with age in cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice older than 6 month. Double immunofluorescence staining also demonstrated that ECE and NEP highly colocalized in cytoplasmic and membrane, and ECE immunoreactivity tended to increase with age in APP/PS1 mice, especially 12 month APP/PS1 mice. Correlation analysis showed the negative correlation between enzyme (NEP or ECE) activity and Aβ levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice, which was correlated with Aβ accumulation. These results indicate NEP rather than ECE plays more important role in resisting Aβ accumulation. The compensatory upregulation of NEP and ECE could balance Aβ metabolism and protect neuronal functions in infant and juvenile mice. These evidence might provide some clues for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianxu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chunsheng Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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63
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γ-Secretase Modulators as Aβ42-Lowering Pharmacological Agents to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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64
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Barrera-Ocampo A, Lopera F. Amyloid-beta immunotherapy: the hope for Alzheimer disease? Colomb Med (Cali) 2016; 47:203-212. [PMID: 28293044 PMCID: PMC5335861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia of adult-onset, characterized by progressive impairment in cognition and memory. There is no cure for the disease and the current treatments are only symptomatic. Drug discovery is an expensive and time-consuming process; in the last decade no new drugs have been found for AD despite the efforts of the scientific community and pharmaceutical companies. The Aβ immunotherapy is one of the most promising approaches to modify the course of AD. This therapeutic strategy uses synthetic peptides or monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to decrease the Aβ load in the brain and slow the progression of the disease. Therefore, this article will discuss the main aspects of AD neuropathogenesis, the classical pharmacologic treatment, as well as the active and passive immunization describing drug prototypes evaluated in different clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Barrera-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas , Grupo de Investigación Natura, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales , Universidad Icesi , Cali, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia , Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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65
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Cerebral vascular amyloid seeds drive amyloid β-protein fibril assembly with a distinct anti-parallel structure. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13527. [PMID: 27869115 PMCID: PMC5121328 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), a condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is a common pathological feature of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Familial Aβ mutations, such as Dutch-E22Q and Iowa-D23N, can cause severe cerebrovascular accumulation of amyloid that serves as a potent driver of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. The distinctive features of vascular amyloid that underlie its unique pathological properties remain unknown. Here, we use transgenic mouse models producing CAA mutants (Tg-SwDI) or overproducing human wild-type Aβ (Tg2576) to demonstrate that CAA-mutant vascular amyloid influences wild-type Aβ deposition in brain. We also show isolated microvascular amyloid seeds from Tg-SwDI mice drive assembly of human wild-type Aβ into distinct anti-parallel β-sheet fibrils. These findings indicate that cerebrovascular amyloid can serve as an effective scaffold to promote rapid assembly and strong deposition of Aβ into a unique structure that likely contributes to its distinctive pathology.
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66
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Pan H, Wang D, Zhang X, Zhou D, Zhang H, Qian Q, He X, Liu Z, Liu Y, Zheng T, Zhang L, Wang M, Sun B. Amyloid β Is Not the Major Factor Accounting for Impaired Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Mice Overexpressing Amyloid Precursor Protein. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:707-718. [PMID: 27693425 PMCID: PMC5063569 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was impaired in several Alzheimer's disease models overexpressing mutant human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP). However, the effects of wild-type hAPP on adult neurogenesis and whether the impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis was caused by amyloid β (Aβ) or APP remained unclear. Here, we found that neurogenesis was impaired in the dentate gyrus (DG) of adult mice overexpressing wild-type hAPP (hAPP-I5) compared with controls. However, the adult hippocampal neurogenesis was more severely impaired in hAPP-I5 than that in hAPP-J20 mice, which express similar levels of hAPP mRNA but much higher levels of Aβ. Furthermore, reducing Aβ levels did not affect the number of doublecortin-positive cells in the DG of hAPP-J20 mice. Our results suggested that hAPP was more likely an important factor inhibiting adult neurogenesis, and Aβ was not the major factor affecting neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus of hAPP mice. Overexpression of wild-type hAPP impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was more severely impaired in hAPP-I5 than in hAPP-J20 Reducing Aβ levels did not affect adult neurogenesis in hAPP-J20 mice Aβ is not the major factor accounting for impaired adult neurogenesis in hAPP mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Pan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Dongpi Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Dongming Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Qi Qian
- Department of Neurology, Brain Medical Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Zhaoling Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Yunjin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Mingkai Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China
| | - Binggui Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology (Ministry of Health of China), Key Laboratory of Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310058, China.
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67
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Sevigny J, Chiao P, Bussière T, Weinreb PH, Williams L, Maier M, Dunstan R, Salloway S, Chen T, Ling Y, O’Gorman J, Qian F, Arastu M, Li M, Chollate S, Brennan MS, Quintero-Monzon O, Scannevin RH, Arnold HM, Engber T, Rhodes K, Ferrero J, Hang Y, Mikulskis A, Grimm J, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Sandrock A. The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease. Nature 2016; 537:50-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nature19323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1608] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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68
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Presynaptic dystrophic neurites surrounding amyloid plaques are sites of microtubule disruption, BACE1 elevation, and increased Aβ generation in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:235-256. [PMID: 26993139 PMCID: PMC4947125 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid plaques composed of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide surrounded by swollen presynaptic dystrophic neurites consisting of dysfunctional axons and terminals that accumulate the β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) required for Aβ generation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern presynaptic dystrophic neurite formation are unclear, and elucidating these processes may lead to novel AD therapeutic strategies. Previous studies suggest Aβ may disrupt microtubules, which we hypothesize have a critical role in the development of presynaptic dystrophies. To investigate this further, here we have assessed the effects of Aβ, particularly neurotoxic Aβ42, on microtubules during the formation of presynaptic dystrophic neurites in vitro and in vivo. Live-cell imaging of primary neurons revealed that exposure to Aβ42 oligomers caused varicose and beaded neurites with extensive microtubule disruption, and inhibited anterograde and retrograde trafficking. In brain sections from AD patients and the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of amyloid pathology, dystrophic neurite halos with BACE1 elevation around amyloid plaques exhibited aberrant tubulin accumulations or voids. At the ultrastructural level, peri-plaque dystrophies were strikingly devoid of microtubules and replete with multi-lamellar vesicles resembling autophagic intermediates. Proteins of the microtubule motors, kinesin and dynein, and other neuronal proteins were aberrantly localized in peri-plaque dystrophies. Inactive pro-cathepsin D also accumulated in peri-plaque dystrophies, indicating reduced lysosomal function. Most importantly, BACE1 accumulation in peri-plaque dystrophies caused increased BACE1 cleavage of APP and Aβ generation. Our study supports the hypothesis that Aβ induces microtubule disruption in presynaptic dystrophic neurites that surround plaques, thus impairing axonal transport and leading to accumulation of BACE1 and exacerbation of amyloid pathology in AD.
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69
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Minter MR, Zhang C, Leone V, Ringus DL, Zhang X, Oyler-Castrillo P, Musch MW, Liao F, Ward JF, Holtzman DM, Chang EB, Tanzi RE, Sisodia SS. Antibiotic-induced perturbations in gut microbial diversity influences neuro-inflammation and amyloidosis in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30028. [PMID: 27443609 PMCID: PMC4956742 DOI: 10.1038/srep30028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe amyloidosis and plaque-localized neuro-inflammation are key pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to astrocyte and microglial reactivity, emerging evidence suggests a role of gut microbiota in regulating innate immunity and influencing brain function. Here, we examine the role of the host microbiome in regulating amyloidosis in the APPSWE/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of AD. We show that prolonged shifts in gut microbial composition and diversity induced by long-term broad-spectrum combinatorial antibiotic treatment regime decreases Aβ plaque deposition. We also show that levels of soluble Aβ are elevated and that levels of circulating cytokine and chemokine signatures are altered in this setting. Finally, we observe attenuated plaque-localised glial reactivity in these mice and significantly altered microglial morphology. These findings suggest the gut microbiota community diversity can regulate host innate immunity mechanisms that impact Aβ amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles R Minter
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vanessa Leone
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Daina L Ringus
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Mark W Musch
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Fan Liao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joseph F Ward
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Eugene B Chang
- The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Department of Neurology, Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sangram S Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.,The Microbiome Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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70
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Cynis H, Frost JL, Crehan H, Lemere CA. Immunotherapy targeting pyroglutamate-3 Aβ: prospects and challenges. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:48. [PMID: 27363697 PMCID: PMC4929720 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0115-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization against amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides deposited in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has shown considerable therapeutic effect in animal models however, the translation into human Alzheimer’s patients is challenging. In recent years, a number of promising Aβ immunotherapy trials failed to reach primary study endpoints. Aside from uncertainties in the selection of patients and the start and duration of treatment, these results also suggest that the mechanisms underlying AD are still not fully understood. Thorough characterizations of protein aggregates in AD brain have revealed a conspicuous heterogeneity of Aβ peptides enabling the study of the toxic potential of each of the major forms. One such form, amino-terminally truncated and modified pyroglutamate (pGlu)-3 Aβ peptide appears to play a seminal role for disease initiation, qualifying it as novel target for immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Cynis
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jeffrey L Frost
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Helen Crehan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, NRB636, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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71
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Letronne F, Laumet G, Ayral AM, Chapuis J, Demiautte F, Laga M, Vandenberghe ME, Malmanche N, Leroux F, Eysert F, Sottejeau Y, Chami L, Flaig A, Bauer C, Dourlen P, Lesaffre M, Delay C, Huot L, Dumont J, Werkmeister E, Lafont F, Mendes T, Hansmannel F, Dermaut B, Deprez B, Hérard AS, Dhenain M, Souedet N, Pasquier F, Tulasne D, Berr C, Hauw JJ, Lemoine Y, Amouyel P, Mann D, Déprez R, Checler F, Hot D, Delzescaux T, Gevaert K, Lambert JC. ADAM30 Downregulates APP-Linked Defects Through Cathepsin D Activation in Alzheimer's Disease. EBioMedicine 2016; 9:278-292. [PMID: 27333034 PMCID: PMC4972530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although several ADAMs (A disintegrin-like and metalloproteases) have been shown to contribute to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolism, the full spectrum of metalloproteases involved in this metabolism remains to be established. Transcriptomic analyses centred on metalloprotease genes unraveled a 50% decrease in ADAM30 expression that inversely correlates with amyloid load in Alzheimer's disease brains. Accordingly, in vitro down- or up-regulation of ADAM30 expression triggered an increase/decrease in Aβ peptides levels whereas expression of a biologically inactive ADAM30 (ADAM30(mut)) did not affect Aβ secretion. Proteomics/cell-based experiments showed that ADAM30-dependent regulation of APP metabolism required both cathepsin D (CTSD) activation and APP sorting to lysosomes. Accordingly, in Alzheimer-like transgenic mice, neuronal ADAM30 over-expression lowered Aβ42 secretion in neuron primary cultures, soluble Aβ42 and amyloid plaque load levels in the brain and concomitantly enhanced CTSD activity and finally rescued long term potentiation alterations. Our data thus indicate that lowering ADAM30 expression may favor Aβ production, thereby contributing to Alzheimer's disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Letronne
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffroy Laumet
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Ayral
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Chapuis
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Florie Demiautte
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathias Laga
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michel E Vandenberghe
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, MIRCen, Fontenay aux Roses, France; CNRS, UMR 9199, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Malmanche
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; INSERM U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F5900 Lille, France
| | - Fanny Eysert
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Yoann Sottejeau
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Linda Chami
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Amandine Flaig
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Bauer
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Pierre Dourlen
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Marie Lesaffre
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Delay
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Huot
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM 1019, Lille, France
| | - Julie Dumont
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; INSERM U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F5900 Lille, France
| | | | | | - Tiago Mendes
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Franck Hansmannel
- INSERM, U954, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy, Université Henri Poincaré 1, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bart Dermaut
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; INSERM U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F5900 Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Hérard
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, MIRCen, Fontenay aux Roses, France; CNRS, UMR 9199, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Marc Dhenain
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, MIRCen, Fontenay aux Roses, France; CNRS, UMR 9199, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Souedet
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, MIRCen, Fontenay aux Roses, France; CNRS, UMR 9199, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Florence Pasquier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1171, - Degenerative & Vascular Cognitive Disorders, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F-59000 Lille, France; CHR&U, Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - M3T - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claudine Berr
- INSERM, U1061, Université de Montpellier I, Hôpital La Colombière, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Hauw
- APHP-Raymond Escourolle Neuropathology Laboratory, la salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Yves Lemoine
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM 1019, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; CHR&U, Lille, France
| | - David Mann
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Rebecca Déprez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; INSERM U1177, Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F5900 Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 CNRS, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Nice, France; Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - David Hot
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM 1019, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Delzescaux
- CEA, DSV, I2BM, MIRCen, Fontenay aux Roses, France; CNRS, UMR 9199, Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- INSERM, U1167, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, F59000 Lille, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, F59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, F59000 Lille, France.
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Shi J, Zhang X, Yin L, Wei M, Ni J, Li T, Wang P, Tian J, Wang Y. Herbal formula GAPT prevents beta amyloid deposition induced Ca(2+)/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and Ca(2+)/Calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase 2B imbalance in APPV717I mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:159. [PMID: 27245225 PMCID: PMC4888629 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Synaptic dysfunction is one of the pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is directly related to the progressive decline of cognitive function. CaMKII and CaN have been found to play important roles in memory processes and synaptic transmission. So present study aimed to elucidate relationships between CaMKII, CaN and cognitive decline in APPV717I mice, and to reveal whether the cognitive improving effects of GAPT is conducted through rebalance CaMKII and CaN. Methods Three-month-old-male APPV717I mice were randomly divided into ten groups (n = 12 per group) and received intragastrically administrated vehicle, donepezil or different doses of herbal formula GAPT for 8 or 4 months. Three-month-old male C57BL/6 J mice was set as vehicle control. Results Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that there were CaMKII expression decrease in the CA1 region of APPV717I transgenic mice, while the CaMKII expression of donepezil or GAPT treated transgenic mice were all increased. And there were CaN expression increase in the brain cortex of APPV717I transgenic mice, while there were decrease of CaN expression in donepezil or GAPT treated transgenic group. Western blot analysis showed the similar expression pattern without significant difference. Conclusion GAPT extract have showed effectiveness in activating the expression of CaMKII and inhibiting the expression of CaN either before or after the formation of amyloid plaques in the brain of APPV717I transgenic mice, which may in certain way alleviated neuron synaptic dysfunction in AD.
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Zhao L, Gottesdiener AJ, Parmar M, Li M, Kaminsky SM, Chiuchiolo MJ, Sondhi D, Sullivan PM, Holtzman DM, Crystal RG, Paul SM. Intracerebral adeno-associated virus gene delivery of apolipoprotein E2 markedly reduces brain amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 44:159-172. [PMID: 27318144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The common apolipoprotein E alleles (ε4, ε3, and ε2) are important genetic risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with the ε4 allele increasing risk and reducing the age of onset and the ε2 allele decreasing risk and markedly delaying the age of onset. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype also predicts the timing and amount of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide deposition and amyloid burden (ε4 >ε3 >ε2). Using several administration protocols, we now report that direct intracerebral adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of APOE2 markedly reduces brain soluble (including oligomeric) and insoluble Aβ levels as well as amyloid burden in 2 mouse models of brain amyloidosis whose pathology is dependent on either the expression of murine Apoe or more importantly on human APOE4. The efficacy of APOE2 to reduce brain Aβ burden in either model, however, was highly dependent on brain APOE2 levels and the amount of pre-existing Aβ and amyloid deposition. We further demonstrate that a widespread reduction of brain Aβ burden can be achieved through a single injection of vector via intrathalamic delivery of AAV expressing APOE2 gene. Our results demonstrate that AAV gene delivery of APOE2 using an AAV vector rescues the detrimental effects of APOE4 on brain amyloid pathology and may represent a viable therapeutic approach for treating or preventing Alzheimer's disease especially if sufficient brain APOE2 levels can be achieved early in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Zhao
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gottesdiener
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayur Parmar
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mingjie Li
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center Viral Vector Core, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen M Kaminsky
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria J Chiuchiolo
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dolan Sondhi
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Health Administration Medical Center's Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven M Paul
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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Shah D, Praet J, Latif Hernandez A, Höfling C, Anckaerts C, Bard F, Morawski M, Detrez JR, Prinsen E, Villa A, De Vos WH, Maggi A, D'Hooge R, Balschun D, Rossner S, Verhoye M, Van der Linden A. Early pathologic amyloid induces hypersynchrony of BOLD resting-state networks in transgenic mice and provides an early therapeutic window before amyloid plaque deposition. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 12:964-976. [PMID: 27107518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Alzheimer's disease (AD), pathologic amyloid-beta (Aβ) is synaptotoxic and impairs neuronal function at the microscale, influencing brain networks at the macroscale before Aβ deposition. The latter can be detected noninvasively, in vivo, using resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI), a technique used to assess brain functional connectivity (FC). METHODS RsfMRI was performed longitudinally in TG2576 and PDAPP mice, starting before Aβ deposition to determine the earliest FC changes. Additionally, the role of pathologic Aβ on early FC alterations was investigated by treating TG2576 mice with the 3D6 anti-Aβ-antibody. RESULTS Both transgenic models showed hypersynchronized FC before Aβ deposition and hyposynchronized FC at later stages. Early anti-Aβ treatment in TG2576 mice prevented hypersynchronous FC and the associated synaptic impairments and excitatory/inhibitory disbalances. DISCUSSION Hypersynchrony of FC may be used as a new noninvasive read out of early AD and can be recovered by anti-Aβ treatment, encouraging preventive treatment strategies in familial AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Shah
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Jelle Praet
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Amira Latif Hernandez
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Corinna Höfling
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cynthia Anckaerts
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Markus Morawski
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan R Detrez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Prinsen
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Cell Systems and Imaging, Department Molecular Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Detlef Balschun
- Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steffen Rossner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
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Meckler X, Checler F. Presenilin 1 and Presenilin 2 Target γ-Secretase Complexes to Distinct Cellular Compartments. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12821-12837. [PMID: 27059953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase complexes achieve the production of amyloid peptides playing a key role in Alzheimer disease. These proteases have many substrates involved in important physiological functions. They are composed of two constant subunits, nicastrin and PEN2, and two variable ones, presenilin (PS1 or PS2) and APH1 (APH1aL, APH1aS, or APH1b). Whether the composition of a given γ-secretase complex determines a specific cellular targeting remains unsolved. Here we combined a bidirectional inducible promoter and 2A peptide technology to generate constructs for the temporary, stoichiometric co-expression of six different combinations of the four γ-secretase subunits including EGFP-tagged nicastrin. These plasmids allow for the formation of functional γ-secretase complexes displaying specific activities and maturations. We show that PS1-containing γ-secretase complexes were targeted to the plasma membrane, whereas PS2-containing ones were addressed to the trans-Golgi network, to recycling endosomes, and, depending on the APH1-variant, to late endocytic compartments. Overall, these novel constructs unravel a presenilin-dependent subcellular targeting of γ-secretase complexes. These tools should prove useful to determine whether the cellular distribution of γ-secretase complexes contributes to substrate selectivity and to delineate regulations of their trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Meckler
- From the Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7275, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- From the Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS UMR7275, Laboratoire d'Excellence Distalz, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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76
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Grabert K, Michoel T, Karavolos MH, Clohisey S, Baillie JK, Stevens MP, Freeman TC, Summers KM, McColl BW. Microglial brain region-dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:504-16. [PMID: 26780511 PMCID: PMC4768346 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglia have critical roles in neural development, homeostasis and neuroinflammation and are increasingly implicated in age-related neurological dysfunction. Neurodegeneration often occurs in disease-specific, spatially restricted patterns, the origins of which are unknown. We performed to our knowledge the first genome-wide analysis of microglia from discrete brain regions across the adult lifespan of the mouse, and found that microglia have distinct region-dependent transcriptional identities and age in a regionally variable manner. In the young adult brain, differences in bioenergetic and immunoregulatory pathways were the major sources of heterogeneity and suggested that cerebellar and hippocampal microglia exist in a more immune-vigilant state. Immune function correlated with regional transcriptional patterns. Augmentation of the distinct cerebellar immunophenotype and a contrasting loss in distinction of the hippocampal phenotype among forebrain regions were key features during aging. Microglial diversity may enable regionally localized homeostatic functions but could also underlie region-specific sensitivities to microglial dysregulation and involvement in age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Grabert
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tom Michoel
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Sara Clohisey
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Tom C Freeman
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kim M Summers
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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Wang M, Wang C, Han RH, Han X. Novel advances in shotgun lipidomics for biology and medicine. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 61:83-108. [PMID: 26703190 PMCID: PMC4733395 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of lipidomics, as coined in 2003, has made profound advances and been rapidly expanded. The mass spectrometry-based strategies of this analytical methodology-oriented research discipline for lipid analysis are largely fallen into three categories: direct infusion-based shotgun lipidomics, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based platforms, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based approaches (particularly in imagining lipid distribution in tissues or cells). This review focuses on shotgun lipidomics. After briefly introducing its fundamentals, the major materials of this article cover its recent advances. These include the novel methods of lipid extraction, novel shotgun lipidomics strategies for identification and quantification of previously hardly accessible lipid classes and molecular species including isomers, and novel tools for processing and interpretation of lipidomics data. Representative applications of advanced shotgun lipidomics for biological and biomedical research are also presented in this review. We believe that with these novel advances in shotgun lipidomics, this approach for lipid analysis should become more comprehensive and high throughput, thereby greatly accelerating the lipidomics field to substantiate the aberrant lipid metabolism, signaling, trafficking, and homeostasis under pathological conditions and their underpinning biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Rowland H Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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78
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Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. LPS-induced Murine Neuroinflammation Model: Main Features and Suitability for Pre-clinical Assessment of Nutraceuticals. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:155-64. [PMID: 26639457 PMCID: PMC4825946 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151204122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important feature in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease (AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Based on current knowledge in the field, suggesting that targeting peripheral inflammation could be a promising additional treatment/prevention approach for neurodegenerative diseases, drugs and natural products with anti-inflammatory properties have been evaluated in animal models of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, and address the data reproducibility in published research. We also summarize briefly basic features of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects and present an overview of data on their therapeutic potential for reducing neuroinflammation in LPS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico DF, CP 04510, Mexico.
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Hatami A, Monjazeb S, Glabe C. The Anti-Amyloid-β Monoclonal Antibody 4G8 Recognizes a Generic Sequence-Independent Epitope Associated with α-Synuclein and Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Amyloid Fibrils. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 50:517-25. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asa Hatami
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sanaz Monjazeb
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Charles Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Miyamoto T, Kim D, Knox JA, Johnson E, Mucke L. Increasing the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase EphB2 Prevents Amyloid-β-induced Depletion of Cell Surface Glutamate Receptors by a Mechanism That Requires the PDZ-binding Motif of EphB2 and Neuronal Activity. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1719-1734. [PMID: 26589795 PMCID: PMC4722453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.666529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse lines of evidence suggest that amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides causally contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD), the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. However, the mechanisms by which Aβ impairs neuronal functions remain to be fully elucidated. Previous studies showed that soluble Aβ oligomers interfere with synaptic functions by depleting NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) from the neuronal surface and that overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB2 can counteract this process. Through pharmacological treatments and biochemical analyses of primary neuronal cultures expressing wild-type or mutant forms of EphB2, we demonstrate that this protective effect of EphB2 depends on its PDZ-binding motif and the presence of neuronal activity but not on its kinase activity. We further present evidence that the protective effect of EphB2 may be mediated by the AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2, which can become associated with the PDZ-binding motif of EphB2 through PDZ domain-containing proteins and can promote the retention of NMDARs in the membrane. In addition, we show that the Aβ-induced depletion of surface NMDARs does not depend on several factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Aβ-induced neuronal dysfunction, including aberrant neuronal activity, tau, prion protein (PrPC), and EphB2 itself. Thus, although EphB2 does not appear to be directly involved in the Aβ-induced depletion of NMDARs, increasing its expression may counteract this pathogenic process through a neuronal activity- and PDZ-dependent regulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyamoto
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel Kim
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Joseph A Knox
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and
| | - Erik Johnson
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lennart Mucke
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, California 94158 and; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158.
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Bittner T, Zetterberg H, Teunissen CE, Ostlund RE, Militello M, Andreasson U, Hubeek I, Gibson D, Chu DC, Eichenlaub U, Heiss P, Kobold U, Leinenbach A, Madin K, Manuilova E, Rabe C, Blennow K. Technical performance of a novel, fully automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the quantitation of β-amyloid (1-42) in human cerebrospinal fluid. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 12:517-26. [PMID: 26555316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Available assays for quantitation of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker amyloid-beta 1-42 (Aβ [1-42]) in cerebrospinal fluid demonstrate significant variability and lack of standardization to reference measurement procedures (RMPs). We report analytical performance data for the novel Elecsys β-amyloid (1-42) assay (Roche Diagnostics). METHODS Lot-to-lot comparability was tested using method comparison. Performance parameters were measured according to Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The assay was standardized to a Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) approved RMP. RESULTS Limit of quantitation was <11.28 pg/mL, and the assay was linear throughout the measuring range (200-1700 pg/mL). Excellent lot-to-lot comparability was observed (correlation coefficients [Pearson's r] >0.995; bias in medical decision area <2%). Repeatability coefficients of variation (CVs) were 1.0%-1.6%, intermediate CVs were 1.9%-4.0%, and intermodule CVs were 1.1%-3.9%. Estimated total reproducibility was 2.0%-5.1%. Correlation with the RMP was good (Pearson's r, 0.93). DISCUSSION The Elecsys β-amyloid (1-42) assay has high analytical performance that may improve biomarker-based AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ulf Andreasson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Hubeek
- Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Gibson
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David C Chu
- Covance Central Laboratory Services, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | | - Uwe Kobold
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.
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82
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Decreased amyloid-β and increased neuronal hyperactivity by immunotherapy in Alzheimer's models. Nat Neurosci 2015; 18:1725-7. [PMID: 26551546 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among the most promising approaches for treating Alzheimer's disease is immunotherapy with amyloid-β (Aβ)-targeting antibodies. Using in vivo two-photon imaging in mouse models, we found that two different antibodies to Aβ used for treatment were ineffective at repairing neuronal dysfunction and caused an increase in cortical hyperactivity. This unexpected finding provides a possible cellular explanation for the lack of cognitive improvement by immunotherapy in human studies.
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83
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Mc Donald JM, O'Malley TT, Liu W, Mably AJ, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Wittbold WM, Frosch MP, Walsh DM. The aqueous phase of Alzheimer's disease brain contains assemblies built from ∼4 and ∼7 kDa Aβ species. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1286-305. [PMID: 25846299 PMCID: PMC4592782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much knowledge about amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and toxicity has been acquired using synthetic peptides and mouse models, whereas less is known about soluble Aβ in human brain. METHODS We analyzed aqueous extracts from multiple AD brains using an array of techniques. RESULTS Brains can contain at least four different Aβ assembly forms including: (i) monomers, (ii) a ∼7 kDa Aβ species, and larger species (iii) from ∼30-150 kDa, and (iv) >160 kDa. High molecular weight species are by far the most prevalent and appear to be built from ∼7 kDa Aβ species. The ∼7 kDa Aβ species resist denaturation by chaotropic agents and have a higher Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio than monomers, and are unreactive with antibodies to Asp1 of Ab or APP residues N-terminal of Asp1. DISCUSSION Further analysis of brain-derived ∼7 kDa Aβ species, the mechanism by which they assemble and the structures they form should reveal therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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84
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Hou X, Adeosun SO, Zhang Q, Barlow B, Brents M, Zheng B, Wang J. Differential contributions of ApoE4 and female sex to BACE1 activity and expression mediate Aβ deposition and learning and memory in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:207. [PMID: 26582141 PMCID: PMC4628114 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, disproportionately affects women in both prevalence and severity. This increased vulnerability to AD in women is strongly associated with age-related ovarian hormone loss and apolipoprotein E 4 allele (ApoE4), the most important genetic risk factor for sporadic AD. Up to date, the mechanism involved in the interaction between ApoE4 and sex/gender in AD is still unclear. This study evaluated the sex-dependent ApoE4 effects on learning and memory, Aβ deposition and potential mechanisms, using mice bearing both sporadic (ApoE4) and familial (APPSwe, PS1M146V, tauP301L; 3xTg) AD risk factors and compared with sex- and age-matched 3xTg or nonTg mice. Compared to nonTg mice, transgenic mice of both sexes showed spatial learning and memory deficits in the radial arm water maze and novel arm discrimination tests at 20 months of age. However, at 10 months, only ApoE4/3xTg mice showed significant learning and memory impairment. Moreover, molecular studies of hippocampal tissue revealed significantly higher protein levels of Aβ species, β-site APP cleavage enzyme (BACE1) and Sp1, a transcription factor of BACE1, in female ApoE4/3xTg when compared with female nonTg, female 3xTg, and male ApoE4/3xTg mice. Significantly increased BACE1 enzymatic activities were observed in both male and female mice carrying ApoE4; however, only the females showed significant higher BACE1 expressions. Together, these data suggest that ApoE4 allele is associated with increased BACE1 enzymatic activity, while female sex plays an important role in increasing BACE1 expression. The combination of both provides a molecular basis for high Aβ pathology and the resultant hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits in female ApoE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Hou
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA
| | - Samuel O Adeosun
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA
| | - Qinli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA
| | - Brett Barlow
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA
| | - Melissa Brents
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA
| | - Junming Wang
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA ; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA ; Center of Memory Impairment and Neurodegenerative Dementia, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson MS, USA
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85
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Clark JK, Furgerson M, Crystal JD, Fechheimer M, Furukawa R, Wagner JJ. Alterations in synaptic plasticity coincide with deficits in spatial working memory in presymptomatic 3xTg-AD mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 125:152-162. [PMID: 26385257 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative condition believed to be initiated by production of amyloid-beta peptide, which leads to synaptic dysfunction and progressive memory loss. Using a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD), an 8-arm radial maze was employed to assess spatial working memory. Unexpectedly, the younger (3month old) 3xTg-AD mice were as impaired in the spatial working memory task as the older (8month old) 3xTg-AD mice when compared with age-matched NonTg control animals. Field potential recordings from the CA1 region of slices prepared from the ventral hippocampus were obtained to assess synaptic transmission and capability for synaptic plasticity. At 3months of age, the NMDA receptor-dependent component of LTP was reduced in 3xTg-AD mice. However, the magnitude of the non-NMDA receptor-dependent component of LTP was concomitantly increased, resulting in a similar amount of total LTP in 3xTg-AD and NonTg mice. At 8months of age, the NMDA receptor-dependent LTP was again reduced in 3xTg-AD mice, but now the non-NMDA receptor-dependent component was decreased as well, resulting in a significantly reduced total amount of LTP in 3xTg-AD compared with NonTg mice. Both 3 and 8month old 3xTg-AD mice exhibited reductions in paired-pulse facilitation and NMDA receptor-dependent LTP that coincided with the deficit in spatial working memory. The early presence of this cognitive impairment and the associated alterations in synaptic plasticity demonstrate that the onset of some behavioral and neurophysiological consequences can occur before the detectable presence of plaques and tangles in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Clark
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - Matthew Furgerson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 U.S.A.,Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - Jonathon D Crystal
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 U.S.A
| | - Marcus Fechheimer
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - Ruth Furukawa
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 U.S.A
| | - John J Wagner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 U.S.A
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86
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased from a few cases in a country at the beginning of the 20th century to an incidence of recording a case every 7 seconds in the world. From a rare disease it has reached the top 8 of major health problems in the world. One of the epidemiological problems of AD is the fact that authors from different countries use different reporting units. Some report numbers to 100,000 inhabitants, others to 1,000 inhabitants and others report the total number of cases in a country. Standardization of these reports is strictly necessary. The rise in incidence and prevalence with age is known, but interesting to see is that the incidence and prevalence do not rise in a parallel manner with age as simple logic would assume. Between the ages of 60 and 90, the incidence in men increases two times and in women 41 times, prevalence increase in men is 55.25-fold and in women 77-fold. Regarding the women/men ratio, the incidence is 20.5-fold increased, and prevalence is merely 1.3936-fold increased. These numbers raise concerns about the evolution of the disease. Regarding mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/AD ratio, only about 1 in 2 people get AD (raising?) issues about the pathogenic disease relatedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavril Cornutiu
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 26 Louis Pasteur Street, 410154 Oradea, Bihor, Romania.
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87
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Vossel KA, Xu JC, Fomenko V, Miyamoto T, Suberbielle E, Knox JA, Ho K, Kim DH, Yu GQ, Mucke L. Tau reduction prevents Aβ-induced axonal transport deficits by blocking activation of GSK3β. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 209:419-33. [PMID: 25963821 PMCID: PMC4427789 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201407065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tau ablation, knockdown, and reconstitution studies in primary mouse neurons show that tau enables amyloid β oligomers to inhibit axonal transport through activation of GSK3β and through functions of tau that do not depend on its microtubule binding activity. Axonal transport deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are attributed to amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and pathological forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Genetic ablation of tau prevents neuronal overexcitation and axonal transport deficits caused by recombinant Aβ oligomers. Relevance of these findings to naturally secreted Aβ and mechanisms underlying tau’s enabling effect are unknown. Here we demonstrate deficits in anterograde axonal transport of mitochondria in primary neurons from transgenic mice expressing familial AD-linked forms of human amyloid precursor protein. We show that these deficits depend on Aβ1–42 production and are prevented by tau reduction. The copathogenic effect of tau did not depend on its microtubule binding, interactions with Fyn, or potential role in neuronal development. Inhibition of neuronal activity, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function, or glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity or expression also abolished Aβ-induced transport deficits. Tau ablation prevented Aβ-induced GSK3β activation. Thus, tau allows Aβ oligomers to inhibit axonal transport through activation of GSK3β, possibly by facilitating aberrant neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Vossel
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jordan C Xu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Vira Fomenko
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Takashi Miyamoto
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Elsa Suberbielle
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Joseph A Knox
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kaitlyn Ho
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Daniel H Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
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88
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Mably AJ, Liu W, Mc Donald JM, Dodart JC, Bard F, Lemere CA, O'Nuallain B, Walsh DM. Anti-Aβ antibodies incapable of reducing cerebral Aβ oligomers fail to attenuate spatial reference memory deficits in J20 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2015. [PMID: 26215784 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling genetic evidence links the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). A leading hypothesis proposes that a small amphipathic fragment of APP, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), self-associates to form soluble assemblies loosely referred to as "oligomers" and that these are primary mediators of synaptic dysfunction. As such, Aβ, and specifically Aβ oligomers, are targets for disease modifying therapies. Currently, the most advanced experimental treatment for AD relies on the use of anti-Aβ antibodies. In this study, we tested the ability of the monomer-preferring antibody, m266 and a novel aggregate-preferring antibody, 1C22, to attenuate spatial reference memory impairments in J20 mice. Chronic treatment with m266 resulted in a ~70-fold increase in Aβ detected in the bloodstream, and a ~50% increase in water-soluble brain Aβ--and in both cases Aβ was bound to m266. In contrast, 1C22 increased the levels of free Aβ in the bloodstream, and bound to amyloid deposits in J20 brain. However, neither 1C22 nor m266 attenuated the cognitive deficits evident in 12month old J20 mice. Moreover, both antibodies failed to alter the levels of soluble Aβ oligomers in J20 brain. These results suggest that Aβ oligomers may mediate the behavioral deficits seen in J20 mice and highlight the need for the development of aggregate-preferring antibodies that can reach the brain in sufficient levels to neutralize bioactive Aβ oligomers. Aside from the lack of positive effect of m266 and 1C22 on cognition, a substantial number of deaths occurred in m266- and 1C22-immunized J20 mice. These fatalities were specific to anti-Aβ antibodies and to the J20 mouse line since treatment of wild type or PDAPP mice with these antibodies did not cause any deaths. These and other recent results indicate that J20 mice are particularly susceptible to targeting of the APP/Aβ/tau axis. Notwithstanding the specificity of fatalities for J20 mice, it is worrying that the murine precursor (m266) of a lead experimental therapeutic, Solanezumab, did not engage with putatively pathogenic Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jean-Cosme Dodart
- NeuroBehaviour Laboratory Core, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Frédérique Bard
- Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development 700 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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89
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Angiotensin type 1a receptor deficiency decreases amyloid β-protein generation and ameliorates brain amyloid pathology. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12059. [PMID: 26154270 PMCID: PMC4495558 DOI: 10.1038/srep12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by neuronal loss and cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) and lowering the generation of Aβ is a pivotal approach in the strategy of Alzheimer's disease treatment. Midlife hypertension is a major risk factor for the future onset of sporadic Alzheimer's disease and the use of some antihypertensive drugs may decrease the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. However, it is largely unknown how the blood pressure regulation system is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Here we found that the deficiency of angiotensin type 1a receptor (AT1a), a key receptor for regulating blood pressure, significantly decreased Aβ generation and amyloid plaque formation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The lack of AT1a inhibited the endocleavage of presenilin-1 (PS1), which is essential for γ-secretase complex formation and Aβ generation. Notably, the ligand of AT1a, angiotensin II, enhanced Aβ generation, PS1 endocleavage and γ-secretase complex formation. Our results suggest that AT1a activation is closely associated with Aβ generation and brain amyloid accumulation by regulating γ-secretase complex formation. Thus, removal of life style factors or stresses that stimulate AT1a to elevate blood pressure may decrease Aβ generation and brain amyloid accumulation, thereby preventing the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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90
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Winneroski LL, Schiffler MA, Erickson JA, May PC, Monk SA, Timm DE, Audia JE, Beck JP, Boggs LN, Borders AR, Boyer RD, Brier RA, Hudziak KJ, Klimkowski VJ, Garcia Losada P, Mathes BM, Stout SL, Watson BM, Mergott DJ. Preparation and biological evaluation of conformationally constrained BACE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3260-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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91
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Droste P, Frenzel A, Steinwand M, Pelat T, Thullier P, Hust M, Lashuel H, Dübel S. Structural differences of amyloid-β fibrils revealed by antibodies from phage display. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:57. [PMID: 26084577 PMCID: PMC4472244 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beside neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaques are the major histological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) being composed of aggregated fibrils of β-amyloid (Aβ). During the underlying fibrillogenic pathway, starting from a surplus of soluble Aβ and leading to mature fibrils, multiple conformations of this peptide appear, including oligomers of various shapes and sizes. To further investigate the fibrillization of β-amyloid and to have tools at hand to monitor the distribution of aggregates in the brain or even act as disease modulators, it is essential to develop highly sensitive antibodies that can discriminate between diverse aggregates of Aβ. RESULTS Here we report the generation and characterization of a variety of amyloid-β specific human and human-like antibodies. Distinct fractions of monomers and oligomers of various sizes were separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) from Aβ42 peptides. These antigens were used for the generation of two Aβ42 specific immune scFv phage display libraries from macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Screening of these libraries as well as two naïve human phage display libraries resulted in multiple unique binders specific for amyloid-β. Three of the obtained antibodies target the N-terminal part of Aβ42 although with varying epitopes, while another scFv binds to the α-helical central region of the peptide. The affinities of the antibodies to various Aβ42 aggregates as well as their ability to interfere with fibril formation and disaggregation of preformed fibrils were determined. Most significantly, one of the scFv is fibril-specific and can discriminate between two different fibril forms resulting from variations in the acidity of the milieu during fibrillogenesis. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the approach of animal immunization and subsequent phage display based antibody selection is applicable to generate highly specific anti β-amyloid scFvs that are capable of accurately discriminating between minute conformational differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Droste
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Current address: Celerion Switzerland AG, Allmendstrasse 32, 8320, Fehraltorf, Switzerland.
| | - André Frenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. .,YUMAB GmbH, Rebenring 33, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Miriam Steinwand
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany. .,Current address: Delenex Therapeutics AG, Wagistrasse 27, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Thibaut Pelat
- Institut de recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, La Tronche Cedex, France. .,Current address: BIOTEM Parc d'Activités Bièvre Dauphine, 885, rue Alphonse Gourju, 38140, Apprieu, France.
| | - Philippe Thullier
- Institut de recherche Biomédicale des Armées (IRBA-CRSSA); Département de Microbiologie; Unité de biotechnologie des anticorps et des toxines, La Tronche Cedex, France.
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Hilal Lashuel
- SV-BMI, Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 19, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Spielmannstr.7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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92
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Zhang Y, Yang HQ, Fang F, Song LL, Jiao YY, Wang H, Peng XL, Zheng YP, Wang J, He JS, Hung T. Single chain variable fragment against aβ expressed in baculovirus inhibits abeta fibril elongation and promotes its disaggregation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124736. [PMID: 25919299 PMCID: PMC4412524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of age-related dementia, and the most urgent problem is that it is currently incurable. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is believed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of AD. We previously reported that an Aβ N-terminal amino acid targeting monoclonal antibody (MAb), A8, inhibits Aβ fibril formation and has potential as an immunotherapy for AD based on a mouse model. To further study the underlying mechanisms, we tested our hypothesis that the single chain fragment variable (scFv) without the Fc fragment is capable of regulating either Aβ aggregation or disaggregation in vitro. Here, a model of cell-free Aβ “on-pathway” aggregation was established and identified using PCR, Western blot, ELISA, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thioflavin T (ThT) binding analyses. His-tagged A8 scFvs was cloned and solubly expressed in baculovirus. Our data demonstrated that the Ni-NTA agarose affinity-purified A8 scFv inhibited the forward reaction of “on-pathway” aggregation and Aβ fibril maturation. The effect of A8 scFv on Aβ fibrillogenesis was markedly more significant when administered at the start of the Aβ folding reaction. Furthermore, the results also showed that pre-formed Aβ fibrils could be disaggregated via incubation with purified A8 scFv, which suggested that A8 scFv is involved in the reverse reaction of Aβ aggregation. Therefore, A8 scFv was capable of both inhibiting fibrillogenesis and disaggregating matured fibrils. Our present study provides valuable insight into the regulators of ultrastructural dynamics of cell-free “on-pathway” Aβ aggregation and will assist in the development of therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hai-Qiang Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Song
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Ying Jiao
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - He Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Lei Peng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Peng Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hung
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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93
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Life extension factor klotho prevents mortality and enhances cognition in hAPP transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2358-71. [PMID: 25673831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5791-12.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the principal demographic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Klotho is a key modulator of the aging process and, when overexpressed, extends mammalian lifespan, increases synaptic plasticity, and enhances cognition. Whether klotho can counteract deficits related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, is unknown. Here we show that elevating klotho expression decreases premature mortality and network dysfunction in human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, which simulate key aspects of AD. Increasing klotho levels prevented depletion of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits in the hippocampus and enhanced spatial learning and memory in hAPP mice. Klotho elevation in hAPP mice increased the abundance of the GluN2B subunit of NMDAR in postsynaptic densities and NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation, which is critical for learning and memory. Thus, increasing wild-type klotho levels or activities improves synaptic and cognitive functions, and may be of therapeutic benefit in AD and other cognitive disorders.
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94
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Klein C, Mathis C, Leva G, Patte-Mensah C, Cassel JC, Maitre M, Mensah-Nyagan AG. γ-Hydroxybutyrate (Xyrem) ameliorates clinical symptoms and neuropathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:832-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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95
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Mably AJ, Kanmert D, Mc Donald JM, Liu W, Caldarone BJ, Lemere CA, O'Nuallain B, Kosik KS, Walsh DM. Tau immunization: a cautionary tale? Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1316-32. [PMID: 25619661 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid β (Aβ)-protein and microtubule-associated protein, tau, are the major components of the amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that typify Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. As such both Aβ and tau have long been proposed as therapeutic targets. Immunotherapy, particularly targeting Aβ, is currently the most advanced clinical strategy for treating AD. However, several Aβ-directed clinical trials have failed, and there is concern that targeting this protein may not be useful. In contrast, there is a growing optimism that tau immunotherapy may prove more efficacious. Here, for the first time, we studied the effects of chronic administration of an anti-tau monoclonal antibody (5E2) in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. For our animal model, we chose the J20 mouse line because prior studies had shown that the cognitive deficits in these mice require expression of tau. Despite the fact that 5E2 was present and active in the brains of immunized mice and that this antibody appeared to engage with extracellular tau, 5E2-treatment did not recover age-dependent spatial reference memory deficits. These results indicate that the memory impairment evident in J20 mice is unlikely to be mediated by a form of extracellular tau recognized by 5E2. In addition to the lack of positive effect of anti-tau immunotherapy, we also documented a significant increase in mortality among J20 mice that received 5E2. Because both the J20 mice used here and tau transgenic mice used in prior tau immunotherapy trials are imperfect models of AD our results recommend extensive preclinical testing of anti-tau antibody-based therapies using multiple mouse models and a variety of different anti-tau antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Kanmert
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Barbara J Caldarone
- Neurobehaviour Laboratory Core, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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96
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Portelius E, Dean RA, Andreasson U, Mattsson N, Westerlund A, Olsson M, Demattos RB, Racke MM, Zetterberg H, May PC, Blennow K. β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1) inhibitor treatment induces Aβ5-X peptides through alternative amyloid precursor protein cleavage. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2014; 6:75. [PMID: 25404952 PMCID: PMC4233234 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-014-0075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The β-secretase enzyme, β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving
enzyme 1 (BACE1), cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the first step in
β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide production. Thus, BACE1 is a key target for candidate
disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In a previous exploratory Aβ
biomarker study, we found that BACE1 inhibitor treatment resulted in decreased
levels of Aβ1-34 together with increased Aβ5-40, suggesting that these Aβ species
may be novel pharmacodynamic biomarkers in clinical trials. We have now examined
whether the same holds true in humans. Methods In an investigator-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study,
healthy subjects (n =18) were randomly assigned
to receive a single dose of 30 mg of LY2811376 (n =6), 90 mg of LY2811376 (n =6),
or placebo (n =6). We used hybrid
immunoaffinity-mass spectrometry (HI-MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to
monitor a variety of Aβ peptides. Results Here, we demonstrate dose-dependent changes in cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) Aβ1-34, Aβ5-40 and Aβ5-X after treatment with the BACE1-inhibitor LY2811376.
Aβ5-40 and Aβ5-X increased dose-dependently, as reflected by two independent
methods, while Aβ1-34 dose-dependently decreased. Conclusion Using HI-MS for the first time in a study where subjects have been
treated with a BACE inhibitor, we confirm that CSF Aβ1-34 may be useful in
clinical trials on BACE1 inhibitors to monitor target engagement. Since it is less
hydrophobic than longer Aβ species, it is less susceptible to preanalytical
confounding factors and may thus be a more stable marker. By independent
measurement techniques, we also show that BACE1 inhibition in humans is associated
with APP-processing into N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides via a
BACE1-independent pathway. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00838084. Registered: First received: January 23, 2009, Last updated: July
14, 2009, Last verified: July 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Robert A Dean
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Ulf Andreasson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Niklas Mattsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden ; San Francisco VA Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIND), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Anni Westerlund
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maria Olsson
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Margaret M Racke
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden ; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | - Patrick C May
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285 USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
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97
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Progranulin protects against amyloid β deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. Nat Med 2014; 20:1157-64. [PMID: 25261995 PMCID: PMC4196723 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) gene (GRN) causes familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and modulates an innate immune response in humans and mouse models. GRN polymorphism may be linked to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, PRGN’s role in AD pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we show PGRN inhibits amyloid β (Aβ) deposition. Selectively reducing microglial PGRN in AD mice impaired phagocytosis and increased plaque load threefold. Lentivirus-mediated PGRN overexpression lowered plaque load in AD mice with aggressive amyloid plaque pathology. Aβ plaque load correlated negatively with levels of hippocampal PGRN, showing PGRN’s dose-dependent inhibitory effects on plaque deposition. PGRN also protected against Aβ toxicity. Reducing microglial PGRN exacerbated cognitive deficits in AD mice. Lentivirus-mediated PGRN overexpression prevented spatial memory deficits and hippocampal neuronal loss in AD mice. PGRN’s protective effects against Aβ deposition and toxicity have important therapeutic implications. We propose enhancing PGRN as a potential treatment for PGRN-deficient FTD and AD.
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98
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Welzel AT, Maggio JE, Shankar GM, Walker DE, Ostaszewski BL, Li S, Klyubin I, Rowan MJ, Seubert P, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ. Secreted amyloid β-proteins in a cell culture model include N-terminally extended peptides that impair synaptic plasticity. Biochemistry 2014; 53:3908-21. [PMID: 24840308 PMCID: PMC4070750 DOI: 10.1021/bi5003053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Evidence
for a central role of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the genesis
of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has led to
advanced human trials of Aβ-lowering agents. The “amyloid
hypothesis” of AD postulates deleterious effects of small,
soluble forms of Aβ on synaptic form and function. Because selectively
targeting synaptotoxic forms of soluble Aβ could be therapeutically
advantageous, it is important to understand the full range of soluble
Aβ derivatives. We previously described a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line (7PA2 cells) that stably expresses mutant human amyloid precursor protein (APP). Here, we extend this work by purifying an sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS)-stable, ∼8 kDa Aβ species
from the 7PA2 medium. Mass spectrometry confirmed its identity as
a noncovalently bonded Aβ40 homodimer that impaired hippocampal
long-term potentiation (LTP) in vivo. We further report the detection
of Aβ-containing fragments of APP in the 7PA2 medium that extend
N-terminal from Asp1 of Aβ. These N-terminally extended Aβ-containing
monomeric fragments are distinct from soluble Aβ oligomers formed
from Aβ1-40/42 monomers and are bioactive synaptotoxins secreted
by 7PA2 cells. Importantly, decreasing β-secretase processing
of APP elevated these alternative synaptotoxic APP fragments. We conclude
that certain synaptotoxic Aβ-containing species can arise from
APP processing events N-terminal to the classical β-secretase
cleavage site.
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99
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Milner E, Zhou ML, Johnson AW, Vellimana AK, Greenberg JK, Holtzman DM, Han BH, Zipfel GJ. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy increases susceptibility to infarction after focal cerebral ischemia in Tg2576 mice. Stroke 2014; 45:3064-9. [PMID: 25190447 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We and others have shown that soluble amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) cause significant cerebrovascular dysfunction in mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice, and that these deficits are greater in aged APP mice having CAA compared with young APP mice lacking CAA. Amyloid β-peptide in young APP mice also increases infarction after focal cerebral ischemia, but the impact of CAA on ischemic brain injury is unknown. METHODS To determine this, we assessed cerebrovascular reactivity, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and extent of infarction and neurological deficits after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in aged APP mice having extensive CAA versus young APP mice lacking CAA (and aged-matched littermate controls). RESULTS We found that aged APP mice have more severe cerebrovascular dysfunction that is CAA dependent, have greater CBF compromise during and immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and develop larger infarctions after middle cerebral artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate CAA induces a more severe form of cerebrovascular dysfunction than amyloid β-peptide alone, leading to intra- and postischemic CBF deficits that ultimately exacerbate cerebral infarction. Our results shed mechanistic light on human studies identifying CAA as an independent risk factor for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Milner
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Andrew W Johnson
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ananth K Vellimana
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jacob K Greenberg
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David M Holtzman
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Byung Hee Han
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Gregory J Zipfel
- From the Department of Neurological Surgery (E.M., M.-L.Z., A.W.J., A.K.V., J.K.G., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Program in Neuroscience (E.M.), Department of Neurology (D.M.H., G.J.Z.), Department of Developmental Biology (D.M.H.), and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (D.M.H., B.H.H., G.J.Z.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.
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100
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Weitz TM, Gate D, Rezai-Zadeh K, Town T. MyD88 is dispensable for cerebral amyloidosis and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:2855-61. [PMID: 25174876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia are associated with amyloid plaques in transgenic mouse models of cerebral amyloidosis and in human Alzheimer disease; yet, their implication in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis remains unclear. It has been suggested that microglia play dual roles depending on the context of activation, contributing negatively to disease pathogenesis by secreting proinflammatory innate cytokines or performing a beneficial role via phagocytosis of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits. Toll-like receptors, most of which signal through the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), have been suggested as candidate Aβ innate pattern recognition receptors. It was recently reported that MyD88 deficiency reduced brain amyloid pathology and microglial activation. To assess a putative role of MyD88 in cerebral amyloidosis and glial activation in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mice, we crossed MyD88-deficient (MyD88(-/-)) mice with APP/PS1 mice, interbred first filial offspring, and studied APP/PS1 MyD88(+/+), APP/PS1 MyD88(+/-), and APP/PS1 MyD88(-/-) cohorts. Biochemical analysis of detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42 in brain homogenates did not reveal significant between-group differences. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed on amyloid plaque load or soluble fibrillar Aβ by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, neither activated microglia nor astrocytes differed among the three groups. These data suggest that MyD88 signaling is dispensable for Aβ-induced glial activation and does not significantly affect the nature or extent of cerebral β-amyloidosis in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M Weitz
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David Gate
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kavon Rezai-Zadeh
- Department of Central Leptin Signaling, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Terrence Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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