51
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Makobongo MO, Riding G, Xu H, Hirunpetcharat C, Keough D, de Jersey J, Willadsen P, Good MF. The purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine guanine xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase is a major target antigen for cell-mediated immunity to malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:2628-33. [PMID: 12594331 PMCID: PMC151391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0337629100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2002] [Accepted: 12/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is good evidence that immunity to the blood stages of malaria parasites can be mediated by different effector components of the adaptive immune system, target antigens for a principal component, effector CD4(+) T cells, have never been defined. We generated CD4(+) T cell lines to fractions of native antigens from the blood stages of the rodent parasite, Plasmodium yoelii, and identified fraction-specific T cells that had a Th1 phenotype (producing IL-2, IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not IL-4, after antigenic stimulation). These T cells could inhibit parasite growth in recipient severe combined immunodeficient mice. N-terminal sequencing of the fraction showed identity with hypoxanthine guanine xanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGXPRT). Recombinant HGXPRT from the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, activated the T cells in vitro, and immunization of normal mice with recombinant HGXPRT reduced parasite growth rates in all mice after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris O Makobongo
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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52
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Hansen DS, Siomos MA, Buckingham L, Scalzo AA, Schofield L. Regulation of murine cerebral malaria pathogenesis by CD1d-restricted NKT cells and the natural killer complex. Immunity 2003; 18:391-402. [PMID: 12648456 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells are specialized cells coexpressing NK and T cell receptors. Upon activation they rapidly produce high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) and are therefore postulated to influence T(H)1/T(H)2 immune responses. The precise role of the CD1/NKT cell pathway in immune response to infection remains unclear. We show here that CD1d-restricted NKT cells from distinct genetic backgrounds differentially influence T(H)1/T(H)2 polarization, proinflammatory cytokine levels, pathogenesis, and fatality in the P. berghei ANKA/rodent model of cerebral malaria. The functional properties of CD1d-restricted NKT cells vary according to expression of loci of the natural killer complex (NKC) located on mouse chromosome 6, which is shown here to be a significant genetic determinant of murine malarial fatalities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1/genetics
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Antigens, Surface
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Malaria, Cerebral/etiology
- Malaria, Cerebral/genetics
- Malaria, Cerebral/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Plasmodium berghei
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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53
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Wipasa J, Xu H, Makobongo M, Gatton M, Stowers A, Good MF. Nature and specificity of the required protective immune response that develops postchallenge in mice vaccinated with the 19-kilodalton fragment of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1. Infect Immun 2002; 70:6013-20. [PMID: 12379677 PMCID: PMC130409 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.11.6013-6020.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunity induced by the 19-kDa fragment of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1(19)) is dependent on high titers of specific antibodies present at the time of challenge and a continuing active immune response postinfection. However, the specificity of the active immune response postinfection has not been defined. In particular, it is not known whether anti-MSP1(19) antibodies that arise following infection alone are sufficient for protection. We developed systems to investigate whether an MSP1(19)-specific antibody response alone both prechallenge and postchallenge is sufficient for protection. We were able to exclude antibodies with other specificities, as well as any contribution of MSP1(19)-specific CD4(+) T cells acting independent of antibody, and we concluded that an immune response focused solely on MSP1(19)-specific antibodies is sufficient for protection. The data imply that the ability of natural infection to boost an MSP1(19)-specific antibody response should greatly improve vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraprapa Wipasa
- Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
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54
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Pombo DJ, Lawrence G, Hirunpetcharat C, Rzepczyk C, Bryden M, Cloonan N, Anderson K, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Martin LB, Wilson D, Elliott S, Elliott S, Eisen DP, Weinberg JB, Saul A, Good MF. Immunity to malaria after administration of ultra-low doses of red cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Lancet 2002; 360:610-7. [PMID: 12241933 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)09784-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of T cells, acting independently of antibodies, to control malaria parasite growth in people has not been defined. If such was shown to be effective, an additional vaccine strategy could be pursued. Our aim was to ascertain whether or not development of cell-mediated immunity to Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage infection could be induced in human beings by exposure to malaria parasites in very low density. METHODS We enrolled five volunteers from the staff at our research institute who had never had malaria. We used a cryopreserved inoculum of red cells infected with P falciparum strain 3D7 to give them repeated subclinical infections of malaria that we then cured early with drugs, to induce cell-mediated immune responses. We tested for development of immunity by measurement of parasite concentrations in the blood of volunteers by PCR of the multicopy gene STEVOR and by following up the volunteers clinically, and by measuring antibody and cellular immune responses to the parasite. FINDINGS After challenge and a extended period without drug cure, volunteers were protected against malaria as indicated by absence of parasites or parasite DNA in the blood, and absence of clinical symptoms. Immunity was characterised by absence of detectable antibodies that bind the parasite or infected red cells, but by the presence of a proliferative T-cell response, involving CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, a cytokine response, consisting of interferon gamma but not interleukin 4 or interleukin 10, induction of high concentrations of nitric oxide synthase activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and a drop in the number of peripheral natural killer T cells. INTERPRETATION People can be protected against the erythrocytic stage of malaria by a strong cell-mediated immune response, in the absence of detectable parasite-specific antibodies, suggesting an additional strategy for development of a malaria vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Pombo
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, and Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, PO Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia
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55
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Wipasa J, Hirunpetcharat C, Mahakunkijcharoen Y, Xu H, Elliott S, Good MF. Identification of T cell epitopes on the 33-kDa fragment of Plasmodium yoelii merozoite surface protein 1 and their antibody-independent protective role in immunity to blood stage malaria. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:944-51. [PMID: 12097400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.2.944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) of malaria parasites undergoes proteolytic processing at least twice before invasion into a new RBC. The 42-kDa fragment, a product of primary processing, is cleaved by proteolytic enzymes giving rise to MSP1(33), which is shed from the merozoite surface, and MSP1(19), which is the only fragment carried into a new RBC. In this study, we have identified T cell epitopes on MSP1(33) of Plasmodium yoelii and have examined their function in immunity to blood stage malaria. Peptides 20 aa in length, spanning the length of MSP1(33) and overlapping each other by 10 aa, were analyzed for their ability to induce T cell proliferation in immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Multiple epitopes were recognized by these two strains of mice. Effector functions of the dominant epitopes were then investigated. Peptides Cm15 and Cm21 were of particular interest as they were able to induce effector T cells capable of delaying growth of lethal P. yoelii YM following adoptive transfer into immunodeficient mice without inducing detectable Ab responses. Homologs of these epitopes could be candidates for inclusion in a subunit vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/physiology
- Cell Line/transplantation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/therapeutic use
- Female
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunodominant Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/therapeutic use
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Malaria/blood
- Malaria/immunology
- Malaria/parasitology
- Malaria/prevention & control
- Malaria Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/administration & dosage
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/analysis
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/immunology
- Merozoite Surface Protein 1/therapeutic use
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/analysis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Plasmodium yoelii/growth & development
- Plasmodium yoelii/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraprapa Wipasa
- Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, Australia
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56
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Good MF, Xu H, Batzloff M. Adapting immunity with subunit vaccines: case studies with group A Streptococcus and malaria. Int J Parasitol 2002; 32:575-80. [PMID: 11943230 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccines have widely been regarded as the most cost-effective way to improve public health, for some organisms new technological advances in vaccine design and delivery, incurring additional developmental costs, will be essential. These organisms are typically those for which natural immunity is either slow to develop or does not develop at all. Clearly, such organisms have evolved strategies to evade immune responses and innovative approaches will be required to induce a type of immune response which is both different to that which develops naturally and is effective. This article describes some approaches to develop vaccines for two such organisms (malaria parasites and Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus)) that are associated with widespread mortality and morbidity, mostly in the poorest countries of the world. At this stage, the challenges are primarily scientific, but if these hurdles are surmounted then the challenges will become financial ones--developing much needed vaccines for people least able to afford them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Good
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, P.O. Royal Brisbane Hospital, QLD 4029, Herston, Australia.
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57
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Zhang W, Liu XQ, Xu H, Good MF. Polyspecific malaria antibodies present at the time of infection inhibit the development of immunity to malaria but antibodies specific for the malaria merozoite surface protein, MSP1, facilitate immunity. Parasite Immunol 2002; 24:233-41. [PMID: 12060317 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2002.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum taken from mice immune to malaria as a result of infection and drug cure, or from mice immunized with a recombinant form of the merozoite surface protein, MSP1, can provide passive protection of recipient mice against the lethal parasite, Plasmodium yoelii YM. However, recipients of MSP1-immune serum go on to develop long-term immunity, whereas recipients of serum from mice naturally immune to malaria rapidly lose their resistance to infection. We demonstrate that 'infection/cure' serum suppresses the development of both antibody and cell-mediated parasite-specific responses in recipients, whereas these develop in recipients of MSP1-specific antibodies. These data have profound implications for our understanding of the development of malaria immunity in babies who passively acquire antibodies from their mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbao Zhang
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, Australia
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58
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Zuñiga E, Motran CC, Montes CL, Yagita H, Gruppi A. Trypanosoma cruzi infection selectively renders parasite-specific IgG+ B lymphocytes susceptible to Fas/Fas ligand-mediated fratricide. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:3965-73. [PMID: 11937553 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The control of B cell expansion has been thought to be solely regulated by T lymphocytes. We show in this study that Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces up-regulation of both Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) molecules on B cells and renders them susceptible to B cell-B cell killing (referred to as fratricide throughout this paper) mediated via Fas/FasL. Moreover, by in vivo administration of anti-FasL blocking mAb we demonstrate that Fas-mediated B cell apoptosis is an ongoing process during this parasitic infection. We also provide evidence that B cells that have switched to IgG isotype are the preferential targets of B cell fratricide. More strikingly, this death pathway selectively affects IgG(+) B cells reactive to parasite but not self Ags. Parasite-specific but not self-reactive B cells triggered during this response are rescued after either in vitro or in vivo FasL blockade. Fratricide among parasite-specific IgG(+) B lymphocytes could impair the immune control of T. cruzi and possibly other chronic protozoan parasites. Our results raise the possibility that the blockade of Fas/FasL interaction in the B cell compartment of T. cruzi-infected mice may provide a means for enhancing antiparasitic humoral immune response without affecting host tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Science, National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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59
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Xu H, Wipasa J, Yan H, Zeng M, Makobongo MO, Finkelman FD, Kelso A, Good MF. The mechanism and significance of deletion of parasite-specific CD4(+) T cells in malaria infection. J Exp Med 2002; 195:881-92. [PMID: 11927632 PMCID: PMC2193727 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is thought that both helper and effector functions of CD4(+) T cells contribute to protective immunity to blood stage malaria infection. However, malaria infection does not induce long-term immunity and its mechanisms are not defined. In this study, we show that protective parasite-specific CD4(+) T cells were depleted after infection with both lethal and nonlethal species of rodent PLASMODIUM: It is further shown that the depletion is confined to parasite-specific T cells because (a) ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4(+) T cells are not depleted after either malaria infection or direct OVA antigen challenge, and (b) the depletion of parasite-specific T cells during infection does not kill bystander OVA-specific T cells. A significant consequence of the depletion of malaria parasite-specific CD4(+) T cells is impaired immunity, demonstrated in mice that were less able to control parasitemia after depletion of transferred parasite-specific T cells. Using tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-RI knockout- and Fas-deficient mice, we demonstrate that the depletion of parasite-specific CD4(+) T cells is not via TNF or Fas pathways. However, in vivo administration of anti-interferon (IFN)-gamma antibody blocks depletion, suggesting that IFN-gamma is involved in the process. Taken together, these data suggest that long-term immunity to malaria infection may be affected by an IFN-gamma-mediated depletion of parasite-specific CD4(+) T cells during infection. This study provides further insight into the nature of immunity to malaria and may have a significant impact on approaches taken to develop a malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huji Xu
- The Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland 4029, Australia
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60
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Abstract
Malaria is today a disease of poverty and underdeveloped countries. In Africa, mortality remains high because there is limited access to treatment in the villages. We should follow in Pasteur's footsteps by using basic research to develop better tools for the control and cure of malaria. Insight into the complexity of malaria pathogenesis is vital for understanding the disease and will provide a major step towards controlling it. Those of us who work on pathogenesis must widen our approach and think in terms of new tools such as vaccines to reduce disease. The inability of many countries to fund expensive campaigns and antimalarial treatment requires these tools to be highly effective and affordable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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61
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Weatherall DJ, Miller LH, Baruch DI, Marsh K, Doumbo OK, Casals-Pascual C, Roberts DJ. Malaria and the red cell. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2002; 2002:35-57. [PMID: 12446418 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2002.1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Because of the breakdown of malaria control programs, the constant emergence of drug resistant parasites, and, possibly, climatic changes malaria poses a major problem for the developing countries. In addition, because of the speed of international travel it is being seen with increasing frequency as an imported disease in non-tropical countries. This update explores recent information about the pathophysiology of the disease, its protean hematological manifestations, and how carrier frequencies for the common hemoglobin disorders have been maintained by relative resistance to the malarial parasite. In Section I, Dr. Louis Miller and colleagues consider recent information about the pathophysiology of malarial infection, including new information about interactions between the malarial parasite and vascular endothelium. In Section II, Dr. David Roberts discusses what is known about the complex interactions between red cell production and destruction that characterize the anemia of malaria, one of the commonest causes of anemia in tropical countries. In Section III, Dr. David Weatherall reviews recent studies on how the high gene frequencies of the thalassemias and hemoglobin variants have been maintained by heterozygote advantage against malaria and how malaria has shaped the genetic structure of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weatherall
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford
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62
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Sanchez-Torres L, Rodriguez-Ropon A, Aguilar-Medina M, Favila-Castillo L. Mouse splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells undergo extensive apoptosis during a Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS infection. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23:617-26. [PMID: 11737664 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence and phenotype of apoptotic lymphocytes was studied in spleen cell suspensions taken from CB6F1 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. High levels of apoptotic cells were found, associated with high parasitaemias and splenomegaly. This was also accompanied by expansion and disarray of spleen white pulp. Apoptosis levels lowered when parasitaemia was cleared, but were still higher than in normal mice. At this time, the spleen was diminishing in size and the white pulp was contracting and rearranging. When parasitaemia was patent, the cells most affected by apoptosis were CD4+ T cells followed by CD8+ T cells, and to a lesser extent B220+ B cells. When parasitaemia was cleared, CD8+ T cells and B220+ B cells returned to basal levels of apoptosis, while CD4+ T cells still had higher apoptosis levels than normal mice. A similar pattern of lymphocyte subpopulation apoptosis was found in infected BALB/c mice, despite the fact that, for this mouse model, it has been reported that B cells are the cells that are most affected by apoptosis. We consider that the high levels of apoptosis in CD4+ T cells when parasitaemias are still high are not easily explained by a normal mechanism of down regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sanchez-Torres
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
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63
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Abstract
Although the malaria parasite was discovered more than 120 years ago, it is only during the past 20 years, following the cloning of malaria genes, that we have been able to think rationally about vaccine design and development. Effective vaccines for malaria could interrupt the life cycle of the parasite at different stages in the human host or in the mosquito. The purpose of this review is to outline the challenges we face in developing a vaccine that will limit growth of the parasite during the stage within red blood cells--the stage responsible for all the symptoms and pathology of malaria. More than 15 vaccine trials have either been completed or are in progress, and many more are planned. Success in current trials could lead to a vaccine capable of saving more than 2 million lives per year.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Good
- Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Australia.
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64
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Wipasa J, Xu H, Stowers A, Good MF. Apoptotic deletion of Th cells specific for the 19-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 during malaria infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3903-9. [PMID: 11564808 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunity induced by the 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 is dependent on CD4+ Th cells. However, we found that adoptively transferred CFSE-labeled Th cells specific for an epitope on Plasmodium yoelii 19-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein 1 (peptide (p)24), but not OVA-specific T cells, were deleted as a result of P. yoelii infection. As a result of infection, spleen cells recovered from infected p24-specific T cell-transfused mice demonstrated reduced response to specific Ag. A higher percentage of CFSE-labeled p24-specific T cells stained positive with annexin and anti-active caspase-3 in infected compared with uninfected mice, suggesting that apoptosis contributed to deletion of p24-specific T cells during infection. Apoptosis correlated with increased percentages of p24-specific T cells that stained positive for Fas from infected mice, suggesting that P. yoelii-induced apoptosis is, at least in part, mediated by Fas. However, bystander cells of other specificities also showed increased Fas expression during infection, suggesting that Fas expression alone is not sufficient for apoptosis. These data have implications for the development of immunity in the face of endemic parasite exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wipasa
- Cooperative Research Center for Vaccine Technology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, 4029 Australia
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65
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Lüder CG, Gross U, Lopes MF. Intracellular protozoan parasites and apoptosis: diverse strategies to modulate parasite-host interactions. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17:480-6. [PMID: 11587962 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(01)02016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is an important regulator of the host's response during infection with a variety of intracellular protozoan parasites. Parasitic pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to induce or inhibit host-cell apoptosis, thereby modulating the host's immune response, aiding dissemination within the host or facilitating intracellular survival. Here, we review the molecular and cell-biological mechanisms of the pathogen-induced modulation of host-cell apoptosis and its effects on the parasite-host interaction and the pathogenesis of parasitic diseases. We also discuss the previously unrecognized phenomenon of apoptotic cell death in (unicellular) protozoan parasites and its potential implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Lüder
- Department Bacteriology, Georg August University of Göttingen, Kreuzbergring 57, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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66
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Abstract
Lysine, an essential cationic amino acid, has a positively charged R group. The structure of lysine is given as (H(3)N(+)-)CH(-COO(-))-CH(2)-CH(2)-CH(2)-CH(2)-N(+)H(3).While the anabolic role(s) of the molecule has been in focus for quite a few decades now, its biological properties, e.g. role in cellular proliferation in vitro (both anchorage dependent and anchorage independent) and in vivo, its ability to induce strong inflammatory and immune responses - both humoral and cell mediated, its role in augmented healing of all types of wounds in animal models as well as in human subjects (both acute and chronic), as well as its role in inducing extensive angiogenic responses, have never received reasonable attention so far. In the current brief and indicative review (rather than exhaustive reviews of each area), we intend to bring these biological properties of the molecule to focus while discussing a few other interesting aspects - lysine as a food preservative as well as its possible role(s) in immune therapy. While the areas look extremely divergent, we propose a common denominator in the form of a possible molecular mechanism of action of the molecule in all these diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Datta
- School of BioMedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India,
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67
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Stowers AW, Cioce V, Shimp RL, Lawson M, Hui G, Muratova O, Kaslow DC, Robinson R, Long CA, Miller LH. Efficacy of two alternate vaccines based on Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 in an Aotus challenge trial. Infect Immun 2001; 69:1536-46. [PMID: 11179324 PMCID: PMC98053 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.3.1536-1546.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to produce a more defined, clinical-grade version of a vaccine based on Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), we evaluated the efficacy of two recombinant forms of MSP1 in an Aotus nancymai challenge model system. One recombinant vaccine, bvMSP1(42), based on the 42-kDa C-terminal portion of MSP1, was expressed as a secreted protein in baculovirus-infected insect cells. A highly pure baculovirus product could be reproducibly expressed and purified at yields in excess of 8 mg of pure protein per liter of culture. This protein, when tested for efficacy in the Aotus challenge model, gave significant protection, with only one of seven monkeys requiring treatment for uncontrolled parasitemia after challenge with P. falciparum. The second recombinant protein, P30P2MSP1(19), has been used in previous studies and is based on the smaller, C-terminal 19-kDa portion of MSP1 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Substantial changes were made in its production process to optimize expression. The optimum form of this vaccine antigen (as judged by in vitro and in vivo indicators) was then evaluated, along with bvMSP1(42), for efficacy in the A. nancymai system. The new formulation of P30P3MSP1(19) performed significantly worse than bvMSP1(42) and appeared to be less efficacious than we have found in the past, with four of seven monkeys in the vaccinated group requiring treatment for uncontrolled parasitemia. With both antigens, protection was seen only when high antibody levels were obtained by formulation of the vaccines in Freund's adjuvant. Vaccine formulation in an alternate adjuvant, MF59, resulted in significantly lower antibody titers and no protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Stowers
- Malaria Vaccine Development Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.
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Abstract
As global malaria mortality increases the urgency for vaccine development, analysis of immune responses in naturally exposed populations is providing clues to the nature of protective immunity. Recently, sophisticated immune evasion strategies adopted by the parasite have been analysed at the molecular level. More immunogenic vaccination strategies have been identified, providing renewed optimism that effective malaria control through vaccination should be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Plebanski
- Vaccine Development and Infectious Diseases Unit, The Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, VA 3084, Australia.
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69
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Balde AT, Aribot G, Tall A, Spiegel A, Roussilhon C. Apoptosis modulation in mononuclear cells recovered from individuals exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection. Parasite Immunol 2000; 22:307-18. [PMID: 10849310 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2000.00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In endemic areas, asymptomatic infection by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was found associated with elevated percentages of human host's mononuclear cell spontaneous in-vitro apoptosis. In Dielmo, a village where malaria is holoendemic, apoptosis was age-and parasite-dependent. In-vitro exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to the parasite extract induced a marked increase in the mononuclear cell membrane expression of functional CD95 antigen: a 3-h exposure of the mononuclear cells to anti-CD95 antibodies led to a detectable increase in the mean percentage of apoptotic nuclei found in the cultures carried out in the presence of P. falciparum extracts compared to control cultures. IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 promoted the viability of PBMC in cultures while IL-1alpha or IFN-gamma had no obvious impact and TNFalpha gave conflicting results. IL-2 was the most efficient cytokine at rescuing PBMC from cell death and this effect was associated with a strong increase in T cell activation. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 had no such effect on T cell activation, hence they acted as survival factors and not through their mitogenic activity. Taken together, these different observations suggested that the levels of in-vitro apoptosis observed were not only associated with parasite infection, but also potentially modulated by the human host through different pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Balde
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie; Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
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Miller LH, Good MF, Kaslow DC. Vaccines against the blood stages of falciparum malaria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 452:193-205. [PMID: 9889974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L H Miller
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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