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Chronic expression of Ski induces apoptosis and represses autophagy in cardiac myofibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zeglinski MR, Roche P, Hnatowich M, Jassal DS, Wigle JT, Czubryt MP, Dixon IMC. TGFβ1 regulates Scleraxis expression in primary cardiac myofibroblasts by a Smad-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H239-49. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00584.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac wound healing following myocardial infarction (MI), relatively inactive resident cardiac fibroblasts phenoconvert to hypersynthetic/secretory myofibroblasts that produce large quantities of extracellular matrix (ECM) and fibrillar collagen proteins. Our laboratory and others have identified TGFβ1 as being a persistent stimulus in the chronic and inappropriate wound healing phase that is marked by hypertrophic scarring and eventual stiffening of the entire myocardium, ultimately leading to the pathogenesis of heart failure following MI. Ski is a potent negative regulator of TGFβ/Smad signaling with known antifibrotic effects. Conversely, Scleraxis is a potent profibrotic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that stimulates fibrillar collagen expression. We hypothesize that TGFβ1 induces Scleraxis expression by a novel Smad-independent pathway. Our data support the hypothesis that Scleraxis expression is induced by TGFβ1 through a Smad-independent pathway in the cardiac myofibroblast. Specifically, we demonstrate that TGFβ1 stimulates p42/44 (Erk1/2) kinases, which leads to increased Scleraxis expression. Inhibition of MEK1/2 using U0126 led to a sequential temporal reduction of phospho-p42/44 and subsequent Scleraxis expression. We also found that adenoviral Ski expression in primary myofibroblasts caused a significant repression of endogenous Scleraxis expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Thus we have identified a novel TGFβ1-driven, Smad-independent, signaling cascade that may play an important role in regulating the fibrotic response in activated cardiac myofibroblasts following cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Zeglinski
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patricia Roche
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Mark Hnatowich
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Davinder S. Jassal
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Wigle
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; and
| | - Michael P. Czubryt
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ian M. C. Dixon
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Chalk AM, Liddicoat BJJ, Walkley CR, Singbrant S. Gene expression profiling to define the cell intrinsic role of the SKI proto-oncogene in hematopoiesis and myeloid neoplasms. GENOMICS DATA 2015; 2:189-91. [PMID: 26484093 PMCID: PMC4535844 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene SKI is highly expressed in human myeloid leukemia and also in murine hematopoietic stem cells. However, its operative relevance in these cells remains elusive. We have over-expressed SKI to define its intrinsic role in hematopoiesis and myeloid neoplasms, which resulted in a robust competitive advantage upon transplantation, a complete dominance of the stem and progenitor compartments, and a marked enhancement of myeloid differentiation at the expense of other lineages. Accordingly, enforced expression of SKI induced gene signatures associated with hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid differentiation. Here we provide detailed experimental methods and analysis for the gene expression profiling described in our recently published study of Singbrant et al. (2014) in Haematologica. Our data sets (available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE39457) provide a resource for exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms of the involvement of the proto-oncogene SKI in hematopoietic stem cell function and development of myeloid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M Chalk
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Brian J J Liddicoat
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Sofie Singbrant
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia ; Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Kim H, Cho YM, Ko YG, Choe C, Seong HH. Relationship between Sloan-Kettering virus expression and mammalian follicular development. ZYGOTE 2015:1-9. [PMID: 26228242 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199415000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sloan-Kettering virus gene, a product of a cellular proto-oncogene c-Ski is a unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. The aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in rat ovaries in order to find insights into the possible involvement of Ski in follicular development. First, expression of c-Ski mRNA in the ovaries of adult female rats was confirmed by RT-PCR. Then, ovaries obtained on the day of estrus were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Ski and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in combination with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). RT-PCR and in situ hybridization revealed that c-Ski mRNA was expressed in the ovaries of the adult rat on the day of estrous and localized mainly in the granulose cells. Ski was expressed in granulosa cells that were positive for TUNEL, but negative for PCNA, regardless of the shape and size of follicles. Expression of Ski in TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, but not in PCNA-positive granulosa cells, was also verified in rats having atretic follicles with double staining. These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in growing follicles. Based on the present findings, Ski may play a role in the apoptosis of granulosa cells during follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science,The University of Tokyo,1-1-1 Yayoi,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 113-8657,Japan
| | - Young Moo Cho
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center,National Institute of Animal Science,RDA,Namwon 590-832,Republic of Korea
| | - Yeoung-Gyu Ko
- Animal Biotechnology Division,National Institute of Animal Science,RDA,Suwon 441-706,Republic of Korea
| | - Changyong Choe
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center,National Institute of Animal Science,RDA,Namwon 590-832,Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Hoo Seong
- Animal Genetic Resources Research Center,National Institute of Animal Science,RDA,Namwon 590-832,Republic of Korea
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Caligaris C, Vázquez-Victorio G, Sosa-Garrocho M, Ríos-López DG, Marín-Hernández A, Macías-Silva M. Actin-cytoskeleton polymerization differentially controls the stability of Ski and SnoN co-repressors in normal but not in transformed hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1832-41. [PMID: 26002202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ski and SnoN proteins function as transcriptional co-repressors in the TGF-β pathway. They regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and their aberrant expression results in altered TGF-β signalling, malignant transformation, and alterations in cell proliferation. METHODS We carried out a comparative characterization of the endogenous Ski and SnoN protein regulation by TGF-β, cell adhesion disruption and actin-cytoskeleton rearrangements between normal and transformed hepatocytes; we also analyzed Ski and SnoN protein stability, subcellular localization, and how their protein levels impact the TGF-β/Smad-driven gene transcription. RESULTS Ski and SnoN protein levels are lower in normal hepatocytes than in hepatoma cells. They exhibit a very short half-life and a nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution in normal hepatocytes opposed to a high stability and restricted nuclear localization in hepatoma cells. Interestingly, while normal cells exhibit a transient TGF-β-induced gene expression, the hepatoma cells are characterized by a strong and sustained TGF-β-induced gene expression. A novel finding is that Ski and SnoN stability is differentially regulated by cell adhesion and cytoskeleton rearrangements in the normal hepatocytes. The inhibition of protein turnover down-regulated both Ski and SnoN co-repressors impacting the kinetic of expression of TGF-β-target genes. CONCLUSION Normal regulatory mechanisms controlling Ski and SnoN stability, subcellular localization and expression are altered in hepatocarcinoma cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This work provides evidence that Ski and SnoN protein regulation is far more complex in normal than in transformed cells, since many of the normal regulatory mechanisms are lost in transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandre Caligaris
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Genaro Vázquez-Victorio
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Marcela Sosa-Garrocho
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Diana G Ríos-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México
| | - Alvaro Marín-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México D.F., 14080, México
| | - Marina Macías-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México D.F., 04510, México.
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YANG HAIPING, ZHAN LEI, YANG TIANJIE, WANG LONGQIANG, LI CHANG, ZHAO JUN, LEI ZHE, LI XIANGDONG, ZHANG HONGTAO. Ski prevents TGF-β-induced EMT and cell invasion by repressing SMAD-dependent signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:87-94. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Liu C, Zhang H, Zang X, Wang C, Kong Y, Zhang H. The influence of SnoN gene silencing by siRNA on the cell proliferation and apoptosis of human pancreatic cancer cells. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:30. [PMID: 25907906 PMCID: PMC4407884 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis for pancreatic cancer (PC) is very poor. The SnoN gene may have a role in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human cancer. However, the influence of SnoN on cell proliferation and apoptosis in human PC cells remains unknown. METHODS SnoN expression was assessed in SW1990 PC cell lines using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the target associations. The effect of SnoN on cell proliferation in vitro was confirmed using Cell Counting Kit-8. Apoptosis was confirmed using flow cytometry. Gene and protein expression were examined using real time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS SnoN siRNA significantly inhibited the growth of SW1990 cells by decreasing cell proliferation (P < 0.05) and increasing cell apoptosis (P < 0.05), compared with the blank group and the negative control group. The highest inhibition of cell proliferation appeared at 3 days post-transfection. Cell apoptosis more obvious at 48 h after transfection. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results reveal that the RNAi-mediated downregulation of SnoN effectively inhibited the proliferation of PC cells. SnoN-siRNA also enhanced SW1990 PC cell apoptosis. These findings indicate that SnoN gene plays an important role in pancreatic cancer development, and might serve as a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. However, further in vivo studies are needed to clarify the influence of SnoN gene silencing by siRNA on pancreatic cancer therapy. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/7609324661510147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Zang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Yalin Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force General Hospital of PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142, China.
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TGFβ Signaling in Tumor Initiation, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, and Metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:587193. [PMID: 25883652 PMCID: PMC4389829 DOI: 10.1155/2015/587193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retaining the delicate balance in cell signaling activity is a prerequisite for the maintenance of physiological tissue homeostasis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling is an essential pathway that plays crucial roles during embryonic development as well as in adult tissues. Aberrant TGFβ signaling activity regulates tumor progression in a cancer cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous fashion and these effects may be tumor suppressing or tumor promoting depending on the cellular context. The fundamental role of this pathway in promoting cancer progression in multiple stages of the metastatic process, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is also becoming increasingly clear. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the effort to unravel the inherent complexity of TGFβ signaling and its role in cancer progression and metastasis. These findings provide important insights into designing personalized therapeutic strategies against advanced cancers.
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59
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Rashidian J, Le Scolan E, Ji X, Zhu Q, Mulvihill MM, Nomura D, Luo K. Ski regulates Hippo and TAZ signaling to suppress breast cancer progression. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra14. [PMID: 25670202 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ski, the transforming protein of the avian Sloan-Kettering retrovirus, inhibits transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling and displays both pro-oncogenic and anti-oncogenic activities in human cancer. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling is likely responsible for the pro-oncogenic activity of Ski. We investigated the mechanism(s) underlying the tumor suppressor activity of Ski and found that Ski suppressed the activity of the Hippo signaling effectors TAZ and YAP to inhibit breast cancer progression. TAZ and YAP are transcriptional coactivators that can contribute to cancer by promoting proliferation, tumorigenesis, and cancer stem cell expansion. Hippo signaling activates the the Lats family of kinases, which phosphorylate TAZ and YAP, resulting in cytoplasmic retention and degradation and inhibition of their transcriptional activity. We showed that Ski interacted with multiple components of the Hippo pathway to facilitate activation of Lats2, resulting in increased phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of TAZ. Ski also promoted the degradation of a constitutively active TAZ mutant that is not phosphorylated by Lats, suggesting the existence of a Lats2-independent degradation pathway. Finally, we showed that Ski repressed the transcriptional activity of TAZ by binding to the TAZ partner TEAD and recruiting the transcriptional co-repressor NCoR1 to the TEAD-TAZ complex. Ski effectively reversed transformation and epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition in cultured breast cancer cells and metastasis in TAZ-expressing xenografted tumors. Thus, Ski inhibited the function of TAZ through multiple mechanisms in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Rashidian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erwan Le Scolan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiaodan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Melinda M Mulvihill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel Nomura
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Vaidya A, Kale VP. TGF-β signaling and its role in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2015; 9:1-10. [PMID: 25972984 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-015-9161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) and their family members that include bone morphogenic proteins and activins have been implicated in the regulation of proliferation, hibernation, quiescence and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Increasing evidence suggests that the superfamily of TGF-βs play an integral role in the intercellular cross-talk between the stem cells and their microenvironment as well as within the cells at an intracellular level. Active sites of hematopoiesis, such as fetal liver and bone marrow are known to have abundant presence of TGF-β indicating their importance in the maintenance and regulation of hematopoiesis. One of the striking features of TGF-β superfamily is the variety of effects they evoke, contingent on the developing history of the responding cells. In the present review, we discuss the Smad-dependent and Smad-independent TGF-β signaling pathways in order to understand and underscore their role in the regulation of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Vaidya
- Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences (SSBS), Symbiosis International University (SIU), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Mulshi, Pune, 412115 Maharashtra India
| | - Vaijayanti P Kale
- National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), NCCS Complex, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007 Maharashtra India
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Papageorgis P, Stylianopoulos T. Role of TGFβ in regulation of the tumor microenvironment and drug delivery (review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:933-43. [PMID: 25573346 PMCID: PMC4306018 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of cell signaling homeostasis is a predominant feature of cancer initiation and progression. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine, which regulates numerous biological processes of various tissues in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Aberrant activity of TGFβ signaling is well known to play dual roles in cancer, depending on tumor stage and cellular context. The crucial roles of TGFβ in modulating the tumor microenvironment, its contribution to the accumulation of mechanical forces within the solid constituents of a tumor and its effects on the effective delivery of drugs are also becoming increasingly clear. In this review, we discuss the latest advances in the efforts to unravel the effects of TGFβ signaling in various components of the tumor microenvironment and how these influence the generation of forces and the efficacy of drugs. We also report the implications of tumor mechanics in cancer therapy and the potential usage of anti-TGFβ agents to enhance drug delivery and augment existing therapeutic approaches. These findings provide new insights towards the significance of targeting TGFβ pathway to enhance personalized tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papageorgis
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 1678, Cyprus
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62
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Yang Y, Cui J, Xue F, Zhang C, Mei Z, Wang Y, Bi M, Shan D, Meredith A, Li H, Xu ZQD. Pokemon (FBI-1) interacts with Smad4 to repress TGF-β-induced transcriptional responses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:270-81. [PMID: 25514493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pokemon, an important proto-oncoprotein, is a transcriptional repressor that belongs to the POK (POZ and Krüppel) family. Smad4, a key component of TGF-β pathway, plays an essential role in TGF-β-induced transcriptional responses. In this study, we show that Pokemon can interact directly with Smad4 both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of Pokemon decreases TGF-β-induced transcriptional activities, whereas knockdown of Pokemon increases these activities. Interestingly, Pokemon does not affect activation of Smad2/3, formation of Smads complex, or DNA binding activity of Smad4. TGF-β1 treatment increases the interaction between Pokemon and Smad4, and also enhances the recruitment of Pokemon to Smad4-DNA complex. In addition, we also find that Pokemon recruits HDAC1 to Smad4 complex but decreases the interaction between Smad4 and p300/CBP. Taken together, all these data suggest that Pokemon is a new partner of Smad4 and plays a negative role in TGF-β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing,100069, China.
| | - Jiajun Cui
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA; Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Feng Xue
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chuanfu Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhu Mei
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing,100069, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Mingjun Bi
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA
| | - Dapeng Shan
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Alex Meredith
- Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington KY, 40536, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Major Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing,100069, China.
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63
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Chen Z, Li W, Ning Y, Liu T, Shao J, Wang Y. Ski diminishes TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast phenotype via up-regulating Meox2 expression. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:542-9. [PMID: 25445500 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present work was to investigate the mechanism of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and Sloan-Kettering Institute (Ski) in the pathogenesis of hypertrophic scars (HS). BACKGROUND Wound healing is an inherent process, but the aberrant wound healing of skin injury may lead to HS. There has been growing evidence suggesting a role for TGF-β1 and Ski in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The MTT assay was used to detect the cell proliferation induced by TGF-β1. The Ski gene was transduced into cells with an adenovirus, and then the function of Ski in cell proliferation and differentiation was observed. Ski mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression of α-SMA, E-cadherin, Meox1, Meox2, Zeb1 and Zeb2. RESULTS TGF-β1 can promote human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell proliferation in a time-dependent manner, but the promoting effect could be suppressed by Ski. TGF-β1 also induces the formation of the myofibroblast phenotype and the effect of TGF-β1 could be diminished by Ski. Also, Ski modulates the cardiac myofibroblast phenotype and function through suppression of Zeb2 by up-regulating the expression of Meox2. CONCLUSIONS Ski diminishes the myofibroblast phenotype induced by TGF-β1 through the suppression of Zeb2 by up-regulating the expression of Meox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Chen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Liao Cheng Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China.
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Liao Cheng Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
| | - Yan Ning
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Liao Cheng Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Liao Cheng Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
| | - Jingxiang Shao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Liao Cheng Hospital, Liao Cheng 252000, China
| | - Yaojun Wang
- Department of Burns and Skin Surgery, Xi Jing Hospital, Xian 710032, China
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Han L, Zhou R, Kuang X, Feng X, Chen M, Shen J. Study on lead-induced activation of rat renal interstitial fibroblasts and the related mechanisms. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:713-8. [PMID: 25270974 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.971138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Lead is a common industrial toxicant and has been proved to be associated with the kidney damage. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of lead on expression of rat renal interstitial fibroblast activation related protein. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of activation related protein mRNA was measured by real-time PCR in the NRK/49F treated by lead acetate with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 µmol/L). The effects of lead acetate on the level of fibronectin (FN) and signal transduction factors (Smads protein) expression were observed by Western blot. RESULTS The mRNA expression of activation-related protein increased significantly after the cells were stimulated by lead acetate for 24 h. The lead acetate-treated group could upregulate the p-Smad2, p-Smad3 and FN protein expression compared with the control group. The level of Smad2/3 protein expression did not change in all groups, the expression of SnoN decreased significantly compared with the control group. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Lead acetate could increase the mRNA expression of activation-related factors. It could promote inflammatory reaction induced by TGF-β via Smad signaling pathway. Lead acetate has the effect on inducing the renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Han
- Department of Nephrology and
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Wang H, Shi J, Luo Y, Liao Q, Niu Y, Zhang F, Shao Z, Ding Y, Zhao L. LIM and SH3 protein 1 induces TGFβ-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human colorectal cancer by regulating S100A4 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5835-47. [PMID: 25252758 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) was upregulated in colorectal cancer cases, thereby contributing to the aggressive phenotypes of colorectal cancer cells. However, we still cannot decipher the underlying molecular mechanism associated with colorectal cancer metastasis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In this study, IHC was performed to investigate the expression of proteins in human colorectal cancer tissues. Western blot analysis was used to assess the LASP1-induced signal pathway. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis was performed to screen LASP1-modulated proteins and uncover the molecular mechanism of LASP1. TGFβ was used to induce an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RESULTS LASP1 expression was correlated with the mesenchymal marker vimentin and was inversely correlated with epithelial markers, namely, E-cadherin and β-catenin, in clinical colorectal cancer samples. The gain- and loss-of-function assay showed that LASP1 induces EMT-like phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. S100A4, identified as a LASP1-modulated protein, was upregulated by LASP1. Moreover, it is frequently coexpressed with LASP1 in colorectal cancer. S100A4 was required for EMT, and an increased cell invasiveness of colorectal cancer cell is induced by LASP1. Furthermore, the stimulation of TGFβ resulted in an activated Smad pathway that increased the expression of LASP1 and S100A4. The depletion of LASP1 or S100A4 expression inhibited the TGFβ signaling pathway. Moreover, it significantly weakened the proinvasive effects of TGFβ on colorectal cancer cells. CONCLUSION These findings elucidate the central role of LASP1 in the TGFβ-mediated EMT process and suggest a potential target for the clinical intervention in patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaolong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Luo
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Niu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyun Shao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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66
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Bone morphogenetic proteins: Relationship between molecular structure and their osteogenic activity. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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J. D'Souza RC, Knittle AM, Nagaraj N, van Dinther M, Choudhary C, ten Dijke P, Mann M, Sharma K. Time-resolved dissection of early phosphoproteome and ensuing proteome changes in response to TGF-. Sci Signal 2014; 7:rs5. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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68
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Li J, Zhao L, Yang T, Zeng YJ, Yang K. c-Ski inhibits autophagy of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by oxLDL and PDGF. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98902. [PMID: 24887307 PMCID: PMC4041777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is increasingly being recognized as a critical determinant of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) biology. Previously, we have demonstrated that c-Ski inhibits VSMC proliferation stimulated by transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), but it is not clear whether c-Ski has the similar protective role against other vascular injury factors and whether regulation of autophagy is involved in its protective effects on VSMC. Accordingly, in this study, rat aortic A10 VSMCs were treated with 40 µg/ml oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) or 20 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), both of which were autophagy inducers and closely related to the abnormal proliferation of VSMCs. Overexpression of c-Ski in A10 cells significantly suppressed the oxLDL- and PDGF- induced autophagy. This action of c-Ski resulted in inhibiting the cell proliferation, the decrease of contractile phenotype marker α-SMA expression while the increase of synthetic phenotype marker osteopontin expression stimulated by oxLDL or PDGF. Inversely, knockdown of c-Ski by RNAi enhanced the stimulatory effects of oxLDL or PDGF on A10 cell growth and phenotype transition. And further investigation found that inhibition of AKT phosphorylation to downregulate proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, was involved in the regulation of autophagy and associated functions by c-Ski in the oxLDL- and PDGF-stimulated VSMCs. Collectively, c-Ski may play an important role in inhibiting autophagy to protect VSMCs against some harsh stress including oxLDL and PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi-Jun Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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69
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Schepers D, Doyle AJ, Oswald G, Sparks E, Myers L, Willems PJ, Mansour S, Simpson MA, Frysira H, Maat-Kievit A, Van Minkelen R, Hoogeboom JM, Mortier GR, Titheradge H, Brueton L, Starr L, Stark Z, Ockeloen C, Lourenco CM, Blair E, Hobson E, Hurst J, Maystadt I, Destrée A, Girisha KM, Miller M, Dietz HC, Loeys B, Van Laer L. The SMAD-binding domain of SKI: a hotspot for de novo mutations causing Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:224-8. [PMID: 24736733 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) is a rare, systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, and cardiovascular manifestations that show a significant overlap with the features observed in the Marfan (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS). A distinguishing observation in SGS patients is the presence of intellectual disability, although not all patients in this series present this finding. Recently, SGS was shown to be due to mutations in the SKI gene, encoding the oncoprotein SKI, a repressor of TGFβ activity. Here, we report eight recurrent and three novel SKI mutations in eleven SGS patients. All were heterozygous missense mutations located in the R-SMAD binding domain, except for one novel in-frame deletion affecting the DHD domain. Adding our new findings to the existing data clearly reveals a mutational hotspot, with 73% (24 out of 33) of the hitherto described unrelated patients having mutations in a stretch of five SKI residues (from p.(Ser31) to p.(Pro35)). This implicates that the initial molecular testing could be focused on mutation analysis of the first half of exon 1 of SKI. As the majority of the known mutations are located in the R-SMAD binding domain of SKI, our study further emphasizes the importance of TGFβ signaling in the pathogenesis of SGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Schepers
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Doyle
- 1] McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen Oswald
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sparks
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Loretha Myers
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sahar Mansour
- SW Thames Regional Genetics Service, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Helena Frysira
- Department of Medical Genetics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Anneke Maat-Kievit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Van Minkelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette M Hoogeboom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R Mortier
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hannah Titheradge
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise Brueton
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lois Starr
- Clinical Genetics, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlotte Ockeloen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Marques Lourenco
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ed Blair
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Hobson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Jane Hurst
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Maystadt
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Pathology and Genetics (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Anne Destrée
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute for Pathology and Genetics (IPG), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Michelle Miller
- Department of Cardiology, All Childrens Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Harry C Dietz
- 1] McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bart Loeys
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lut Van Laer
- Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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70
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Tulley S, Chen WT. Transcriptional regulation of seprase in invasive melanoma cells by transforming growth factor-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15280-96. [PMID: 24727589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor invasive phenotype driven by seprase expression/activity has been widely examined in an array of malignant tumor cell types; however, very little is known about the transcriptional regulation of this critical protease. Seprase (also named fibroblast activation protein-α, antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme, and dipeptidyl prolyl peptidase 5) is expressed at high levels by stromal fibroblast, endothelial, and tumor cells in a variety of invasive tumors but is undetectable in the majority of normal adult tissues. To examine the transcriptional regulation of the gene, we cloned the human seprase promoter and demonstrated that endogenous seprase expression and exogenous seprase promoter activity are high in invasive melanoma cells but not in non-invasive melanoma cells/primary melanocytes. In addition, we identified a crucial TGF-β-responsive cis-regulatory element in the proximal seprase promoter region that enabled robust transcriptional activation of the gene. Treatment of metastatic but not normal/non-invasive cells with TGF-β1 caused a rapid and profound up-regulation of endogenous seprase mRNA, which coincided with an abolishment of the negative regulator c-Ski, and an increase in binding of Smad3/4 to the seprase promoter in vivo. Blocking TGF-β signaling in invasive melanoma cells through overexpression of c-Ski, chemically using SB-431542, or with a neutralizing antibody against TGF-β significantly reduced seprase mRNA levels. Strikingly, RNAi of seprase in invasive cells greatly diminished their invasive potential in vitro as did blocking TGF-β signaling using SB-431542. Altogether, we found that seprase is transcriptionally up-regulated in invasive melanoma cells via the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, supporting the roles of both TGF-β and seprase in tumor invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Tulley
- From the Metastasis Research Laboratory, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Wen-Tien Chen
- From the Metastasis Research Laboratory, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794
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Dong XM, Yin RH, Yang Y, Feng ZW, Ning HM, Dong L, Zheng WW, Tang LJ, Wang J, Jia YX, Jiang YN, Liu ED, Chen H, Zhan YQ, Yu M, Ge CH, Li CY, Yang XM. GATA-2 inhibits transforming growth factor-β signaling pathway through interaction with Smad4. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1089-97. [PMID: 24509415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GATA-2, a member of zinc finger GATA transcription factor family, plays key role in the hematopoietic stem cells self-renewal and differentiation. The transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathway is a major signaling network that controls cell proliferation, differentiation and tumor suppression. Here we found that GATA-2 negatively regulated TGF-β signaling pathway in Smad4-dependent manner. GATA-2 specifically interacts with Smad4 with its N-terminal while the zinc finger domain of GATA-2 is essential for negative regulation of TGFβ. Although GATA-2 did not affect the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and the complex Smad2/3/4 formation in response to TGFβ, the DNA binding activity of Smad4 was decreased significantly by GATA-2 overexpression. Overexpression of GATA-2 in K562 cells led to reduced TGFβ-induced erythroid differentiation while knockdown of GATA-2 enhanced TGFβ-induced erythroid differentiation. All these results suggest that GATA-2 is a novel negative regulator of TGFβ signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rong-Hua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Purdue University, Department of Biological Sciences, 915W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, United States
| | - Zhi-Wei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hong-Mei Ning
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Affiliated Hospital to Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liu-Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yu-Xin Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - En-Dong Liu
- An Hui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yi-Qun Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chang-Hui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chang-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; An Hui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Singbrant S, Wall M, Moody J, Karlsson G, Chalk AM, Liddicoat B, Russell MR, Walkley CR, Karlsson S. The SKI proto-oncogene enhances the in vivo repopulation of hematopoietic stem cells and causes myeloproliferative disease. Haematologica 2014; 99:647-55. [PMID: 24415629 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.093971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene SKI is highly expressed in human myeloid leukemia and also in murine hematopoietic stem cells. However, its operative relevance in these cells remains elusive. We have over-expressed SKI to define its intrinsic role in hematopoiesis and myeloid neoplasms, which resulted in a robust competitive advantage upon transplantation, a complete dominance of the stem and progenitor compartments, and a marked enhancement of myeloid differentiation at the expense of other lineages. Accordingly, enforced expression of SKI induced a gene signature associated with hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid differentiation, as well as hepatocyte growth factor signaling. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to what has generally been assumed, the significant impact of SKI on hematopoiesis is independent of its ability to inhibit TGF-beta signaling. Instead, myeloid progenitors expressing SKI are partially dependent on functional hepatocyte growth factor signaling. Collectively our results demonstrate that SKI is an important regulator of hematopoietic stem cell activity and its overexpression leads to myeloproliferative disease.
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Au PYB, Racher HE, Graham JM, Kramer N, Lowry RB, Parboosingh JS, Innes AM. De novo exon 1 missense mutations of SKI and Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome: two new cases and a clinical review. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 164A:676-84. [PMID: 24357594 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (OMIM #182212) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, distinctive craniofacial features, skeletal abnormalities, marfanoid body habitus, aortic dilatation, and intellectual disability. Mutations in exon 1 of SKI have recently been identified as being responsible for approximately 90% of reported individuals diagnosed clinically with Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome. SKI is a known regulator of TGFβ signaling. Therefore, like Marfan syndrome and Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome is likely caused by deregulated TGFβ signals, explaining the considerable phenotypic overlap between these three disorders. We describe two additional patients with exon 1 SKI mutations and review the clinical features and literature of Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Billie Au
- Department of Medical Genetics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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74
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Feng Y, Wu H, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Liu T, Lin X, Feng XH. Zinc finger protein 451 is a novel Smad corepressor in transforming growth factor-β signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2072-83. [PMID: 24324267 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ZNF451 is a transcriptional cofactor localized to promyelocytic leukemia bodies. Here, we present evidence demonstrating that ZNF451 physically interacts with Smad3/4 and functionally inhibits TGF-β signaling. Increased expression of ZNF451 attenuates TGF-β-induced growth inhibitory and gene transcriptional responses, whereas depletion of ZNF451 enhances TGF-β responses. Mechanistically, ZNF451 blocks the ability of Smad3/4 to recruit p300 in response to TGF-β, which causes reduction of histone H3K9 acetylation on the promoters of TGF-β target genes. Taken together, ZNF451 acts as a transcriptional corepressor for Smad3/4 and negatively regulates TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Feng
- From the Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China and
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75
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Son H, Moon A. Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Cell Invasion. Toxicol Res 2013; 26:245-52. [PMID: 24278531 PMCID: PMC3834497 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.4.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process in which epithelial cells acquire the characteristics of invasive mesenchymal cells. EMT has been implicated in cancer progression and metastasis as well as the formation of many tissues and organs during development. Epithelial cells undergoing EMT lose cell-cell adhesion structures and polarity, and rearrange their cytoskeletons. Several oncogenic pathways such as transforming growth factor (TGF) -β, Wnt, and Notch signaling pathways, have been shown to induce EMT. These pathways have activated transcription factors including Snail, Slug, and the ZEB family which work as transcriptional repressors of E-cadherin, thereby making epithelial cells motile and resistant to apoptosis. Mounting evidence shows that EMT is associated with cell invasion and tumor progression.In this review, we summarize the characteristic features of EMT, pathways leading to EMT, and the role of EMT in cell invasion. Three topics are addressed in this review: (1) Definition of EMT, (2) Signaling pathways leading to EMT, (3) Role of EMT in cell invasion. Understanding the role of EMT in cell invasion will provide valuable information for establishing strategies to develop anti-metastatic therapeutics which modulate malignant cellular processes mediated by EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajin Son
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Korea
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76
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Cunnington RH, Northcott JM, Ghavami S, Filomeno KL, Jahan F, Kavosh MS, Davies JJL, Wigle JT, Dixon IMC. The Ski-Zeb2-Meox2 pathway provides a novel mechanism for regulation of the cardiac myofibroblast phenotype. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:40-9. [PMID: 24155330 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.126722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is linked to fibroblast-to-myofibroblast phenoconversion and proliferation but the mechanisms underlying this are poorly understood. Ski is a negative regulator of TGF-β-Smad signaling in myofibroblasts, and might redirect the myofibroblast phenotype back to fibroblasts. Meox2 could alter TGF-β-mediated cellular processes and is repressed by Zeb2. Here, we investigated whether Ski diminishes the myofibroblast phenotype by de-repressing Meox2 expression and function through repression of Zeb2 expression. We show that expression of Meox1 and Meox2 mRNA and Meox2 protein is reduced during phenoconversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. Overexpression of Meox2 shifts the myofibroblasts into fibroblasts, whereas the Meox2 DNA-binding mutant has no effect on myofibroblast phenotype. Overexpression of Ski partially restores Meox2 mRNA expression levels to those in cardiac fibroblasts. Expression of Zeb2 increased during phenoconversion and Ski overexpression reduces Zeb2 expression in first-passage myofibroblasts. Furthermore, expression of Meox2 is decreased in scar following myocardial infarction, whereas Zeb2 protein expression increases in the infarct scar. Thus Ski modulates the cardiac myofibroblast phenotype and function through suppression of Zeb2 by upregulating the expression of Meox2. This cascade might regulate cardiac myofibroblast phenotype and presents therapeutic options for treatment of cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan H Cunnington
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Wu D, Shen YH, Russell L, Coselli JS, LeMaire SA. Molecular mechanisms of thoracic aortic dissection. J Surg Res 2013; 184:907-24. [PMID: 23856125 PMCID: PMC3788606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly lethal vascular disease. In many patients with TAD, the aorta progressively dilates and ultimately ruptures. Dissection formation, progression, and rupture cannot be reliably prevented pharmacologically because the molecular mechanisms of aortic wall degeneration are poorly understood. The key histopathologic feature of TAD is medial degeneration, a process characterized by smooth muscle cell depletion and extracellular matrix degradation. These structural changes have a profound impact on the functional properties of the aortic wall and can result from excessive protease-mediated destruction of the extracellular matrix, altered signaling pathways, and altered gene expression. Review of the literature reveals differences in the processes that lead to ascending versus descending and sporadic versus hereditary TAD. These differences add to the complexity of this disease. Although tremendous progress has been made in diagnosing and treating TAD, a better understanding of the molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms that cause this disease is necessary to developing more effective preventative and therapeutic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Wu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ying H. Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ludivine Russell
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Joseph S. Coselli
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Scott A. LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 390, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital, 6770 Bertner Ave., Houston, Texas 77030
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, BCM 335, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030
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78
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Zhu Q, Kim YH, Wang D, Oh SP, Luo K. SnoN facilitates ALK1-Smad1/5 signaling during embryonic angiogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 202:937-50. [PMID: 24019535 PMCID: PMC3776356 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201208113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In endothelial cells, two type I receptors of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family, ALK1 and ALK5, coordinate to regulate embryonic angiogenesis in response to BMP9/10 and TGF-β. Whereas TGF-β binds to and activates ALK5, leading to Smad2/3 phosphorylation and inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and migration, BMP9/10 and TGF-β also bind to ALK1, resulting in the activation of Smad1/5. SnoN is a negative regulator of ALK5 signaling through the binding and repression of Smad2/3. Here we uncover a positive role of SnoN in enhancing Smad1/5 activation in endothelial cells to promote angiogenesis. Upon ligand binding, SnoN directly bound to ALK1 on the plasma membrane and facilitated the interaction between ALK1 and Smad1/5, enhancing Smad1/5 phosphorylation. Disruption of this SnoN-Smad interaction impaired Smad1/5 activation and up-regulated Smad2/3 activity. This resulted in defective angiogenesis and arteriovenous malformations, leading to embryonic lethality at E12.5. Thus, SnoN is essential for TGF-β/BMP9-dependent biological processes by its ability to both positively and negatively modulate the activities of Smad-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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79
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Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily ligands regulate many aspects of cell identity, function, and survival in multicellular animals. Genes encoding five TGF-β family members are present in the genome of C. elegans. Two of the ligands, DBL-1 and DAF-7, signal through a canonical receptor-Smad signaling pathway; while a third ligand, UNC-129, interacts with a noncanonical signaling pathway. No function has yet been associated with the remaining two ligands. Here we summarize these signaling pathways and their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Gumienny
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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80
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Ski protein levels increase during in vitro progression of HPV16-immortalized human keratinocytes and in cervical cancer. Virology 2013; 444:100-8. [PMID: 23809940 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We compared the levels of the Ski oncoprotein, an inhibitor of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling, in normal human keratinocytes (HKc), HPV16 immortalized HKc (HKc/HPV16), and differentiation resistant HKc/HPV16 (HKc/DR) in the absence and presence of TGF-β. Steady-state Ski protein levels increased in HKc/HPV16 and even further in HKc/DR, compared to HKc. TGF-β treatment of HKc, HKc/HPV16, and HKc/DR dramatically decreased Ski. TGF-β-induced Ski degradation was delayed in HKc/DR. Ski and phospho-Ski protein levels are cell cycle dependent with maximal Ski expression and localization to centrosomes and mitotic spindles during G2/M. ShRNA knock down of Ski in HKc/DR inhibited cell proliferation. More intense nuclear and cytoplasmic Ski staining and altered Ski localization were found in cervical cancer samples compared to adjacent normal tissue in a cervical cancer tissue array. Overall, these studies demonstrate altered Ski protein levels, degradation and localization in HPV16-transformed human keratinocytes and in cervical cancer.
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81
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Varjosalo M, Keskitalo S, Van Drogen A, Nurkkala H, Vichalkovski A, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M. The protein interaction landscape of the human CMGC kinase group. Cell Rep 2013; 3:1306-20. [PMID: 23602568 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular information processing via reversible protein phosphorylation requires tight control of the localization, activity, and substrate specificity of protein kinases, which to a large extent is accomplished by complex formation with other proteins. Despite their critical role in cellular regulation and pathogenesis, protein interaction information is available for only a subset of the 518 human protein kinases. Here we present a global proteomic analysis of complexes of the human CMGC kinase group. In addition to subgroup-specific functional enrichment and modularity, the identified 652 high-confidence kinase-protein interactions provide a specific biochemical context for many poorly studied CMGC kinases. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a kinase-kinase subnetwork and candidate substrates for CMGC kinases. Finally, the presented interaction proteome uncovered a large set of interactions with proteins genetically linked to a range of human diseases, including cancer, suggesting additional routes for analyzing the role of CMGC kinases in controlling human disease pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Varjosalo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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82
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Arkadia, a novel SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase involved in PML degradation. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2163-77. [PMID: 23530056 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01019-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Arkadia is a RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligase that activates the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway by inducing degradation of the inhibitor SnoN/Ski. Here we show that Arkadia contains three successive SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) that mediate noncovalent interaction with poly-SUMO2. We identify the third SIM (VVDL) of Arkadia to be the most relevant one in this interaction. Furthermore, we provide evidence that Arkadia can function as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUBL) by ubiquitinating SUMO chains. While the SIMs of Arkadia are not essential for SnoN/Ski degradation in response to TGF-β, we show that they are necessary for the interaction of Arkadia with polysumoylated PML in response to arsenic and its concomitant accumulation into PML nuclear bodies. Moreover, Arkadia depletion leads to accumulation of polysumoylated PML in response to arsenic, highlighting a requirement of Arkadia for arsenic-induced degradation of polysumoylated PML. Interestingly, Arkadia homodimerizes but does not heterodimerize with RNF4, the other STUBL involved in PML degradation, suggesting that these two E3 ligases do not act synergistically but most probably act independently during this process. Altogether, these results identify Arkadia to be a novel STUBL that can trigger degradation of signal-induced polysumoylated proteins.
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83
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Doyle AJ, Doyle JJ, Bessling SL, Maragh S, Lindsay ME, Schepers D, Gillis E, Mortier G, Homfray T, Sauls K, Norris RA, Huso ND, Leahy D, Mohr DW, Caulfield MJ, Scott AF, Destrée A, Hennekam RC, Arn PH, Curry CJ, Van Laer L, McCallion AS, Loeys BL, Dietz HC. Mutations in the TGF-β repressor SKI cause Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome with aortic aneurysm. Nat Genet 2012; 44:1249-54. [PMID: 23023332 PMCID: PMC3545695 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Increased transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of syndromic presentations of aortic aneurysm, including Marfan syndrome (MFS) and Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS)1-4. However, the location and character of many of the causal mutations in LDS would intuitively infer diminished TGF-β signaling5. Taken together, these data have engendered controversy regarding the specific role of TGF-β in disease pathogenesis. Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) has considerable phenotypic overlap with MFS and LDS, including aortic aneurysm6-8. We identified causative variation in 10 patients with SGS in the proto-oncogene SKI, a known repressor of TGF-β activity9,10. Cultured patient dermal fibroblasts showed enhanced activation of TGF-β signaling cascades and increased expression of TGF-β responsive genes. Morpholino-induced silencing of SKI paralogs in zebrafish recapitulated abnormalities seen in SGS patients. These data support the conclusion that increased TGF-β signaling is the mechanism underlying SGS and contributes to multiple syndromic presentations of aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Doyle
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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84
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Li J, Li P, Zhang Y, Li GB, He FT, Zhou YG, Yang K, Dai SS. Upregulation of ski in fibroblast is implicated in the peroxisome proliferator--activated receptor δ-mediated wound healing. Cell Physiol Biochem 2012; 30:1059-71. [PMID: 23052247 DOI: 10.1159/000341482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) δ and Ski are investigate the interaction of PPARδ and Ski and this interaction-associated effect in wound healing. METHODS Effect of PPARδ activation on Ski expression was detected in rat skin fibroblasts by real-time PCR and western blot. Luciferase assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were performed to identify the binding site of PPARδ in the promoter region of rat Ski gene. And the functional activity of PPARδ regulation to Ski was detected in fibroblast proliferation and rat skin wound healing model. RESULTS PPARδ agonist GW501516 upregulated Ski expression in a dose-dependent manner. Direct repeat-1 (DR1) response element locating at -865∼-853 in Ski promoter region was identified to mediate PPARδ binding to Ski and associated induction of Ski. Furthermore, PPARδ upregulated Ski to promote fibroblasts proliferation and rat skin wound repair, which could be largely blocked by pre-treated with Ski RNA interference. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Ski is a novel target gene for PPARδ and upregulation of Ski to promote fibroblast proliferation is implicated in the PPARδ-mediated wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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85
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Kim KO, Sampson ER, Maynard RD, O'Keefe RJ, Chen D, Drissi H, Rosier RN, Hilton MJ, Zuscik MJ. Ski inhibits TGF-β/phospho-Smad3 signaling and accelerates hypertrophic differentiation in chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2156-66. [PMID: 22461172 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since transforming growing factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling inhibits chondrocyte maturation, endogenous negative regulators of TGF-β signaling are likely also important regulators of the chondrocyte differentiation process. One such negative regulator, Ski, is an oncoprotein that is known to inhibit TGF-β/Smad3 signaling via its interaction with phospho-Smad3 and recruitment of histone deacetylases (HDACs) to the DNA binding complex. Based on this, we hypothesized that Ski inhibits TGF-β signaling and accelerates maturation in chondrocytes via recruitment of HDACs to transcriptional complexes containing Smads. We tested this hypothesis in chick upper sternal chondrocytes (USCs), where gain and loss of Ski expression experiments were performed. Over-expression of Ski not only reversed the inhibitory effect of TGF-β on the expression of hypertrophic marker genes such as type X collagen (colX) and osteocalcin, it induced these genes basally as well. Conversely, knockdown of Ski by RNA interference led to a reduction of colX and osteocalcin expression under basal conditions. Furthermore, Ski blocked TGF-β induction of cyclinD1 and caused a basal up-regulation of Runx2, consistent with the observed acceleration of hypertrophy. Regarding mechanism, not only does Ski associate with phospho-Smad2 and 3, but its association with phospho-Smad3 is required for recruitment of HDAC4 and 5. Implicating this recruitment of HDACs in the phenotypic effects of Ski in chondrocytes, the HDAC inhibitor SAHA reversed the up-regulation of colX and osteocalcin in Ski over-expressing cells. These results suggest that inhibition of TGF-β signaling by Ski, which involves its association with phospho-Smad3 and recruitment of HDAC4 and 5, leads to accelerated chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ok Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue Box 665, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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86
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Li J, Li P, Zhang Y, Li GB, Zhou YG, Yang K, Dai SS. c-Ski inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells via suppressing Smad3 signaling but stimulating p38 pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 25:159-67. [PMID: 22986000 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays key roles in the progression of intimal hyperplasia, but the molecular mechanisms that trigger VSMC proliferation after vascular injury remain unclear. c-Ski, a co-repressor of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling, was detected to express in VSMC of rat artery. During the course of arterial VSMC proliferation induced by balloon injury in rat, the endogenous protein expressions of c-Ski decreased markedly in a time-dependent manner. In vivo c-Ski gene delivery was found to significantly suppress balloon injury-induced VSMC proliferation and neointima formation. Further investigation in A10 rat aortic smooth muscle cells demonstrated that overexpression of c-Ski gene inhibited TGF-β1 (1 ng/ml)-induced A10 cell proliferation while knockdown of c-Ski by RNAi enhanced the stimulatory effect of TGF-β1 on A10 cell growth. Western blot for signaling detection showed that suppression of Smad3 phosphorylation while stimulating p38 signaling associated with upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 was responsible for the inhibitory effect of c-Ski on TGF-β1-induced VSMC proliferation. These data suggest that the decrease of endogenous c-Ski expression is implicated in the progression of VSMC proliferation after arterial injury and c-Ski administration represents a promising role for treating intimal hyperplasia via inhibiting the proliferation of VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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87
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Fischer S, Bayersdorfer F, Harant E, Reng R, Arndt S, Bosserhoff AK, Schneuwly S. fussel (fuss)--A negative regulator of BMP signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42349. [PMID: 22879948 PMCID: PMC3413677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β/BMP signaling cascades control a wide range of developmental and physiological functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. In Drosophila melanogaster, members of this pathway can be divided into a Bone Morphogenic Protein (BMP) and an Activin-ß (Act-ß) branch, where Decapentaplegic (Dpp), a member of the BMP family has been most intensively studied. They differ in ligands, receptors and transmitting proteins, but also share some components, such as the Co-Smad Medea (Med). The essential role of Med is to form a complex with one of the two activating Smads, mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad) or dSmad, and to translocate together to the nucleus where they can function as transcriptional regulators of downstream target genes. This signaling cascade underlies different mechanisms of negative regulation, which can be exerted by inhibitory Smads, such as daughters against decapentaplegic (dad), but also by the Ski-Sno family. In this work we identified and functionally analyzed a new member of the Ski/Sno-family, fussel (fuss), the Drosophila homolog of the human functional suppressing element 15 (fussel-15). fuss codes for two differentially spliced transcripts with a neuronal expression pattern. The proteins are characterized by a Ski-Sno and a SAND homology domain. Overexpression studies and genetic interaction experiments clearly reveal an interaction of fuss with members of the BMP pathway, leading to a strong repression of BMP-signaling. The protein interacts directly with Medea and seems to reprogram the Smad pathway through its influence upon the formation of functional Mad/Medea complexes. This leads amongst others to a repression of downstream target genes of the Dpp pathway, such as optomotor blind (omb). Taken together we could show that fuss exerts a pivotal role as an antagonist of BMP signaling in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Fischer
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Eva Harant
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Renate Reng
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Arndt
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Schneuwly
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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88
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Vo BT, Cody B, Cao Y, Khan SA. Differential role of Sloan-Kettering Institute (Ski) protein in Nodal and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced Smad signaling in prostate cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2054-64. [PMID: 22843506 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways contain both tumor suppressor and tumor promoting activities. We have demonstrated that Nodal, another member of the TGF-β superfamily, and its receptors are expressed in prostate cancer cells. Nodal and TGF-β exerted similar biological effects on prostate cells; both inhibited proliferation in WPE, RWPE1 and DU145 cells, whereas neither had any effect on the proliferation of LNCaP or PC3 cells. Interestingly, Nodal and TGF-β induced migration in PC3 cells, but not in DU145 cells. TGF-β induced predominantly phosphorylation of Smad3, whereas Nodal induced phosphorylation of only Smad2. We also determined the expression and differential role of Ski, a corepressor of Smad2/3, in Nodal and TGF-β signaling in prostate cancer cells. Similar levels of Ski mRNA were found in several established prostate cell lines; however, high levels of Ski protein were only detected in prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer tissue samples. Exogenous Nodal and TGF-β had no effects on Ski mRNA levels. On the other hand, TGF-β induced a rapid degradation of Ski protein mediated by the proteasomal pathway, whereas Nodal had no effect on Ski protein. Reduced Ski levels correlated with increased basal and TGF-β-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation. Knockdown of endogenous Ski reduced proliferation in DU145 cells and enhanced migration of PC3 cells. We conclude that high levels of Ski expression in prostate cancer cells may be responsible for repression of TGF-β and Smad3 signaling, but Ski protein levels do not influence Nodal and Smad2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- BaoHan T Vo
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA
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89
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Baranek C, Atanasoski S. Modulating epigenetic mechanisms: the diverse functions of Ski during cortical development. Epigenetics 2012; 7:676-9. [PMID: 22647289 DOI: 10.4161/epi.20590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing forebrain, neural stem and progenitor cells generate a large variety of neurons with specific functions in the mature cortex. A central issue is to understand the roles of transcriptional networks and regulatory pathways that control these complex developmental processes. The proto-oncogene Ski is a transcriptional regulator linked to the human 1p36 deletion syndrome, which involves a set of phenotypes including nervous system defects. Ski shows a dynamic expression pattern during cortical development and, accordingly, the phenotype of Ski-deficient cortices is complex, involving altered cell cycle characteristics of neural progenitors, disturbed timing of neurogenesis and mis-specification of projection neurons. Ski is likely to play a role in various pathways by virtue of its ability to interact with a range of signaling molecules, thereby modulating transcriptional activity of corresponding target genes. Ski regulates proliferation and differentiation of various cell types, and more recent data from my laboratory demonstrates that Ski is also involved in the specification of cortical projection neurons. This Point-of-View elucidates the role of Ski as an essential linker between sequence-specific transcription factors and non-DNA binding cofactors with chromatin modifying activities. In particular, it puts forward the hypothesis that the diverse functions of Ski as a co-repressor might be related to its association with distinct HDAC-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Baranek
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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90
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Ko YG, Kim DH, Park SB, Kim SW, Do YJ, Kim H. Expression of Ski in the Follicles of eCG-primed Immature Hypophysectomized Rat Ovary. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2012.54.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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91
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Ohte S, Kokabu S, Iemura SI, Sasanuma H, Yoneyama K, Shin M, Suzuki S, Fukuda T, Nakamura Y, Jimi E, Natsume T, Katagiri T. Identification and functional analysis of Zranb2 as a novel Smad-binding protein that suppresses BMP signaling. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:808-14. [PMID: 22021003 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smads 1/5/8 transduce the major intracellular signaling of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). In the present study, we analyzed Smad1-binding proteins in HEK293T cells using a proteomic technique and identified the protein, zinc-finger, RAN-binding domain-containing protein 2 (ZRANB2). Zranb2 interacted strongly with Smad1, Smad5, and Smad8 and weakly with Smad4. The overexpression of Zranb2 inhibited BMP activities in C2C12 myoblasts in vitro, and the injection of Zranb2 mRNA into zebrafish embryos induced weak dorsalization. Deletion analyses of Zranb2 indicated that the serine/arginine-rich (SR) domain and the glutamine-rich domain were required for the inhibition of BMP activity and the interaction with Smad1, respectively. Zranb2 was found to be localized in the nucleus; however, the SR domain-deleted mutant localized to the cytoplasm. The knockdown of endogenous Zranb2 in C2C12 cells enhanced BMP activity. Zranb2 suppressed Smad transcriptional activity without affecting Smad phosphorylation, nuclear localization, or DNA binding. Taken together, these findings suggested that Zranb2 is a novel BMP suppressor that forms a complex with Smads in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ohte
- Division of Pathophysiology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, 350-1241, Japan
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92
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Zieba A, Pardali K, Söderberg O, Lindbom L, Nyström E, Moustakas A, Heldin CH, Landegren U. Intercellular variation in signaling through the TGF-β pathway and its relation to cell density and cell cycle phase. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.013482. [PMID: 22442258 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.013482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamental open questions in signal transduction remain concerning the sequence and distribution of molecular signaling events among individual cells. In this work, we have characterized the intercellular variability of transforming growth factor β-induced Smad interactions, providing essential information about TGF-β signaling and its dependence on the density of cell populations and the cell cycle phase. By employing the recently developed in situ proximity ligation assay, we investigated the dynamics of interactions and modifications of Smad proteins and their partners under native and physiological conditions. We analyzed the kinetics of assembly of Smad complexes and the influence of cellular environment and relation to mitosis. We report rapid kinetics of formation of Smad complexes, including native Smad2-Smad3-Smad4 trimeric complexes, in a manner influenced by the rate of proteasomal degradation of these proteins, and we found a striking cell to cell variation of signaling complexes. The single-cell analysis of TGF-β signaling in genetically unmodified cells revealed previously unknown aspects of regulation of this pathway, and it provided a basis for analysis of these signaling events to diagnose pathological perturbations in patient samples and to evaluate their susceptibility to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zieba
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Se-75185 Sweden
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93
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Zhu Q, Luo K. SnoN in regulation of embryonic development and tissue morphogenesis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1971-6. [PMID: 22710172 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SnoN (Ski-novel protein) plays an important role in embryonic development, tumorigenesis and aging. Past studies largely focused on its roles in tumorigenesis. Recent studies of its expression patterns and functions in mouse models and mammalian cells have revealed that SnoN interacts with multiple signaling molecules at different cellular levels to modulate the activities of several signaling pathways in a tissue context and developmental stage dependent manner. These studies suggest that SnoN may have broad functions in the embryonic development and tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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94
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Daskalopoulos EP, Janssen BJA, Blankesteijn WM. Myofibroblasts in the infarct area: concepts and challenges. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:35-49. [PMID: 22214878 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761101227x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are differentiated fibroblasts that hold a key role in wound healing and remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI). A large repertoire of stimuli, such as mechanical stretch, growth factors, cytokines, and vasoactive peptides, induces myofibroblast differentiation. Myofibroblasts are responsible for the production and deposition of collagen, leading to the establishment of a dense extracellular matrix that strengthens the infarcted tissue and minimizes dilatation of the infarct area. In addition, cells contributing to fibrosis act on sites distal from the infarct area and promote collagen deposition in noninfarcted tissue, thus contributing to adverse remodeling and consequently to the development of congestive heart failure (CHF). Current drugs that are used to treat post-MI CHF do influence fibroblasts and myofibroblasts; however, their therapeutic efficacy is far from being regarded as ideal. Novel therapeutic agents targeting (myo)fibroblasts are being developed to successfully prevent the cardiac remodeling of sites remote from the infarct area and therefore hinder the establishment of CHF. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the basic concepts of the myofibroblasts' actions in cardiac wound healing processes, factors that influence them, currently available pharmacological agents, and future challenges in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos P Daskalopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, 50 Universiteitssingel, 6229ER Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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95
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Marcelain K, Armisen R, Aguirre A, Ueki N, Toro J, Colmenares C, Hayman MJ. Chromosomal instability in mouse embryonic fibroblasts null for the transcriptional co-repressor Ski. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:278-87. [PMID: 21412778 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ski is a transcriptional regulator that has been considered an oncoprotein given its ability to induce oncogenic transformation in avian model systems. However, studies in mouse and in some human tumor cells have also indicated a tumor suppressor activity for this protein. We found that Ski-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts exhibit high levels of genome instability, namely aneuploidy, consistent with a tumor suppressor function for Ski. Time-lapse microscopy revealed lagging chromosomes and chromatin/chromosome bridges as the major cause of micronuclei (MN) formation and the subsequent aneuploidy. Although these cells arrested in mitosis after treatment with spindle disrupting drugs and exhibited a delayed metaphase/anaphase transition, spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) was not sufficient to prevent chromosome missegregation, consistent with a weakened SAC. Our in vivo analysis also showed dynamic metaphase plate rearrangements with switches in polarity in cells arrested in metaphase. Importantly, after ectopic expression of Ski the cells that displayed this metaphase arrest died directly during metaphase or after aberrant cell division, relating SAC activation and mitotic cell death. This increased susceptibility to undergo mitosis-associated cell death reduced the number of MN-containing cells. The presented data support a new role for Ski in the mitotic process and in maintenance of genetic stability, providing insights into the mechanism of tumor suppression mediated by this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Marcelain
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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96
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Yamamoto H, Mukaisho KI, Sugihara H, Hattori T, Asano S. Down-regulation of FXYD3 is induced by transforming growth factor-β signaling via ZEB1/δEF1 in human mammary epithelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:324-9. [PMID: 21372379 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
FXYD3, a regulator of Na, K-ATPase, was identified as an mRNA overexpressed in murine breast cancers induced by neu oncogene, which had inactivated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling due to the defect of TGF-β receptor I (TβRI) expression. To elucidate whether the expression of FXYD3 mRNA was regulated by TGF-β signaling, we used a normal human mammary epithelial cell line, MCF-10A which responds to TGF-β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, followed by induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we showed that FXYD3 at plasma membrane in epithelial state of MCF-10A cells was decreased by treatment of TGF-β and TNF-α. The repression of FXYD3 mRNA induced by TGF-β and TNF-α in MCF-10A cells was abolished by TβRI inhibitor or Smad3 inhibitor, but not by small interfering RNA (siRNA) for Smad2. In addition, expression level of FXYD3 mRNA was up-regulated by the silencing of ZEB1/δEF1 transcriptional repressor which was a down-stream target gene of TGF-β and an inducer of EMT. On the other hand, expression level and cellular localization of E-cadherin and N-cadherin were not changed by siRNA for FXYD3 in MCF-10A and human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that FXYD3 is a target gene of TGF-β signaling through ZEB1/δEF1, but is not directly involved in EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Physiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525–8577, Japan
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97
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Ohyama Y, Tanaka T, Shimizu T, Matsui H, Sato H, Koitabashi N, Doi H, Iso T, Arai M, Kurabayashi M. Runx2/Smad3 complex negatively regulates TGF-β-induced connective tissue growth factor gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2011; 19:23-35. [PMID: 21986102 DOI: 10.5551/jat.9753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a direct target gene of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. We previously showed that Runx2, a key transcription factor in osteoblast differentiation, regulates osteogenic conversion and dedifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that Runx2 modulates CTGF gene expression via the regulation of TGF-β signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of the Runx2 gene was decreased, and CTGF mRNA levels were reciprocally increased by TGF-β in a time-dependent manner in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and C3H10T1/2 cells. Forced expression of Runx2 decreased and the reduction of Runx2 expression by small interfering RNA enhanced both basal and TGF-β-stimulated CTGF gene expression in HASMCs. Site-directed mutation analysis of the CTGF promoter indicated that transcriptional repression by Runx2 was mediated by the Smad-binding element (SBE) under basal and TGF-β-stimulated conditions. Data obtained from immunoblots of Runx2-, Smad3- or Smad4-transfected cells and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Runx2 interacts with Smad3 at the SBE. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of Runx2 and CTGF was distinct and almost mutually exclusive in human atherosclerotic plaque. CONCLUSIONS These results for the first time demonstrate that Runx2/Smad3 complex negatively regulates endogenous and TGF-β-induced CTGF gene expression in VSMCs. Thus, the induction of Runx2 expression contributes to the phenotypic modulation of VSMCs, in which the TGF-β/Smad pathway plays a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ohyama
- Department of Medicine and Biological Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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98
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Wang B, Harrison W, Overbeek PA, Zheng H. Transposon mutagenesis with coat color genotyping identifies an essential role for Skor2 in sonic hedgehog signaling and cerebellum development. Development 2011; 138:4487-97. [PMID: 21937600 PMCID: PMC3177318 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Correct development of the cerebellum requires coordinated sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from Purkinje to granule cells. How Shh expression is regulated in Purkinje cells is poorly understood. Using a novel tyrosinase minigene-tagged Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated mutagenesis, which allows for coat color-based genotyping, we created mice in which the Ski/Sno family transcriptional co-repressor 2 (Skor2) gene is deleted. Loss of Skor2 leads to defective Purkinje cell development, a severe reduction of granule cell proliferation and a malformed cerebellum. Skor2 is specifically expressed in Purkinje cells in the brain, where it is required for proper expression of Shh. Skor2 overexpression suppresses BMP signaling in an HDAC-dependent manner and stimulates Shh promoter activity, suggesting that Skor2 represses BMP signaling to activate Shh expression. Our study identifies an essential function for Skor2 as a novel transcriptional regulator in Purkinje cells that acts upstream of Shh during cerebellum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiping Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wilbur Harrison
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul A. Overbeek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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99
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Tang X, Zhang C. Relationship between Sloan-Kettering virus expression and mouse follicular development. Endocrine 2011; 40:187-95. [PMID: 21544517 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sloan-Kettering virus gene product (Ski) is an unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the ski/sno proto-oncogene family. Ski plays multiple roles in a variety of cell types, it can induce both oncogenic transformation and terminal muscle differentiation when expressed at high levels. Ski/SnoN are important transcription regulators of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and function mainly through heterodimers. Since TGF-β superfamily are key regulators of follicle development and it has been previously shown that SnoN is also vital to follicle development, this research was conducted to clarify the relationship between Ski expression and mouse follicular development, in ovaries of neonatal and gonadotropin-induced immature mice by immunohistochemical and real-time PCR techniques. In postnatal mice, positive staining for Ski was highly detected in oocyte nuclei at postnatal day 1. With follicular development, the localization moved gradually from oocyte nuclei to perinuclear space and the total levels decreased. During the estrous cycle, Ski expression was apparent at proestrus and estrus, faint at metestrus, highest at diestrus. After injection of gonadotropin, Ski was found in perinuclear space and weak in oocyte nuclei. Following the initiation of luteinization, the expression of Ski was found in corpus luteum. Real-time PCR results also showed that Ski mRNA expression was opposite to ovulation-related genes during the cumulus expansion, with the development of the follicles, its expression level decreased. Ski is expressed in a specific manner during follicle development, ovulation and luteinization. So Ski might play essential roles in these processes especially during early follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, 88 East Wenhua Road, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
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100
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Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus that is etiologically associated with adult T-cell leukemia. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), which is encoded by the minus strand of the provirus, is involved in both regulation of viral gene transcription and T-cell proliferation. We showed in this report that HBZ interacted with Smad2/3, and enhanced transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad transcriptional responses in a p300-dependent manner. The N-terminal LXXLL motif of HBZ was responsible for HBZ-mediated TGF-β signaling activation. In a serial immunoprecipitation assay, HBZ, Smad3, and p300 formed a ternary complex, and the association between Smad3 and p300 was markedly enhanced in the presence of HBZ. In addition, HBZ could overcome the repression of the TGF-β response by Tax. Finally, HBZ expression resulted in enhanced transcription of Pdgfb, Sox4, Ctgf, Foxp3, Runx1, and Tsc22d1 genes and suppression of the Id2 gene; such effects were similar to those by TGF-β. In particular, HBZ induced Foxp3 expression in naive T cells through Smad3-dependent TGF-β signaling. Our results suggest that HBZ, by enhancing TGF-β signaling and Foxp3 expression, enables HTLV-1 to convert infected T cells into regulatory T cells, which is thought to be a critical strategy for virus persistence.
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