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Wetzel M, Li L, Harms KM, Roitbak T, Ventura PB, Rosenberg GA, Khokha R, Cunningham LA. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 facilitates Fas-mediated neuronal cell death following mild ischemia. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:143-51. [PMID: 17962815 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) is a natural inhibitor of metalloproteinases involved in matrix degradation and ectodomain shedding of many cell-surface proteins, including death receptors and/or their ligands. In the present study, we examined the role of TIMP-3 in Fas-mediated neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia, using both gene deletion and pharmacological approaches. In culture, exposure of primary cortical neurons to 2 h of oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) resulted in delayed neuronal cell death that was dependent on activation of the death receptor, Fas. Cortical cultures derived from timp-3(-/-) mice displayed partial resistance against OGD-induced neuronal cell death and also displayed increased shedding of Fas ligand (FasL) into the culture media, compared to wild-type control cultures. Both the increased neuroprotection and increased FasL shedding in timp-3(-/-) cultures were reversed by addition of exogenous metalloproteinase inhibitors, recombinant TIMP-3 or GM6001. In vivo, timp-3(-/-) mice showed marked resistance to a brief (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), but were not protected against more severe lesions induced by 90 min of MCAO. These studies demonstrate that TIMP-3 facilitates Fas-mediated neuronal cell death following OGD and plays a pro-apoptotic role in mild cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wetzel
- Department of Biology and Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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52
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Spinale FG. Myocardial Matrix Remodeling and the Matrix Metalloproteinases: Influence on Cardiac Form and Function. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:1285-342. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 855] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now becoming apparent that dynamic changes occur within the interstitium that directly contribute to adverse myocardial remodeling following myocardial infarction (MI), with hypertensive heart disease and with intrinsic myocardial disease such as cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, a family of matrix proteases, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), has been recognized to play an important role in matrix remodeling in these cardiac disease states. The purpose of this review is fivefold: 1) to examine and redefine the myocardial matrix as a critical and dynamic entity with respect to the remodeling process encountered with MI, hypertension, or cardiomyopathic disease; 2) present the remarkable progress that has been made with respect to MMP/TIMP biology and how it relates to myocardial matrix remodeling; 3) to evaluate critical translational/clinical studies that have provided a cause-effect relationship between alterations in MMP/TIMP regulation and myocardial matrix remodeling; 4) to provide a critical review and analysis of current diagnostic, prognostic, and pharmacological approaches that utilized our basic understanding of MMP/TIMPs in the context of cardiac disease; and 5) most importantly, to dispel the historical belief that the myocardial matrix is a passive structure and supplant this belief that the regulation of matrix protease pathways such as the MMPs and TIMPs will likely yield a new avenue of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for myocardial remodeling and the progression to heart failure.
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Nayak CS, Carvalho AL, Jeronimo C, Henrique R, Kim MM, Hoque MO, Chang S, Jiang WW, Koch W, Westra W, Sidransky D, Califano J. Positive correlation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 and death-associated protein kinase hypermethylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:1376-80. [PMID: 17592394 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e31806865a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is common in head and neck cancer as well as other primary cancers resulting in epigenetic gene silencing. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) has been shown to have promoter hypermethylation in several solid tumors, but has not been identified in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Our objective was to determine if TIMP-3 promoter was hypermethylated in HNSCC, if there was any correlation with death associated protein kinase (DAPK), a tumor suppressor whose promoter has been hypermethylated at high levels in HNSCC, and if any clinical factors influence hypermethylation of either of these genes. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS Tumor samples from 124 patients with HNSCC were evaluated for promoter hypermethylation for TIMP-3 and DAPK using quantitative methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP). We compared both TIMP-3 and DAPK hypermethylation in HNSCC with each other as well as with other clinical variables. RESULTS We found that TIMP-3 was hypermethylated in approximately 71.8% of the tumor samples and DAPK was hypermethylated in 74.2%. The presence of TIMP-3 and DAPK promoter hypermethylation was significantly higher than in control specimens. More importantly, TIMP-3 and DAPK hypermethylations in these samples were highly correlated with a concordance of 78% (P < .001). DAPK was also correlated with current alcohol consumption (P < .028), but neither TIMP-3 nor DAPK hypermethylation was significantly correlated with other clinical variables or with survival. CONCLUSION TIMP-3 promoter hypermethylation is elevated in HNSCC and is highly correlated with DAPK hypermethylation, implying a functional relationship between these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan S Nayak
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-0910, USA
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Chetty C, Bhoopathi P, Lakka SS, Rao JS. MMP-2 siRNA induced Fas/CD95-mediated extrinsic II apoptotic pathway in the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Oncogene 2007; 26:7675-83. [PMID: 17599056 PMCID: PMC2167629 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the downregulation of MMP-2 by adenovirus-mediated delivery of MMP-2 siRNA (Ad-MMP-2) reduced spheroid invasion and angiogenesis in vitro, and, metastasis and tumor growth in vivo. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of Ad-MMP-2-mediated growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Ad-MMP-2 infection led to the induction of apoptosis as determined by TUNEL assay, Annexin-V staining and PARP-1 cleavage in a dose-dependent manner in A549 cells. Ad-MMP-2 decreased the content of the antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) and increased the content of the pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (Bax and Bcl-xS) as determined by immunoblotting analysis. Furthermore, Ad-MMP-2-mediated apoptosis was accompanied by increase in truncated Bid, release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-8, -9 and -3. Immunoblot analysis showed that Ad-MMP-2 infection caused upregulation of Fas/Fas-L and FADD, and Anti-Fas-L antibody reversed Ad-MMP-2-induced apoptosis. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3, an endogenous inhibitor of MMP-2, which cleaves Fas-L and activates the Fas/Fas-L inducing apoptotic pathway, was increased in Ad-MMP-2-treated cells. Adenovirus-mediated expression of MMP-2 siRNA in human lung xenografts in vivo resulted in increased immunostaining of Fas, Fas-L, cleaved Bid and TIMP-3. This is the first report, to our knowledge, showing that MMP-2 inhibition upregulates TIMP-3 levels, which in turn, promotes apoptosis in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chetty
- Program of Cancer Biology, Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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Matthews FJ, Cook SD, Majid MA, Dick AD, Smith VA. Changes in the balance of the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs)-1 and -3 may promote keratocyte apoptosis in keratoconus. Exp Eye Res 2007; 84:1125-34. [PMID: 17449031 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus is a disease in which the central cornea becomes thinned. This could result from corneal stromal cell apoptosis or be induced or perpetuated by the activation of matrix degrading enzymes, particularly members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. In some circumstances, the MMP inhibitors TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 exhibit anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic properties, respectively. Because they potentially influence keratoconus progression, the effects of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 on stromal cell viability were investigated. The TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 proteins were over-expressed in cultured corneal stromal cells by using the adenoviral vectors RAdTIMP-1 and RAdTIMP-3 and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL and caspase-3 activity. The anti-apoptotic effects of TIMP-1 were investigated by co-infecting it with RAdTIMP-1 and RAdTIMP-3 and by adding TIMP-1 protein to stromal cell cultures prior to infecting them with RAdTIMP-3. Immunohistochemistry was used to localise and determine relative numbers of apoptotic and TIMP producing stromal cells in sections of normal and keratoconic corneas. The results showed that over-expression of TIMP-3 induced apoptosis in corneal stromal cell cultures. Up-regulated TIMP-1 production or the addition of exogenous TIMP-1 protein prevented stromal cell overgrowth, changed stromal cell morphology and reduced the extent of TIMP-3 induced apoptosis. Localised relative concentrations of TIMP-1/TIMP-3 could thus determine whether these cells remain viable or become apoptotic. This may be relevant to the keratoconic condition since significantly more apoptotic cells were identified in the anterior stroma of keratoconic corneas than normal corneas and the majority of theTIMP-1 and TIMP-3 producing stromal cells were also located in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J Matthews
- University of Bristol, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Bristol Eye Hospital, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LX, UK
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56
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Johnson JL. Matrix metalloproteinases: influence on smooth muscle cells and atherosclerotic plaque stability. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2007; 5:265-82. [PMID: 17338671 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture, with subsequent occlusive thrombosis, is the underlying cause of most cases of sudden cardiac death. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to mediate the progression of stable atherosclerotic lesions to an unstable phenotype that is prone to rupture through the destruction of strength-giving extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Smooth muscle cells secrete and deposit ECM proteins and are, therefore, considered protective against atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. However, similar to inflammatory cells (e.g., macrophages), smooth muscle cells release numerous MMPs that are capable of digesting ECM proteins. Thus, the interaction of smooth muscle cells and MMPs in atherosclerotic plaques is complex and not fully understood. Recently, research into the roles of MMPs and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases), and their effects on smooth muscle behavior during plaque destabilization has been aided by the development of reproducible animal models of plaque instability. A plethora of studies has demonstrated that MMPs directly modulate smooth muscle behavior with both beneficial and deleterious effects on atherosclerotic plaque stability, in addition to their canonical effects on ECM remodeling. Consequently, broad-spectrum MMP inhibition may inhibit plaque-stabilizing mechanisms, such as smooth muscle cell growth, while conversely retarding ECM destruction and subsequent rupture. Hence the development of selective MMP inhibitors, that spare inhibitory effects on smooth muscle cell function, may be useful therapies to prevent plaque rupture and in this regard MMP-12 appears to be a particularly attractive target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lee Johnson
- University of Bristol, Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Hojilla CV, Kim I, Kassiri Z, Fata JE, Fang H, Khokha R. Metalloproteinase axes increase β-catenin signaling in primary mouse mammary epithelial cells lacking TIMP3. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1050-60. [PMID: 17327279 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.003335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cancers exhibit mutations in β-catenin that lead to increased stability, altered localization or amplified activity. β-catenin is situated at the junction between the cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and Wnt signaling pathways, and TIMP3 functions to alter β-catenin signaling. Here we demonstrate that primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and mammary epithelial cells (MECs) deficient in Timp3 have increased β-catenin signaling. Functionally, the loss of TIMP3 exerted cell-type-specific effects, with Timp3–/– MEFs being more sensitive and Timp3–/– MECs more resistant to EGTA-induced cell detachment than the wild type. Timp3–/– MECs had higher dephosphorylated β-catenin levels and increased β-catenin transcriptional activity as measured by TCF/LEF-responsive reporter assays. Real-time PCR analysis of β-catenin target genes in MEFs and MECs showed no alteration in Myc, decreased Ccnd1 (cyclin D1) and increased Mmp7 mRNA levels upon loss of TIMP3, with the latter occurring only in epithelial cells. Recombinant TIMP3 and synthetic metalloproteinase inhibitors reverted the increase in dephosphorylated β-catenin, decrease in Ccnd1 gene expression and increase in Mmp7 gene expression. Physiologically, Timp3–/– mammary glands displayed accelerated mammary ductal elongation during pubertal morphogenesis. Gain-of-function studies using slow-release TIMP-containing pellets revealed distinct effects of individual TIMPs on ductal morphogenesis. Recombinant TIMP1, TIMP3 and TIMP4 inhibited ductal elongation whereas TIMP2 promoted this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo V Hojilla
- Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Avenue Toronto, Ontario M5G2M9, Canada
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Tanaka F, Sonoda H, Okamoto M, Mimori K, Utsunomiya T, Inoue H, Hanai T, Mori M. TIMP-3 and Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Genes Were Found to Be Related to the Progression of Colon Cancer in a Comparison of Pneumoperitoneum and Laparotomy in a Murine Model. Surg Today 2007; 37:220-5. [PMID: 17342361 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-006-3370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Laparoscopic surgery has been performed on a wide variety of patients because the clinical benefits of a perioperative recovery result in a better short-time outcome than an open colectomy. However, no basic and molecular-biological examinations have yet to elucidate the mechanisms of such an improved outcome. METHOD To examine the gene expression profiles of mice inoculated with colon cancer cells, the tumors, the livers and the lungs of mice were analyzed using a microarray. RESULTS In the laparotomy and control group, we observed a significant enhancement of tumor growth in comparison to the laparoscopic group. When analyzing the genes that became more remarkably upregulated or downregulated in the laparoscopic group in comparison to those in the laparotomy or control group, we focused our attention on the TIMP-3 gene and PI3-kinase gene expression. The downregulation of TIMP-3 and the upregulation of PI3-kinase were observed. To confirm the downstream signal of the PI3-kinase gene, we examined the expression of Skp-2 gene and p27 protein. We observed the expression level of the Skp-2 to be upregulated, while the expression level of p27 protein decreased. CONCLUSIONS The surgical procedures of a laparotomy induced a downregulation of TIMP-3 and an upregulation of PI3-kinase, which together resulted in an enhancement of cancer cell growth thus leading to an increased invasion activity and cell cycle in comparison to treatment using a laparoscopic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Tanaka
- Division of Molecular and Surgical Oncology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
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Bogaczewicz J, Jasielski P, Mosiewicz A, Trojanowski T, Suchozebrska-Jesionek D, Stryjecka-Zimmer M. [The role of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in invasion of tumours of neuroepithelial tissue]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2007; 45:291-338. [PMID: 17103354 DOI: 10.1080/10408360801973244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour invasion requires degradation of extracellular matrix components and migration of cells through degraded structures into surrounding tissues. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) constitute a family of zinc and calcium-dependent endopeptidases that play a key role in the breakdown of extracellular matrix, and in processing of cytokines, growth factors, chemokines and cell surface receptors. Their activity is regulated at the levels of transcription, activation and inhibition by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP). Changes in expression of MMP and TIMP are implicated in tumour invasion, because they may contribute to both migration of tumour cells and angiogenesis. Alterations of MMP expression observed in brain tumours arouse interest in the development and evaluation of synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Bogaczewicz
- Katedra i Klinika Neurochirurgii i Neurochirurgii Dzieciêcej, Akademia Medyczna im. prof. Feliksa Skubiszewskiego, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin.
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Mylona E, Magkou C, Giannopoulou I, Agrogiannis G, Markaki S, Keramopoulos A, Nakopoulou L. Expression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 protein in invasive breast carcinoma: relation to tumor phenotype and clinical outcome. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 8:R57. [PMID: 17032447 PMCID: PMC1779495 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our aim was to study the expression pattern of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 protein in invasive breast carcinoma, and its clinicopathological and prognostic value as well as its relation to markers indicative of the tumor phenotype. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 173 invasive breast carcinomas to detect the proteins TIMP-3, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, p53, c-erbB-2, topoisomerase IIα and Bcl-2. Results TIMP-3 protein was immunodetected in the cytoplasm of the malignant cells and the peritumoral stroma, as well as in in situ carcinoma and normal epithelium. Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was correlated with carcinomas of high nuclear and histological grade (p = 0.032 and p = 0.015, respectively), and low ER expression (p = 0.053). Moreover, TIMP-3 immunopositivity was inversely correlated with the expression of p53 and topoIIα proteins (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively), whereas it was positively associated with Bcl-2 expression (p = 0.020). Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was found to have an unfavorable impact on disease-free survival (p = 0.052) in the entirety of the patient population, as well as in both subgroups of lymph-node-positive and mutant-p53-negative patients (p = 0.007 and p = 0.037, respectively). Stromal localization of TIMP-3 protein was found to have no clinicopathological or prognostic value. Conclusion This is the first immunohistochemical study to show that TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells is associated with tumor phenotype. Reduced expression of TIMP-3 protein within cancer cells was found to correlate with an aggressive tumor phenotype, negatively affecting the disease-free survival of both subgroups of lymph node-positive and mutant-p53-negative patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Mylona
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Magkou
- Department of Pathology, Attikon Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, GR-124 62 Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Giannopoulou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - George Agrogiannis
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Goudi, GR-115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Markaki
- Department of Pathology, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Street, GR-115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Keramopoulos
- Department of Pathology, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilissis Sofias Street, GR-115 28 Athens, Greece
| | - Lydia Nakopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Attikon Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, GR-124 62 Chaidari, Athens, Greece
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Rho SB, Chung BM, Lee JH. TIMP-1 regulates cell proliferation by interacting with the ninth zinc finger domain of PLZF. J Cell Biochem 2007; 101:57-67. [PMID: 17340613 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are multifunctional proteins that specifically inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and tissue remodeling. This is directed by forming tightly bound inhibitory complexes with MMPs. Recent years have revealed important differences of various biological activities between TIMP families but molecular mechanisms are not clear. To define the molecular mechanisms of TIMP-1-dependent biological processes, we used TIMP-1 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen, along with a human ovary cDNA library. Further characterization revealed the ninth zinc finger domain as an interacting domain of the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF). Interaction of PLZF with TIMP-1 in mammalian cells was also confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and with in vitro binding assays. We investigated whether TIMP-1-mediated anti-apoptotic activity could promote the growth of ovarian cancer in an experimental model system. TIMP-1 treatment was found to be more effective at increasing ovarian cancer growth when compared with PLZF in parallel experiments. Subsequently, the efficacy of a combined treatment with TIMP-1 and PLZF was investigated. In the presence of both of these proteins, TIMP-1 significantly reduced apoptosis induced by PLZF in cervical carcinoma cells. These combined results indicate that TIMP-1 functions as an anti-activator of the transcriptional repressive activity of PLZF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bae Rho
- Molecular Therapy Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center Annex 8F, 50, Ilwon-Dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710, South Korea.
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Schrohl AS, Meijer-van Gelder ME, Holten-Andersen MN, Christensen IJ, Look MP, Mouridsen HT, Brünner N, Foekens JA. Primary tumor levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 are predictive of resistance to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:7054-8. [PMID: 17114213 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Only about 50% of metastatic breast cancer patients benefit from cytotoxic chemotherapy. Today, no validated markers exist for prediction of chemotherapy sensitivity/resistance in this patient group. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) has been shown to protect against apoptosis, and the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that tumors expressing high levels of TIMP-1 are protected against apoptosis-inducing agents and thus less sensitive to apoptosis-inducing chemotherapeutic drugs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the association between primary tumor expression levels of TIMP-1 protein and objective response to first-line chemotherapy in 173 patients with metastatic breast cancer. RESULTS When analyzed as a continuous log-transformed variable, increasing TIMP-1 levels were significantly associated with lack of response to cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil and anthracycline-based chemotherapy (P = 0.01; odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.3). In a multivariate model, including lymph node status, steroid hormone receptor status, menopausal status, dominant metastases site, type of chemotherapy, and disease-free interval, TIMP-1 was significantly associated with resistance to treatment (P = 0.03; odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.3). CONCLUSIONS In the present exploratory study, we showed that elevated tumor tissue TIMP-1 levels were significantly associated with a poor response to chemotherapy. By using TIMP-1, we identified a group of patients with metastatic breast cancer, which hardly respond to the most frequently used chemotherapy regimes (i.e., cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/5-fluorouracil and anthracyclines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sofie Schrohl
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Crocker SJ, Milner R, Pham-Mitchell N, Campbell IL. Cell and agonist-specific regulation of genes for matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors by primary glial cells. J Neurochem 2006; 98:812-23. [PMID: 16893421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) : tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP) ratio may be associated with tissue injury. Here, we studied the regulation of TIMP and MMP gene expression in primary glial cultures to ascertain the factors involved in the regulation of these genes in conditions of inflammatory neuropathology. Astrocytes were found to basally express TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNA while microglia expressed only TIMP-2 mRNA. TIMP-4 mRNA was not detectable in either cell type. Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), IFN-gamma, interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) did not alter expression of the TIMP genes. However, in astrocytes, but not in microglia, serum, IL-1beta or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) evoked a dose- and time-dependent increase in TIMP-1 mRNA and a coincident down-regulation of the TIMP-3 gene. Astrocytes were found to express mRNA constitutively for MMPs -3, -11 and -14. In contrast, microglia expressed only MMP-12 mRNA under basal conditions. IL-1beta enhanced MMP-3 mRNA levels while LPS increased the MMP-3, -9, -12, -13 and -14 mRNAs. Our findings reveal that regulatory control of TIMP and MMP gene expression by glial cells is agonist- and cell-type specific, and suggest that innate immune signals govern the temporal and spatial expression patterns of TIMP and MMP genes in neuroinflammatory conditions of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Crocker
- Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Deng X, Bhagat S, Dong Z, Mullins C, Chinni SR, Cher M. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and confers increased sensitivity to paclitaxel. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:3267-73. [PMID: 16950615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American men. To investigate the possible usefulness of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) in prostate cancer gene therapy, we used an adenovirus expressing TIMP-3 to assess its role as an apoptosis trigger in highly metastatic prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and DU-145. We showed that TIMP-3 alone induced apoptotic cell death which was triggered by mitochondrion-mediated caspase-3 activation. In combination treatment, we found that adenovirus-mediated expression of TIMP-3 greatly sensitised prostate cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel, indicating a superadditive or synergistic effect of TIMP-3 and cytostatic treatment on prostate cancer cell death. The proper combination of adenovirus-mediated expression of TIMP-3 with conventional chemotherapeutic drug(s) could have potential benefits in treating highly metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Deng
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Heymans S. Inflammation and cardiac remodeling during viral myocarditis. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2006:197-218. [PMID: 16329664 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30822-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral myocarditis is the main cause of cardiac failure in young patients and accounts for up to 60% of "idiopathic" dilated cardiomyopathy. The clinical course of viral myocarditis is mostly insidious with limited cardiac inflammation and dysfunction. However, overwhelming inflammation may occur in a subset of patients, leading to fulminant cardiac injury, whereas others develop chronic heart failure due to autoimmune myocarditis. Today, little effective treatment exists for patients, apart from general supportive therapy and antifailure regimens. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated in cardiac inflammation, matrix remodeling, and wound healing after cardiac injury. The present review will assess the mechanism by which these proteinases mediate cardiac dilatation, fibrosis, and dysfunction after cardiac stress or injury, in order to understand how inhibition of proteinases may provide a novel therapeutic tool to prevent cardiac dilatation and failure during viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Heymans
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory/CARIM, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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66
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Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are endogenous inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the balance between MMPs/TIMPs regulates the extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and remodeling during normal development and pathogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates a much more complex role for TIMPs during tumor progression and angiogenesis, in addition to their regulation of MMP-mediated ECM degradation. In this article, we review both the MMP-dependent and -independent actions of TIMPs for the regulation of cell death, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis, with a particular emphasis on TIMP-1 in the regulation of tetraspanin/integrin-mediated cell survival signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Chirco
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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67
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Finan KM, Hodge G, Reynolds AM, Hodge S, Holmes MD, Baker AH, Reynolds PN. In vitro susceptibility to the pro-apoptotic effects of TIMP-3 gene delivery translates to greater in vivo efficacy versus gene delivery for TIMPs-1 or -2. Lung Cancer 2006; 53:273-84. [PMID: 16860902 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential for extracellular matrix (ECM) breakdown and repair, and have been implicated in the development of metastases. TIMP-3 was initially identified as a potent inhibitor of MMPs, however it also has several properties that are unique and not related to its ability to abrogate MMPs. We studied the effects of overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) on lung cancer cells and explored the mechanisms involved in apoptosis-induction in susceptible cells and subsequently, the therapeutic effect in vivo. Overexpression of TIMP-3 resulted in apoptosis of A549 lung cancer cells and AdCMVTIMP3 up-regulated the expression of p53, Fas ligand, TNFR1 and TNFR2 on these cells. Adenoviral delivery of TIMP-3 gene inhibited the growth of pre-established A549 tumours in Balb/c nude mice, and was associated with a greater therapeutic effect than either TIMP-1 or -2 gene delivery. There was no evidence of increased hepatic toxicity following the delivery of TIMP-3 either from intra-tumoural or intravenous injection. Thus, at least in cells showing in vitro susceptibility, TIMP-3 gene therapy offers a therapeutic advantage over TIMPs 1 and 2. These findings establish the potential of adenoviral gene delivery of TIMP3 as a therapeutic agent for selected lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Finan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Lung Research Laboratory, Royal Adelaide Hospital and Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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68
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Bu S, Cao C, Yang Y, Miao C, Hu Z, Cao Y, Sang QA, Duan E. Localization and temporal regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-4 in mouse ovary. Reproduction 2006; 131:1099-107. [PMID: 16735549 DOI: 10.1530/rep.1.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are potential regulators of tissue remodeling in the ovary. The aim of the present study was to examine the localization and temporal regulation of TIMP-4 protein in the mouse ovary. An induced superovulation model (eCG/hCG) was employed in immature mice to evaluate TIMP-4 protein expression profiles in ovaries collected during the follicular phase, the pre ovulatory period, and the luteal lifespan. Immunofluorescence results indicated that TIMP-4 protein was localized to theca of both antral and preovulatory follicles and adjacent ovarian stroma. After the initiation of luteinization with hCG, TIMP-4 was observed within the luteinizing granulosa cells and persisted throughout the lifespan of the corpus luteum. In the cycling ovary, TIMP-4 signaling localized to corpus luteum from previous estrous cycles, the theca of preovulatory follicles, and appeared to be lower in newly forming corpus luteum. Western analysis further showed that the levels of TIMP-4 increased significantly during the luteinization process of granulosa cells, but no significant change was found among all corpus luteum stages. A putative regulatory mechanism of TIMP-4 expression was identified utilizing an in vitro model. Treatment of cultured granulosa cells with hCG significantly augmented TIMP-4 protein expression levels. Together our data indicate that the luteinization process of granulosa cells is associated with up-regulation of TIMP-4 and that TIMP-4 might play an essential role in maintenance of the luteal function during the whole lifespan of corpus luteum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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69
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Lam P, Sian Lim K, Mei Wang S, Hui KM. A microarray study to characterize the molecular mechanism of TIMP-3-mediated tumor rejection. Mol Ther 2006; 12:144-52. [PMID: 15963930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell invasion is a multistep cellular process that involves a complex system of tightly regulated proteases (matrix metalloproteinases; MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; TIMPs) to mediate the degradation of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) is a matrix-bound inhibitor of MMPs. In the present study, we have overexpressed the TIMP3 gene in human glioma cells with a herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon-based vector. Oligonucleotide DNA arrays were employed to identify genes that were differentially modulated by the overexpression of TIMP-3. Consistent with the function of TIMP-3, genes associated with angiogenesis, growth factors, cytokines, death receptors, and substrates of the various MMPs were found to be up-regulated. Furthermore, caspases are important in the signaling pathway of cellular apoptosis, and the overexpression of TIMP-3 in glioma cells is tightly associated with the activation of caspases, including caspase-1, at both the mRNA level (P=0.0371) and the protein level. Moreover, the activation of an apoptotic pathway via the overexpression of TIMP-3 induced apoptosis of transduced human glioma cells in vitro and the growth inhibition of human glioma tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lam
- Gene Vector Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore 169610
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70
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Thelen P, Seseke F, Ringert RH, Wuttke W, Seidlová-Wuttke D. [Pharmacological potential of phytoestrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer]. Urologe A 2006; 45:195-6, 197-201. [PMID: 16237540 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-005-0932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phytoestrogenes are plant-derived compounds that have been shown to exert an antiproliferative potential on prostate cancer cells, although the exact mechanisms are still unclear. In prostate cancer cells proliferation is regulated by modulation of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-R-1) by the androgen receptor (AR) and its co-activator prostate derived Ets factor (PDEF). Phytooestrogenes interact with these mechanisms as demonstrated exemplarily in the presented study with the isoflavone tectorigenin derived from Belamcanda chinensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells were treated with tectorigenin of 100 microM for 24 hours. The mRNA-expression of AR, PSA, PDEF, hTERT, TIMP-3 and IGF-R-1 were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the expression or activity of PSA, telomerase and IGF-R-1 was measured on the protein level. In addition, we investigated in nude mice the influence of a diet of extracts of Belamcanda chinensis on the growth of subcutaneously injected LNCaP cells versus a control group of animals fed with a soy-free diet. RESULTS In cultured LNCaP cells treatment with tectorigenin resulted in a significant down-regulation of the gene expression of AR, PDEF, PSA, IGF-R-1 and hTERT. On the protein level PSA secretion and the activity of telomerase and IGF-R-1 expression was also decreased. The gene expression of TIMP-3 was distinctly up-regulated by tectorigenin. Nude mice fed with Belamcanda chinensis extract showed a significantly decreased incidence and tumor growth compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Tectorigenin shows an inhibition of the IGF-1-R modulated cell proliferation of PCa-Cells, due to modulation of the activity the co-activator PDEF independently from the AR. Furthermore, tectorigenin has pro-apoptotic effects and decreases tissue invasion by up-regulation of TIMP-3. Therefore, phytooestrogenes are an interesting option in the therapy of prostate especially advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thelen
- Klinik für Urologie, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen
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71
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Djafarzadeh R, Noessner E, Engelmann H, Schendel DJ, Notohamiprodjo M, von Luettichau I, Nelson PJ. GPI-anchored TIMP-1 treatment renders renal cell carcinoma sensitive to FAS-meditated killing. Oncogene 2006; 25:1496-508. [PMID: 16261161 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of tumours to immune-mediated lysis has been linked to the biology of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and specifically to the cell surface expression of MMPs by the tumour cell. The endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) exhibit diverse physiological/biological functions including the moderation of tumour growth, metastasis and apoptosis. These biologic activities are mediated in part by the stoichiometry of TIMP/MMP/cell surface protein interactions. A glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor was fused to TIMP-1 to focus defined concentrations of this inhibitory protein on the surface of three renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines (RCC-26, RCC-53 and A498) independently of cell surface protein-protein interactions. Exogenously added TIMP-1-GPI efficiently inserted into the RCC cell membrane and dramatically altered the association of MMPs with the cell surface. TIMP-1-GPI treatment inhibited RCC proliferation and rendered the normally FAS-resistant RCC cells sensitive to FAS-induced apoptosis but did not alter perforin-mediated lysis by cytotoxic effector cells. The increased sensitivity to FAS-mediated apoptosis correlated with an alteration in the balance of pro- and antiapoptotic BCL-2-family proteins. By interfering with the proliferative capacity and inducing sensitivity to immune effector mechanisms GPI-anchored TIMP-1 may represent a more effective version of the TIMP-1 protein for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Djafarzadeh
- Medizinische Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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72
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Baker AH, Yim APC, Wan S. Opportunities for gene therapy in preventing vein graft failure after coronary artery bypass surgery. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006; 8:119-24. [PMID: 16448515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The poor patency rates for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using autologous saphenous vein necessitate the need for continued research into the potential clinical utility of gene therapy. Bypass grafting is ideally suited for gene therapy, as graft can be genetically modified ex vivo prior to grafting in the coronary vasculature. Research to date has demonstrated effective blockade of late vein graft failure through overexpression of a variety of transgenes that modulate the proliferative, migratory and/or apoptotic indexes of cells in the graft wall. This has resulted in a substantial wealth of preclinical data that support advancement to clinical trials. Future translation into clinical trials will ensure that this exciting and highly relevant area of gene therapy is fully evaluated for potential routine clinical practice to improve patency rates of bypass graft procedures involving saphenous vein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Baker
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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73
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Ulrich R, Gerhauser I, Seeliger F, Baumgärtner W, Alldinger S. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in the developing mouse brain and spinal cord: a reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction study. Dev Neurosci 2006; 27:408-18. [PMID: 16280637 DOI: 10.1159/000088455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) are essential for coordinated extracellular matrix turnover during central nervous system development. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate the mRNA expression of MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, and -24, and TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 in the prosencephalon, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord of 1- to 40-week-old mice. The molecular data were interpreted in the context of morphological observations. Significantly higher expression levels of MMP-2, -11, -13, -14, -15, and -24, and TIMP-1 and -3 were found in the brain and spinal cord 1 week after birth compared to later time points, while MMP-9 and TIMP-2 upregulation was restricted to the brain. This upregulation coincided with the maximal extension of the transient cerebellar external granular layer, a marker of neuronal progenitor proliferation and migration. MMP-12 was significantly upregulated at later time points and found to be positively correlated with myelination in the rhombencephalon and spinal cord. MMP-3, -7, and -10 mRNA expressions remained unchanged or were negligible. In summary, while most of the MMPs and TIMPs studied seem to be involved in cell proliferation and migration, MMP-12 might be decisive for myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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74
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Yoshiba N, Yoshiba K, Stoetzel C, Perrin-Schmitt F, Cam Y, Ruch JV, Hosoya A, Ozawa H, Lesot H. Differential regulation of TIMP-1, -2, and -3 mRNA and protein expressions during mouse incisor development. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 324:97-104. [PMID: 16418837 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) possess multiple functions, in addition to their matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity. The continuously growing incisor of mouse possesses a stem cell compartment at the apical end of the epithelium (the apical loop) and thus provides an excellent tool to analyze the mechanisms of organogenesis and cytodifferentiation. To understand the functions of TIMPs in tooth development, we have analyzed the gene expression and protein localization of TIMP-1, -2, and -3 during mouse incisor development, from embryonic day 13 (E13) to postnatal day 3 (P3). TIMP-1 was present on the basement membrane during early developmental stages. At P2, TIMP-1 was strongly detected along the apical loop, transiently disappeared from the basement membrane in the cytodifferentiation zone, and later reappeared at the distal end of functional ameloblasts. Expression of TIMP-2 protein was restricted to the outer part of the apical loop throughout the examined stages. At P2, TIMP-2 was present on the basement membrane at the outer part of the apical loop. The dental follicle also expressed Timp-2, and the corresponding protein was abundant within the extracellular matrix. Timp-3 mRNA was highly expressed in the mesenchyme surrounding the apical loop. During matrix formation, Timp-3 was expressed by subodontoblasts, and the protein was detected in this layer and between odontoblasts. Distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns of TIMPs suggest divergent functions of these factors in incisor organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagako Yoshiba
- Division of Cariology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 5274, Niigata, Japan.
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75
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Doi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Junko Shinozuka
- Exploratory Toxicology and DMPK Research Laboratories, Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd
| | - Shinya Sehata
- Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd
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76
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Chen X, Gao H, Gao F, Wei P, Hu Z, Liu Y. Temporal and spatial expression of MMP-2,-9,-14 and their inhibitors TIMP-1,-2,-3 in the corpus luteum of the cycling rhesus monkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 49:37-45. [PMID: 16544574 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-004-0120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine organ that secretes progesterone to support early pregnancy. If implantation is unsuccessful, luteolysis is initiated. Extensive tissue remodeling occurs during CL formation and luteolysis. In this study, we have studied the possible involvement of MMP-2, -9, -14, and their inhibitors, TIMP-1, -2, -3 in the CL of cycling rhesus monkey at various stages by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and microscopic assessment. The results showed that the MMP-2 mRNA and protein were mainly expressed in the endothelial cells at the early and middle stages of the CL development, while their expressions were observed in the luteal cells at the late stage during luteal regression. MMP-9 protein was detected in the CL at the early and middle stages, and obviously increased at the late stage. The expressions of MMP-14 and TIMP-1 mRNA were high at the early and late stages, and low at the middle stage. TIMP-2 mRNA was high throughout all the stages, the highest level could be observed at the late stage. The TIMP-3 production was detected throughout all the stages, but obviously declined during CL regression. MMP-9, -14 and TIMP-1, -2, -3 were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of the steroidogenic cells. The results suggest that the MMP/TIMP system is involved in regulation of CL development in the primate, and the coordinated expression of MMP-2, -14 and TIMP-1, -3 may have a potential role in the CL formation and the functional maintaining, while the interaction of MMP-2, -9, -14 and TIMP-1, -2, -3 might also play a role in CL regression at the late stage of CL development in the primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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77
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Lamfers MLM, Gianni D, Tung CH, Idema S, Schagen FHE, Carette JE, Quax PHA, Van Beusechem VW, Vandertop WP, Dirven CMF, Chiocca EA, Gerritsen WR. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 expression from an oncolytic adenovirus inhibits matrix metalloproteinase activity in vivo without affecting antitumor efficacy in malignant glioma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9398-405. [PMID: 16230403 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses exhibiting tumor-selective replication are promising anticancer agents. Insertion and expression of a transgene encoding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3), which has been reported to inhibit angiogenesis and tumor cell infiltration and induce apoptosis, may improve the antitumor activity of these agents. To assess the effects of TIMP-3 gene transfer to glioma cells, a replication-defective adenovirus encoding TIMP-3 (Ad.TIMP-3) was employed. Ad.TIMP-3 infection of a panel of glioma cell cultures decreased the proliferative capacity of these cells and induced morphologic changes characteristic for apoptosis. Next, a conditionally replicating adenovirus encoding TIMP-3 was constructed by inserting the TIMP-3 expression cassette into the E3 region of the adenoviral backbone containing a 24-bp deletion in E1A. This novel oncolytic adenovirus, AdDelta24TIMP-3, showed enhanced oncolytic activity on a panel of primary cell cultures and two glioma cell lines compared with the control oncolytic virus AdDelta24Luc. In vivo inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity by AdDelta24TIMP-3 was shown in s.c. glioma xenografts. The functional activity of TIMP-3 was imaged noninvasively using a near-IR fluorescent MMP-2-activated probe. Tumoral MMP-2 activity was significantly reduced by 58% in the AdDelta24TIMP-3-treated tumors 24 hours after infection. A study into the therapeutic effects of combined oncolytic and antiproteolytic therapy was done in both a s.c. and an intracranial model for malignant glioma. Treatment of s.c. (U-87MG) or intracranial (U-87deltaEGFR) tumors with AdDelta24TIMP-3 and AdDelta24Luc both significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival compared with PBS-treated controls. However, expression of TIMP-3 in the context of AdDelta24 did not significantly affect the antitumor efficacy of this oncolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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78
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Drynda A, Quax PHA, Neumann M, van der Laan WH, Pap G, Drynda S, Meinecke I, Kekow J, Neumann W, Huizinga TWJ, Naumann M, König W, Pap T. Gene transfer of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 reverses the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha on Fas-induced apoptosis in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6524-31. [PMID: 15879156 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.10.6524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Apart from counteracting matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) has proapoptotic properties. These features have been attributed to the inhibition of metalloproteinases involved in the shedding of cell surface receptors such as the TNFR. However, little is known about effects of TIMP-3 in cells that are not susceptible to apoptosis by TNF-alpha. In this study, we report that gene transfer of TIMP-3 into human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and MRC-5 human fetal lung fibroblasts facilitates apoptosis and completely reverses the apoptosis-inhibiting effects of TNF-alpha. Although TNF-alpha inhibits Fas/CD95-induced apoptosis in untransfected and mock-transfected cells, fibroblasts ectopically expressing TIMP-3 are sensitized most strongly to Fas/CD95-mediated cell death by TNF-alpha. Neither synthetic MMP inhibitors nor glycosylated bioactive TIMP-3 are able to achieve these effects. Gene transfer of TIMP-3 inhibits the TNF-alpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and reduces the up-regulation of soluble Fas/CD95 by TNF-alpha, but has no effects on the cell surface expression of Fas. Collectively, our data demonstrate that intracellularly produced TIMP-3 not only induces apoptosis, but also modulates the apoptosis-inhibiting effects of TNF-alpha in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast-like cells. Thus, our findings may stimulate further studies on the therapeutic potential of gene transfer strategies with TIMP-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Drynda
- Division of Experimental Rheumatology and Orthopedics, Institute of Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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79
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Martínez N, Sánchez-Beato M, Carnero A, Moneo V, Tercero JC, Fernández I, Navarrete M, Jimeno J, Piris MA. Transcriptional signature of Ecteinascidin 743 (Yondelis, Trabectedin) in human sarcoma cells explanted from chemo-naïve patients. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:814-23. [PMID: 15897246 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-04-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ecteinascidin 743 (ET-743; Yondelis, Trabectedin) is a marine anticancer agent that induces long-lasting objective remissions and tumor control in a subset of patients with pretreated/resistant soft-tissue sarcoma. Drug-induced tumor control is achievable in 22% of such patients, but there is no clear indication of the molecular features correlated with clinical sensitivity/resistance to ET-743. Nine low-passage, soft-tissue sarcoma cell lines, explanted from chemo-naive patients with different patterns of sensitivity, have been profiled with a cDNA microarray containing 6,700 cancer-related genes. The molecular signature of these cell lines was analyzed at baseline and at four different times after ET-743 exposure. The association of levels of TP53 mutation and TP73 expression with ET-743 sensitivity and cell cycle kinetics after treatment was also analyzed. Gene expression profile analysis revealed up-regulation of 86 genes and down-regulation of 244 genes in response to ET-743. The ET-743 gene expression signature identified a group of genes related with cell cycle control, stress, and DNA-damage response (JUNB, ATF3, CS-1, SAT, GADD45B, and ID2) that were up-regulated in all the cell lines studied. The transcriptional signature 72 hours after ET-743 administration, associated with ET-743 sensitivity, showed a more efficient induction of genes involved in DNA-damage response and apoptosis, such as RAD17, BRCA1, PAR4, CDKN1A, and P53DINP1, in the sensitive cell line group. The transcriptional signature described here may lead to the identification of ET-743 downstream mediators and transcription regulators and the proposal of strategies by which ET-743-sensitive tumors may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Martínez
- Molecular Pathology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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80
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Xue WC, Chan KYK, Feng HC, Chiu PM, Ngan HYS, Tsao SW, Cheung ANY. Promoter hypermethylation of multiple genes in hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma. J Mol Diagn 2005; 6:326-34. [PMID: 15507671 PMCID: PMC1867494 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-1578(10)60528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylation status of genes in hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma and its significance is relatively unexplored. We investigated the methylation status of the promoter regions of six genes, p16, HIC-1, TIMP3, GSTP1, death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), and E-cadherin in 54 hydatidiform moles, five choriocarcinomas, and 10 first trimester placenta by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunohistochemical expression of p16, TIMP3, and E-cadherin, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR of p16 was also performed. Among the six genes examined, the promoter region of four genes (E-cadherin, HIC-1, p16, TIMP3) in choriocarcinoma and three genes (E-cadherin, HIC-1, p16) in hydatidiform mole exhibited aberrant methylation whereas none was hypermethylated in normal placenta. There was a significant correlation between methylation and reduced expression of p16, E-cadherin, and TIMP3 (P < 0.001). Fifteen of the 54 patients with hydatidiform mole developed gestational trophoblastic neoplasia requiring chemotherapy. Promoter hypermethylation of p16 alone, or combined with E-cadherin, was significantly correlated to such development (P = 0.001, 0.0005, respectively). Hypermethylation of multiple genes, especially p16, might be related to the subsequent development of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Cheng Xue
- Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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81
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Thelen P, Scharf JG, Burfeind P, Hemmerlein B, Wuttke W, Spengler B, Christoffel V, Ringert RH, Seidlová-Wuttke D. Tectorigenin and other phytochemicals extracted from leopard lily Belamcanda chinensis affect new and established targets for therapies in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1360-7. [PMID: 15845653 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have been shown to exert antiproliferative effects on cancer cells by steroid receptor signaling. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of plant constituents extracted from Belamcanda chinensis as anticancer drugs, which regulate the aberrant expression of genes relevant in proliferation, invasion, immortalization and apoptosis. LNCaP cells were treated with B.chinensis extract, tectorigenin or other isoflavones and mRNA expression was quantified by using real time RT-PCR. In addition, ELISA, TRAP assays and western blots were used to measure protein expression or activity. Male nude mice (n=18) were injected subcutaneously with LNCaP cells and were fed with extracts from B.chinensis, and tumor development was monitored versus a control animal group (n=18). Tectorigenin and several other phytochemicals downregulated PDEF, PSA and IGF-1 receptor mRNA expression in vitro. Furthermore, PSA secretion and IGF-1 receptor protein expression were diminished, and hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity decreased after tectorigenin treatments. However, TIMP-3 mRNA was upregulated on tectorigenin treatment. Growth of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice was delayed and diminished in animals fed with extracts from B.chinensis. The downregulation of PDEF, PSA, hTERT and IGF-1 receptor gene expression by tectorigenin demonstrates the antiproliferative potential of these agents. The upregulation of TIMP-3 gene expression indicates a pro-apoptotic function of the drug and a reduction of the invasiveness of tumors. The animal experiments demonstrate that B.chinensis markedly inhibited the development of tumors in vivo. Thus, these compounds may be useful for the prevention or treatment of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thelen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Human Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.
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82
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Zinzindohoué F, Lecomte T, Laurent-Puig P. [Matrix metalloproteinases and gastrointestinal tract cancers]. GASTROENTEROLOGIE CLINIQUE ET BIOLOGIQUE 2005; 29:434-44. [PMID: 15864209 DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(05)80799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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83
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Lovelock JD, Baker AH, Gao F, Dong JF, Bergeron AL, McPheat W, Sivasubramanian N, Mann DL. Heterogeneous effects of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases on cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 288:H461-8. [PMID: 15650153 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00402.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), plays a critical role in cardiac remodeling. Although a number of studies have characterized the pathophysiological role of MMPs in the heart, very little is known with respect to the role of TIMPs in the heart. To delineate the role of TIMPs in the heart we examined the effects of adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 in cardiac fibroblasts. Infection of cardiac fibroblasts with adenoviral constructs containing human recombinant TIMP (AdTIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4) provoked a significant (P < 0.0001) 1.3-fold in increase in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Similarly, treatment of cardiac fibroblasts with AdTIMP-1-, -2-, -3-, and -4-conditioned medium led to a 1.2-fold increase in BrdU incorporation (P < 0.0001) that was abolished by pretreatment with anti-TIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 antibodies. The effects of TIMPs were not mimicked by treating the cells with RS-130830, a broad-based MMP inhibitor, suggesting that the effects of TIMPs were independent of their ability to inhibit MMPs. Infection with AdTIMP-1, -2, -3, and -4 led to a significant increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin staining, consistent with TIMP-induced phenotypic differentiation into myofibroblasts. Finally, infection with AdTIMP-2 resulted in a significant increase in collagen synthesis, whereas infection with AdTIMP-3 resulted in a significant increase in fibroblast apoptosis. TIMPs exert overlapping as well as diverse effects on isolated cardiac fibroblasts. The observation that TIMPs stimulate fibroblast proliferation as well as phenotypic differentiation into myofibroblasts suggests that TIMPs may play an important role in tissue repair in the heart that extends beyond their traditional role as MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Lovelock
- Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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84
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Chen H, Inocencio R, Alam HB, Rhee P, Koustova E. Differential expression of extracellular matrix remodeling genes in rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation1,2. J Surg Res 2005; 123:235-44. [PMID: 15680384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their specific physiological inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), are thought to play an essential role in tissue repair, cell death and morphogenesis. We have previously discovered unexpected up-regulation of genes coding for multiple MMP/TIMP family members in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. However, the effect of different resuscitation protocols at the level of protein expression and function remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 50; 10/group) were subjected to a three-stage volume controlled hemorrhage and resuscitated as follows: 1) lactated Ringer's solution (LR), 3:1 volume of lost blood; 2) 7.5% hypertonic saline (HTS), 9.7 ml/kg; 3) plasma, 1:1 volume. Sham hemorrhage and sham resuscitation groups were used as controls. Expression of lung and spleen MMPs (-2, -7, -9, -10, -14, and -16), and TIMPs (-1, -2, and -3) was analyzed at transcriptional, functional and protein expression level using RT-PCR, ELISA, Western blotting, and gelatin zymography techniques. RESULTS Spleen was affected more than lung by the resuscitation strategy and the largest number of changes was caused by HTS resuscitation. RT-PCR confirmed an increased levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-7, MMP-14, MMP-16, and TIMP-1, TIMP-2 in the spleen of HTS group compared to sham groups, whereas in lungs transcriptional levels of only TIMP-3 and TIMP-1 were significantly changed. CONCLUSION Expression of MMP and TIMP in lung and spleen following hemorrhage is modulated by the resuscitation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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85
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Liu XW, Taube ME, Jung KK, Dong Z, Lee YJ, Roshy S, Sloane BF, Fridman R, Kim HRC. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Protects Human Breast Epithelial Cells from Extrinsic Cell Death: A Potential Oncogenic Activity of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.898.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) inhibit matrix metalloproteinases and some members of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain (ADAM) family. In addition, recent studies unveiled novel functions of TIMPs in the regulation of apoptosis. TIMP-1 inhibits intrinsic apoptosis by inducing TIMP-1 specific cell survival pathways involving focal adhesion kinase (FAK). TIMP-3, however, was shown to enhance extrinsic cell death by inhibiting the shedding of the cell surface death receptors mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzymes (TACE/ADAM-17). Here, we examined whether TIMP-1, an inhibitor of some of the ADAM family members, enhances the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Surprisingly, we found that TIMP-1 effectively protects human breast epithelial cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis, demonstrating opposite roles of TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 for the regulation of extrinsic apoptosis. TIMP-1 inhibition of TRAIL-induced apoptosis does not depend on its ability to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases or ADAM activities and is unrelated to its ability to stabilize active or decoy death receptors. Importantly, inhibition of PI 3-kinase signaling by wortmannin and down-regulation of FAK expression using siRNA significantly diminish TIMP-1 protection of human breast epithelial cells against TRAIL-induced extrinsic apoptosis. In addition, the in vitro three-dimensional culture studies showed that TIMP-1 inhibits lumen formation and apoptosis during morphogenesis of MCF10A acini. Taken together, these studies suggest that TIMP-1 may exert oncogenic activity in breast cancer through inhibition of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis involving the FAK survival signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yong J. Lee
- 3Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stefanie Roshy
- 2Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Bonnie F. Sloane
- 2Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan; and
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86
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Jeong JG, Kim JM, Cho H, Hahn W, Yu SS, Kim S. Effects of IL-1beta on gene expression in human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 324:3-7. [PMID: 15464974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 is one of the key mediators involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is known to affect the level of gene expression in various settings. We investigated the effects of IL-1beta on the expression of 240 genes in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RSFs) using a cDNA microarray. Total RNAs were prepared from RSFs stimulated with IL-1beta and hybridized to the microarray. The fluorescence intensity of each gene was compared between the control and IL-1beta-treated cells. To confirm the data obtained from the microarray analysis, the level of gene expression was also examined by ELISA, Northern blot, or Western blot depending on the genes to be analyzed. The genes whose levels were significantly changed by IL-1beta in the microarray analysis could be divided into three categories; inflammatory mediators, matrix-modifying enzymes, and apoptosis-associated molecules. The increase in the mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and GRO-1 was confirmed by determining their protein levels from the cell culture supernatant using ELISA. The increase in the level of two matrix-degrading enzymes, MMP-1 and MMP-3, was reproducibly observed by an ELISA method, while the decrease in the level of TIMP-3, an inhibitor of MMPs, was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. The fluorescence intensity of two apoptosis-related genes, caspase-3 and Bcl-xL, was significantly lowered. The decreased protein level of caspase-3 was also found. Our data suggested that IL-1beta could provoke a series of responses in RSFs leading to the pathologic status of RA, including enhancement of inflammatory cytokines, imbalanced production of MMPs and TIMPs, and dysregulation of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gyun Jeong
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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87
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Pi R, Yin W, Zheng S, Qiu P, Zhou J, Guo W, Su T, Yan G. Adenoviral mediated transfer of TIMP-3 partially prevents glutamate-induced cell death in primary cultured cortical neurons of the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 127:136-9. [PMID: 15306130 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are associated with tissue reorganization after injury. The up-regulation of TIMP-3 has recently been found in ischemic brain although its functional implications are unclear. In this study we show that overexpression of TIMP-3 by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer partially protects neurons against excitotoxic death induced by glutamate in culture. The partial neuroprotection afforded by TIMP-3 has implications for our understanding of the physiological role of TIMP-3 in the normal and damaged central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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88
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Sehata S, Kiyosawa N, Makino T, Atsumi F, Ito K, Yamoto T, Teranishi M, Baba Y, Uetsuka K, Nakayama H, Doi K. Morphological and microarray analysis of T-2 toxin-induced rat fetal brain lesion. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1727-36. [PMID: 15350670 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To examine morphological and gene expression changes induced by T-2 toxin in the fetal brain in detail, pregnant rats on day 13 of gestation were treated orally with a single dose of T-2 toxin (2 mg/kg) and sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h after treatment (HAT). Histopathologically, the number of apoptotic neuroepithelial cells in the telencephalon increased from 1 HAT and peaked at 12 HAT. Based on the histopathological examinations, microarray analysis was performed at 6, 12 and 24 HAT. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of oxidative stress-related genes (heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and heme oxygenase (HO)) was strongly induced by T-2 toxin at 12 HAT, the peak time point of apoptosis induction. The expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-related genes (MEKK1 and c-jun) and other apoptosis-related genes (caspase-2 and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGF-BP3)) was also induced by the T-2 toxin treatment. The changes observed by microarray analysis were confirmed for four up-regulated genes (HSP70, HO, IGF-BP3 and VEGF-A) using real-time RT-PCR. Our results suggest that the T-2 toxin-induced apoptosis in the fetal brain is due to oxidative stress, and that the MAPK pathway may be involved in T-2 toxin-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Sehata
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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89
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Feng H, Cheung ANY, Xue WC, Wang Y, Wang X, Fu S, Wang Q, Ngan HYS, Tsao SW. Down-regulation and promoter methylation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 in choriocarcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 94:375-82. [PMID: 15297175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the differential gene expression in neoplastic and normal trophoblastic cells and evaluate the effect of methylation on tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) expression in choriocarcinoma (CCA) cells. METHODS The Atlas Human Cancer 1.2 Array (Clontech) was used to compare differential gene expression in a trophoblastic cell line (B6) established from first term placenta with two choriocarcinoma cell lines (JAR and JEG-3). The differentially expressed candidate genes in the placental and malignant trophoblastic cells in these cell lines were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Differential expression of a specific gene, TIMP3, was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using clinical specimens of choriocarcinoma and placenta. The involvement of promoter methylation in suppression of TIMP3 expression in choriocarcinoma was examined using methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and demethylation treatment. RESULTS Differential expression of 23 genes was observed in choriocarcinoma cell lines compared to the placental trophoblastic cells using the cDNA array analysis (Atlas Human Cancer Array, Clontech). Among these differentially expressed genes, down-regulation of TIMP3, PLAB, IGFBP3 and up-regulation of CCNB1 were confirmed by real-time PCR determination. Reduced expression of TIMP3 was further confirmed in clinical samples of choriocarcinoma by immunohistochemical staining. Methylation of TIMP3 promoter was detected in choriocarcinoma cell lines and clinical samples of choriocarcinoma. Treatment with a demethylation drug, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, in choriocarcinoma cell lines restored TIMP3 expression. CONCLUSION Down-regulation of TIMP3, PLAB, IGFBP3 and up-regulation of CCNB1 were observed in choriocarcinoma cells compared to placental trophoblasts. Down-regulation of TIMP3 expression was confirmed in clinical specimens of choriocarcinoma and may play a role in its pathogenesis. Promoter methylation of the TIMP3 is involved in suppression of TIMP3 expression. Differentiation expression of TIMP3 in choriocarcinoma may have potential application in clinical diagnosis and patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichen Feng
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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90
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Hill MR, Briggs L, Montaño MM, Estrada A, Laurent GJ, Selman M, Pardo A. Promoter variants in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) protect against susceptibility in pigeon breeders' disease. Thorax 2004; 59:586-90. [PMID: 15223866 PMCID: PMC1747078 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2003.012690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a major role in extracellular matrix turnover in the lung. However, in chronic lung disorders such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and pigeon breeders' disease (PBD), TIMPs may promote an adverse non-degradative environment. We hypothesised that polymorphisms in TIMP-3 could affect susceptibility to IPF and PBD. METHODS Two promoter variants, -915A>G and -1296T>C, were genotyped in 323 healthy subjects, 94 subjects with IPF, 115 with PBD, and 90 exposed to avian antigen but without PBD. The severity of fibrosis in lung tissue and the clinical outcome after 1 year was determined in the PBD group. RESULTS The variants did not influence susceptibility to IPF, but the rare alleles of both variants appeared to be protective against susceptibility to PBD (odds ratio (OR) for carriage of at least one rare allele from either variant 0.48, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.76, p = 0.002). Haplotype analysis of positions -915 and -1296 estimated four haplotypes: *A*T, *G*T, *A*C and *G*C, respectively. Their frequencies differed overall between subjects with PBD and healthy subjects (p = 0.0049) and this was attributable primarily to the *G*C haplotype (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.77, p = 0.001). The severity of fibrosis correlated with poorer outcome in the PBD group (r = 0.73, p<0.01) but no relationship was seen between the *G*C haplotype and outcome or fibrosis. However, PBD subjects with the *G*C haplotype did have proportionally fewer lymphocytes in their bronchoalveolar fluid than those with the common *A*T haplotype (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS TIMP-3 variants appear to contribute to susceptibility to PBD. This may be through the inflammatory reaction rather than the fibrotic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hill
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School, The Rayne Institute, London WC1E 6JJ, UK.
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91
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Lo IKY, Marchuk LL, Hollinshead R, Hart DA, Frank CB. Matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase mRNA levels are specifically altered in torn rotator cuff tendons. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32:1223-9. [PMID: 15262646 DOI: 10.1177/0363546503262200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotator cuff tears are a cause of pain and disability in the shoulder. The molecular changes associated with rotator cuff tearing are unclear. A subset of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase, which are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and degradation, were evaluated. HYPOTHESIS There would be an increase in the mRNA level of specific matrix metalloproteinase and a decrease in the mRNA level of specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase in rotator cuff tendon tissue obtained from patients with rotator cuff tears. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Tissue was obtained from 10 patients undergoing rotator cuff repair for full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Also, tissue was obtained from cadaveric specimens with no gross evidence of rotator cuff tearing. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed for the collagenases (MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13), the stromelysins (MMP-3, MMP-10, MMP-11), and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, TIMP-4). Western blotting was performed to confirm the mRNA changes demonstrated in collagenase-3 (MMP-13). RESULTS There was a significant increase in collagenase-3 (MMP-13) mRNA levels, a decrease in stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) mRNA levels, and a decrease in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, -3, and -4 mRNA levels. Western blotting demonstrated an increase in the active form of collagenase-3 (MMP-13) in rotator cuff tendon tears. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA levels of specific matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase are altered in torn rotator cuff tendons. CLINICAL RELEVANCE With the known action of the matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase in extra-cellular matrix remodeling, these findings suggest that their roles in remodeling of rotator cuff tears should be further investigated.
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92
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Hojilla CV, Mohammed FF, Khokha R. Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors direct cell fate during cancer development. Br J Cancer 2004; 89:1817-21. [PMID: 14612884 PMCID: PMC2394437 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were initially recognised for their extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading capability during tissue remodelling. Their importance was further highlighted by their role in metastasis. Clinical trials have since evaluated the potential of MMP inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics, but without success. These initial studies point to the complex, multifunctional capacity of MMPs in cancer as shown by their function, not only as strident mediators of advanced malignancies, but also as effectors of early stage tumorigenesis. Research now shows that MMPs, and their tissue inhibitors, affect tumour initiation and growth through loss of cell adhesion, evasion of apoptosis, and deregulation of cell division. The extracellular nature of the metalloproteinase axis situates it as a master regulator of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Hojilla
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - F F Mohammed
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - R Khokha
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. E-mail: .
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93
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Gendron C, Kashiwagi M, Hughes C, Caterson B, Nagase H. TIMP-3 inhibits aggrecanase-mediated glycosaminoglycan release from cartilage explants stimulated by catabolic factors. FEBS Lett 2003; 555:431-6. [PMID: 14675751 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aggrecanases are considered to play a key role in the destruction of articular cartilage during the progression of arthritis. Here we report that the N-terminal inhibitory domain of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (N-TIMP-3), but not TIMP-1 or TIMP-2, inhibits glycosaminoglycan release from bovine nasal and porcine articular cartilage explants stimulated with interleukin-1alpha or retinoic acid in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition is due to the blocking of aggrecanase activity induced by the catabolic factors. Little apoptosis of primary porcine chondrocytes is observed at an effective concentration of N-TIMP-3. These results suggest that TIMP-3 may be a candidate agent for use against cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christi Gendron
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, W6 8LH, London, UK
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94
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Liu XW, Bernardo MM, Fridman R, Kim HRC. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 protects human breast epithelial cells against intrinsic apoptotic cell death via the focal adhesion kinase/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAPK signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40364-72. [PMID: 12904305 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302999200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) is a natural protease inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Recent studies revealed a novel function of TIMP-1 as a potent inhibitor of apoptosis in mammalian cells. However, the mechanisms by which TIMP-1 exerts its anti-apoptotic effect are not understood. Here we show that TIMP-1 activates cell survival signaling pathways involving focal adhesion kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and ERKs in human breast epithelial cells to TIMP-1. TIMP-1-activated cell survival signaling down-regulates caspase-mediated classical apoptotic pathways induced by a variety of stimuli including anoikis, staurosporine exposure, and growth factor withdrawal. Consistently, down-regulation of TIMP-1 expression greatly enhances apoptotic cell death. In a previous study, substitution of the second amino acid residue threonine for glycine in TIMP-1, which confers selective MMP inhibition, was shown to obliterate its anti-apoptotic activity in activated hepatic stellate cells suggesting that the anti-apoptotic activity of TIMP-1 is dependent on MMP inhibition. Here we show that the same mutant inhibits apoptosis of human breast epithelial cells, suggesting different mechanisms of TIMP-1 regulation of apoptosis depending on cell types. Neither TIMP-2 nor a synthetic MMP inhibitor protects breast epithelial cells from intrinsic apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, TIMP-1 enhances cell survival in the presence of the synthetic MMP inhibitor. Taken together, the present study unveils some of the mechanisms mediating the anti-apoptotic effects of TIMP-1 in human breast epithelial cells through TIMP-1-specific signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Wen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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95
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Wetzel M, Rosenberg GA, Cunningham LA. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 regulate neuronal sensitivity to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:1050-60. [PMID: 12956705 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metalloproteinase activity at the cell surface influences cellular sensitivity to extrinsic death vs. survival signals in a variety of cell types, through proteolytic shedding of cell surface signalling molecules. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) is a unique natural metalloproteinase inhibitor that plays a pro-apoptotic role through its ability to inhibit metalloproteinases that proteolytically cleave death receptors and their ligands from the cell surface. To study the convergence of metalloproteinase activity and death receptor signalling in neurons, we established an in vitro model of neuronal apoptosis utilizing the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (Dox). Primary cultures established from embryonic rat cerebral cortices displayed robust and selective neuronal apoptosis in response to Dox, an effect that was dependent on the activation of the death receptor, Fas. We demonstrate that both TIMP-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) are constitutively expressed by primary cortical neurons in culture, and selectively modulated Fas-mediated neuronal apoptosis induced by Dox. Metalloproteinase inhibition by TIMP-3 was found to be necessary for Dox-induced neuronal death, whereas addition of active MMP-3 markedly attenuated apoptosis and diminished Fas-Fas ligand interaction at the cell surface. These observations implicate a physiological role for the balance of TIMP-3 and MMP-3 activity at the neuronal surface in regulating death receptor sensitivity. The convergence of metalloproteinase activity and death receptor signalling at the cell surface may influence neuronal cell death vs. survival decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wetzel
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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96
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Ma DHK, Chen JI, Zhang F, Hwang DG, Chen JK. Inhibition of fibroblast-induced angiogenic phenotype of cultured endothelial cells by the overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3. J Biomed Sci 2003; 10:526-34. [PMID: 12928593 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2003] [Accepted: 05/25/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of overexpression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 on the angiogenic phenotype expressed by vascular endothelial cells (ECs). ECs were infected with a recombinant adenovirus carrying the TIMP-3 gene at various multiplicities of infection, and TIMP-3 expression by transfected cells was confirmed by Western blotting and reverse zymography. At transfection doses of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 multiplicity of infection, EC migration was reduced to 66, 45, 25, 17 and 5%, respectively, of that of the control. At the multiplicity of infection of 20, capillary tube length was reduced by 80% compared to that of the control. Thus, expression of TIMP-3 by ECs effectively inhibited EC migration and tube formation. Overexpression of TIMP-3 by ECs may be considered a gene therapy strategy for the treatment of pathological angiogenesis such as cancer and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hui-Kang Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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97
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Raetz EA, Kim MKH, Moos P, Carlson M, Bruggers C, Hooper DK, Foot L, Liu T, Seeger R, Carroll WL. Identification of genes that are regulated transcriptionally by Myc in childhood tumors. Cancer 2003; 98:841-53. [PMID: 12910530 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amplification of the N-myc oncogene is associated with adverse outcomes in the common childhood tumor, neuroblastoma. Because the transforming properties of Myc are related to its ability to modulate gene expression, the authors used cDNA microarrays to identify potential Myc target genes. METHODS Expression levels of 4608 genes were analyzed in a series of neuroblastoma cell lines. Identical analyses were performed in a panel of medulloblastoma cell lines to identify c-Myc targets and to determine the extent to which N-Myc targets and c-Myc targets were shared. Comparisons were made between cell lines with high levels versus low levels of Myc protein expression. RESULTS Array analyses yielded 121 genes with increased expression levels (>or= 1.65-fold) and 9 genes with decreased expression levels in N-Myc-expressing versus nonexpressing cell lines. Many of these were newly identified targets of biologic interest. Fifty percent of the N-Myc targets (60 of 121) were mutual c-Myc targets. A significant correlation between the level of N-myc and selected target gene expression was demonstrated independently in 27 neuroblastoma tumor samples and in an N-myc-inducible cell line system. CONCLUSIONS A number of diverse pathways are modulated by N-Myc in neuroblastoma. Although, overall, there was significant correlation between myc and target transcript expression among cohorts of tumors, great variability in levels of target expression was seen among individual tumor samples, and this biologic heterogeneity in the levels of target gene expression may offer insight into differences in the clinical behavior of neuroblastoma and may prove to be of prognostic significance in the future.
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98
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Arris CE, Bevitt DJ, Mohamed J, Li Z, Langton KP, Barker MD, Clarke MP, McKie N. Expression of mutant and wild-type TIMP3 in primary gingival fibroblasts from Sorsby's fundus dystrophy patients. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1638:20-8. [PMID: 12757930 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(03)00036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Gingival fibroblast cell lines were derived from Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) patients carrying the S181C TIMP3 and the E139X TIMP3 mutations. These cell lines were grown in culture to study expression of the wild-type and mutant tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) alleles from a normal diploid cell type. Firstly, patient cells were found to co-express the wild-type and mutant TIMP3 alleles, S181C TIMP3 or E139X TIMP3, at the mRNA level using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A SpeI RFLP for E139X TIMP3 is described. Low levels of endogenous TIMP3 protein expression were elevated using the natural polysaccharide calcium pentosan polysulfate (CaPPs) in combination with the cytokine IL-1alpha. Immunoblotting detected protein expression from both wild-type and mutant alleles, S181C TIMP3 or E139X TIMP3. S181C TIMP3 from these cells was found to dimerise and retain MMP2 inhibitory activity. To facilitate studies of the E139X TIMP3 protein, the allele was expressed using HighFive insect cells. In this cell type, the E139X TIMP3 was synthesised as a mixture of monomer and dimer. Both monomeric and dimeric E139X TIMP3 protein retained MMP2 inhibitory activity in gelatin zymography. Expression of mutant E139X or S181C TIMP3 protein from a normal diploid patient-derived fibroblast cell had no effect on either MMP2 or MMP9 expression or activation whilst transcribed from their normal promoter context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Arris
- Department of Rheumatology and Gerentology, University of Newcastle Medical School, Framlington Place, NE2 4HH, Newcastle, UK
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99
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also designated matrixins, hydrolyze components of the extracellular matrix. These proteinases play a central role in many biological processes, such as embryogenesis, normal tissue remodeling, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and in diseases such as atheroma, arthritis, cancer, and tissue ulceration. Currently 23 MMP genes have been identified in humans, and most are multidomain proteins. This review describes the members of the matrixin family and discusses substrate specificity, domain structure and function, the activation of proMMPs, the regulation of matrixin activity by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and their pathophysiological implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Visse
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Rd, London W6 8LH, UK
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100
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Abstract
The last decade has seen substantial advances in the development of gene therapy strategies and vector technology for the treatment of a diverse number of diseases, with a view to translating the successes observed in animal models into the clinic. Perhaps the overwhelming drive for the increase in vascular gene transfer studies is the current lack of successful long-term pharmacological treatments for complex cardiovascular diseases. The increase in cardiovascular disease to epidemic proportions has also led many to conclude that drug therapy may have reached a plateau in its efficacy and that gene therapy may represent a realistic solution to a long-term problem. Here, we discuss gene delivery approaches and target diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L. Dishart
- BHF Blood Pressure Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,
University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Lorraine M. Work
- BHF Blood Pressure Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,
University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- BHF Blood Pressure Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,
University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- BHF Blood Pressure Group, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics,
University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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