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Aguilar-Pineda JA, Paco-Coralla SG, Febres-Molina C, Gamero-Begazo PL, Shrivastava P, Vera-López KJ, Davila-Del-Carpio G, López-C P, Gómez B, Lino Cardenas CL. In Silico Analysis of the Antagonist Effect of Enoxaparin on the ApoE4–Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) Complex at Different pH Conditions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040499. [PMID: 35454088 PMCID: PMC9027285 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is thought to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Several studies have shown that ApoE4-Amyloid β (Aβ) interactions can increment amyloid depositions in the brain and that this can be augmented at low pH values. On the other hand, experimental studies in transgenic mouse models have shown that treatment with enoxaparin significantly reduces cortical Aβ levels, as well as decreases the number of activated astrocytes around Aβ plaques. However, the interactions between enoxaparin and the ApoE4-Aβ proteins have been poorly explored. In this work, we combine molecular dynamics simulations, molecular docking, and binding free energy calculations to elucidate the molecular properties of the ApoE4-Aβ interactions and the competitive binding affinity of the enoxaparin on the ApoE4 binding sites. In addition, we investigated the effect of the environmental pH levels on those interactions. Our results showed that under different pH conditions, the closed form of the ApoE4 protein, in which the C-terminal domain folds into the protein, remains stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds. This closed conformation allowed the generation of six different ApoE4-Aβ interaction sites, which were energetically favorable. Systems at pH5 and 6 showed the highest energetic affinity. The enoxaparin molecule was found to have a strong energetic affinity for ApoE4-interacting sites and thus can neutralize or disrupt ApoE4-Aβ complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alberto Aguilar-Pineda
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Molecular—CIIM, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (P.L.G.-B.); (B.G.)
- Correspondence: (J.A.A.-P.); (C.L.L.C.)
| | - Silvana G. Paco-Coralla
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
| | - Camilo Febres-Molina
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370134, Chile;
| | - Pamela L. Gamero-Begazo
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Molecular—CIIM, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (P.L.G.-B.); (B.G.)
| | - Pallavi Shrivastava
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
| | - Karin J. Vera-López
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Gonzalo Davila-Del-Carpio
- Laboratory of Genomics and Neurovascular Diseases, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (S.G.P.-C.); (P.S.); (K.J.V.-L.); (G.D.-D.-C.)
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Patricia López-C
- Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru;
| | - Badhin Gómez
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Molecular—CIIM, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru; (P.L.G.-B.); (B.G.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José s/n—Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Christian L. Lino Cardenas
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Correspondence: (J.A.A.-P.); (C.L.L.C.)
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Mahan TE, Wang C, Bao X, Choudhury A, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. Selective reduction of astrocyte apoE3 and apoE4 strongly reduces Aβ accumulation and plaque-related pathology in a mouse model of amyloidosis. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:13. [PMID: 35109920 PMCID: PMC8811969 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the key pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD) is the accumulation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide into amyloid plaques. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD and has been shown to influence the accumulation of Aβ in the brain in an isoform-dependent manner. ApoE can be produced by different cell types in the brain, with astrocytes being the largest producer of apoE, although reactive microglia also express high levels of apoE. While studies have shown that altering apoE levels in the brain can influence the development of Aβ plaque pathology, it is not fully known how apoE produced by specific cell types, such as astrocytes, contributes to amyloid pathology. Methods We utilized APOE knock-in mice capable of having APOE selectively removed from astrocytes in a tamoxifen-inducible manner and crossed them with the APP/PS1-21 mouse model of amyloidosis. We analyzed the changes to Aβ plaque levels and assessed the impact on cellular responses to Aβ plaques when astrocytic APOE is removed. Results Tamoxifen administration was capable of strongly reducing apoE levels in the brain by markedly reducing astrocyte apoE, while microglial apoE expression remained. Reduction of astrocytic apoE3 and apoE4 led to a large decrease in Aβ plaque deposition and less compact plaques. While overall Iba1+ microglia were unchanged in the cortex after reducing astrocyte apoE, the expression of the disease-associated microglial markers Clec7a and apoE were lower around amyloid plaques, indicating decreased microglial activation. Additionally, astrocyte GFAP levels are unchanged around amyloid plaques, but overall GFAP levels are reduced in the cortex of female apoE4 mice after a reduction in astrocytic apoE. Finally, while the amount of neuritic dystrophy around remaining individual plaques was increased with the removal of astrocytic apoE, the overall amount of cortical amyloid-associated neuritic dystrophy was significantly decreased. Conclusion This study reveals an important role of astrocytic apoE3 and apoE4 on the deposition and accumulation of Aβ plaques as well as on certain Aβ-associated downstream effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13024-022-00516-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Mahan
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ankit Choudhury
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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53
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Klonarakis M, De Vos M, Woo E, Ralph L, Thacker JS, Gil-Mohapel J. The three sisters of fate: Genetics, pathophysiology and outcomes of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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54
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Buchanan H, Hull C, Cacho Barraza M, Delibegovic M, Platt B. Apolipoprotein E loss of function: Influence on murine brain markers of physiology and pathology. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100055. [PMID: 36908879 PMCID: PMC9997145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical role of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism, however, additional functions of this protein have not been fully described. Given the association of ApoE with diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), it is clear that further characterisation of its roles, especially within the brain, is needed. Therefore, using protein and gene expression analyses of neonatal and 6-month old brain tissues from an ApoE knockout mouse model, we examined ApoE's contribution to several CNS pathways, with an emphasis on those linked to AD. Early neonatal changes associated with ApoE-/- were observed, with decreased soluble phosphorylated tau (p-tau, -40 %), increased synaptophysin (+36 %) and microglial Iba1 protein levels (+25 %) vs controls. Progression of the phenotype was evident upon analysis of 6-month-old tissue, where decreased p-tau was also confirmed in the insoluble fraction, alongside reduced synaptic and increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) protein levels. An age comparison further underlined deviations from WT animals and thus the impact of ApoE loss on neuronal maturation. Taken together, our data implicate ApoE modulation of multiple CNS roles. Loss of function is associated with alterations from birth, and include synaptic deficits, neuroinflammation, and changes to key AD pathologies, amyloid-β and tau.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bettina Platt
- Corresponding author at: Chair in Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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55
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Moser VA, Workman MJ, Hurwitz SJ, Lipman RM, Pike CJ, Svendsen CN. Microglial transcription profiles in mouse and human are driven by APOE4 and sex. iScience 2021; 24:103238. [PMID: 34746703 PMCID: PMC8551075 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE4 is known to affect the function of microglia, but to what extent this gene drives microglial gene expression has thus far not been examined. Using a transgenic mouse model of AD that expresses human APOE, we identify a unique transcriptional profile associated with APOE4 expression. We also show a sex and APOE interaction, such that both female sex and APOE4 drive expression of this gene profile. We confirm these findings in human cells, using microglia derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMGL). Moreover, we find that these interactions are driven in part by genes related to metal processing, and we show that zinc treatment has APOE genotype-dependent effects on iMGL. These data identify a sex- and APOE4-associated microglial transcription profile and highlight the importance of considering interactive risk factors such as sex and environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Alexandra Moser
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J. Workman
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samantha J. Hurwitz
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachel M. Lipman
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian J. Pike
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clive N. Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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56
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den Hoedt S, Crivelli SM, Leijten FPJ, Losen M, Stevens JAA, Mané-Damas M, de Vries HE, Walter J, Mirzaian M, Sijbrands EJG, Aerts JMFG, Verhoeven AJM, Martinez-Martinez P, Mulder MT. Effects of Sex, Age, and Apolipoprotein E Genotype on Brain Ceramides and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Alzheimer's Disease and Control Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:765252. [PMID: 34776936 PMCID: PMC8579780 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.765252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE)4 is a strong risk factor for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and aberrant sphingolipid levels have been implicated in AD. We tested the hypothesis that the APOE4 genotype affects brain sphingolipid levels in AD. Seven ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were quantified by LC-MSMS in hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, and plasma of <3 months and >5 months old human APOE3 and APOE4-targeted replacement mice with or without the familial AD (FAD) background of both sexes (145 animals). APOE4 mice had higher Cer(d18:1/24:0) levels in the cortex (1.7-fold, p = 0.002) than APOE3 mice. Mice with AD background showed higher levels of Cer(d18:1/24:1) in the cortex than mice without (1.4-fold, p = 0.003). S1P levels were higher in all three brain regions of older mice than of young mice (1.7-1.8-fold, all p ≤ 0.001). In female mice, S1P levels in hippocampus (r = −0.54 [−0.70, −0.35], p < 0.001) and in cortex correlated with those in plasma (r = −0.53 [−0.71, −0.32], p < 0.001). Ceramide levels were lower in the hippocampus (3.7–10.7-fold, all p < 0.001), but higher in the cortex (2.3–12.8-fold, p < 0.001) of female than male mice. In cerebellum and plasma, sex effects on individual ceramides depended on acyl chain length (9.5-fold lower to 11.5-fold higher, p ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, sex is a stronger determinant of brain ceramide levels in mice than APOE genotype, AD background, or age. Whether these differences impact AD neuropathology in men and women remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra den Hoedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simone M Crivelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frank P J Leijten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Losen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jo A A Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marina Mané-Damas
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mina Mirzaian
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric J G Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Adrie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Monique T Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Lecordier S, Manrique-Castano D, El Moghrabi Y, ElAli A. Neurovascular Alterations in Vascular Dementia: Emphasis on Risk Factors. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:727590. [PMID: 34566627 PMCID: PMC8461067 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.727590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD) constitutes the second most prevalent cause of dementia in the world after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). VaD regroups heterogeneous neurological conditions in which the decline of cognitive functions, including executive functions, is associated with structural and functional alterations in the cerebral vasculature. Among these cerebrovascular disorders, major stroke, and cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) constitute the major risk factors for VaD. These conditions alter neurovascular functions leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) deregulation, neurovascular coupling dysfunction, and inflammation. Accumulation of neurovascular impairments over time underlies the cognitive function decline associated with VaD. Furthermore, several vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes have been shown to exacerbate neurovascular impairments and thus increase VaD prevalence. Importantly, air pollution constitutes an underestimated risk factor that triggers vascular dysfunction via inflammation and oxidative stress. The review summarizes the current knowledge related to the pathological mechanisms linking neurovascular impairments associated with stroke, cSVD, and vascular risk factors with a particular emphasis on air pollution, to VaD etiology and progression. Furthermore, the review discusses the major challenges to fully elucidate the pathobiology of VaD, as well as research directions to outline new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lecordier
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Manrique-Castano
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Yara El Moghrabi
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, Research Center of CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Chai AB, Lam HHJ, Kockx M, Gelissen IC. Apolipoprotein E isoform-dependent effects on the processing of Alzheimer's amyloid-β. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158980. [PMID: 34044125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) *ε4 allele as a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, significant efforts have been aimed at elucidating how apoE4 expression confers greater brain amyloid-β (Aβ) burden, earlier disease onset and worse clinical outcomes compared to apoE2 and apoE3. ApoE primarily functions as a lipid carrier to regulate cholesterol metabolism in circulation as well as in the brain. However, it has also been suggested to interact with hydrophobic Aβ peptides to influence their processing in an isoform-dependent manner. Here, we review evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies extricating the effects of the three apoE isoforms, on different stages of the Aβ processing pathway including synthesis, aggregation, deposition, clearance and degradation. ApoE4 consistently correlates with impaired Aβ clearance, however data regarding Aβ synthesis and aggregation are conflicting and likely reflect inconsistencies in experimental approaches across studies. We further discuss the physical and chemical properties of apoE that may explain the inherent differences in activity between the isoforms. The lipidation status and lipid transport function of apoE are intrinsically linked with its ability to interact with Aβ. Traditionally, apoE-oriented therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease have been proposed to non-specifically enhance or inhibit apoE activity. However, given the wide-ranging physiological functions of apoE in the brain and periphery, a more viable approach may be to specifically target and neutralise the pathological apoE4 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Chai
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hin Hei Julian Lam
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maaike Kockx
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Ingrid C Gelissen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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59
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Rahman MM, Lendel C. Extracellular protein components of amyloid plaques and their roles in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:59. [PMID: 34454574 PMCID: PMC8400902 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically defined by the presence of fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ) peptide in extracellular senile plaques and tau filaments in intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Extensive research has focused on understanding the assembly mechanisms and neurotoxic effects of Aβ during the last decades but still we only have a brief understanding of the disease associated biological processes. This review highlights the many other constituents that, beside Aβ, are accumulated in the plaques, with the focus on extracellular proteins. All living organisms rely on a delicate network of protein functionality. Deposition of significant amounts of certain proteins in insoluble inclusions will unquestionably lead to disturbances in the network, which may contribute to AD and copathology. This paper provide a comprehensive overview of extracellular proteins that have been shown to interact with Aβ and a discussion of their potential roles in AD pathology. Methods that can expand the knowledge about how the proteins are incorporated in plaques are described. Top-down methods to analyze post-mortem tissue and bottom-up approaches with the potential to provide molecular insights on the organization of plaque-like particles are compared. Finally, a network analysis of Aβ-interacting partners with enriched functional and structural key words is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahafuzur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Christofer Lendel
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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60
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Scheinman SB, Sugasini D, Zayed M, Yalagala PCR, Marottoli FM, Subbaiah PV, Tai LM. LPC-DHA/EPA-Enriched Diets Increase Brain DHA and Modulate Behavior in Mice That Express Human APOE4. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:690410. [PMID: 34276296 PMCID: PMC8282213 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.690410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with APOE3, APOE4 is associated with greater age-related cognitive decline and higher risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, development of supplements that target APOE genotype-modulated processes could provide a great benefit for the aging population. Evidence suggests a link between APOE genotype and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); however, clinical studies with current DHA supplements have produced negative results in dementia. The lack of beneficial effects with current DHA supplements may be related to limited bioavailability, as the optimal form of DHA for brain uptake is lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-DHA. We previously developed a method to enrich the LPC-DHA content of krill oil through lipase treatment (LT-krill oil), which resulted in fivefold higher enrichment in brain DHA levels in wild-type mice compared with untreated krill oil. Here, we evaluated the effect of a control diet, diet containing krill oil, or a diet containing LT-krill oil in APOE3- and APOE4-targeted replacement mice (APOE-TR mice; treated from 4 to 12 months of age). We found that DHA levels in the plasma and hippocampus are lower in APOE4-TR mice and that LT-krill oil increased DHA levels in the plasma and hippocampus of both APOE3- and APOE4-TR mice. In APOE4-TR mice, LT-krill oil treatment resulted in higher levels of the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A and improved performance on the novel object recognition test. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that LPC-DHA/EPA-enriched krill oil can increase brain DHA and improve memory-relevant behavior in mice that express APOE4. Therefore, long-term use of LT-krill oil supplements may on some level protect against age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dhavamani Sugasini
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Monay Zayed
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Poorna C R Yalagala
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Cacciottolo M, Morgan TE, Finch CE. Age, sex, and cerebral microbleeds in EFAD Alzheimer disease mice. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 103:42-51. [PMID: 33813349 PMCID: PMC8178216 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) increase at later ages in association with increased cognitive decline and Alzheimer Disease (AD). MB prevalence is also increased by APOE4 and hypertension. In EFAD mice (5XFAD+/-/human APOE+/+), cerebral cortex MBs are most prevalent in E4 females at 6 months, paralleling plaque amyloid. We evaluated MBs at 2, 4, and 6 months in relation to amyloid in plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) by age, sex, APOE allele, and blood pressure. At 2 mo, MBs were 50% more numerous than plaques, followed by decreased ratio of MBs:Aβ plaques with female excess to 6 mo. The stable size of MBs suggests MBs arise as single events of extravasation, which may "seed" plaque formation. Blood pressure was normal from 2 to 6 months, minimizing a role of hypertension. Memory, assessed by fear conditioning, decreased with age in correlation with MBs and amyloid. Cortical layer analysis showed prevalent MBs and plaque in layers 4 and 5. Contrarily, CAA was prevalent in layers 1 and 2, discounting its contribution to MBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Cacciottolo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Departments of Neurobiology and Molecular Biology, The Dornsife College, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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62
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Montagne A, Nikolakopoulou AM, Huuskonen MT, Sagare AP, Lawson EJ, Lazic D, Rege SV, Grond A, Zuniga E, Barnes SR, Prince J, Sagare M, Hsu CJ, LaDu MJ, Jacobs RE, Zlokovic BV. APOE4 accelerates advanced-stage vascular and neurodegenerative disorder in old Alzheimer’s mice via cyclophilin A independently of amyloid-β. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:506-520. [PMID: 35291561 PMCID: PMC8920485 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00073-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4), the main susceptibility gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD), leads to vascular dysfunction, amyloid-β pathology, neurodegeneration and dementia. How these different pathologies contribute to advanced-stage AD remains unclear. Using aged APOE knock-in mice crossed with 5xFAD mice, we show that, compared to APOE3, APOE4 accelerates blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, loss of cerebral blood flow, neuronal loss and behavioral deficits independently of amyloid-β. BBB breakdown was associated with activation of the cyclophilin A-matrix metalloproteinase-9 BBB-degrading pathway in pericytes. Suppression of this pathway improved BBB integrity and prevented further neuronal loss and behavioral deficits in APOE4;5FAD mice while having no effect on amyloid-β pathology. Thus, APOE4 accelerates advanced-stage BBB breakdown and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's mice via the cyclophilin A pathway in pericytes independently of amyloid-β, which has implication for the pathogenesis and treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative disorder in AD.
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63
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Lynch CE, Eisenbaum M, Algamal M, Balbi M, Ferguson S, Mouzon B, Saltiel N, Ojo J, Diaz-Arrastia R, Mullan M, Crawford F, Bachmeier C. Impairment of cerebrovascular reactivity in response to hypercapnic challenge in a mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1362-1378. [PMID: 33050825 PMCID: PMC8142124 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20954015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incidences of repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI), like those sustained by contact sports athletes and military personnel, are thought to be a risk factor for development of neurodegenerative disorders. Those suffering from chronic TBI-related illness demonstrate deficits in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), the ability of the cerebral vasculature to respond to a vasoactive stimulus. CVR is thus an important measure of traumatic cerebral vascular injury (TCVI), and a possible in vivo endophenotype of TBI-related neuropathogenesis. We combined laser speckle imaging of CVR in response to hypercapnic challenge with neurobehavioral assessment of learning and memory, to investigate if decreased cerebrovascular responsiveness underlies impaired cognitive function in our mouse model of chronic r-mTBI. We demonstrate a profile of blunted hypercapnia-evoked CVR in the cortices of r-mTBI mice like that of human TBI, alongside sustained memory and learning impairment, without biochemical or immunohistopathological signs of cerebral vessel laminar or endothelium constituent loss. Transient decreased expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, indicative of TCVI, is obvious only at the time of the most pronounced CVR deficit. These findings implicate CVR as a valid preclinical measure of TCVI, perhaps useful for developing therapies targeting TCVI after recurrent mild head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian E Lynch
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott Ferguson
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mike Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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64
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Hadipour M, Bahari Z, Afarinesh MR, Jangravi Z, Shirvani H, Meftahi GH. Administering crocin ameliorates anxiety-like behaviours and reduces the inflammatory response in amyloid-beta induced neurotoxicity in rat. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:877-889. [PMID: 33686675 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety, hippocampus synaptic plasticity deficit, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study is designed to evaluate the possible therapeutic effect of crocin on anxiety-like behaviours, hippocampal synaptic plasticity and neuronal shape, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus using in vivo amyloid-beta (Aβ) models of AD. The Aβ peptide (1-42) was bilaterally injected into the frontal-cortex. Five hours after the surgery, the rats were given intraperitoneal (IP) crocin (30 mg/kg) daily up to 12 days. Elevated plus maze results showed that crocin treatment after bilateral Aβ injection significantly increased the percentage of spent time into open arms, frequency of entries, and percentage of entries into open arms as compared with the Aβ group. In the open field test, the Aβ+crocin group showed a higher percentage of spent time in the centre and frequency of entries into central zone as compare with the Aβ treated animals. Administering crocin increased the number of soma, dendrites and axonal arbores in the CA1 neurons among the rats with Aβ neurotoxicity. Cresyl violet (CV) staining showed that crocin increased the number of CV-positive cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus compared with the Aβ group. Silver-nitrate staining indicated that crocin reduced neurofibrillary tangle formation induced by Aβ. Crocin treatment attenuated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA in the hippocampus compared with the Aβ group. Our results suggest that crocin attenuated Aβ-induced anxiety-like behaviours and neuronal damage, and synaptic plasticity loss in hippocampal CA1 neurons may via its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Bahari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afarinesh
- Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zohreh Jangravi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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65
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Ringland C, Schweig JE, Eisenbaum M, Paris D, Ait-Ghezala G, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L, Bachmeier C. MMP9 modulation improves specific neurobehavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:39. [PMID: 34034683 PMCID: PMC8152085 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) has been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), where MMP9 levels are elevated in the brain and cerebrovasculature. Previously our group demonstrated apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) was less efficient in regulating MMP9 activity in the brain than other apoE isoforms, and that MMP9 inhibition facilitated beta-amyloid (Aβ) elimination across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) METHODS: In the current studies, we evaluated the impact of MMP9 modulation on Aβ disposition and neurobehavior in AD using two approaches, (1) pharmacological inhibition of MMP9 with SB-3CT in apoE4 x AD (E4FAD) mice, and (2) gene deletion of MMP9 in AD mice (MMP9KO/5xFAD) RESULTS: Treatment with the MMP9 inhibitor SB-3CT in E4FAD mice led to reduced anxiety compared to placebo using the elevated plus maze. Deletion of the MMP9 gene in 5xFAD mice also reduced anxiety using the open field test, in addition to improving sociability and social recognition memory, particularly in male mice, as assessed through the three-chamber task, indicating certain behavioral alterations in AD may be mediated by MMP9. However, neither pharmacological inhibition of MMP9 or gene deletion of MMP9 affected spatial learning or memory in the AD animals, as determined through the radial arm water maze. Moreover, the effect of MMP9 modulation on AD neurobehavior was not due to changes in Aβ disposition, as both brain and plasma Aβ levels were unchanged in the SB-3CT-treated E4FAD animals and MMP9KO/AD mice compared to their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS In total, while MMP9 inhibition did improve specific neurobehavioral deficits associated with AD, such as anxiety and social recognition memory, modulation of MMP9 did not alter spatial learning and memory or Aβ tissue levels in AD animals. While targeting MMP9 may represent a therapeutic strategy to mitigate aspects of neurobehavioral decline in AD, further work is necessary to understand the nature of the relationship between MMP9 activity and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Ringland
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Laila Abdullah
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
- Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA.
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66
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Norins LC. Licensed Anti-Microbial Drugs Logical for Clinical Trials against Pathogens Currently Suspected in Alzheimer's Disease. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:327. [PMID: 33804679 PMCID: PMC8003809 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now considerable evidence that several infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, or parasites) may play a contributing role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The six primary suspects are herpes viruses, spirochetal bacteria, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Porphyromonas gingivalis, mycobacteria, and toxoplasma parasites. Also, some of the antimicrobial and antiviral agents that are used to treat them have shown promise for AD interventions. I describe this evidence and assert it is now time to accelerate clinical trials of these existing drugs, already federally approved, to determine if such treatments can delay, halt, or reverse AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Norins
- Alzheimer's Germ Quest, 4301 Gulfshore Blvd. N., Suite 1404, Naples, FL 34103, USA
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67
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Lamoureux L, Marottoli FM, Tseng KY, Tai LM. APOE4 Promotes Tonic-Clonic Seizures, an Effect Modified by Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:656521. [PMID: 33796539 PMCID: PMC8007905 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.656521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are emerging as a common symptom in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, often attributed to high levels of amyloid β (Aβ). However, the extent that AD disease risk factors modulate seizure activity in aging and AD-relevant contexts is unclear. APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for AD and has been linked to seizures independent of AD and Aβ. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of APOE genotype in modulating seizures in the absence and presence of high Aβ levels in vivo. To achieve this goal, we utilized EFAD mice, which express human APOE3 or APOE4 in the absence (EFAD-) or presence (EFAD+) of familial AD mutations that result in Aβ overproduction. When quantified during cage change day, we found that unlike APOE3, APOE4 is associated with tonic-clonic seizures. Interestingly, there were lower tonic-clonic seizures in E4FAD+ mice compared to E4FAD- mice. Restraint handing and auditory stimuli failed to recapitulate the tonic-clonic phenotype in EFAD mice that express APOE4. However, after chemical-induction with pentylenetetrazole, there was a higher incidence of tonic-clonic seizures with APOE4 compared to APOE3. Interestingly, the distribution of seizures to the tonic-clonic phenotype was higher with FAD mutations. These data support that APOE4 is associated with higher tonic-clonic seizures in vivo, and that FAD mutations impact tonic-clonic seizures in a paradigm dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorissa Lamoureux
- Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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68
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MacDougall G, Brown LY, Kantor B, Chiba-Falek O. The Path to Progress Preclinical Studies of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Perspective on Rodent and hiPSC-Derived Models. Mol Ther 2021; 29:949-972. [PMID: 33429080 PMCID: PMC7934639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the two most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative diseases, and currently no effective clinical treatments exist for either, despite decades of clinical trials. The failure to translate preclinical findings into effective treatments is indicative of a problem in the current evaluation pipeline for potential therapeutics. At present, there are no useful animal models for AD and PD research that reflect the entire biology of the diseases, specifically, the more common non-Mendelian forms. Whereas the field continues to seek suitable rodent models for investigating potential therapeutics for these diseases, rodent models have still been used primarily for preclinical studies. Here, we advocate for a paradigm shift toward the application of human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived systems for PD and AD modeling and the development of improved human-based models in a dish for drug discovery and preclinical assessment of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella MacDougall
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Logan Y Brown
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Boris Kantor
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Viral Vector Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Ornit Chiba-Falek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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69
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Ben Aissa M, Lewandowski CT, Ratia KM, Lee SH, Layden BT, LaDu MJ, Thatcher GRJ. Discovery of Nonlipogenic ABCA1 Inducing Compounds with Potential in Alzheimer's Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:143-154. [PMID: 33615168 PMCID: PMC7887740 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective liver X receptor (LXR) agonists have been extensively pursued as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) and, for comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), disorders with underlying impaired insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and cholesterol mobilization. The failure of the LXR-focused approach led us to pursue a novel strategy to discover nonlipogenic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) inducers (NLAIs): screening for ABCA1-luciferase activation in astrocytoma cells and counterscreening against lipogenic gene upregulation in hepatocarcinoma cells. Beneficial effects of LXRβ agonists mediated by ABCA1 include the following: control of cholesterol and phospholipid efflux to lipid-poor apolipoproteins forming beneficial peripheral HDL and HDL-like particles in the brain and attenuation of inflammation. While rare, ABCA1 variants reduce plasma HDL and correlate with an increased risk of ADRD and CVD. In secondary assays, NLAI hits enhanced cholesterol mobilization and positively impacted in vitro biomarkers associated with insulin signaling, inflammatory response, and biogenic properties. In vivo target engagement was demonstrated after oral administration of NLAIs in (i) mice fed a high-fat diet, a model for obesity-linked T2D, (ii) mice administered LPS, and (iii) mice with accelerated oxidative stress. The lack of adverse effects on lipogenesis and positive effects on multiple biomarkers associated with T2D and ADRD supports this novel phenotypic approach to NLAIs as a platform for T2D and ADRD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ben Aissa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- UICentre
(Drug Discovery @ UIC), University of Illinois
at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cutler T. Lewandowski
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Kiira M. Ratia
- HTS
Screening Facility, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sue H. Lee
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Department
of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
(UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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70
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Takeda K, Uda A, Mitsubori M, Nagashima S, Iwasaki H, Ito N, Shiiba I, Ishido S, Matsuoka M, Inatome R, Yanagi S. Mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase alleviates Alzheimer's disease pathology via blocking the toxic amyloid-β oligomer generation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:192. [PMID: 33580194 PMCID: PMC7881000 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial pathophysiology is implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). An integrative database of gene dysregulation suggests that the mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase MITOL/MARCH5, a fine-tuner of mitochondrial dynamics and functions, is downregulated in patients with AD. Here, we report that the perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics by MITOL deletion triggers mitochondrial impairments and exacerbates cognitive decline in a mouse model with AD-related Aβ pathology. Notably, MITOL deletion in the brain enhanced the seeding effect of Aβ fibrils, but not the spontaneous formation of Aβ fibrils and plaques, leading to excessive secondary generation of toxic and dispersible Aβ oligomers. Consistent with this, MITOL-deficient mice with Aβ etiology exhibited worsening cognitive decline depending on Aβ oligomers rather than Aβ plaques themselves. Our findings suggest that alteration in mitochondrial morphology might be a key factor in AD due to directing the production of Aβ form, oligomers or plaques, responsible for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Aoi Uda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Mitsubori
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Ito
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isshin Shiiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Inatome
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yanagi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry, Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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71
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Carranza-Naval MJ, Vargas-Soria M, Hierro-Bujalance C, Baena-Nieto G, Garcia-Alloza M, Infante-Garcia C, del Marco A. Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes: Role of Diet, Microbiota and Inflammation in Preclinical Models. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020262. [PMID: 33578998 PMCID: PMC7916805 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Epidemiological studies show the association between AD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM), although the mechanisms are not fully understood. Dietary habits and lifestyle, that are risk factors in both diseases, strongly modulate gut microbiota composition. Also, the brain-gut axis plays a relevant role in AD, diabetes and inflammation, through products of bacterial metabolism, like short-chain fatty acids. We provide a comprehensive review of current literature on the relation between dysbiosis, altered inflammatory cytokines profile and microglia in preclinical models of AD, T2DM and models that reproduce both diseases as commonly observed in the clinic. Increased proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, are widely detected. Microbiome analysis shows alterations in Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes or Firmicutes phyla, among others. Altered α- and β-diversity is observed in mice depending on genotype, gender and age; therefore, alterations in bacteria taxa highly depend on the models and approaches. We also review the use of pre- and probiotic supplements, that by favoring a healthy microbiome ameliorate AD and T2DM pathologies. Whereas extensive studies have been carried out, further research would be necessary to fully understand the relation between diet, microbiome and inflammation in AD and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Carranza-Naval
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Salus Infirmorum, Universidad de Cadiz, 11005 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Maria Vargas-Soria
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Hierro-Bujalance
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Gloria Baena-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Department of Endocrinology, Jerez Hospital, Jerez de la Frontera, 11407 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Monica Garcia-Alloza
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
| | - Carmen Infante-Garcia
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
| | - Angel del Marco
- Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Cadiz, 11003 Cadiz, Spain; (M.J.C.-N.); (M.V.-S.); (C.H.-B.); (M.G.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigacion e Innovacion en Ciencias Biomedicas de la Provincia de Cadiz (INIBICA), 11009 Cadiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.I.-G.); (A.d.M.)
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72
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Scheinman SB, Zaldua S, Dada A, Krochmaliuk K, Dye K, Marottoli FM, Thatcher GRJ, Tai LM. Systemic Candesartan Treatment Modulates Behavior, Synaptic Protein Levels, and Neuroinflammation in Female Mice That Express Human APOE4. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:628403. [PMID: 33642985 PMCID: PMC7902885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.628403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could be beneficial for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients independent of any effects on hypertension. However, studies in rodent models directly testing the activity of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevent pathology including neuroinflammation, Aβ levels, and cerebrovascular function, have produced mixed results. APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for AD and has been linked to many of the same functions as those purported to be modulated by ARB treatment. Therefore, evaluating the effects of ARB treatment on behavior and AD-relevant pathology in mice that express human APOE4 could provide important information on whether to further develop ARBs for AD therapy. In this study, we treated female and male mice that express the human APOE4 gene in the absence (E4FAD−) or presence (E4FAD+) of high Aβ levels with the ARB prodrug candesartan cilexetil for a duration of 4 months. Compared to vehicle, candesartan treatment resulted in greater memory-relevant behavior and higher hippocampal presynaptic protein levels in female, but not male, E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice. The beneficial effects of candesartan in female E4FAD− and E4FAD+ mice occurred in tandem with lower GFAP and Iba1 levels in the hippocampus, whereas there were no effects on markers of cerebrovascular function and Aβ levels. Collectively, these data imply that the effects of ARBs on AD-relevant pathology may be modulated in part by the interaction between APOE genotype and biological sex. Thus, the further development of ARBs could provide therapeutic options for targeting neuroinflammation in female APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Adedoyin Dada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kateryna Krochmaliuk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Katherine Dye
- UICentre, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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73
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Latimer CS, Lucot KL, Keene CD, Cholerton B, Montine TJ. Genetic Insights into Alzheimer's Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 16:351-376. [PMID: 33497263 PMCID: PMC8664069 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pervasive, relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that includes both hereditary and sporadic forms linked by common underlying neuropathologic changes and neuropsychological manifestations. While a clinical diagnosis is often made on the basis of initial memory dysfunction that progresses to involve multiple cognitive domains, definitive diagnosis requires autopsy examination of the brain to identify amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary degeneration. Over the past 100 years, there has been remarkable progress in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic processes, pathologic changes, and clinical phenotypes of AD, largely because genetic pathways that include but expand beyond amyloid processing have been uncovered. This review discusses the current state of understanding of the genetics of AD with a focus on how these advances are both shaping our understanding of the disease and informing novel avenues and approaches for development of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
| | - Katherine L Lucot
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA;
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA
| | - Brenna Cholerton
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA;
| | - Thomas J Montine
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA;
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74
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de Bem AF, Krolow R, Farias HR, de Rezende VL, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF, Duarte JMDN, de Oliveira J. Animal Models of Metabolic Disorders in the Study of Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:604150. [PMID: 33536868 PMCID: PMC7848140 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.604150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of metabolic disorders, as well as of neurodegenerative diseases—mainly the sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease—are increasing worldwide. Notably, obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia have been indicated as early risk factors for sporadic forms of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. These conditions share a range of molecular and cellular features, including protein aggregation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, all of which contribute to neuronal death and cognitive impairment. Rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia exhibit all the hallmarks of these degenerative diseases, and represent an interesting approach to the study of the phenotypic features and pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders. We review the main pathological aspects of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease as summarized in rodent models of obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza Fabro de Bem
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Brasilia, Brazilia, Brazil
| | - Rachel Krolow
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Hémelin Resende Farias
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Victória Linden de Rezende
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Miguel das Neves Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jade de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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75
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Serrano-Pozo A, Das S, Hyman BT. APOE and Alzheimer's disease: advances in genetics, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:68-80. [PMID: 33340485 PMCID: PMC8096522 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The APOE ε4 allele remains the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease and the APOE ε2 allele the strongest genetic protective factor after multiple large scale genome-wide association studies and genome-wide association meta-analyses. However, no therapies directed at APOE are currently available. Although initial studies causally linked APOE with amyloid-β peptide aggregation and clearance, over the past 5 years our understanding of APOE pathogenesis has expanded beyond amyloid-β peptide-centric mechanisms to tau neurofibrillary degeneration, microglia and astrocyte responses, and blood-brain barrier disruption. Because all these pathological processes can potentially contribute to cognitive impairment, it is important to use this new knowledge to develop therapies directed at APOE. Several therapeutic approaches have been successful in mouse models expressing human APOE alleles, including increasing or reducing APOE levels, enhancing its lipidation, blocking the interactions between APOE and amyloid-β peptide, and genetically switching APOE4 to APOE3 or APOE2 isoforms, but translation to human clinical trials has proven challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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76
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Chen Y, Strickland MR, Soranno A, Holtzman DM. Apolipoprotein E: Structural Insights and Links to Alzheimer Disease Pathogenesis. Neuron 2020; 109:205-221. [PMID: 33176118 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is of great interest due to its role as a cholesterol/lipid transporter in the central nervous system (CNS) and as the most influential genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Work over the last four decades has given us important insights into the structure of ApoE and how this might impact the neuropathology and pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we highlight the history and progress in the structural and molecular understanding of ApoE and discuss how these studies on ApoE have illuminated the physiology of ApoE, receptor binding, and interaction with amyloid-β (Aβ). We also identify future areas of study needed to advance our understanding of how ApoE influences neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael R Strickland
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Soranno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Science & Engineering of Living Systems, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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77
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Ceramide analog [ 18F]F-HPA-12 detects sphingolipid disbalance in the brain of Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice by functioning as a metabolic probe. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19354. [PMID: 33168861 PMCID: PMC7652882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of ceramides is deregulated in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients and is associated with apolipoprotein (APO) APOE4 and amyloid-β pathology. However, how the ceramide metabolism changes over time in AD, in vivo, remains unknown. Distribution and metabolism of [18F]F-HPA-12, a radio-fluorinated version of the ceramide analog N-(3-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-3-phenylpropyl) dodecanamide, was investigated in the brain of AD transgenic mouse models (FAD) on an APOE4 or APOE3 genetic background, by positron emission tomography and by gamma counter. We found that FAD mice displayed a higher uptake of [18F]F-HPA-12 in the brain, independently from the APOE4 or APOE3 genetic background. FAD mice could be distinguished from littermate control animals with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 87.5%, by gamma counter measurements. Metabolic analysis of [18F]F-HPA-12 in the brain suggested that the tracer is degraded less efficiently in the FAD mice. Furthermore, the radioactive signal registered in the hippocampus correlated with an increase of Cer d18:1/20:2 levels measured in the same brain region by mass spectrometry. Our data gives additional proof that ceramide metabolism is different in FAD mice compared to controls. Ceramide analogs like HPA-12 may function as metabolic probes to study ceramide disbalance in the brain.
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78
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Li Z, Shue F, Zhao N, Shinohara M, Bu G. APOE2: protective mechanism and therapeutic implications for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 33148290 PMCID: PMC7640652 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations of apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, the major genetic risk modifier for Alzheimer's disease (AD), have yielded significant insights into the pathogenic mechanism. Among the three common coding variants, APOE*ε4 increases, whereas APOE*ε2 decreases the risk of late-onset AD compared with APOE*ε3. Despite increased understanding of the detrimental effect of APOE*ε4, it remains unclear how APOE*ε2 confers protection against AD. Accumulating evidence suggests that APOE*ε2 protects against AD through both amyloid-β (Aβ)-dependent and independent mechanisms. In addition, APOE*ε2 has been identified as a longevity gene, suggesting a systemic effect of APOE*ε2 on the aging process. However, APOE*ε2 is not entirely benign; APOE*ε2 carriers exhibit increased risk of certain cerebrovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Here, we review evidence from both human and animal studies demonstrating the protective effect of APOE*ε2 against AD and propose a working model depicting potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic strategies designed to leverage the protective effect of APOE2 to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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79
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Pedrini S, Chatterjee P, Hone E, Martins RN. High‐density lipoprotein‐related cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurochem 2020; 159:343-377. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Pedrini
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Pratishtha Chatterjee
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- Sarich Neurosciences Research InstituteEdith Cowan University Nedlands WA Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences Macquarie University Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Nedlands WA Australia
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80
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Ma QL, Zhu C, Morselli M, Su T, Pelligrini M, Lu Z, Jones M, Denver P, Castro D, Gu X, Relampagos F, Caoili K, Teter B, Frautschy SA, Cole GM. The Novel Omega-6 Fatty Acid Docosapentaenoic Acid Positively Modulates Brain Innate Immune Response for Resolving Neuroinflammation at Early and Late Stages of Humanized APOE-Based Alzheimer's Disease Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:558036. [PMID: 33178186 PMCID: PMC7596305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.558036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which activated microglia are found to be associated with neurodegeneration. However, there is limited evidence showing how neuroinflammation and activated microglia are directly linked to neurodegeneration in vivo. Besides, there are currently no effective anti-inflammatory drugs for AD. In this study, we report on an effective anti-inflammatory lipid, linoleic acid (LA) metabolite docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn-6) treatment of aged humanized EFAD mice with advanced AD pathology. We also report the associations of neuroinflammatory and/or activated microglial markers with neurodegeneration in vivo. First, we found that dietary LA reduced proinflammatory cytokines of IL1-β, IL-6, as well as mRNA expression of COX2 toward resolving neuroinflammation with an increase of IL-10 in adult AD models E3FAD and E4FAD mice. Brain fatty acid assays showed a five to six-fold increase in DPAn-6 by dietary LA, especially more in E4FAD mice, when compared to standard diet. Thus, we tested DPAn-6 in aged E4FAD mice. After DPAn-6 was administered to the E4FAD mice by oral gavage for three weeks, we found that DPAn-6 reduced microgliosis and mRNA expressions of inflammatory, microglial, and caspase markers. Further, DPAn-6 increased mRNA expressions of ADCYAP1, VGF, and neuronal pentraxin 2 in parallel, all of which were inversely correlated with inflammatory and microglial markers. Finally, both LA and DPAn-6 directly reduced mRNA expression of COX2 in amyloid-beta42 oligomer-challenged BV2 microglial cells. Together, these data indicated that DPAn-6 modulated neuroinflammatory responses toward resolution and improvement of neurodegeneration in the late stages of AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lan Ma
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cansheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Trent Su
- Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matteo Pelligrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mychica Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Denver
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Castro
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xuelin Gu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Frances Relampagos
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kaitlin Caoili
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Teter
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sally A Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Geriatric Research and Clinical Center, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, West Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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81
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Hayden EY, Huang JM, Charreton M, Nunez SM, Putman JN, Teter B, Lee JT, Welch A, Frautschy S, Cole G, Teng E, Hinman JD. Modeling Mixed Vascular and Alzheimer's Dementia Using Focal Subcortical Ischemic Stroke in Human ApoE4-TR:5XFAD Transgenic Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2020; 11:1064-1076. [PMID: 32086779 PMCID: PMC10075511 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-020-00786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Subcortical white matter ischemic lesions are increasingly recognized to have pathologic overlap in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The interaction of white matter ischemic lesions with amyloid pathology seen in AD is poorly characterized. We designed a novel mouse model of subcortical white matter ischemic stroke and AD that can inform our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of mixed vascular and AD dementia. Subcortical white matter ischemic stroke underlying forelimb motor cortex was induced by local stereotactic injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. Subcortical white matter ischemic stroke or sham procedures were performed on human ApoE4-targeted-replacement (TR):5XFAD mice at 8 weeks of age. Behavioral tests were done at 7, 10, 15, and 20 weeks. A subset of animals underwent 18FDG-PET/CT. At 20 weeks of age, brain tissue was examined for amyloid plaque accumulation and cellular changes. Compared with sham E4-TR:5XFAD mice, those with an early subcortical ischemic stroke showed a significant reduction in amyloid plaque burden in the region of cortex overlying the subcortical stroke. Cognitive performance was improved in E4-TR:5XFAD mice with stroke compared with sham E4-TR:5XFAD animals. Iba-1+ microglial cells in the region of cortex overlying the subcortical stroke were increased in number and morphologic complexity compared with sham E4-TR:5XFAD mice, suggesting that amyloid clearance may be promoted by an interaction between activated microglia and cortical neurons in response to subcortical stroke. This novel approach to modeling mixed vascular and AD dementia provides a valuable tool for dissecting the molecular interactions between these two common pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Julia M Huang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Malena Charreton
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stefanie M Nunez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer N Putman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bruce Teter
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jason T Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrew Welch
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sally Frautschy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gregory Cole
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Edmond Teng
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jason D Hinman
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Neuroscience Research Building, Rm 415, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Schuller A, Montrose L. Influence of Woodsmoke Exposure on Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Alzheimer's Disease: Existing Literature and Gaps in Our Understanding. Epigenet Insights 2020; 13:2516865720954873. [PMID: 32974607 PMCID: PMC7493275 DOI: 10.1177/2516865720954873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Woodsmoke poses a significant health risk as a growing component of ambient air pollution in the United States. While there is a long history of association between woodsmoke exposure and diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, and cardiovascular systems, recent evidence has linked woodsmoke exposure to cognitive dysfunction, including Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with largely idiopathic origins and no known cure. Here, we explore the growing body of literature which relates woodsmoke-generated and ambient air pollution particulate matter exposure to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) onset or exacerbation, in the context of an inflammation-centric view of AD. Epigenetic modifications, specifically changes in DNA methylation patterns, are well documented following woodsmoke exposure and have been shown to influence disease-favoring inflammatory cascades, induce oxidative stress, and modulate the immune response in vitro, in vivo, and in humans following exposure to air pollution. Though the current status of the literature does not allow us to draw definitive conclusions linking these events, this review highlights the need for additional work to fill gaps in our understanding of the directionality, causality, and susceptibility throughout the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Schuller
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Luke Montrose
- Department of Community and Environmental Health, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA
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83
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Relevance of transgenic mouse models for Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 177:1-48. [PMID: 33453936 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, a number of mouse models have been generated for mechanistic and preclinical therapeutic research on Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like behavioral impairments and pathology. Acceptance or rejection of these models by the scientific community is playing a prominent role in how research findings are viewed and whether grants get funded and manuscripts published. The question of whether models are useful has become an exceptionally contentious issue. Much time and effort have gone into investigators debating comments such as "there are no mouse models of AD," "…nice work but needs to be tested in another mouse model," or "only data from humans is valid." This leads to extensive written justifications for the choice of a model in grant applications, to the point of almost apologizing for the use of models. These debates also lead to initiatives to create new, better models of AD without consideration of what "better" may mean in this context. On the "other side," an argument supporting the use of mouse models is one cannot dissect a biological mechanism in postmortem human tissue. In this chapter, we examine issues that we believe must be addressed if in vivo AD research is to progress. We opine that it is not the models that are the issue, but rather a lack of understanding the aspects of AD-like pathology the models were designed to mimic. The goal here is to improve the utilization of models to address critical issues, not to offer a critique of existing models or make endorsements.
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84
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Malvaut S, Constantinescu VS, Dehez H, Doric S, Saghatelyan A. Deciphering Brain Function by Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy in Freely Behaving Animals. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:819. [PMID: 32848576 PMCID: PMC7432153 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior is regulated by environmental stimuli and is shaped by the activity of neural networks, underscoring the importance of assessing the morpho-functional properties of different populations of cells in freely behaving animals. In recent years, a number of optical tools have been developed to monitor and modulate neuronal and glial activity at the protein, cellular, or network level and have opened up new avenues for studying brain function in freely behaving animals. Tools such as genetically encoded sensors and actuators are now commonly used for studying brain activity and function through their expression in different neuronal ensembles. In parallel, microscopy has also made major progress over the last decades. The advent of miniature microscopes (mini-microscopes also called mini-endoscopes) has become a method of choice for studying brain activity at the cellular and network levels in different brain regions of freely behaving mice. This technique also allows for longitudinal investigations while animals carrying the microscope on their head are performing behavioral tasks. In this review, we will discuss mini-endoscopic imaging and the advantages that these devices offer to research. We will also discuss current limitations of and potential future improvements in mini-endoscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Malvaut
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vlad-Stefan Constantinescu
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sead Doric
- Doric Lenses Inc., Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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85
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Nadhimi Y, Llano DA. Does hearing loss lead to dementia? A review of the literature. Hear Res 2020; 402:108038. [PMID: 32814645 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2020.108038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed a correlation between aging-related hearing loss and the likelihood of developing Alzheimer Disease. However, it is not yet known if the correlation simply reflects the fact that these two disorders share common risk factors or whether there is a causal link between them. The answer to this question carries therapeutic implications. Unfortunately, it is not possible to study the question of causality between aging-related hearing loss and dementia in human subjects. Here, we evaluate the research surrounding induced-hearing loss in animal models on non-auditory cognition to help infer if there is any causal evidence linking hearing loss and a more general dementia. We find ample evidence that induction of hearing loss in animals produces cognitive decline, particularly hippocampal dysfunction. The data suggest that noise-exposure produces a toxic milieu in the hippocampus consisting of a spike in glucocorticoid levels, elevations of mediators of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, which as a consequence induce cessation of neurogenesis, synaptic loss and tau hyperphosphorylation. These data suggest that hearing loss can lead to pathological hallmarks similar to those seen in Alzheimer's Disease and other dementias. However, the rodent data do not establish that hearing loss on its own can induce a progressive degenerative dementing illness. Therefore, we conclude that an additional "hit", such as aging, APOE genotype, microvascular disease or others, may be necessary to trigger an ongoing degenerative process such as Alzheimer Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra Nadhimi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Daniel A Llano
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA; Carle Neuroscience Institute, Urbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, IL, USA.
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86
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Graykowski D, Kasparian K, Caniglia J, Gritsaeva Y, Cudaback E. Neuroinflammation drives APOE genotype-dependent differential expression of neprilysin. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577315. [PMID: 32682137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and widespread neuroinflammation. While the cause of AD remains unknown, multiple factors likely contribute to the disease, including heart disease, diabetes, previous head injury, as well as a number of genetic determinants. Inheritance of the apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele represents the strongest genetic risk factor for development of AD, driving pathogenesis and increasing overall disease severity. APOE has long been recognized as a key regulator of cholesterol homeostasis, although a greater appreciation now exists for its role in various innate immune system processes. Indeed, APOE modulates inflammatory environments in brain in large part by altering gene expression profiles in glia, important mediators of immunity in the CNS. While the association between APOE and AD was first observed nearly three decades ago, the mechanism by which APOE ε4 influences the etiology and pathophysiology of AD is not well characterized. Overwhelming data supports the hypothesis that APOE ε4 dysregulates central amyloid metabolism by an undetermined molecular mechanism, thus laying the foundation for disease. A host of amyloid-degrading enzymes (ADEs) regulate Aβ accumulation in brain, and therefore represent valuable therapeutic targets. Neprilysin (NEP), a metalloendopeptidase expressed by activated microglia and astrocytes, is a broad-spectrum ADE able to degrade a variety of Aβ species. Here we describe in vivo and in vitro experiments designed to investigate the potential for APOE genotype to differentially regulate glial NEP in brain under neuroinflammatory conditions. Our results provide a novel mechanism by which APOE genotype-dependent differential expression of NEP by glia during neuroinflammation may contribute to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Graykowski
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Kyle Kasparian
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - John Caniglia
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Yelena Gritsaeva
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Eiron Cudaback
- Department of Health Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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87
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Ringland C, Schweig JE, Paris D, Shackleton B, Lynch CE, Eisenbaum M, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L, Bachmeier C. Apolipoprotein E isoforms differentially regulate matrix metallopeptidase 9 function in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 95:56-68. [PMID: 32758917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been shown to influence amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance from the brain in an isoform-specific manner. Our prior work showed that Aβ transit across the blood-brain-barrier was reduced by apoE4, compared to other apoE isoforms, due to elevated lipoprotein receptor shedding in brain endothelia. Recently, we demonstrated that matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) induces lipoprotein receptor proteolysis in an apoE isoform-dependent manner, which impacts Aβ elimination from the brain. The current studies interrogated the relationship between apoE and MMP-9 and found that apoE impacted proMMP-9 cellular secretion from brain endothelia (apoE2 < apoE3 = apoE4). In a cell-free assay, apoE dose-dependently reduced MMP-9 activity, with apoE4 showing a significantly weaker ability to inhibit MMP-9 function than apoE2 or apoE3. Finally, we observed elevated MMP-9 expression and activity in the cerebrovasculature of both human and animal AD brain specimens with an APOE4 genotype. Collectively, these findings suggest a role for apoE in regulating MMP-9 disposition and may describe the effect of apoE4 on Aβ pathology in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Ringland
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Laila Abdullah
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA; The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK; Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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88
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Uddin MS, Tewari D, Mamun AA, Kabir MT, Niaz K, Wahed MII, Barreto GE, Ashraf GM. Circadian and sleep dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 60:101046. [PMID: 32171783 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating and irreversible cognitive impairment and the most common type of dementia. Along with progressive cognitive impairment, dysfunction of the circadian rhythms also plays a pivotal role in the progression of AD. A mutual relationship among circadian rhythms, sleep, and AD has been well-recommended. The etiopathogenesis of the disturbances of the circadian system and AD share some general features that also unlock the outlook of observing them as a mutually dependent pathway. Indeed, the burden of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction of circadian rhythms may lead to AD. Aging can alter both sleep timings and quality that can be strongly disrupted in AD. Increased production of Aβ and reduced Aβ clearance are caused by a close interplay of Aβ, sleep disturbance and raised wakefulness. Besides Aβ, the impact of tau pathology is possibly noteworthy to the sleep deprivation found in AD. Hence, this review is focused on the primary mechanistic complexities linked to disruption of circadian rhythms, sleep deprivation, and AD. Furthermore, this review also highlights the potential therapeutic strategies to abate AD pathogenesis.
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89
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Haghani A, Cacciottolo M, Doty KR, D'Agostino C, Thorwald M, Safi N, Levine ME, Sioutas C, Town TC, Forman HJ, Zhang H, Morgan TE, Finch CE. Mouse brain transcriptome responses to inhaled nanoparticulate matter differed by sex and APOE in Nrf2-Nfkb interactions. eLife 2020; 9:e54822. [PMID: 32579111 PMCID: PMC7314548 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of air pollution is undefined for sex and APOE alleles. These major risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) were examined in mice given chronic exposure to nPM, a nano-sized subfraction of urban air pollution. In the cerebral cortex, female mice had two-fold more genes responding to nPM than males. Transcriptomic responses to nPM had sex-APOE interactions in AD-relevant pathways. Only APOE3 mice responded to nPM in genes related to Abeta deposition and clearance (Vav2, Vav3, S1009a). Other responding genes included axonal guidance, inflammation (AMPK, NFKB, APK/JNK signaling), and antioxidant signaling (NRF2, HIF1A). Genes downstream of NFKB and NRF2 responded in opposite directions to nPM. Nrf2 knockdown in microglia augmented NFKB responses to nPM, suggesting a critical role of NRF2 in air pollution neurotoxicity. These findings give a rationale for epidemiologic studies of air pollution to consider sex interactions with APOE alleles and other AD-risk genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Haghani
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Mafalda Cacciottolo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Kevin R Doty
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Carla D'Agostino
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Max Thorwald
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nikoo Safi
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Morgan E Levine
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenUnited States
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Terrence C Town
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Hongqiao Zhang
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
- Dornsife College, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUnited States
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90
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Lin AL, Parikh I, Yanckello LM, White RS, Hartz AMS, Taylor CE, McCulloch SD, Thalman SW, Xia M, McCarty K, Ubele M, Head E, Hyder F, Sanganahalli BG. APOE genotype-dependent pharmacogenetic responses to rapamycin for preventing Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104834. [PMID: 32173556 PMCID: PMC7486698 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ε4 allele of Apolipoprotein (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Cognitively normal APOE4 carriers have developed amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and cerebrovascular, metabolic and structural deficits decades before showing the cognitive impairment. Interventions that can inhibit Aβ retention and restore the brain functions to normal would be critical to prevent AD for the asymptomatic APOE4 carriers. A major goal of the study was to identify the potential usefulness of rapamycin (Rapa), a pharmacological intervention for extending longevity, for preventing AD in the mice that express human APOE4 gene and overexpress Aβ (the E4FAD mice). Another goal of the study was to identify the potential pharmacogenetic differences in response to rapamycin between the E4FAD and E3FAD mice, the mice with human APOE ε3 allele. We used multi-modal MRI to measure in vivo cerebral blood flow (CBF), neurotransmitter levels, white matter integrity, water content, cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) and somatosensory response; used behavioral assessments to determine cognitive function; used biochemistry assays to determine Aβ retention and blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions; and used metabolomics to identify brain metabolic changes. We found that in the E4FAD mice, rapamycin normalized bodyweight, restored CBF (especially in female), BBB activity for Aβ transport, neurotransmitter levels, neuronal integrity and free fatty acid level, and reduced Aβ retention, which were not observe in the E3FAD-Rapa mice. In contrast, E3FAD-Rapa mice had lower CVR responses, lower anxiety and reduced glycolysis in the brain, which were not seen in the E4FAD-Rapa mice. Further, rapamycin appeared to normalize lipid-associated metabolism in the E4FAD mice, while slowed overall glucose-associated metabolism in the E3FAD mice. Finally, rapamycin enhanced overall water content, water diffusion in white matter, and spatial memory in both E3FAD and E4FAD mice, but did not impact the somatosensory responses under hindpaw stimulation. Our findings indicated that rapamycin was able to restore brain functions and reduce AD risk for young, asymptomatic E4FAD mice, and there were pharmacogenetic differences between the E3FAD and E4FAD mice. As the multi-modal MRI methods used in the study are readily to be used in humans and rapamycin is FDA-approved, our results may pave a way for future clinical testing of the pharmacogenetic responses in humans with different APOE alleles, and potentially using rapamycin to prevent AD for asymptomatic APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Lin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; F. Joseph Halcomb III, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America.
| | - Ishita Parikh
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Lucille M Yanckello
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Renee S White
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Georgetown College, Georgetown, KY, United States of America
| | - Anika M S Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chase E Taylor
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | | | - Scott W Thalman
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America; F. Joseph Halcomb III, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Mengfan Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Katie McCarty
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Margo Ubele
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America; University of California Irvine Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance Core Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
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91
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A Role of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 4 (LRP4) in Astrocytic Aβ Clearance. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5347-5361. [PMID: 32457076 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0250-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition occurs years before cognitive symptoms appear and is considered a cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The imbalance of Aβ production and clearance leads to Aβ accumulation and Aβ deposition. Increasing evidence indicates an important role of astrocytes, the most abundant cell type among glial cells in the brain, in Aβ clearance. We explored the role of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), a member of the LDLR family, in AD pathology. We show that Lrp4 is specifically expressed in astrocytes and its levels in astrocytes were higher than those of Ldlr and Lrp1, both of which have been implicated in Aβ uptake. LRP4 was reduced in postmortem brain tissues of AD patients. Genetic deletion of the Lrp4 gene augmented Aβ plaques in 5xFAD male mice, an AD mouse model, and exacerbated the deficits in neurotransmission, synchrony between the hippocampus and PFC, and cognition. Mechanistically, LRP4 promotes Aβ uptake by astrocytes likely by interacting with ApoE. Together, our study demonstrates that astrocytic LRP4 plays an important role in Aβ pathology and cognitive function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study investigates how astrocytes, a type of non-nerve cells in the brain, may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. We demonstrate that the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) is reduced in the brain of AD patients. Mimicking the reduced levels in an AD mouse model exacerbates cognitive impairment and increases amyloid aggregates that are known to damage the brain. We show that LRP4 could promote the clearance of amyloid protein by astrocytes. Our results reveal a previously unappreciated role of LRP4 in AD development.
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92
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Mamun AA, Uddin MS, Bin Bashar MF, Zaman S, Begum Y, Bulbul IJ, Islam MS, Sarwar MS, Mathew B, Amran MS, Md Ashraf G, Bin-Jumah MN, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Insight into the Therapeutic Promise of Targeting APOE4 for Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5086250. [PMID: 32509144 PMCID: PMC7245681 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5086250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes chronic cognitive dysfunction. Most of the AD cases are late onset, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform is a key genetic risk factor. The APOE gene has 3 key alleles in humans including APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. Among them, APOE4 is the most potent genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (LOAD), while APOE2 has a defensive effect. Research data suggest that APOE4 leads to the pathogenesis of AD through various processes such as accelerated beta-amyloid aggregations that raised neurofibrillary tangle formation, cerebrovascular diseases, aggravated neuroinflammation, and synaptic loss. However, the precise mode of actions regarding in what way APOE4 leads to AD pathology remains unclear. Since APOE contributes to several pathological pathways of AD, targeting APOE4 might serve as a promising strategy for the development of novel drugs to combat AD. In this review, we focus on the recent studies about APOE4-targeted therapeutic strategies that have been advanced in animal models and are being prepared for use in humans for the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fahim Bin Bashar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sonia Zaman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yesmin Begum
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Md. Shahid Sarwar
- Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | - Md. Shah Amran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N. Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, New York, NY 12144, USA
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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93
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Zaldua S, Damen FC, Pisharody R, Thomas R, Fan KD, Ekkurthi GK, Scheinman SB, Alahmadi S, Marottoli FM, Alford S, Cai K, Tai LM. Epidermal growth factor treatment of female mice that express APOE4 at an age of advanced pathology mitigates behavioral and cerebrovascular dysfunction. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03919. [PMID: 32478184 PMCID: PMC7251379 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
APOE4 is a major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and high amyloid-β (Aβ) levels in the brain are a pathological hallmark of the disease. However, the contribution of specific APOE-modulated Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent functions to cognitive decline remain unclear. Increasing evidence supports a role of APOE in modulating cerebrovascular function, however whether ameliorating this dysfunction can improve behavioral function is still under debate. We have previously demonstrated that systemic epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment, which is important for vascular function, at early stages of pathology (treatment from 6 to 8 months) is beneficial for recognition and spatial memory and cerebrovascular function in female mice that express APOE4. These data raise the important question of whether EGF can improve APOE4-associated cerebrovascular and behavioral dysfunction when treatment is initiated at an age of advanced pathology. Positive findings would support the development of therapies that target cerebrovascular dysfunction associated with APOE4 in aging and AD in individuals with advanced cognitive impairment. Therefore, in this study female mice that express APOE4 in the absence (E4FAD- mice) or presence (E4FAD+ mice) of Aβ overproduction were treated from 8 to 10 months of age systemically with EGF. EGF treatment mitigated behavioral dysfunction in recognition memory and spatial learning and improved hippocampal neuronal function in both E4FAD+ and E4FAD- mice, suggesting that EGF treatment improves Aβ-independent APOE4-associated deficits. The beneficial effects of EGF treatment on behavior occurred in tandem with improved markers of cerebrovascular function, including lower levels of fibrinogen, lower permeability when assessed by MRI and higher percent area coverage of laminin and CD31 in the hippocampus. These data suggest a mechanistic link among EGF signaling, cerebrovascular function and APOE4-associated behavioral deficits in mice with advanced AD-relevant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Frederick C Damen
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Suite 103, 2242 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rohan Pisharody
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kelly D Fan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Giri K Ekkurthi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sarah B Scheinman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sami Alahmadi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Felecia M Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Simon Alford
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Suite 103, 2242 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System, Suite 103, 2242 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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94
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Lewandowski CT, Maldonado Weng J, LaDu MJ. Alzheimer's disease pathology in APOE transgenic mouse models: The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 139:104811. [PMID: 32087290 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus on amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles has yielded no Alzheimer's disease (AD) modifying treatments in the past several decades, despite successful studies in preclinical mouse models. This inconsistency has caused a renewed focus on improving the fidelity and reliability of AD mouse models, with disparate views on how this improvement can be accomplished. However, the interactive effects of the universal biological variables of AD, which include age, APOE genotype, and sex, are often overlooked. Age is the greatest risk factor for AD, while the ε4 allele of the human APOE gene, encoding apolipoprotein E, is the greatest genetic risk factor. Sex is the final universal biological variable of AD, as females develop AD at almost twice the rate of males and, importantly, female sex exacerbates the effects of APOE4 on AD risk and rate of cognitive decline. Therefore, this review evaluates the importance of context for understanding the role of APOE in preclinical mouse models. Specifically, we detail how human AD pathology is mirrored in current transgenic mouse models ("What") and describe the critical need for introducing human APOE into these mouse models ("Who"). We next outline different methods for introducing human APOE into mice ("How") and highlight efforts to develop temporally defined and location-specific human apoE expression models ("When" and "Where"). We conclude with the importance of choosing the human APOE mouse model relevant to the question being addressed, using the selection of transgenic models for testing apoE-targeted therapeutics as an example ("Why").
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Affiliation(s)
- Cutler T Lewandowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Juan Maldonado Weng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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95
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Parikh IJ, Estus JL, Zajac DJ, Malik M, Maldonado Weng J, Tai LM, Chlipala GE, LaDu MJ, Green SJ, Estus S. Murine Gut Microbiome Association With APOE Alleles. Front Immunol 2020; 11:200. [PMID: 32117315 PMCID: PMC7034241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since APOE alleles represent the most impactful genetic risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), their differential mechanism(s) of action are under intense scrutiny. APOE4 is robustly associated with increased AD risk compared to the neutral APOE3 and protective APOE2. APOE alleles have also been associated with differential inflammation and gastrointestinal recovery after insult in human and murine studies, leading us to hypothesize that APOE alleles impact the gut microbiome. Methods: To assess this hypothesis, we compared 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon-based microbiome profiles in a cohort of mice that were homozygous for APOE2, APOE3, or APOE4, and included both males and females as well as carriers and non-carriers of five familial AD (5xFAD) mutations. Fecal samples were analyzed from mice at 4 and 6 months of age. APOE genotype, as well as sex and 5xFAD status, was then tested for influence on alpha diversity (Shannon H index) and beta diversity (principal coordinate analyses and PERMANOVA). A Random Forest analysis was used to identify features that predicted APOE, sex and 5xFAD status. Results: The richness and evenness (alpha diversity) of the fecal microbiome was not robustly associated with APOE genotype, 5xFAD status or sex. In contrast, microbial community composition (beta-diversity) was consistently and strongly associated with APOE genotype. The association between beta-diversity and sex or 5xFAD status was less consistent and more modest. Comparison of the differences underlying APOE effects showed that the relative abundance of multiple bacterial taxa was significantly different as a function of APOE genotype. Conclusions: The structure of the gut microbiome was strongly and significantly associated with APOE alleles in this murine model. Further evaluation of these findings in humans, as well as studies evaluating the impact of the APOE-associated microbiota on AD-relevant phenotypes in murine models, will be necessary to determine if alterations in the gut microbiome represent a novel mechanism whereby APOE genotype impacts AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita J. Parikh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Janice L. Estus
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Diana J. Zajac
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Manasi Malik
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Juan Maldonado Weng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - George E. Chlipala
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stefan J. Green
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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96
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Cacciottolo M, Morgan TE, Saffari AA, Shirmohammadi F, Forman HJ, Sioutas C, Finch CE. Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP-PM) promote neuronal amyloidogenesis through oxidative damage to lipid rafts. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:242-251. [PMID: 31883973 PMCID: PMC7075030 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution particulate matter (TRAP-PM) is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer Disease (AD). Rodent models respond to nano-sized TRAP-PM (nPM) with increased production of amyloid Aβ peptides, concurrently with oxidative damage. Because pro-Aβ processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) occurs on subcellular lipid rafts, we hypothesized that oxidative stress from nPM exposure would alter lipid rafts to favor Aβ production. This hypothesis was tested with J20 mice and N2a cells transgenic for hAPPswe (familial AD). Exposure of J20-APPswe mice to nPM for 150 h caused increased lipid oxidation (4-HNE) and increased the pro-amyloidogenic processing of APP in lipid raft fractions in cerebral cortex; the absence of these changes in cerebellum parallels the AD brain region selectivity for Aβ deposits. In vitro, nPM induced similar oxidative responses in N2a-APPswe cells, with dose-dependent production of NO, oxidative damage (4-HNE, 3NT), and lipid raft alterations of APP with increased Aβ peptides. The antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) attenuated nPM-induced oxidative damage and lipid raft alterations of APP processing. These findings identify neuronal lipid rafts as novel targets of oxidative damage in the pro-amyloidogenic effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Cacciottolo
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Morgan
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arian A Saffari
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Farimah Shirmohammadi
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Costantinos Sioutas
- Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Dornsife College, Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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97
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Singh AK, Mishra G, Maurya A, Awasthi R, Kumari K, Thakur A, Rai A, Rai GK, Sharma B, Kulkarni GT, Singh SK. Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease and its Consequences on β- Amyloid, Tau and Neurofibrillary Tangles. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1216-1229. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666190903102822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is age-related neurodegenerative disorder recognized by a steadily
gradual cognitive decline that has devastating personal and socioeconomic implications. Recently, some
genetic factors for AD have been identified which attracted wide attention of researchers in different
areas of AD biology and possible new therapeutic targets. Alternative forms of triggering receptor expressed
on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) genes are examples of such risk factors, which contribute higher
risk for developing AD. Comprehending TREM2 function pledge to provide salient insight into how
neuroinflammation contributes to AD pathology. The dearth of microglial TREM2 shepherd to augmented
tau pathology is couple with frequent enhancement of activated neuronal stress kinases. The involvement
of TREM2 in the regulation of tau-associated innate immune response of the CNS has clearly
demonstrated through these findings. However, whether decrease level of TREM2 assists pathology of
tau through changed clearance and pathological escalation of tau or through direct contact between microglia
and neuron and any alternative possible mechanisms need to examine. This review briefly summarizes
distinct functional roles of TREM2 in AD pathology and highlights the TREM2 gene regulation.
We have also addressed the impact of TREM2 on β-amyloid plaques and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag K. Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Mishra
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anand Maurya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida - 201303, India
| | - Komal Kumari
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences & Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arati Rai
- Hygia Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Lucknow-226020, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gopal Kumar Rai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi- 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida - 201303, India
| | - Giriraj T Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida - 201303, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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98
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APOE in the normal brain. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 136:104724. [PMID: 31911114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 protein affects the primary neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD): amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and gliosis. These interactions have been investigated to understand the strong effect of APOE genotype on risk of AD. However, APOE genotype has strong effects on processes in normal brains, in the absence of the hallmarks of AD. We propose that CNS APOE is involved in processes in the normal brains that in later years apply specifically to processes of AD pathogenesis. We review the differences of the APOE protein found in the CNS compared to the plasma, including post-translational modifications (glycosylation, lipidation, multimer formation), focusing on ways that the common APOE isoforms differ from each other. We also review structural and functional studies of young human brains and control APOE knock-in mouse brains. These approaches demonstrate the effects of APOE genotype on microscopic neuron structure, gross brain structure, and behavior, primarily related to the hippocampal areas. By focusing on the effects of APOE genotype on normal brain function, approaches can be pursued to identify biomarkers of APOE dysfunction, to promote normal functions of the APOE4 isoform, and to prevent the accumulation of the pathologic hallmarks of AD with aging.
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99
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Synergistic effects of APOE and sex on the gut microbiome of young EFAD transgenic mice. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:47. [PMID: 31861986 PMCID: PMC6923910 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for AD, increasing risk up to 15-fold compared to the common APOE3. Importantly, female (♀) APOE4 carriers have a greater risk for developing AD and an increased rate of cognitive decline compared to male (♂) APOE4 carriers. While recent evidence demonstrates that AD, APOE genotype, and sex affect the gut microbiome (GM), how APOE genotype and sex interact to affect the GM in AD remains unknown. Methods This study analyzes the GM of 4-month (4 M) ♂ and ♀ E3FAD and E4FAD mice, transgenic mice that overproduce amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) and express human APOE3+/+ or APOE4+/+. Fecal microbiotas were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons and clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTU). Microbial diversity of the EFAD GM was compared across APOE, sex and stratified by APOE + sex, resulting in 4-cohorts (♂E3FAD, ♀E3FAD, ♂E4FAD and ♀E4FAD). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) evaluated differences in bacterial communities between cohorts and the effects of APOE + sex. Mann-Whitney tests and machine-learning algorithms identified differentially abundant taxa associated with APOE + sex. Results Significant differences in the EFAD GM were associated with APOE genotype and sex. Stratification by APOE + sex revealed that APOE-associated differences were exhibited in ♂EFAD and ♀EFAD mice, and sex-associated differences were exhibited in E3FAD and E4FAD mice. Specifically, the relative abundance of bacteria from the genera Prevotella and Ruminococcus was significantly higher in ♀E4FAD compared to ♀E3FAD, while the relative abundance of Sutterella was significantly higher in ♂E4FAD compared to ♂E3FAD. Based on 29 OTUs identified by the machine-learning algorithms, heatmap analysis revealed significant clustering of ♀E4FAD separate from other cohorts. Conclusions The results demonstrate that the 4 M EFAD GM is modulated by APOE + sex. Importantly, the effect of APOE4 on the EFAD GM is modulated by sex, a pattern similar to the greater AD pathology associated with ♀E4FAD. While this study demonstrates the importance of interactive effects of APOE + sex on the GM in young AD transgenic mice, changes associated with the development of pathology remain to be defined.
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100
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Damen FC, Tain RW, Thomas R, Li W, Tai L, Cai K. Evaluation of B 0-correction of relative CBF maps using tagging distance dependent Z-spectrum (TADDZ). Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 65:83-89. [PMID: 31669538 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI, based on endogenous contrast from blood water, is used in research and diagnosis of cerebral vascular conditions. However, artifacts due to imperfect imaging conditions such as B0-inhomogeneity (ΔB0) could lead to variations in the quantification of relative cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this study, we evaluate a new approach using tagging distance dependent Z-spectrum (TADDZ) data, similar to the ΔB0 corrections in the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments, to remove the imaging plane B0 inhomogeneity induced CBF artifacts in ASL MRI. Our results indicate that imaging-plane B0-inhomogeneity can lead to variations and errors in the relative CBF maps especially under small tagging distances. Along with an acquired B0 map, TADDZ data helps to eliminate B0-inhomogeneity induced artifacts in the resulting relative CBF maps. We demonstrated the effective use of TADDZ data to reduce variation while subjected to systematic changes in ΔB0. In addition, TADDZ corrected ASL MRI, with improved consistency, was shown to outperform conventional ASL MRI by differentiating the subtle CBF difference in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice brains with different APOE genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Damen
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rong-Wen Tain
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Brain Imaging Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Weigo Li
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kejia Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Center for MR Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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