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Bermudez M, Bock A. Does Divergent Binding Pocket Closure Drive Ligand Bias for Class A GPCRs? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:236-239. [PMID: 30852058 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
GPCRs couple to intracellular transducer proteins, which reciprocally closes the extracellular ligand binding pocket, a process called allosteric coupling. Biased agonists preferentially stimulate receptor coupling to specific signaling pathways. Here, we postulate that agonists with extended binding modes selectively interfere with binding pocket closure, which results in divergent allosteric coupling, eventually leading to ligand bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bermudez
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Bock
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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Angiotensin Analogs with Divergent Bias Stabilize Distinct Receptor Conformations. Cell 2019; 176:468-478.e11. [PMID: 30639099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
"Biased" G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists preferentially activate pathways mediated by G proteins or β-arrestins. Here, we use double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy to probe the changes that ligands induce in the conformational distribution of the angiotensin II type I receptor. Monitoring distances between 10 pairs of nitroxide labels distributed across the intracellular regions enabled mapping of four underlying sets of conformations. Ligands from different functional classes have distinct, characteristic effects on the conformational heterogeneity of the receptor. Compared to angiotensin II, the endogenous agonist, agonists with enhanced Gq coupling more strongly stabilize an "open" conformation with an accessible transducer-binding site. β-arrestin-biased agonists deficient in Gq coupling do not stabilize this open conformation but instead favor two more occluded conformations. These data suggest a structural mechanism for biased ligand action at the angiotensin receptor that can be exploited to rationally design GPCR-targeting drugs with greater specificity of action.
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Wingler LM, McMahon C, Staus DP, Lefkowitz RJ, Kruse AC. Distinctive Activation Mechanism for Angiotensin Receptor Revealed by a Synthetic Nanobody. Cell 2019; 176:479-490.e12. [PMID: 30639100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is a critical regulator of cardiovascular and renal function and is an important model for studies of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. By stabilizing the receptor with a single-domain antibody fragment ("nanobody") discovered using a synthetic yeast-displayed library, we determined the crystal structure of active-state human AT1R bound to an AngII analog with partial agonist activity. The nanobody binds to the receptor's intracellular transducer pocket, stabilizing the large conformational changes characteristic of activated GPCRs. The peptide engages the AT1R through an extensive interface spanning from the receptor core to its extracellular face and N terminus, remodeling the ligand-binding cavity. Remarkably, the mechanism used to propagate conformational changes through the receptor diverges from other GPCRs at several key sites, highlighting the diversity of allosteric mechanisms among GPCRs. Our structure provides insight into how AngII and its analogs stimulate full or biased signaling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Wingler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Conor McMahon
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Turu G, Balla A, Hunyady L. The Role of β-Arrestin Proteins in Organization of Signaling and Regulation of the AT1 Angiotensin Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:519. [PMID: 31447777 PMCID: PMC6691095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AT1 angiotensin receptor plays important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the cardiovascular system. Renin-angiotensin system represents a target system for drugs acting at different levels. The main effects of ATR1 stimulation involve activation of Gq proteins and subsequent IP3, DAG, and calcium signaling. It has become evident in recent years that besides the well-known G protein pathways, AT1R also activates a parallel signaling pathway through β-arrestins. β-arrestins were originally described as proteins that desensitize G protein-coupled receptors, but they can also mediate receptor internalization and G protein-independent signaling. AT1R is one of the most studied receptors, which was used to unravel the newly recognized β-arrestin-mediated pathways. β-arrestin-mediated signaling has become one of the most studied topics in recent years in molecular pharmacology and the modulation of these pathways of the AT1R might offer new therapeutic opportunities in the near future. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the field of β-arrestin signaling of the AT1R, emphasizing its role in cardiovascular regulation and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Turu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Balla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Semmelweis University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: László Hunyady
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Breakthrough in GPCR Crystallography and Its Impact on Computer-Aided Drug Design. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1705:45-72. [PMID: 29188558 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7465-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent crystallographic structures of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have greatly advanced our understanding of the recognition of their diverse agonist and antagonist ligands. We illustrate here how this applies to A2A adenosine receptors (ARs) and to P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors (P2YRs) for ADP. These X-ray structures have impacted the medicinal chemistry aimed at discovering new ligands for these two receptor families, including receptors that have not yet been crystallized but are closely related to the known structures. In this Chapter, we discuss recent structure-based drug design projects that led to the discovery of: (a) novel A3AR agonists based on a highly rigidified (N)-methanocarba scaffold for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain and other conditions, (b) fluorescent probes of the ARs and P2Y14R, as chemical tools for structural probing of these GPCRs and for improving assay capabilities, and (c) new more drug-like antagonists of the inflammation-related P2Y14R. We also describe the computationally enabled molecular recognition of positive (for A3AR) and negative (P2Y1R) allosteric modulators that in some cases are shown to be consistent with structure-activity relationship (SAR) data. Thus, computational modeling has become an essential tool for the design of purine receptor ligands.
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Ahn S, Pani B, Kahsai AW, Olsen EK, Husemoen G, Vestergaard M, Jin L, Zhao S, Wingler LM, Rambarat PK, Simhal RK, Xu TT, Sun LD, Shim PJ, Staus DP, Huang LY, Franch T, Chen X, Lefkowitz RJ. Small-Molecule Positive Allosteric Modulators of the β2-Adrenoceptor Isolated from DNA-Encoded Libraries. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:850-861. [PMID: 29769246 PMCID: PMC6022804 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional drug discovery efforts at the β2-adrenoceptor (β2AR) have led to the development of ligands that bind almost exclusively to the receptor’s hormone-binding orthosteric site. However, targeting the largely unexplored and evolutionarily unique allosteric sites has potential for developing more specific drugs with fewer side effects than orthosteric ligands. Using our recently developed approach for screening G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) with DNA-encoded small-molecule libraries, we have discovered and characterized the first β2AR small-molecule positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)—compound (Cmpd)-6 [(R)-N-(4-amino-1-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-4-oxobutan-2-yl)-5-(N-isopropyl-N-methylsulfamoyl)-2-((4-methoxyphenyl)thio)benzamide] and its analogs. We used purified human β2ARs, occupied by a high-affinity agonist, for the affinity-based screening of over 500 million distinct library compounds, which yielded Cmpd-6. It exhibits a low micro-molar affinity for the agonist-occupied β2AR and displays positive cooperativity with orthosteric agonists, thereby enhancing their binding to the receptor and ability to stabilize its active state. Cmpd-6 is cooperative with G protein and β-arrestin1 (a.k.a. arrestin2) to stabilize high-affinity, agonist-bound active states of the β2AR and potentiates downstream cAMP production and receptor recruitment of β-arrestin2 (a.k.a. arrestin3). Cmpd-6 is specific for the β2AR compared with the closely related β1AR. Structure–activity studies of select Cmpd-6 analogs defined the chemical groups that are critical for its biologic activity. We thus introduce the first small-molecule PAMs for the β2AR, which may serve as a lead molecule for the development of novel therapeutics. The approach described in this work establishes a broadly applicable proof-of-concept strategy for affinity-based discovery of small-molecule allosteric compounds targeting unique conformational states of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungkirl Ahn
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Eva K Olsen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Gitte Husemoen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Mikkel Vestergaard
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Lei Jin
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Laura M Wingler
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Paula K Rambarat
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Rishabh K Simhal
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Thomas T Xu
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Lillian D Sun
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Paul J Shim
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Dean P Staus
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Li-Yin Huang
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Thomas Franch
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Xin Chen
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Departments of Medicine (S.A., B.P., A.W.K., L.M.W., P.K.R., R.K.S., T.T.X., L.D.S., D.P.S., L.-Y.H., R.J.L.) and Biochemistry (R.J.L.) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (L.M.W., D.P.S., R.J.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Nuevolution A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (E.K.O., G.H., M.V., T.F.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China (L.J., S.Z., X.C.); and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (P.J.S.)
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Arensdorf AM, Dillard ME, Menke JM, Frank MW, Rock CO, Ogden SK. Sonic Hedgehog Activates Phospholipase A2 to Enhance Smoothened Ciliary Translocation. Cell Rep 2018; 19:2074-2087. [PMID: 28591579 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo) is the signal transducer of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Smo signals through G protein-dependent and -independent routes, with G protein-independent canonical signaling to Gli effectors requiring Smo accumulation in the primary cilium. The mechanisms controlling Smo activation and trafficking are not yet clear but likely entail small-molecule binding to pockets in its extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and/or transmembrane bundle. Here, we demonstrate that the cytosolic phospholipase cPLA2α is activated through Gβγ downstream of Smo to release arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid binds Smo and synergizes with CRD-binding agonists, promoting Smo ciliary trafficking and high-level signaling. Chemical or genetic cPLA2α inhibition dampens Smo signaling to Gli, revealing an unexpected contribution of G protein-dependent signaling to canonical pathway activity. Arachidonic acid displaces the Smo transmembrane domain inhibitor cyclopamine to rescue CRD agonist-induced signaling, suggesting that arachidonic acid may target the transmembrane bundle to allosterically enhance signaling by CRD agonist-bound Smo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Arensdorf
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jacob M Menke
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Rhodes College St. Jude Summer Plus Program, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Matthew W Frank
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Charles O Rock
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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58
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Li W, Xu J, Kou X, Zhao R, Zhou W, Fang X. Single-molecule force spectroscopy study of interactions between angiotensin II type 1 receptor and different biased ligands in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3275-3284. [PMID: 29492619 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), a typical G protein-coupled receptor, plays a key role in regulating many cardiovascular functions. Different ligands can bind with AT1R to selectively activate either G protein (Gq) or β-arrestin (β-arr) pathway, or both pathways, but the molecular mechanism is not clear yet. In this work, we used, for the first time, atomic force microscopy-based single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to study the interactions of AT1R with three types of ligands, balanced ligand, Gq-biased ligand, and β-arr-biased ligand, in living cells. The results revealed their difference in binding force and binding stability. The complex of the Gq-biased ligand-AT1R overcame two energy barriers with an intermediate state during dissociation, whereas that of β-arr-biased ligand-AT1R complex overcame one energy barrier. This indicated that AT1R had different ligand-binding conformational substates and underwent different structural changes to activate downstream signaling pathways with variable agonist efficacies. Quantitative analysis of AT1R-ligand binding in living cells at the single-molecule level offers a new tool to study the molecular mechanism of AT1R biased activation. Graphical Abstract Single-molecule force measurement on the living cell expressing AT1R-eGFP with a ligand modified AFM tip (left), the dynamic force spectra of β-arrestin biased ligands-AT1R (middle), and Gq-biased ligands-AT1R (right). The complexes of β-arr-biased ligand-AT1R overcame one energy barrier, with one linear region in the spectra, whereas the Gq-biased ligand-AT1R complexes overcame two energy barriers with two linear regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiachao Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Kou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2 North First Street, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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59
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Elgeti M, Kazmin R, Rose AS, Szczepek M, Hildebrand PW, Bartl FJ, Scheerer P, Hofmann KP. The arrestin-1 finger loop interacts with two distinct conformations of active rhodopsin. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4403-4410. [PMID: 29363577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling of the prototypical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin through its cognate G protein transducin (Gt) is quenched when arrestin binds to the activated receptor. Although the overall architecture of the rhodopsin/arrestin complex is known, many questions regarding its specificity remain unresolved. Here, using FTIR difference spectroscopy and a dual pH/peptide titration assay, we show that rhodopsin maintains certain flexibility upon binding the "finger loop" of visual arrestin (prepared as synthetic peptide ArrFL-1). We found that two distinct complexes can be stabilized depending on the protonation state of E3.49 in the conserved (D)ERY motif. Both complexes exhibit different interaction modes and affinities of ArrFL-1 binding. The plasticity of the receptor within the rhodopsin/ArrFL-1 complex stands in contrast to the complex with the C terminus of the Gt α-subunit (GαCT), which stabilizes only one specific substate out of the conformational ensemble. However, Gt α-subunit binding and both ArrFL-1-binding modes involve a direct interaction to conserved R3.50, as determined by site-directed mutagenesis. Our findings highlight the importance of receptor conformational flexibility and cytoplasmic proton uptake for modulation of rhodopsin signaling and thereby extend the picture provided by crystal structures of the rhodopsin/arrestin and rhodopsin/ArrFL-1 complexes. Furthermore, the two binding modes of ArrFL-1 identified here involve motifs of conserved amino acids, which indicates that our results may have elucidated a common modulation mechanism of class A GPCR-G protein/-arrestin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Elgeti
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany,
| | - Roman Kazmin
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander S Rose
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Group ProteInformatics
| | - Michal Szczepek
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction
| | - Peter W Hildebrand
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik, Universität Leipzig, Härtelstrasse 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franz J Bartl
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Institut für Biologie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction
| | - Klaus Peter Hofmann
- From the Institut für Medizinische Physik und Biophysik (CC2), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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60
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Morshed SA, Ma R, Latif R, Davies TF. Biased signaling by thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor-specific antibodies determines thyrocyte survival in autoimmunity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/514/eaah4120. [PMID: 29363585 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR). Autoimmune hyperthyroidism, commonly known as Graves' disease (GD), is caused by stimulating autoantibodies to the TSHR. We previously described TSHR-specific antibodies (TSHR-Abs) in GD that recognize linear epitopes in the cleavage region of the TSHR ectodomain (C-TSHR-Abs) and induce thyroid cell apoptosis instead of stimulating the TSHR. We found that C-TSHR-Abs entered the cell through clathrin-mediated endocytosis but did not trigger endosomal maturation and failed to undergo normal vesicular sorting and trafficking. We found that stimulating TSHR-Abs (S-TSHR-Abs) activated Gαs and, to a lesser extent, Gαq but that C-TSHR-Abs failed to activate any of the G proteins normally activated in response to TSH. Furthermore, specific inhibition of G proteins in the presence of S-TSHR-mAbs or TSH resulted in a similar failure of endosomal maturation as that caused by C-TSHR-mAbs. Hence, whereas S-TSHR-mAbs and TSH contributed to normal vesicular trafficking of TSHR through the activation of major G proteins, the C-TSHR-Abs resulted in GRK2- and β-arrestin-1-dependent biased signaling, which is interpreted as a danger signal by the cell. Our observations suggest that the binding of antibodies to different TSHR epitopes may decrease cell survival. Antibody-induced cell injury and the response to cell death amplify the loss of self-tolerance, which most likely helps to perpetuate GPCR-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
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61
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Lack of beta-arrestin signaling in the absence of active G proteins. Nat Commun 2018; 9:341. [PMID: 29362459 PMCID: PMC5780443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-independent, arrestin-dependent signaling is a paradigm that broadens the signaling scope of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) beyond G proteins for numerous biological processes. However, arrestin signaling in the collective absence of functional G proteins has never been demonstrated. Here we achieve a state of “zero functional G” at the cellular level using HEK293 cells depleted by CRISPR/Cas9 technology of the Gs/q/12 families of Gα proteins, along with pertussis toxin-mediated inactivation of Gi/o. Together with HEK293 cells lacking β-arrestins (“zero arrestin”), we systematically dissect G protein- from arrestin-driven signaling outcomes for a broad set of GPCRs. We use biochemical, biophysical, label-free whole-cell biosensing and ERK phosphorylation to identify four salient features for all receptors at “zero functional G”: arrestin recruitment and internalization, but—unexpectedly—complete failure to activate ERK and whole-cell responses. These findings change our understanding of how GPCRs function and in particular of how they activate ERK1/2. Arrestins terminate signaling from GPCRs, but several lines of evidence suggest that they are also able to transduce signals independently of G proteins. Here, the authors systematically ablate G proteins in cell lines, and show that arrestins are unable to act as genuine signal initiators.
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the human genome and some of the most common drug targets. It is now well established that GPCRs can signal through multiple transducers, including heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases and β-arrestins. While these signalling pathways can be activated or blocked by 'balanced' agonists or antagonists, they can also be selectively activated in a 'biased' response. Biased responses can be induced by biased ligands, biased receptors or system bias, any of which can result in preferential signalling through G proteins or β-arrestins. At many GPCRs, signalling events mediated by G proteins and β-arrestins have been shown to have distinct biochemical and physiological actions from one another, and an accurate evaluation of biased signalling from pharmacology through physiology is crucial for preclinical drug development. Recent structural studies have provided snapshots of GPCR-transducer complexes, which should aid in the structure-based design of novel biased therapies. Our understanding of GPCRs has evolved from that of two-state, on-and-off switches to that of multistate allosteric microprocessors, in which biased ligands transmit distinct structural information that is processed into distinct biological outputs. The development of biased ligands as therapeutics heralds an era of increased drug efficacy with reduced drug side effects.
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63
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Wang J, Hanada K, Gareri C, Rockman HA. Mechanoactivation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor induces β-arrestin-biased signaling through Gα i coupling. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3586-3597. [PMID: 29231251 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ligand activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, stimulates intracellular signaling to mediate a variety of physiological responses. The AT1R is also known to be a mechanical sensor. When activated by mechanical stretch, the AT1R can signal via the multifunctional adaptor protein β-arrestin, rather than through classical heterotrimeric G protein pathways. To date, the AT1R conformation induced by membrane stretch in the absence of ligand was thought to be the same as that induced by β-arrestin-biased agonists, which selectively engage β-arrestin thereby preventing G protein coupling. Here, we show that in contrast to the β-arrestin-biased agonists TRV120023 and TRV120026, membrane stretch uniquely promotes the coupling of the inhibitory G protein (Gαi ) to the AT1R to transduce signaling. Stretch-triggered AT1R-Gαi coupling is required for the recruitment of β-arrestin2 and activation of downstream signaling pathways, such as EGFR transactivation and ERK phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrate additional complexity in the mechanism of receptor bias in which the recruitment of Gαi is required for allosteric mechanoactivation of the AT1R-induced β-arrestin-biased signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kenji Hanada
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Clarice Gareri
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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64
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Li T, Yu B, Liu Z, Li J, Ma M, Wang Y, Zhu M, Yin H, Wang X, Fu Y, Yu F, Wang X, Fang X, Sun J, Kong W. Homocysteine directly interacts and activates the angiotensin II type I receptor to aggravate vascular injury. Nat Commun 2018; 9:11. [PMID: 29296021 PMCID: PMC5750214 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism underlying HHcy-aggravated vascular injury remains unclear. Here we show that the aggravation of abdominal aortic aneurysm by HHcy is abolished in mice with genetic deletion of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and in mice treated with an AT1 blocker. We find that homocysteine directly activates AT1 receptor signalling. Homocysteine displaces angiotensin II and limits its binding to AT1 receptor. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analysis reveals distinct conformational changes of AT1 receptor upon binding to angiotensin II and homocysteine. Molecular dynamics and site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggest that homocysteine regulates the conformation of the AT1 receptor both orthosterically and allosterically by forming a salt bridge and a disulfide bond with its Arg167 and Cys289 residues, respectively. Together, these findings suggest that strategies aimed at blocking the AT1 receptor may mitigate HHcy-associated aneurysmal vascular injuries. High homocysteine plasma levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases. Here, Li and colleagues find that homocysteine aggravates vascular injury by direct binding to the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), identifying AT1R inhibition as a potential strategy to counteract the deleterious vascular effects of hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyi Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.,Capital Normal University High School, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, 19 B, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Yingbao Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, 19 B, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinpeng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University; Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
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65
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Santos RAS, Sampaio WO, Alzamora AC, Motta-Santos D, Alenina N, Bader M, Campagnole-Santos MJ. The ACE2/Angiotensin-(1-7)/MAS Axis of the Renin-Angiotensin System: Focus on Angiotensin-(1-7). Physiol Rev 2018; 98:505-553. [PMID: 29351514 PMCID: PMC7203574 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout the body. The classical view of this system saw it as a sequence of many enzymatic steps that culminate in the production of a single biologically active metabolite, the octapeptide angiotensin (ANG) II, by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). The past two decades have revealed new functions for some of the intermediate products, beyond their roles as substrates along the classical route. They may be processed in alternative ways by enzymes such as the ACE homolog ACE2. One effect is to establish a second axis through ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/MAS, whose end point is the metabolite ANG-(1-7). ACE2 and other enzymes can form ANG-(1-7) directly or indirectly from either the decapeptide ANG I or from ANG II. In many cases, this second axis appears to counteract or modulate the effects of the classical axis. ANG-(1-7) itself acts on the receptor MAS to influence a range of mechanisms in the heart, kidney, brain, and other tissues. This review highlights the current knowledge about the roles of ANG-(1-7) in physiology and disease, with particular emphasis on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Augusto Souza Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Andreia C Alzamora
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Daisy Motta-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Maria Jose Campagnole-Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil ; Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto , Ouro Preto , Brazil ; Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin , Germany ; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin , Germany ; Charité - University Medicine, Berlin , Germany ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin , Germany ; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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66
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Bastiaan-Net S, van den Berg-Somhorst DB, Ariëns RM, Paques M, Mes JJ. A novel functional screening assay to monitor sweet taste receptor activation in vitro. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Research Institute Wageningen Food & Biobased Research; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Renata M.C. Ariëns
- Research Institute Wageningen Food & Biobased Research; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Research Institute Wageningen Food & Biobased Research; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
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67
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A kinetic view of GPCR allostery and biased agonism. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:929-937. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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68
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Liu X, Ahn S, Kahsai AW, Meng KC, Latorraca NR, Pani B, Venkatakrishnan AJ, Masoudi A, Weis WI, Dror RO, Chen X, Lefkowitz RJ, Kobilka BK. Mechanism of intracellular allosteric β 2AR antagonist revealed by X-ray crystal structure. Nature 2017; 548:480-484. [PMID: 28813418 DOI: 10.1038/nature23652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) pose challenges for drug discovery efforts because of the high degree of structural homology in the orthosteric pocket, particularly for GPCRs within a single subfamily, such as the nine adrenergic receptors. Allosteric ligands may bind to less-conserved regions of these receptors and therefore are more likely to be selective. Unlike orthosteric ligands, which tonically activate or inhibit signalling, allosteric ligands modulate physiologic responses to hormones and neurotransmitters, and may therefore have fewer adverse effects. The majority of GPCR crystal structures published to date were obtained with receptors bound to orthosteric antagonists, and only a few structures bound to allosteric ligands have been reported. Compound 15 (Cmpd-15) is an allosteric modulator of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) that was recently isolated from a DNA-encoded small-molecule library. Orthosteric β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, known as beta-blockers, are amongst the most prescribed drugs in the world and Cmpd-15 is the first allosteric beta-blocker. Cmpd-15 exhibits negative cooperativity with agonists and positive cooperativity with inverse agonists. Here we present the structure of the β2AR bound to a polyethylene glycol-carboxylic acid derivative (Cmpd-15PA) of this modulator. Cmpd-15PA binds to a pocket formed primarily by the cytoplasmic ends of transmembrane segments 1, 2, 6 and 7 as well as intracellular loop 1 and helix 8. A comparison of this structure with inactive- and active-state structures of the β2AR reveals the mechanism by which Cmpd-15 modulates agonist binding affinity and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Seungkirl Ahn
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Alem W Kahsai
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Kai-Cheng Meng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Naomi R Latorraca
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Biswaranjan Pani
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - A J Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ali Masoudi
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - William I Weis
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ron O Dror
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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69
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Song T, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Wei H, Peng J. GPR120: a critical role in adipogenesis, inflammation, and energy metabolism in adipose tissue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2723-2733. [PMID: 28285320 PMCID: PMC11107682 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that adipose tissue has a critical role in the development of obesity and metabolic diseases and that adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism. Accumulating in the adipose tissue, fatty acids serve as a primary source of essential nutrients and act on intracellular and cell surface receptors to regulate biological events. G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) represents a promising target for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic disorders for its involvement in the regulation of adipogenesis, inflammation, glucose uptake, and insulin resistance. In this review, we summarize recent studies and advances regarding the systemic role of GPR120 in adipose tissue, including both white and brown adipocytes. We offer a new perspective by comparing the different roles in a variety of homeostatic processes from adipogenic development to adipocyte metabolism, and we also discuss the effects of natural and synthetic agonists that may be potential agents for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxing Song
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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70
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Reiter E, Ayoub MA, Pellissier LP, Landomiel F, Musnier A, Tréfier A, Gandia J, De Pascali F, Tahir S, Yvinec R, Bruneau G, Poupon A, Crépieux P. β-arrestin signalling and bias in hormone-responsive GPCRs. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 449:28-41. [PMID: 28174117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in the ability of target organs to respond to hormonal cues. GPCRs' activation mechanisms have long been considered as a two-state process connecting the agonist-bound receptor to heterotrimeric G proteins. This view is now challenged as mounting evidence point to GPCRs being connected to large arrays of transduction mechanisms involving heterotrimeric G proteins as well as other players. Amongst the G protein-independent transduction mechanisms, those elicited by β-arrestins upon their recruitment to the active receptors are by far the best characterized and apply to most GPCRs. These concepts, in conjunction with remarkable advances made in the field of GPCR structural biology and biophysics, have supported the notion of ligand-selective signalling also known as pharmacological bias. Interestingly, recent reports have opened intriguing prospects to the way β-arrestins control GPCR-mediated signalling in space and time within the cells. In the present paper, we review the existing evidence linking endocrine-related GPCRs to β-arrestin recruitement, signalling, pathophysiological implications and selective activation by biased ligands and/or receptor modifications. Emerging concepts surrounding β-arrestin-mediated transduction are discussed in the light of the peculiarities of endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Reiter
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France; LE STUDIUM(®) Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, 45000, Orléans, France; Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Flavie Landomiel
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Astrid Musnier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aurélie Tréfier
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandia
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Shifa Tahir
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Romain Yvinec
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles Bruneau
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Crépieux
- PRC, INRA, CNRS, IFCE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
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71
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Paek J, Kalocsay M, Staus DP, Wingler L, Pascolutti R, Paulo JA, Gygi SP, Kruse AC. Multidimensional Tracking of GPCR Signaling via Peroxidase-Catalyzed Proximity Labeling. Cell 2017; 169:338-349.e11. [PMID: 28388415 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating physiological processes ranging from neurotransmission to cardiovascular function. Current methods for tracking GPCR signaling suffer from low throughput, modification or overexpression of effector proteins, and low temporal resolution. Here, we show that peroxidase-catalyzed proximity labeling can be combined with isobaric tagging and mass spectrometry to enable quantitative, time-resolved measurement of GPCR agonist response in living cells. Using this technique, termed "GPCR-APEX," we track activation and internalization of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor and the β2 adrenoceptor. These receptors co-localize with a variety of G proteins even before receptor activation, and activated receptors are largely sequestered from G proteins upon internalization. Additionally, the two receptors show differing internalization kinetics, and we identify the membrane protein LMBRD2 as a potential regulator of β2 adrenoceptor signaling, underscoring the value of a dynamic view of receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Paek
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marian Kalocsay
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean P Staus
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laura Wingler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Roberta Pascolutti
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew C Kruse
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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72
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Abstract
Acute and chronic pain complaints, although common, are generally poorly served by existing therapies. This unmet clinical need reflects a failure to develop novel classes of analgesics with superior efficacy, diminished adverse effects and a lower abuse liability than those currently available. Reasons for this include the heterogeneity of clinical pain conditions, the complexity and diversity of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and the unreliability of some preclinical pain models. However, recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of pain are beginning to offer opportunities for developing novel therapeutic strategies and revisiting existing targets, including modulating ion channels, enzymes and G-protein-coupled receptors.
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73
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Systematic errors in detecting biased agonism: Analysis of current methods and development of a new model-free approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44247. [PMID: 28290478 PMCID: PMC5349545 DOI: 10.1038/srep44247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovering biased agonists requires a method that can reliably distinguish the bias in signalling due to unbalanced activation of diverse transduction proteins from that of differential amplification inherent to the system being studied, which invariably results from the non-linear nature of biological signalling networks and their measurement. We have systematically compared the performance of seven methods of bias diagnostics, all of which are based on the analysis of concentration-response curves of ligands according to classical receptor theory. We computed bias factors for a number of β-adrenergic agonists by comparing BRET assays of receptor-transducer interactions with Gs, Gi and arrestin. Using the same ligands, we also compared responses at signalling steps originated from the same receptor-transducer interaction, among which no biased efficacy is theoretically possible. In either case, we found a high level of false positive results and a general lack of correlation among methods. Altogether this analysis shows that all tested methods, including some of the most widely used in the literature, fail to distinguish true ligand bias from "system bias" with confidence. We also propose two novel semi quantitative methods of bias diagnostics that appear to be more robust and reliable than currently available strategies.
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74
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Liu CH, Gong Z, Liang ZL, Liu ZX, Yang F, Sun YJ, Ma ML, Wang YJ, Ji CR, Wang YH, Wang MJ, Cui FA, Lin A, Zheng WS, He DF, Qu CX, Xiao P, Liu CY, Thomsen ARB, Joseph Cahill T, Kahsai AW, Yi F, Xiao KH, Xue T, Zhou Z, Yu X, Sun JP. Arrestin-biased AT1R agonism induces acute catecholamine secretion through TRPC3 coupling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14335. [PMID: 28181498 PMCID: PMC5309860 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hormone secretion triggered by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation underlies many fundamental physiological processes. GPCR signalling is negatively regulated by β-arrestins, adaptor molecules that also activate different intracellular signalling pathways. Here we reveal that TRV120027, a β-arrestin-1-biased agonist of the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), stimulates acute catecholamine secretion through coupling with the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C 3 (TRPC3). We show that TRV120027 promotes the recruitment of TRPC3 or phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLCγ) to the AT1R-β-arrestin-1 signalling complex. Replacing the C-terminal region of β-arrestin-1 with its counterpart on β-arrestin-2 or using a specific TAT-P1 peptide to block the interaction between β-arrestin-1 and PLCγ abolishes TRV120027-induced TRPC3 activation. Taken together, our results show that the GPCR-arrestin complex initiates non-desensitized signalling at the plasma membrane by coupling with ion channels. This fast communication pathway might be a common mechanism of several cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Physiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zong-Lai Liang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yu-Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ming-Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yi-Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chao-Ran Ji
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yu-Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Mei-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Fu-Ai Cui
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Amy Lin
- Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Wen-Shuai Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong-Fang He
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chang-xiu Qu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Chuan-Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | | | | | - Alem W. Kahsai
- Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Kun-Hong Xiao
- Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Tian Xue
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Neurodegeneration, Ying-Jie Conference Center, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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75
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Small-molecule-biased formyl peptide receptor agonist compound 17b protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14232. [PMID: 28169296 PMCID: PMC5309721 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment for managing myocardial infarction (MI) remains an urgent, unmet clinical need. Formyl peptide receptors (FPR) regulate inflammation, a major contributing mechanism to cardiac injury following MI. Here we demonstrate that FPR1/FPR2-biased agonism may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MI. The small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonist, Compound 17b (Cmpd17b), exhibits a distinct signalling fingerprint to the conventional FPR1/FPR2 agonist, Compound-43 (Cmpd43). In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human FPR1 or FPR2, Compd17b is biased away from potentially detrimental FPR1/2-mediated calcium mobilization, but retains the pro-survival signalling, ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, relative to Compd43. The pathological importance of the biased agonism of Cmpd17b is demonstrable as superior cardioprotection in both in vitro (cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts) and MI injury in mice in vivo. These findings reveal new insights for development of small molecule FPR agonists with an improved cardioprotective profile for treating MI. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) can adopt different conformations, each linked to distinct cellular outcomes. Here the authors show that compound 17b, a novel agonist of the GPCR family member FPR, robustly activates cardioprotective but not detrimental FPR signalling, showing beneficial therapeutic effect in a mouse model of cardiac infarction.
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76
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Schrage R, Kostenis E. Functional selectivity and dualsteric/bitopic GPCR targeting. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2017; 32:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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77
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Allosteric "beta-blocker" isolated from a DNA-encoded small molecule library. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1708-1713. [PMID: 28130548 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620645114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) has been a model system for understanding regulatory mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) actions and plays a significant role in cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Because all known β-adrenergic receptor drugs target the orthosteric binding site of the receptor, we set out to isolate allosteric ligands for this receptor by panning DNA-encoded small-molecule libraries comprising 190 million distinct compounds against purified human β2AR. Here, we report the discovery of a small-molecule negative allosteric modulator (antagonist), compound 15 [([4-((2S)-3-(((S)-3-(3-bromophenyl)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-2-(2-cyclohexyl-2-phenylacetamido)-3-oxopropyl)benzamide], exhibiting a unique chemotype and low micromolar affinity for the β2AR. Binding of 15 to the receptor cooperatively enhances orthosteric inverse agonist binding while negatively modulating binding of orthosteric agonists. Studies with a specific antibody that binds to an intracellular region of the β2AR suggest that 15 binds in proximity to the G-protein binding site on the cytosolic surface of the β2AR. In cell-signaling studies, 15 inhibits cAMP production through the β2AR, but not that mediated by other Gs-coupled receptors. Compound 15 also similarly inhibits β-arrestin recruitment to the activated β2AR. This study presents an allosteric small-molecule ligand for the β2AR and introduces a broadly applicable method for screening DNA-encoded small-molecule libraries against purified GPCR targets. Importantly, such an approach could facilitate the discovery of GPCR drugs with tailored allosteric effects.
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78
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are the largest family of targets for current therapeutics. The classic model of their activation was binary, where agonist binding induced an active conformation and subsequent downstream signaling. Subsequently, the revised concept of biased agonism emerged, where different ligands at the same G protein-coupled receptor selectively activate one downstream pathway versus another. Advances in understanding the mechanism of biased agonism have led to the development of novel ligands, which have the potential for improved therapeutic and safety profiles. In this review, we summarize the theory and most recent breakthroughs in understanding biased signaling, examine recent laboratory investigations concerning biased ligands across different organ systems, and discuss the promising clinical applications of biased agonism.
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79
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May V, Parsons RL. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Endosomal Signaling and Regulation of Neuronal Excitability and Stress Responses: Signaling Options and Lessons From the PAC1 Receptor. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:698-706. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor May
- Department of Neurological Sciences; University of Vermont College of Medicine; Burlington Vermont
| | - Rodney L. Parsons
- Department of Neurological Sciences; University of Vermont College of Medicine; Burlington Vermont
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80
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Galandrin S, Denis C, Boularan C, Marie J, M'Kadmi C, Pilette C, Dubroca C, Nicaise Y, Seguelas MH, N'Guyen D, Banères JL, Pathak A, Sénard JM, Galés C. Cardioprotective Angiotensin-(1-7) Peptide Acts as a Natural-Biased Ligand at the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. Hypertension 2016; 68:1365-1374. [PMID: 27698068 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system through the angiotensin II (Ang II)/Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) axis constitutes a hallmark of hypertension. Recent findings indicate that only a subset of AT1-R signaling pathways is cardiodeleterious, and their selective inhibition by biased ligands promotes therapeutic benefit. To date, only synthetic biased ligands have been described, and whether natural renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system peptides exhibit functional selectivity at AT1-R remains unknown. In this study, we systematically determined efficacy and potency of Ang II, Ang III, Ang IV, and Ang-(1-7) in AT1-R-expressing HEK293T cells on the activation of cardiodeleterious G-proteins and cardioprotective β-arrestin2. Ang III and Ang IV fully activate similar G-proteins than Ang II, the prototypical AT1-R agonist, despite weaker potency of Ang IV. Interestingly, Ang-(1-7) that binds AT1-R fails to promote G-protein activation but behaves as a competitive antagonist for Ang II/Gi and Ang II/Gq pathways. Conversely, all renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system peptides act as agonists on the AT1-R/β-arrestin2 axis but display biased activities relative to Ang II as indicated by their differences in potency and AT1-R/β-arrestin2 intracellular routing. Importantly, we reveal Ang-(1-7) a known Mas receptor-specific ligand, as an AT1-R-biased agonist, selectively promoting β-arrestin activation while blocking the detrimental Ang II/AT1-R/Gq axis. This original pharmacological profile of Ang-(1-7) at AT1-R, similar to that of synthetic AT1-R-biased agonists, could, in part, contribute to its cardiovascular benefits. Accordingly, in vivo, Ang-(1-7) counteracts the phenylephrine-induced aorta contraction, which was blunted in AT1-R knockout mice. Collectively, these data suggest that Ang-(1-7) natural-biased agonism at AT1-R could fine-tune the physiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Galandrin
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Colette Denis
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Boularan
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Jacky Marie
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Céline M'Kadmi
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Pilette
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Dubroca
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Yvan Nicaise
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Seguelas
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Du N'Guyen
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Banères
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Atul Pathak
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sénard
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Galés
- From the Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université de Toulouse, France (S.G., C.D., C.B., M.-H.S., D.N., A.P., J.-M.S., C.G.); Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier-ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier Cedex 05, France (J.M., C.M., J.-L.B.); Cardiomedex SAS, Toulouse, France (C.P., C.D.); and Département d'histopathologie (Y.N.) and Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine (D.N., A.P., J.-M.S.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R. Latorraca
- Department of Computer Science, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular
Physiology, and ∥Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - A. J. Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Computer Science, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular
Physiology, and ∥Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ron O. Dror
- Department of Computer Science, ‡Biophysics Program, §Department of Molecular
and Cellular
Physiology, and ∥Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Staus DP, Strachan RT, Manglik A, Pani B, Kahsai AW, Kim TH, Wingler LM, Ahn S, Chatterjee A, Masoudi A, Kruse AC, Pardon E, Steyaert J, Weis WI, Prosser RS, Kobilka BK, Costa T, Lefkowitz RJ. Allosteric nanobodies reveal the dynamic range and diverse mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptor activation. Nature 2016; 535:448-52. [PMID: 27409812 PMCID: PMC4961583 DOI: 10.1038/nature18636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate many physiological processes by transducing a variety of extracellular cues into intracellular responses. Ligand binding to an extracellular orthosteric pocket propagates conformational change to the receptor cytosolic region to promote binding and activation of downstream signaling effectors such as G proteins and β-arrestins. It is widely appreciated that different agonists can share the same binding pocket but evoke unique receptor conformations leading to a wide range of downstream responses (i.e., ‘efficacy’)1. Furthermore, mounting biophysical evidence, primarily using the β-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) as a model system, supports the existence of multiple active and inactive conformational states2–5. However, how agonists with varying efficacy modulate these receptor states to initiate cellular responses is not well understood. Here we report stabilization of two distinct β2AR conformations using single domain camelid antibodies (nanobodies): a previously described positive allosteric nanobody (Nb80) and a newly identified negative allosteric nanobody (Nb60)6,7. We show that Nb60 stabilizes a previously unappreciated low affinity receptor state which corresponds to one of two inactive receptor conformations as delineated by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. We find that the agonist isoproterenol has a 15,000-fold higher affinity for the β2AR in the presence of Nb80 compared to Nb60, highlighting the full allosteric range of a GPCR. Assessing the binding of 17 ligands of varying efficacy to the β2AR in the absence and presence of Nb60 or Nb80 reveals large ligand-specific effects that can only be explained using an allosteric model which assumes equilibrium amongst at least three receptor states. Agonists generally exert efficacy by stabilizing the active Nb80-stabilized receptor state (R80). In contrast, for a number of partial agonists, both stabilization of R80 and destabilization of the inactive, Nb60-bound state (R60) contribute to their ability to modulate receptor activation. These data demonstrate that ligands can initiate a wide range of cellular responses by differentially stabilizing multiple receptor states.
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Abstract
To understand brain function, it is essential that we discover how cellular signaling specifies normal and pathological brain function. In this regard, chemogenetic technologies represent valuable platforms for manipulating neuronal and non-neuronal signal transduction in a cell-type-specific fashion in freely moving animals. Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)-based chemogenetic tools are now commonly used by neuroscientists to identify the circuitry and cellular signals that specify behavior, perceptions, emotions, innate drives, and motor functions in species ranging from flies to nonhuman primates. Here I provide a primer on DREADDs highlighting key technical and conceptual considerations and identify challenges for chemogenetics going forward.
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84
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Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases as regulators of dopamine receptor functions. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:1-16. [PMID: 27178731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain are mediated by dopamine receptors that belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mammals have five dopamine receptor subtypes, D1 through D5. D1 and D5 couple to Gs/olf and activate adenylyl cyclase, whereas D2, D3, and D4 couple to Gi/o and inhibit it. Most GPCRs upon activation by an agonist are phosphorylated by GPCR kinases (GRKs). The GRK phosphorylation makes receptors high-affinity binding partners for arrestin proteins. Arrestin binding to active phosphorylated receptors stops further G protein activation and promotes receptor internalization, recycling or degradation, thereby regulating their signaling and trafficking. Four non- visual GRKs are expressed in striatal neurons. Here we describe known effects of individual GRKs on dopamine receptors in cell culture and in the two in vivo models of dopamine-mediated signaling: behavioral response to psychostimulants and L-DOPA- induced dyskinesia. Dyskinesia, associated with dopamine super-sensitivity of striatal neurons, is a debilitating side effect of L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease. In vivo, GRK subtypes show greater receptor specificity than in vitro or in cultured cells. Overexpression, knockdown, and knockout of individual GRKs, particularly GRK2 and GRK6, have differential effects on signaling of dopamine receptor subtypes in the brain. Furthermore, deletion of GRK isoforms in select striatal neuronal types differentially affects psychostimulant-induced behaviors. In addition, anti-dyskinetic effect of GRK3 does not require its kinase activity: it is mediated by the binding of its RGS-like domain to Gαq/11, which suppresses Gq/11 signaling. The data demonstrate that the dopamine signaling in defined neuronal types in vivo is regulated by specific and finely orchestrated actions of GRK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37221, USA.
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Moscow, Russia
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Galandrin S, Onfroy L, Poirot MC, Sénard JM, Galés C. Delineating biased ligand efficacy at 7TM receptors from an experimental perspective. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:251-63. [PMID: 27107932 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the last 10 years, the concept of "biased agonism" also called "functional selectivity" swamped the pharmacology of 7 transmembrane receptors and paved the way for developing signaling pathway-selective drugs with increased efficacy and less adverse effects. Initially thought to select the activation of only a subset of the signaling pathways by the reference agonist, bias ligands revealed higher complexity as they have been shown to stabilize variable receptor conformations that associate with distinct signaling events from the reference. Today, one major challenge relies on the in vitro determination of the bias and classification of these ligands, as a prerequisite for future in vivo and clinical translation. In this review, current experimental considerations for the bias evaluation related to choice of the cellular model, of the signaling pathway as well as of the assays are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ségolène Galandrin
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Lauriane Onfroy
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Mathias Charles Poirot
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Michel Sénard
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France; Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Faculté de médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, F-31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Galés
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UMR 1048, Université Toulouse, F-31432 Toulouse, France.
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86
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Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV. Regulation of Dopamine-Dependent Behaviors by G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3798-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Discovery of novel FFA4 (GPR120) receptor agonists with β-arrestin2-biased characteristics. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2429-37. [PMID: 26653412 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free fatty acid 4 (FFA4) (GPR120) receptor functions as a receptor for unsaturated long-chain free fatty acids by regulating the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and suppressing the inflammatory process, in which these two distinct biological functions are modulated by two signaling pathways, Gq and β-arrestin2, respectively. RESULTS By using pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods, several compounds are found with excellent activities for agonizing FFA4 receptor. It needs to be noted that among them, some molecules demonstrate appealing β-arrestin2-biased properties for the FFA4 receptor. CONCLUSION These compounds may serve as the useful toolkits for detecting differential biased mechanism and developing new candidate therapeutic agents of the FFA4 receptor.
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Ning SL, Zheng WS, Su J, Liang N, Li H, Zhang DL, Liu CH, Dong JH, Zhang ZK, Cui M, Hu QX, Chen CC, Liu CH, Wang C, Pang Q, Chen YX, Yu X, Sun JP. Different downstream signalling of CCK1 receptors regulates distinct functions of CCK in pancreatic beta cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5050-67. [PMID: 26248680 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by intestinal I cells and regulates important metabolic functions. In pancreatic islets, CCK controls beta cell functions primarily through CCK1 receptors, but the signalling pathways downstream of these receptors in pancreatic beta cells are not well defined. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Apoptosis in pancreatic beta cell apoptosis was evaluated using Hoechst-33342 staining, TUNEL assays and Annexin-V-FITC/PI staining. Insulin secretion and second messenger production were monitored using ELISAs. Protein and phospho-protein levels were determined by Western blotting. A glucose tolerance test was carried out to examine the functions of CCK-8s in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. KEY RESULTS The sulfated carboxy-terminal octapeptide CCK26-33 amide (CCK-8s) activated CCK1 receptors and induced accumulation of both IP3 and cAMP. Whereas Gq -PLC-IP3 signalling was required for the CCK-8s-induced insulin secretion under low-glucose conditions, Gs -PKA/Epac signalling contributed more strongly to the CCK-8s-mediated insulin secretion in high-glucose conditions. CCK-8s also promoted formation of the CCK1 receptor/β-arrestin-1 complex in pancreatic beta cells. Using β-arrestin-1 knockout mice, we demonstrated that β-arrestin-1 is a key mediator of both CCK-8s-mediated insulin secretion and of its the protective effect against apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells. The anti-apoptotic effects of β-arrestin-1 occurred through cytoplasmic late-phase ERK activation, which activates the 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase-phospho-Bcl-2-family protein pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Knowledge of different CCK1 receptor-activated downstream signalling pathways in the regulation of distinct functions of pancreatic beta cells could be used to identify biased CCK1 receptor ligands for the development of new anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-lei Ning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-shuai Zheng
- Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Su
- Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dao-lai Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-hua Liu
- Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun-hong Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng-kui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiao-Xia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao-chao Chen
- Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chang-hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qi Pang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-xin Chen
- Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jin-peng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial School Key laboratory for Protein Science of Chronic degenerative diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Phospho-selective mechanisms of arrestin conformations and functions revealed by unnatural amino acid incorporation and (19)F-NMR. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8202. [PMID: 26347956 PMCID: PMC4569848 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific arrestin conformations are coupled to distinct downstream effectors, which underlie the functions of many G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here, using unnatural amino acid incorporation and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance (19F-NMR) spectroscopy, we demonstrate that distinct receptor phospho-barcodes are translated to specific β-arrestin-1 conformations and direct selective signalling. With its phosphate-binding concave surface, β-arrestin-1 ‘reads' the message in the receptor phospho-C-tails and distinct phospho-interaction patterns are revealed by 19F-NMR. Whereas all functional phosphopeptides interact with a common phosphate binding site and induce the movements of finger and middle loops, different phospho-interaction patterns induce distinct structural states of β-arrestin-1 that are coupled to distinct arrestin functions. Only clathrin recognizes and stabilizes GRK2-specific β-arrestin-1 conformations. The identified receptor-phospho-selective mechanism for arrestin conformation and the spacing of the multiple phosphate-binding sites in the arrestin enable arrestin to recognize plethora phosphorylation states of numerous GPCRs, contributing to the functional diversity of receptors. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal via G proteins or arrestin-mediated pathways; the plasticity of arrestin proteins is thought to underlie their function. Here, the authors use NMR to examine how β-arrestin-1 recognizes different GPCR phospho-barcodes, and how this triggers structural rearrangements to fulfill selective functions.
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FFA4 receptor (GPR120): A hot target for the development of anti-diabetic therapies. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:160-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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91
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Marada S, Navarro G, Truong A, Stewart DP, Arensdorf AM, Nachtergaele S, Angelats E, Opferman JT, Rohatgi R, McCormick PJ, Ogden SK. Functional Divergence in the Role of N-Linked Glycosylation in Smoothened Signaling. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005473. [PMID: 26291458 PMCID: PMC4546403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Smoothened (Smo) is the requisite signal transducer of the evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Although aspects of Smo signaling are conserved from Drosophila to vertebrates, significant differences have evolved. These include changes in its active sub-cellular localization, and the ability of vertebrate Smo to induce distinct G protein-dependent and independent signals in response to ligand. Whereas the canonical Smo signal to Gli transcriptional effectors occurs in a G protein-independent manner, its non-canonical signal employs Gαi. Whether vertebrate Smo can selectively bias its signal between these routes is not yet known. N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification that can influence GPCR trafficking, ligand responsiveness and signal output. Smo proteins in Drosophila and vertebrate systems harbor N-linked glycans, but their role in Smo signaling has not been established. Herein, we present a comprehensive analysis of Drosophila and murine Smo glycosylation that supports a functional divergence in the contribution of N-linked glycans to signaling. Of the seven predicted glycan acceptor sites in Drosophila Smo, one is essential. Loss of N-glycosylation at this site disrupted Smo trafficking and attenuated its signaling capability. In stark contrast, we found that all four predicted N-glycosylation sites on murine Smo were dispensable for proper trafficking, agonist binding and canonical signal induction. However, the under-glycosylated protein was compromised in its ability to induce a non-canonical signal through Gαi, providing for the first time evidence that Smo can bias its signal and that a post-translational modification can impact this process. As such, we postulate a profound shift in N-glycan function from affecting Smo ER exit in flies to influencing its signal output in mice. N-linked glycosylation is a post-translational modification occurring on membrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Smoothened (Smo) is a GPCR that functions as the signal transducer of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. We used a mutagenesis approach to assess the role of N-glycans in Smo signaling in two genetic models for Hh pathway activity, Drosophila and mouse. In doing so, we discovered a divergence in glycan function between them. We mapped an essential N-glycan acceptor site that when lost in Drosophila, triggered ER retention, altered Smo protein stability and blunted its signaling capacity. Conversely, ER exit of the murine protein was unaffected by glycan loss, as was its ability to traffic and induce a G protein-independent signal to activate Hh target genes. However, the ability of vertebrate Smo to induce a distinct G protein-dependent signal was lost. This suggests that N-linked glycosylation may influence signal bias of vertebrate Smo to favor one signal output over the other. We therefore propose that the role of this conserved post-translational modification may have been repurposed from governing Smo ER exit in the fly to influencing effector route selection in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Marada
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ashley Truong
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Summer Plus Program, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Daniel P. Stewart
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Arensdorf
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sigrid Nachtergaele
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Edgar Angelats
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joseph T. Opferman
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Peter J. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey K. Ogden
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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92
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Irannejad R, Tsvetanova NG, Lobingier BT, von Zastrow M. Effects of endocytosis on receptor-mediated signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015; 35:137-43. [PMID: 26057614 PMCID: PMC4529812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellular mechanisms of membrane traffic and signal transduction are deeply interconnected. The present review discusses how membrane trafficking in the endocytic pathway impacts receptor-mediated signaling. Examples of recent progress are highlighted, focusing on the endocytosis-signaling nexus in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Irannejad
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco CA 94158-2140 USA
| | - Nikoleta G. Tsvetanova
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco CA 94158-2140 USA
| | - Braden T. Lobingier
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco CA 94158-2140 USA
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, 600 16th Street, San Francisco CA 94158-2140 USA
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93
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Pironti G, Strachan RT, Abraham D, Mon-Wei Yu S, Chen M, Chen W, Hanada K, Mao L, Watson LJ, Rockman HA. Circulating Exosomes Induced by Cardiac Pressure Overload Contain Functional Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors. Circulation 2015; 131:2120-30. [PMID: 25995315 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.015687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether biomechanical force on the heart can induce exosome secretion to modulate cardiovascular function is not known. We investigated the secretion and activity of exosomes containing a key receptor in cardiovascular function, the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R). METHODS AND RESULTS Exosomes containing AT1Rs were isolated from the media overlying AT1R-overexpressing cells exposed to osmotic stretch and from sera of mice undergoing cardiac pressure overload. The presence of AT1Rs in exosomes was confirmed by both electron microscopy and radioligand receptor binding assays and shown to require β-arrestin2, a multifunctional adaptor protein essential for receptor trafficking. We show that functional AT1Rs are transferred via exosomes in an in vitro model of cellular stretch. Using mice with global and cardiomyocyte conditional deletion of β-arrestin2, we show that under conditions of in vivo pressure overload the cellular source of the exocytosis of exosomes containing AT1R is the cardiomyocyte. Exogenously administered AT1R-enriched exosomes target cardiomyocytes, skeletal myocytes, and mesenteric resistance vessels and are sufficient to confer blood pressure responsiveness to angiotensin II infusion in AT1R knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS AT1R-enriched exosomes are released from the heart under conditions of in vivo cellular stress to likely modulate vascular responses to neurohormonal stimulation. In the context of the whole organism, the concept of G protein-coupled receptor trafficking should consider circulating exosomes as part of the reservoir of functional AT1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Pironti
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Ryan T Strachan
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Dennis Abraham
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Samuel Mon-Wei Yu
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Minyong Chen
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Wei Chen
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Kenji Hanada
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lan Mao
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lewis J Watson
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Howard A Rockman
- From Departments of Medicine (G.P., R.T.S., D.A., S.M.-W.Y., M.C., W.C., K.H., L.M., L.J.W., H.A.R.), Cell Biology (H.A.R.), and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
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94
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Breivogel CS, Vaghela MS. The effects of beta-arrestin1 deletion on acute cannabinoid activity, brain cannabinoid receptors and tolerance to cannabinoids in mice. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2015; 35:98-106. [PMID: 25779032 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.1003659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies have indicated a role for beta-arrestin2 in the regulation of brain cannabinoid effects and cannabinoid CB1 receptors, but whether beta-arrestin1 has a role has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of beta-arrestin1 in cannabinoid activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Beta-arrestin1 -/- mice and their wild-type (+/+) counterparts were assayed for antinociceptive and temperature-decreasing effects of two ligands, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CP55940, after both single and repeated administration. In vitro assays examined the effects of deletion on CB1 receptor density, agonist-binding and G-protein activation. RESULTS Deletion of beta-arrestin1 diminished the effects of CP55940 in both antinociception (latency to tail withdrawal) and temperature-depression assays in mice. However, deleting beta-arrestin1 had no effect on the actions of THC in either assay. Antagonist radioligand ([(3)H]SR141716A) saturation binding indicated no difference between beta-arrestin1 +/+ and -/- mice in the density or affinity for cannabinoid CB1 receptors in brain membranes. CP55940 agonist binding in brain membranes from beta-arrestin1 +/+ mice exhibited high- and intermediate-affinity sites, but beta-arrestin1 -/- membranes exhibited an additional site with low affinity. CP55940 produced greater stimulation of [(35)S]GTPγS binding to membranes from whole brain of beta-arrestin1 -/- than +/+ mice. The rates of the development of tolerance to chronic THC or CP55940 administration did not appear to be affected by genotype. DISCUSSION Beta-arrestin1 appeared to mediate the actions of CP55940, but did not affect the activity of THC. CONCLUSION Beta-arrestin1 regulates cannabinoid CB1 receptor sensitivity in an agonist-selective manner, but may not be the primary mediator of tolerance to cannabinoid agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Breivogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campbell University College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences , Buies Creek, NC , USA
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95
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Hathaway HA, Pshenichkin S, Grajkowska E, Gelb T, Emery AC, Wolfe BB, Wroblewski JT. Pharmacological characterization of mGlu1 receptors in cerebellar granule cells reveals biased agonism. Neuropharmacology 2015; 93:199-208. [PMID: 25700650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The majority of existing research on the function of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor 1 focuses on G protein-mediated outcomes. However, similar to other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), it is becoming apparent that mGlu1 receptor signaling is multi-dimensional and does not always involve G protein activation. Previously, in transfected CHO cells, we showed that mGlu1 receptors activate a G protein-independent, β-arrestin-dependent signal transduction mechanism and that some mGlu1 receptor ligands were incapable of stimulating this response. Here we set out to investigate the physiological relevance of these findings in a native system using primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells. We tested the ability of a panel of compounds to stimulate two mGlu1 receptor-mediated outcomes: (1) protection from decreased cell viability after withdrawal of trophic support and (2) G protein-mediated phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis. We report that the commonly used mGlu1 receptor ligands quisqualate, DHPG, and ACPD are completely biased towards PI hydrolysis and do not induce mGlu1 receptor-stimulated neuroprotection. On the other hand, endogenous compounds including glutamate, aspartate, cysteic acid, cysteine sulfinic acid, and homocysteic acid stimulate both responses. These results show that some commonly used mGlu1 receptor ligands are biased agonists, stimulating only a fraction of mGlu1 receptor-mediated responses in neurons. This emphasizes the importance of utilizing multiple agonists and assays when studying GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah A Hathaway
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA.
| | - Sergey Pshenichkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - Ewa Grajkowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - Tara Gelb
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - Andrew C Emery
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health IRP, Bldg 49, Room 5A27, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barry B Wolfe
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
| | - Jarda T Wroblewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
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96
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Gurbel PA, Kuliopulos A, Tantry US. G-protein-coupled receptors signaling pathways in new antiplatelet drug development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:500-12. [PMID: 25633316 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelet G-protein-coupled receptors influence platelet function by mediating the response to various agonists, including ADP, thromboxane A2, and thrombin. Blockade of the ADP receptor, P2Y12, in combination with cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition by aspirin has been among the most widely used pharmacological strategies to reduce cardiovascular event occurrence in high-risk patients. The latter dual pathway blockade strategy is one of the greatest advances in the field of cardiovascular medicine. In addition to P2Y12, the platelet thrombin receptor, protease activated receptor-1, has also been recently targeted for inhibition. Blockade of protease activated receptor-1 has been associated with reduced thrombotic event occurrence when added to a strategy using P2Y12 and cyclooxygenase-1 inhibition. At this time, the relative contributions of these G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways to in vivo thrombosis remain incompletely defined. The observation of treatment failure in ≈10% of high-risk patients treated with aspirin and potent P2Y12 inhibitors provides the rationale for targeting novel pathways mediating platelet function. Targeting intracellular signaling downstream from G-protein-coupled receptor receptors with phosphotidylionisitol 3-kinase and Gq inhibitors are among the novel strategies under investigation to prevent arterial ischemic event occurrence. Greater understanding of the mechanisms of G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling may allow the tailoring of antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Gurbel
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., U.S.T.); and Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (A.K.).
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., U.S.T.); and Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (A.K.)
| | - Udaya S Tantry
- From the Sinai Center for Thrombosis Research, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, MD (P.A.G., U.S.T.); and Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA (A.K.)
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97
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Onaran HO, Rajagopal S, Costa T. What is biased efficacy? Defining the relationship between intrinsic efficacy and free energy coupling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:639-47. [PMID: 25448316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) is only biologically active when associated with a transduction protein, but it can also switch function by interacting with different types of transduction proteins. Biased agonism arises when the ligand induces the receptor to engage distinct transduction proteins with different efficacies. We briefly review the concept of ligand efficacy, from the classical empirical idea to the current mechanistic views of allosteric regulation in proteins. A combination of these theoretically distinct ideas and methodologies allows us to distinguish true ligand bias from divergences of signalling caused by the system. We also demonstrate a rigorous mathematical connection between the intrinsic efficacy of classical receptor theory and the energetic effect that makes a ligand capable of stabilizing receptor-transducer association in the ternary complex model. This relationship unifies different definitions of efficacy and provides a rational basis for quantifying biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ongun Onaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Tommaso Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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98
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Tang W, Strachan RT, Lefkowitz RJ, Rockman HA. Allosteric modulation of β-arrestin-biased angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling by membrane stretch. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28271-83. [PMID: 25170081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been appreciated that the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), a prototypic member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, also functions as a mechanosensor. Specifically, mechanical stretch activates the AT1R to promote downstream signaling mediated exclusively by the multifunctional scaffold protein, β-arrestin, in a manner consistent with previously identified β-arrestin-biased ligands. However, the ligand-independent mechanism by which mechanical stretch promotes β-arrestin-biased signaling remains unknown. Implicit in the concept of biased agonism (i.e. the ability of an agonist to activate a subset of receptor-mediated signaling pathways) is the notion that distinct active conformations of the receptor mediate differential activation of signaling pathways. Here we determined whether mechanical stretch stabilizes distinct β-arrestin-activating conformations of the AT1R by using β-arrestin2-biased agonists as conformational probes in pharmacological and biophysical assays. When tested at cells expressing the AT1R fused to β-arrestin (AT1R-β-arrestin2), we found that osmotic stretch increased the binding affinity and potency of the β-arrestin-biased agonist TRV120023, with no effect on the balanced agonist AngII. In addition, the effect of osmotic stretch on ERK activation was markedly augmented in cells expressing the AT1R-β-arrestin2 fusion compared with the wild type AT1R and completely blocked in cells expressing the AT1R-Gq fusion. Biophysical experiments with an intramolecular BRET β-arrestin2 biosensor revealed that osmotic stretch and TRV120023 activate AT1Rs to stabilize β-arrestin2 active conformations that differ from those stabilized by the AT1R activated by angiotensin II. Together, these data support a novel ligand-independent mechanism whereby mechanical stretch allosterically stabilizes specific β-arrestin-biased active conformations of the AT1R and has important implications for understanding pathophysiological AT1R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tang
- From the Departments of Medicine
| | - Ryan T Strachan
- From the Departments of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- From the Departments of Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Howard A Rockman
- From the Departments of Medicine, Cell Biology, and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and
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99
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Biased ligands: pathway validation for novel GPCR therapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:108-15. [PMID: 24834870 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in recent years, have been shown to signal via multiple distinct pathways. Furthermore, biased ligands for some receptors can differentially stimulate or inhibit these pathways versus unbiased endogenous ligands or drugs. Biased ligands can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular targets and cellular responses associated with a GPCR, and may be developed into therapeutics with improved efficacy, safety and/or tolerability. Here we review examples and approaches to pathway validation that establish the relevance and therapeutic potential of distinct pathways that can be selectively activated or blocked by biased ligands.
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