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Tommasi S, Yoon JI, Besaratinia A. Secondhand Smoke Induces Liver Steatosis through Deregulation of Genes Involved in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1296. [PMID: 32075112 PMCID: PMC7072934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, independently of diet, in the development of chronic liver disease. Standard diet-fed mice were exposed to SHS (5 h/day, 5 days/week for 4 months). Genome-wide gene expression analysis, together with molecular pathways and gene network analyses, and histological examination for lipid accumulation, inflammation, fibrosis, and glycogen deposition were performed on the liver of SHS-exposed mice and controls, upon termination of exposure and after one-month recovery in clean air. Aberrantly expressed transcripts were found in the liver of SHS-exposed mice both pre- and post-recovery in clean air (n = 473 vs. 222). The persistent deregulated transcripts (n = 210) predominantly affected genes and functional networks involved in lipid metabolism as well as in the regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum where manufacturing of lipids occurs. Significant hepatic fat accumulation (steatosis) was observed in the SHS-exposed mice, which progressively increased as the animals underwent recovery in clean air. Moderate increases in lobular inflammation infiltrates and collagen deposition as well as loss of glycogen were also detectable in the liver of SHS-exposed mice. A more pronounced phenotype, manifested as a disrupted cord-like architecture with foci of necrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and macrovesicular steatosis, was observed in the liver of SHS-exposed mice post-recovery. The progressive accumulation of hepatic fat and other adverse histological changes in the SHS-exposed mice are highly consistent with the perturbation of key lipid genes and associated pathways in the corresponding animals. Our data support a role for SHS in the genesis and progression of metabolic liver disease through deregulation of genes and molecular pathways and functional networks involved in lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tommasi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Jae-In Yoon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
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52
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Zhang Y, Yan LS, Ding Y, Cheng BCY, Luo G, Kong J, Liu TH, Zhang SF. Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn. Water Extract Ameliorates Palmitate Induced Insulin Resistance by Regulating IRS1/GSK3β/FoxO1 Signaling Pathway in Human HepG2 Hepatocytes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1666. [PMID: 32082162 PMCID: PMC7002394 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The flower of Edgeworthia gardneri (Wall.) Meisn is commonly used in beverage products in Tibet and has potential health benefits for diabetes. However, the mechanisms underlying anti-insulin resistance (IR) action of the flower of E. gardneri are not fully understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of the water extract of the flower of E. gardneri (WEE) on IR in palmitate (PA)-exposed HepG2 hepatocytes. WEE was characterized by UPLC analysis. PA-treated HepG2 cells were selected as the IR cell model. The cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Moreover, the glucose consumption and production were measured by glucose oxidase method. The glucose uptake and glycogen content were determined by the 2-NBDG (2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) amino]-D-glucose) glucose uptake assay and anthrone-sulfuric acid assay, respectively. The intracellular triglyceride content was detected by oxidative enzymic method. Protein levels were examined by Western blotting. Nuclear localization of FoxO1 was detected using immunofluorescence analyses and Western blotting. The expression of FoxO1 target genes was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The viability of PA-treated HepG2 cells was concentration-dependently increased by incubation with WEE for 24 h. WEE treatment remarkably increased the consumption and uptake of glucose in PA-exposed HepG2 cells. Moreover, treatment with WEE significantly decreased the PA-induced over-production of glucose in HepG2 cells. After exposure of HepG2 cells with PA and WEE, the glycogen content was significantly elevated. The phosphorylation and total levels of IRβ, IRS1, and Akt were upregulated by WEE treatment in PA-exposed HepG2 cells. The phosphorylation of GSK3β was elevated after WEE treatment in PA-treated cells. WEE treatment also concentration-dependently downregulated the phosphorylated CREB, ERK, c-Jun, p38 and JNK in PA-exposed HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the nuclear protein level and nuclear translocation of FoxO1 were also suppressed by WEE. Additionally, PA-induced changes of FoxO1 targeted genes were also attenuated by WEE treatment. The GLUT2 and GLUT4 translocation were also promoted by WEE treatment in PA-treated HepG2 cells. Taken together, WEE has potential anti-IR effect in PA-exposed HepG2 cells; the underlying mechanism of this action may be associated with the regulation of IRS1/GSK3β/FoxO1 signaling pathway. This study provides a pharmacological basis for the application of WEE in the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Shan Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Brian Chi Yan Cheng
- College of Professional and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Chinese Medicine Department of Quality Healthcare Medical Services , Hong Kong, China
| | - Gan Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Kong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Hua Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Tibetan Medicine Department of Tibetan Traditional Medical College, Lhasa, China
| | - Shuo Feng Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Tibetan Medicine Department of Tibetan Traditional Medical College, Lhasa, China
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53
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Akhtar DH, Iqbal U, Vazquez-Montesino LM, Dennis BB, Ahmed A. Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:362-370. [PMID: 31915606 PMCID: PMC6943204 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developed world, with a global prevalence of around 25%. NAFLD is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD-related dyslipidemia, which ultimately increases the risk of premature cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with NAFLD. Insulin affects hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by hepatic or extrahepatic pathways. Aside from insulin resistance, several other factors also contribute to the pathogenesis of atherogenic dyslipidemia in patients with NAFLD. These include diet composition, gut microbiota and genetic factors, to name a few. The identification of potentially modifiable risk factors of NAFLD is of importance, so as to target those who may benefit from lifestyle changes and to help develop targeted therapies that decrease the risk of cardiovascular diseases in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud H. Akhtar
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Umair Iqbal
- Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA, USA
- *Correspondence to: Umair Iqbal, Department of Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Danville, PA 17821, USA. Tel: +1-570-271-6211, E-mail:
| | | | - Brittany B. Dennis
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmed
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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54
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Chang E, Hafner H, Varghese M, Griffin C, Clemente J, Islam M, Carlson Z, Zhu A, Hak L, Abrishami S, Gregg B, Singer K. Programming effects of maternal and gestational obesity on offspring metabolism and metabolic inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16027. [PMID: 31690792 PMCID: PMC6831633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of obesity in women of reproductive age there is a need to understand the ramifications of this on offspring. The purpose of this study is to investigate the programming effects of maternal obesity during preconception and the preconception/gestational period on adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation in offspring using an animal model. Adult female C57Bl/6J mice were assigned either normal diet, high fat diet (HFD) prior to pregnancy, or HFD prior to and through pregnancy. Some offspring were maintained on normal diet while others started HFD later in life. Offspring were assessed for body composition and metabolic responses. Lipid storing tissues were evaluated for expansion and inflammation. Male offspring from the preconception group had the greatest weight gain, most subcutaneous adipose tissue, and largest liver mass when introduced to postnatal HFD. Male offspring of the preconception/gestation group had worsened glucose tolerance and an increase in resident (CD11c−) adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) when exposed to postnatal HFD. Female offspring had no significant difference in any parameter between the diet treatment groups. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that prenatal and pregnancy windows have independent programming effects on offspring. Preconception exposure affects body composition and adiposity while gestation exposure affects metabolism and tissue immune cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H Hafner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Varghese
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J Clemente
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Z Carlson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Hak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S Abrishami
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B Gregg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Singer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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55
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Kounakis K, Chaniotakis M, Markaki M, Tavernarakis N. Emerging Roles of Lipophagy in Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:185. [PMID: 31552248 PMCID: PMC6746960 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term lipophagy is used to describe the autophagic degradation of lipid droplets, the main lipid storage organelles of eukaryotic cells. Ever since its discovery in 2009, lipophagy has emerged as a significant component of lipid metabolism with important implications for organismal health. This review aims to provide a brief summary of our current knowledge on the mechanisms that are responsible for regulating lipophagy and the impact the process has under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kounakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manos Chaniotakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Markaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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56
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Hengist A, Koumanov F, Gonzalez JT. Fructose and metabolic health: governed by hepatic glycogen status? J Physiol 2019; 597:3573-3585. [PMID: 30950506 PMCID: PMC6767689 DOI: 10.1113/jp277767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructose is a commonly ingested dietary sugar which has been implicated in playing a particularly harmful role in the development of metabolic disease. Fructose is primarily metabolised by the liver in humans, and increases rates of hepatic de novo lipogenesis. Fructose increases hepatic de novo lipogenesis via numerous mechanisms: by altering transcriptional and allosteric regulation, interfering with cellular energy sensing, and disrupting the balance between lipid synthesis and lipid oxidation. Hepatic de novo lipogenesis is also upregulated by the inability to synthesise glycogen, either when storage is inhibited in knock‐down animal models or storage is saturated in glycogen storage disease. Considering that fructose has the capacity to upregulate hepatic glycogen storage, and replenish these stores more readily following glycogen depleting exercise, the idea that hepatic glycogen storage and hepatic de novo lipogenesis are linked is an attractive prospect. We propose that hepatic glycogen stores may be a key factor in determining the metabolic responses to fructose ingestion, and saturation of hepatic glycogen stores could exacerbate the negative metabolic effects of excessive fructose intake. Since physical activity potently modulates glycogen metabolism, this provides a rationale for considering nutrient–physical activity interactions in metabolic health.
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57
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Xia H, Tang H, Wang F, Yang X, Wang Z, Liu H, Pan D, Yang C, Wang S, Sun G. An untargeted metabolomics approach reveals further insights of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides in high fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Res Int 2019; 116:20-29. [PMID: 30716937 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), as one bioactive macromolecular abstracted from goji berry, has shown an abundance of potential function. The present study aimed to evaluate the metabolic effects of LBP on the urine and liver metabolomics on a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. After 8 weeks of high-fat diet and streptozotocin induction of diabetes, 24 diabetic rats were randomly allocated to the diabetic control (DC) group, LBP low, moderate, and high dosage (LBP-L, LBP-M, LBP-H) groups and 6 non-diabetic rats were established as the non-diabetic control (NDC) group for 30 days' intervention. Metabolomics was performed on liver and urine. LBP positively regulated fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin-A1c, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, liver glycogen and SOD levels significantly, as compared to the DC group. Liver metabolomics showed higher levels of myo-inositol and lower levels of L-malic acid, fumaric acid, D-arabitol, L-allothreonine 1, xylitol, O-phosphorylethanolamine, ribitol, 5-methoxytryptamine 2 and digitoxose 2 in the LBP-H group vs. the DC group, which indicates that LBP may regulate the citrate cycle, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Urine metabolomics showed increased levels of creatinine, D-galacturonic acid 2, 2,3-dihydroxybutyric acid and citric acid, and decreased levels of methylmalonic acid, benzoic acid and xylitol between the LBP-H and DC groups. The present study exhibited the effects of LBP on the urine and liver metabolomics in a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced rat model, which not only provides a better understanding of the anti-diabetic effects of LBP but also supplies a useful database for further specific mechanism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Huali Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zhaodan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hechun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Da Pan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shaokang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Guiju Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Abu Bakar MH, Azmi MN, Shariff KA, Tan JS. Withaferin A Protects Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 188:241-259. [PMID: 30417321 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a bioactive constituent derived from Withania somnifera plant, has been shown to exhibit many qualifying properties in attenuating several metabolic diseases. The current investigation sought to elucidate the protective mechanisms of WA (1.25 mg/kg/day) on pre-existing obese mice mediated by high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Following dietary administration of WA, significant metabolic improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity, adipocytokines with enhanced glucose tolerance were observed. The hepatic oxidative functions of obese mice treated with WA were improved via augmented antioxidant enzyme activities. The levels of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepatic mRNA expressions of toll-like receptor (TLR4), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-receptor, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in HFD-induced obese mice were reduced. Mechanistically, WA increased hepatic mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), fatty acid synthase (FAS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), glucokinase (GCK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) that were associated with enhanced lipid and glucose metabolism. Taken together, these results indicate that WA exhibits protective effects against HFD-induced obesity through attenuation of hepatic inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohamad Nurul Azmi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Anuar Shariff
- School of Materials & Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Joo Shun Tan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Spradley FT, Smith JA, Alexander BT, Anderson CD. Developmental origins of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for exaggerated metabolic and cardiovascular-renal disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E795-E814. [PMID: 29509436 PMCID: PMC6293166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00394.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is linked to increased risk for chronic disease. Placental ischemia and insufficiency in the mother are implicated in predisposing IUGR offspring to metabolic dysfunction, including hypertension, insulin resistance, abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear whether these metabolic disturbances contribute to the developmental origins of exaggerated cardiovascular-renal disease (CVRD) risk accompanying IUGR. IUGR impacts the pancreas, adipose tissue, and liver, which are hypothesized to program for hepatic insulin resistance and subsequent NAFLD. NAFLD is projected to become the major cause of chronic liver disease and contributor to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. While NAFLD is increased in experimental models of IUGR, lacking is a full comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for programming of NAFLD and whether this potentiates susceptibility to liver injury. The use of well-established and clinically relevant rodent models, which mimic the clinical characteristics of IUGR, metabolic disturbances, and increased blood pressure in the offspring, will permit investigation into mechanisms linking adverse influences during early life and later chronic health. The purpose of this review is to propose mechanisms, including those proinflammatory in nature, whereby IUGR exacerbates the pathogenesis of NAFLD and how these adverse programmed outcomes contribute to exaggerated CVRD risk. Understanding the etiology of the developmental origins of chronic disease will allow investigators to uncover treatment strategies to intervene in the mother and her offspring to halt the increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction and CVRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Spradley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jillian A Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Barbara T Alexander
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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60
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Somm E, Henry H, Bruce SJ, Bonnet N, Montandon SA, Niederländer NJ, Messina A, Aeby S, Rosikiewicz M, Fajas L, Sempoux C, Ferrari SL, Greub G, Pitteloud N. β-Klotho deficiency shifts the gut-liver bile acid axis and induces hepatic alterations in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E833-E847. [PMID: 29944388 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00182.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Klotho (encoded by Klb) is an obligate coreceptor, mediating both fibroblast growth factor (FGF)15 and FGF21 signaling. Klb-/- mice are refractory to metabolic FGF15 and FGF21 action and exhibit derepressed (increased) bile acid (BA) synthesis. Here, we deeply phenotyped male Klb-/- mice on a pure C57BL/6J genetic background, fed a chow diet focusing on metabolic aspects. This aims to better understand the physiological consequences of concomitant FGF15 and FGF21 signaling deficiency, in particular on the gut-liver axis. Klb-/- mice present permanent growth restriction independent of adiposity and energy balance. Klb-/- mice also exhibit few changes in carbohydrate metabolism, combining normal gluco-tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and fasting response with increased gluconeogenic capacity and decreased glycogen mobilization. Livers of Klb-/- mice reveal pathologic features, including a proinflammatory status and initiation of fibrosis. These defects are associated to a massive shift in BA composition in the enterohepatic system and blood circulation featured by a large excess of microbiota-derived deoxycholic acid, classically known for its genotoxicity in the gastrointestinal tract. In conclusion, β-Klotho is a gatekeeper of hepatic integrity through direct action (mediating FGF21 anti-inflammatory signaling) and indirect mechanisms (mediating FGF15 signaling that maintains BA level and composition).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Hugues Henry
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Stephen J Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Sophie A Montandon
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Niederländer
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Andrea Messina
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Aeby
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Marta Rosikiewicz
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Serge L Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Nelly Pitteloud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Metabolism, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
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Zhu X, Li H, Wu Y, Zhou J, Yang G, Wang W, Kang D, Ye S. CREB-upregulated lncRNA MEG3 promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis by regulating miR-302a-3p-CRTC2 axis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:4192-4202. [PMID: 30260029 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic gluconeogenesis is the major contributor to hyperglycemia in diabetes. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been shown to promote hepatic insulin resistance; however, the underlying mechanism involving hepatic gluconeogenesis remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the potential role of MEG3 in hepatic gluconeogenesis. Mouse primary hepatocytes were used in this study. Cell transfection was performed for the overexpression or knockdown of specific genes. Expressions of MEG3, miR-302a-3p, CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 2 (CRTC2), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pc) were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis, respectively. The association among MEG3, miR-302a-3p, and CRTC2 was disclosed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. MEG3 was highly expressed in high glucagon-treated mouse primary hepatocytes. CREB-induced MEG3 upregulation increased gluconeogenic gene expression in high glucagon-treated primary hepatocytes, while MEG3 interference led to an opposite effect. MEG3 served as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to upregulate CRTC2 by targeting miR-302a-3p in primary hepatocytes, thereby increasing PGC-1α-PEPCK/G6Pc. CREB-upregulated MEG3-enhanced hepatic gluconeogenesis via mediating miR-302a-3p-CRTC2 axis, revealing that MEG3 might be a potential target and therapeutic strategy for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hongqi Li
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanbo Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guangwei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dongmei Kang
- Department of Gerontology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shandong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Samuel VT, Shulman GI. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Nexus of Metabolic and Hepatic Diseases. Cell Metab 2018; 27:22-41. [PMID: 28867301 PMCID: PMC5762395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NAFLD is closely linked with hepatic insulin resistance. Accumulation of hepatic diacylglycerol activates PKC-ε, impairing insulin receptor activation and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis. Peripheral insulin resistance indirectly influences hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing flux of substrates that promote lipogenesis (glucose and fatty acids) and gluconeogenesis (glycerol and fatty acid-derived acetyl-CoA, an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase). Weight loss with diet or bariatric surgery effectively treats NAFLD, but drugs specifically approved for NAFLD are not available. Some new pharmacological strategies act broadly to alter energy balance or influence pathways that contribute to NAFLD (e.g., agonists for PPAR γ, PPAR α/δ, FXR and analogs for FGF-21, and GLP-1). Others specifically inhibit key enzymes involved in lipid synthesis (e.g., mitochondrial pyruvate carrier, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and monoacyl- and diacyl-glycerol transferases). Finally, a novel class of liver-targeted mitochondrial uncoupling agents increases hepatocellular energy expenditure, reversing the metabolic and hepatic complications of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varman T Samuel
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Nicolescu RC, Al-Khawaga S, Minassian BA, Hussain K. Diabetes Mellitus in a Patient With Lafora Disease: Possible Links With Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:424. [PMID: 30701169 PMCID: PMC6343460 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lafora disease (LD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive myoclonic epilepsy followed by continuous neurological decline, culminating in death within 10 years. LD leads to accumulation of insoluble, abnormal, glycogen-like structures called Lafora bodies (LBs). It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding glycogen phosphatase (EPM2A) or the E3 ubiquitin ligase malin (EPM2B/NHLRC1). These two proteins are involved in an intricate, however, incompletely elucidated pathway governing glycogen metabolism. The formation of EPM2A and malin signaling complex promotes the ubiquitination of proteins participating in glycogen metabolism, where dysfunctional mutations lead to the formation of LBs. Herein, we describe a 13-years-old child with LD due to a NHLRC1 (c.386C > A, p.Pro129His) mutation, who has developed diabetes mellitus and was treated with metformin. We discuss how basic mechanisms of LD could be linked to β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona C Nicolescu
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University of Liège, Centre Hospitalier Régional de la Citadelle, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sara Al-Khawaga
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine Outpatient Clinic, Doha, Qatar
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Khalid Hussain
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine Outpatient Clinic, Doha, Qatar
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