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Lian Z, Yin H, Friis SD, Skrydstrup T. Pd-catalyzed carbonylative access to aroyl phosphonates from (hetero)aryl bromides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7831-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This first carbonylative coupling employing a phosphorus-based nucleophile provides easy and safe access to acyl phosphonates under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lian
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Centre (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Hongfei Yin
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Centre (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Stig D. Friis
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Centre (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Centre (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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52
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Xu F. Impact of the subtle differences in MMP-12 structure on Glide-based molecular docking for pose prediction of inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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53
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Meides A, Gutschalk CM, Devel L, Beau F, Czarny B, Hensler S, Neugebauer J, Dive V, Angel P, Mueller MM. Effects of selective MMP-13 inhibition in squamous cell carcinoma depend on estrogen. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2749-59. [PMID: 24676718 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases like MMP-13 cleave and remodel the extracellular matrix and thereby play a crucial role in tumor progression in vivo. Using a highly selective inhibitor to block MMP-13 protein activity, we demonstrate a striking inhibitory effect on invasive tumor growth and vascularization in murine skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Therapy outcome critically depends on animal age in C57Bl/6 mice and was successful in old female but not in young female mice. Treatment success was recovered by ovariectomy in young and abolished by 17ß-estradiol supplementation in old mice, suggesting a hormone dependent inhibitor effect. Responsiveness of the tumorigenic keratinocytes BDVII and fibroblasts to 17ß-estradiol was confirmed in vitro, where MMP-13 inhibitor treatment led to a reduction of cell invasion and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release. This correlated well with a less invasive and vascularized tumor in treated mice in vivo. 17ß-estradiol supplementation also reduced invasion and VEGF release in vitro with no additional reduction on MMP-13 inhibitor treatment. This suggests that low 17ß-estradiol levels in old mice in vivo lead to enhanced MMP-13 levels and VEGF release, allowing a more effective inhibitor treatment compared to young mice. In our study, we present a strong link between lower estrogen levels in old female mice, an elevated MMP-13 level, which results in a more effective MMP-13 inhibitor treatment in fibroblasts and SCC cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Meides
- Group Tumor and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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54
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Lim NH, Meinjohanns E, Bou-Gharios G, Gompels LL, Nuti E, Rossello A, Devel L, Dive V, Meldal M, Nagase H. In vivo imaging of matrix metalloproteinase 12 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 activities in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:589-98. [PMID: 24574219 DOI: 10.1002/art.38295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop enzyme-activatable Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrate probes to detect matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) and MMP-13 activities in vivo in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. METHODS Peptidic FRET probes activated by MMP-12 and MMP-13 were reverse designed from inhibitors selected from a phosphinic peptide inhibitor library. Selectivity of the probes was demonstrated in vitro using MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-12, and MMP-13. In vivo activation of the probes was tested in the zymosan-induced mouse model of inflammation, and probe specificity was evaluated by the MMP inhibitor GM6001 and specific synthetic inhibitors of MMP-12 and MMP-13. The probes were used to monitor these enzyme activities in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in vivo. RESULTS The MMP-12 and MMP-13 activity probes (MMP12ap and MMP13ap, respectively) discriminated between the activities of the 2 enzymes. The in vivo activation of these probes was inhibited by GM6001 and by their respective specific inhibitors. In the CIA model, MMP12ap activation peaked 5 days after disease onset and showed strong correlation with disease severity during this time (r = 0.85, P < 0.0001). MMP13ap activation increased gradually after disease onset and correlated with disease severity over a longer period of 15 days (r = 0.58, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION We generated two selective FRET probes that can be used to monitor MMP-12 and MMP-13 activities in live animals. MMP12ap follows the initial stage of inflammation in CIA, while MMP13ap follows the progression of the disease. The specificity of these probes is useful in monitoring the efficacy of MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngee Han Lim
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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55
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Marchant DJ, Bellac CL, Moraes TJ, Wadsworth SJ, Dufour A, Butler GS, Bilawchuk LM, Hendry RG, Robertson AG, Cheung CT, Ng J, Ang L, Luo Z, Heilbron K, Norris MJ, Duan W, Bucyk T, Karpov A, Devel L, Georgiadis D, Hegele RG, Luo H, Granville DJ, Dive V, McManus BM, Overall CM. A new transcriptional role for matrix metalloproteinase-12 in antiviral immunity. Nat Med 2014; 20:493-502. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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56
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Miao T, Wang L. Palladium-Catalyzed Desulfitative Cross-Coupling Reaction of Sodium Arylsulfinates with H-Phosphonate Diesters. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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57
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Kalva S, Azhagiya Singam ER, Rajapandian V, Saleena LM, Subramanian V. Discovery of potent inhibitor for matrix metalloproteinase-9 by pharmacophore based modeling and dynamics simulation studies. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 49:25-37. [PMID: 24473069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is an attractive target for anticancer therapy. In the present study ligand based pharmacophore modeling was performed to elucidate the structural elements for a diverse class of MMP-9 inhibitors. The pharmacophore model was validated through Güner-Henry (GH) scoring method. The final pharmacophore model consisted of three hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA), and two ring aromatic regions (RA). This model was utilized to screen the natural compound database to seek novel compounds as MMP-9 inhibitors. The identified hits were validated using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. Finally, one compound named Hinokiflavone from Juniperus communis had high binding free energy of -26.54kJ/mol compared with the known inhibitors of MMP-9. Cytotoxicity for hinokiflavone was evaluated by MTT assay. Inhibition of MMP-9 in the presence of hinokiflavone was detected by gelatin zymography and gelatinolytic inhibition assay. Results revealed that the natural compounds derived based on the developed pharmacophore model would be useful for further design and development of MMP-9 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukesh Kalva
- Department of Bioinformatics, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram District 603 203, India
| | - E R Azhagiya Singam
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - V Rajapandian
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - Lilly M Saleena
- Department of Bioinformatics, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram District 603 203, India.
| | - V Subramanian
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India.
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58
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59
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Hendry RG, Bilawchuk LM, Marchant DJ. Targeting matrix metalloproteinase activity and expression for the treatment of viral myocarditis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:212-25. [PMID: 24381086 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Infectious agents including viruses can infect the heart muscle, resulting in the development of heart inflammation called myocarditis. Chronic myocarditis can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM develops from the extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling caused by myocarditis and may result in heart failure. Epidemiological data for viral myocarditis has long suggested a worse pathology in males, with more recent data demonstrating sex-dependent pathogenesis in DCM as well. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), long known modulators of the extracellular matrix, have important roles in mediating heart inflammation and remodeling during disease and in convalescence. This ability of MMPs to control both the inflammatory response and ECM remodeling during myocarditis makes them potential drug targets. In this review, we analyze the role of MMPs in mediating myocarditis/DCM disease progression, their sex-dependent expression, and their potential as drug targets during viral myocarditis and DCM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/drug therapy
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/enzymology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/immunology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/virology
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Myocarditis/drug therapy
- Myocarditis/enzymology
- Myocarditis/genetics
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/virology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/immunology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/virology
- Sex Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid G Hendry
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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60
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Abstract
The inhibitory activity of a broad group of known metalloenzyme inhibitors against a panel of metalloenzymes was evaluated. Clinically approved inhibitors were selected as well as several other reported metalloprotein inhibitors in order to represent a broad range of metal binding groups (MBGs), including hydroxamic acid, carboxylate, hydroxypyridinonate, thiol, and N-hydroxyurea functional groups. A panel of metalloenzymes, including carbonic anhydrase (hCAII), several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), histone deacetylase (HDAC-2), and tyrosinase (TY), was selected based on their clinical importance for a range of pathologies. In addition, each inhibitor was evaluated for its ability to remove Fe(3+) from holo-transferrin to gauge the ability of the inhibitors to access Fe(3+) from a primary transport protein. The results show that the metalloenzyme inhibitors are quite selective for their intended targets, suggesting that despite their ability to bind metal ions, metalloprotein inhibitors are not prone to widespread off-target enzyme inhibition activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Day
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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61
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Qin Y, Cao X, Yang Y, Shi GP. Cysteine protease cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Future Cardiol 2013; 9:89-103. [PMID: 23259477 DOI: 10.2217/fca.12.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cysteine protease cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases are implicated in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) in humans and animals. Blood and aortic tissues from humans or animals with AAAs contain much higher levels of these proteases, and often lower levels of their endogenous inhibitors, than do blood and aortic tissues from healthy subjects. Protease- and protease inhibitor-deficient mice and synthetic protease inhibitors have affirmed that cysteinyl cathepsins and matrix metalloproteinases both participate directly in AAA development in several experimental model systems. Here, we summarize our current understanding of how proteases contribute to the pathogenesis of AAA, and discuss whether proteases or their inhibitors may serve as diagnostic biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets for this common human arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwen Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing 100029, China
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62
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Mori M, Massaro A, Calderone V, Fragai M, Luchinat C, Mordini A. Discovery of a New Class of Potent MMP Inhibitors by Structure-Based Optimization of the Arylsulfonamide Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:565-9. [PMID: 24900710 DOI: 10.1021/ml300446a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A new class of potent matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors designed by structure-based optimization of the well-known arylsulfonamide scaffold is presented. Molecules show an ethylene linker connecting the sulfonamide group with the P1' aromatic portion and a d-proline residue bearing the zinc-binding group. The affinity improvement provided by these modifications led us to discover a nanomolar MMP inhibitor bearing a carboxylate moiety as zinc-binding group, which might be a promising lead molecule. Notably, a significant selectivity for MMP-8, MMP-12, and MMP-13 was observed with respect to MMP-1 and MMP-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- ProtEra Srl, Scientific Campus, University of Florence, viale delle idee 22, I-50019
Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via L. Sacconi 6, I-50019 Sesto
Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Assunta Massaro
- ProtEra Srl, Scientific Campus, University of Florence, viale delle idee 22, I-50019
Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Vito Calderone
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via L. Sacconi 6, I-50019 Sesto
Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via L. Sacconi 6, I-50019 Sesto
Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo
Shiff”, University of Florence,
via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via L. Sacconi 6, I-50019 Sesto
Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo
Shiff”, University of Florence,
via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mordini
- ICCOM-CNR, Dipartimento
di Chimica “U. Schiff”, via della Lastruccia
13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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63
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Missing the target: matrix metalloproteinase antitargets in inflammation and cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:233-42. [PMID: 23541335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are reputed to cause the inflammatory tissue destruction characterizing chronic inflammatory diseases and to degrade basement membrane collagen, thereby facilitating cancer cell metastasis. However, following the disappointing MMP drug cancer trials, recent studies using mouse models of disease coupled with high-throughput methods for substrate discovery have revealed surprising and unexpected new biological roles of MMPs in inflammatory diseases and cancer in vivo. Thus, MMPs modify signaling pathways and regulate the activity of whole families of cytokines of the immune response by precise proteolytic processing. By cleaving and inactivating cytokine-binding proteins and protease inhibitors, cytokine activities are unmasked and activities of diverse proteases are increased in an interconnected protease web. With new substrates come new roles, and 10 of 24 murine MMPs have antitumorigenic and anti-inflammatory roles making them drug antitargets; that is, their beneficial actions should not be inhibited. Here, we examine whether the discovery that MMPs are drug antitargets for one disease might pave the way for their use for other indications or whether this is a serious threat to the development of MMP inhibitors.
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64
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Higashi S, Hirose T, Takeuchi T, Miyazaki K. Molecular design of a highly selective and strong protein inhibitor against matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9066-76. [PMID: 23395821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.441758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), designed previously, as well as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) lack enzyme selectivity, which has been a major obstacle for developing inhibitors into safe and effective MMP-targeted drugs. Here we designed a fusion protein named APP-IP-TIMP-2, in which the ten amino acid residue sequence of APP-derived MMP-2 selective inhibitory peptide (APP-IP) is added to the N terminus of TIMP-2. The APP-IP and TIMP-2 regions of the fusion protein are designed to interact with the active site and the hemopexin-like domain of MMP-2, respectively. The reactive site of the TIMP-2 region, which has broad specificity against MMPs, is blocked by the APP-IP adduct. The recombinant APP-IP-TIMP-2 showed strong inhibitory activity toward MMP-2 (Ki(app) = 0.68 pm), whereas its inhibitory activity toward MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, or MT1-MMP was six orders of magnitude or more weaker (IC50 > 1 μm). The fusion protein inhibited the activation of pro-MMP-2 in the concanavalin A-stimulated HT1080 cells, degradation of type IV collagen by the cells, and the migration of stimulated cells. Compared with the decapeptide APP-IP (t½ = 30 min), APP-IP-TIMP-2 (t½ ≫ 96 h) showed a much longer half-life in cultured tumor cells. Therefore, the fusion protein may be a useful tool to evaluate contributions of proteolytic activity of MMP-2 in various pathophysiological processes. It may also be developed as an effective anti-tumor drug with restricted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouichi Higashi
- Department of Genome System Science, Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 641-12, Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0813, Japan.
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65
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Czarny B, Stura EA, Devel L, Vera L, Cassar-Lajeunesse E, Beau F, Calderone V, Fragai M, Luchinat C, Dive V. Molecular Determinants of a Selective Matrix Metalloprotease-12 Inhibitor: Insights from Crystallography and Thermodynamic Studies. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1149-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301574d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Czarny
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Enrico A. Stura
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Devel
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Laura Vera
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | | | - Fabrice Beau
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
| | - Vito Calderone
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM),
University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino,
Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM),
University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino,
Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM),
University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino,
Italy
| | - Vincent Dive
- CEA, Service
d’Ingénierie
Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette 91191
Cedex, France
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66
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Nury C, Bregant S, Czarny B, Berthon F, Cassar-Lajeunesse E, Dive V. Detection of endogenous matrix metalloprotease-12 active form with a novel broad spectrum activity-based probe. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5636-44. [PMID: 23271741 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.419499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) have attracted considerable attention as critical mediators of pathological tissue remodeling processes. However it remains an unresolved challenge to detect their active forms in biological samples. To prove the efficacy of a recently developed MMP activity-based probe, we examined the content in MMP active forms of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALf) from male C57BL/6 mice exposed to ultrafine carbon black nanoparticles, a model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This probe was shown to label proteins, mostly expressed in BALf of mice exposed to nanoparticles. Using competition assays with a selective MMP-12 inhibitor as well as MMP-12 knock-out mice, one of these proteins was identified as the active form of the catalytic domain of MMP-12. This new probe can detect the active form of MMP-12 down to a threshold of 1 fmol. Radioactive counting showed the concentration of the active form of MMP-12 to be around 1 fmol/μl in BALf from nanoparticle-treated mice. A less sensitive probe would therefore not have detected MMP-12. As the probe can detect other MMPs in the femtomolar range, it is a potentially powerful tool for monitoring the levels of MMP active forms in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Nury
- CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique), iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines (SIMOPRO), CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif /Yvette, Cedex, France
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67
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Tlatli R, Nozach H, Collet G, Beau F, Vera L, Stura E, Dive V, Cuniasse P. Grafting of functional motifs onto protein scaffolds identified by PDB screening--an efficient route to design optimizable protein binders. FEBS J 2012; 280:139-59. [PMID: 23121732 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Artificial miniproteins that are able to target catalytic sites of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were designed using a functional motif-grafting approach. The motif corresponded to the four N-terminal residues of TIMP-2, a broad-spectrum protein inhibitor of MMPs. Scaffolds that are able to reproduce the functional topology of this motif were obtained by exhaustive screening of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) using STAMPS software (search for three-dimensional atom motifs in protein structures). Ten artificial protein binders were produced. The designed proteins bind catalytic sites of MMPs with affinities ranging from 450 nm to 450 μm prior to optimization. The crystal structure of one artificial binder in complex with the catalytic domain of MMP-12 showed that the inter-molecular interactions established by the functional motif in the artificial binder corresponded to those found in the MMP-14-TIMP-2 complex, albeit with some differences in geometry. Molecular dynamics simulations of the ten binders in complex with MMP-14 suggested that these scaffolds may allow partial reproduction of native inter-molecular interactions, but differences in geometry and stability may contribute to the lower affinity of the artificial protein binders compared to the natural protein binder. Nevertheless, these results show that the in silico design method used provides sets of protein binders that target a specific binding site with a good rate of success. This approach may constitute the first step of an efficient hybrid computational/experimental approach to protein binder design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Tlatli
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITEC-S), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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68
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Knapinska A, Fields GB. Chemical biology for understanding matrix metalloproteinase function. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2002-20. [PMID: 22933318 PMCID: PMC3951272 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family has long been associated with normal physiological processes such as embryonic implantation, tissue remodeling, organ development, and wound healing, as well as multiple aspects of cancer initiation and progression, osteoarthritis, inflammatory and vascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of chemically designed MMP probes has advanced our understanding of the roles of MMPs in disease in addition to shedding considerable light on the mechanisms of MMP action. The first generation of protease-activated agents has demonstrated proof of principle as well as providing impetus for in vivo applications. One common problem has been a lack of agent stability at nontargeted tissues and organs due to activation by multiple proteases. The present review considers how chemical biology has impacted the progress made in understanding the roles of MMPs in disease and the basic mechanisms of MMP action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 (USA)
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69
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Reich R, Hoffman A, Veerendhar A, Maresca A, Innocenti A, Supuran CT, Breuer E. Carbamoylphosphonates Control Tumor Cell Proliferation and Dissemination by Simultaneously Inhibiting Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Matrix Metalloproteinase-2. Toward Nontoxic Chemotherapy Targeting Tumor Microenvironment. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7875-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300981b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reuven Reich
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem IL 91120, Israel
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem IL 91120, Israel
| | - Ainelly Veerendhar
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem IL 91120, Israel
| | - Alfonso Maresca
- Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica
Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(Florence), Italy
| | - Alessio Innocenti
- Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica
Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(Florence), Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica
Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino
(Florence), Italy
| | - Eli Breuer
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy,
P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem IL 91120, Israel
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70
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Cobos-Correa A, Stein F, Schultz C. Target-Activated Prodrugs (TAPs) for the Autoregulated Inhibition of MMP12. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:653-7. [PMID: 24900526 DOI: 10.1021/ml3001193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a prodrug concept in which the target enzyme MMP12 produces its own inhibitor in a two-step activation procedure. By using an MMP12-specific peptide sequence and a known sulfonamide drug integrated in the backbone, the active inhibitor is released upon enzyme cleavage. In in vitro experiments, we present proof of concept that the activation proceeds with useful kinetics. The approach is highly selective over the closely related MMP8. If applied in vivo in the future, these prodrugs might release the active entity in a highly specific manner only at such sites where enzyme activity resides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cobos-Correa
- Cell Biology and Biophysics
Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117
Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular
Medicine Partnership
Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and EMBL, Otto-Meyerhof-Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69124 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Cell Biology and Biophysics
Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics
Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117
Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular
Medicine Partnership
Unit (MMPU), University of Heidelberg and EMBL, Otto-Meyerhof-Centre, Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69124 Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), Member of the German
Center for Lung Research
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71
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Noël A, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Sounni NE, Behrendt N, Maquoi E, Lund IK, Cal S, Hoyer-Hansen G, López-Otín C. New and paradoxical roles of matrix metalloproteinases in the tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:140. [PMID: 22822400 PMCID: PMC3398411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, or invasion are strongly influenced by the surrounding microenvironment of the tumor. Therefore, the ability to change these surroundings represents an important property through which tumor cells are able to acquire specific functions necessary for tumor growth and dissemination. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute key players in this process, allowing tumor cells to modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) and release cytokines, growth factors, and other cell-surface molecules, ultimately facilitating protease-dependent tumor progression. Remodeling of the ECM by collagenolytic enzymes such as MMP1, MMP8, MMP13, or the membrane-bound MT1-MMP as well as by other membrane-anchored proteases is required for invasion and recruitment of novel blood vessels. However, the multiple roles of the MMPs do not all fit into a simple pattern. Despite the pro-tumorigenic function of certain metalloproteinases, recent studies have shown that other members of these families, such as MMP8 or MMP11, have a protective role against tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. These studies have been further expanded by large-scale genomic analysis, revealing that the genes encoding metalloproteinases, such as MMP8, MMP27, ADAM7, and ADAM29, are recurrently mutated in specific tumors, while several ADAMTSs are epigenetically silenced in different cancers. The importance of these proteases in modifying the tumor microenvironment highlights the need for a deeper understanding of how stroma cells and the ECM can modulate tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
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72
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Devel L, Beau F, Amoura M, Vera L, Cassar-Lajeunesse E, Garcia S, Czarny B, Stura EA, Dive V. Simple pseudo-dipeptides with a P2' glutamate: a novel inhibitor family of matrix metalloproteases and other metzincins. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:26647-56. [PMID: 22689580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.380782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of pseudo-peptides with general formula X-l-Glu-NH(2) (with X corresponding to an acyl moiety with a long aryl-alkyl side chain) have been synthesized, evaluated as inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and found to display remarkable nanomolar affinity. The loss in potency associated with a substitution of the P(2)' l-glutamate by a l-glutamine corroborates the importance of a carboxylate at this position. The binding mode of some of these inhibitors was characterized in solution and by x-ray crystallography in complex with various MMPs. The x-ray crystal structures reveal an unusual binding mode with the glutamate side chain chelating the active site zinc ion. Competition experiments between these inhibitors and acetohydroxamic acid, a small zinc-binding molecule, are in accord with the crystallographic results. One of these pseudo-dipeptides displays potency and selectivity toward MMP-12 similar to the best MMP-12 inhibitors reported to date. This novel family of pseudo peptides opens new opportunities to develop potent and selective inhibitors for several metzincins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Devel
- CEA (Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique), iBiTec-S, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines (SIMOPRO), CE Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette, Cedex, France.
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73
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Bhowmick M, Fields GB. Synthesis of Fmoc-Gly-Ile Phosphinic Pseudodipeptide: Residue Specific Conditions for Construction of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Building Blocks. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012; 18:335-339. [PMID: 24496015 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of an Fmoc-Gly-Ile phosphinic pseudodipeptide was desired as an eventual building block for construction of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. A Michael-type addition reaction of bis(tri-methylsilyl) phosphonite with the appropriate acrylate generated the pseudodipeptide bond. Additional of adamantyl (Ad) protection by our prior route (reaction of in situ generated phosphinic acid chloride with the sodium salt of adamantanol) was surprisingly inefficient. Adamantyl protection was achieved in high yield by refluxing the phosphinic acid, Ag2O, and 1-AdBr in chloroform. Subsequently a concise one-pot three-step reaction comprising a double deprotection of the N- and C-termini under catalytic hydrogenation conditions followed by selective protection of the N-terminus with an Fmoc group yielded Fmoc-NHCH2PO(OAd)CH2CH(2-butyl)CO2H in 41 % overall yield. These results indicate that, as the diversity of phosphinic pseudodipeptides is increased to create selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, different synthetic pathways may be required for efficient building block preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishabrata Bhowmick
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village, Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village, Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA
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74
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Gao C, Maeno T, Ota F, Ueno M, Korekane H, Takamatsu S, Shirato K, Matsumoto A, Kobayashi S, Yoshida K, Kitazume S, Ohtsubo K, Betsuyaku T, Taniguchi N. Sensitivity of heterozygous α1,6-fucosyltransferase knock-out mice to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema: implication of aberrant transforming growth factor-β signaling and matrix metalloproteinase gene expression. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16699-708. [PMID: 22433854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.315333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a deficiency in core fucosylation caused by the genetic disruption of α1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) leads to lethal abnormalities and the development of emphysematous lesions in the lung by attenuation of TGF-β1 receptor signaling. Herein, we investigated the physiological relevance of core fucosylation in the pathogenesis of emphysema using viable heterozygous knock-out mice (Fut8(+/-)) that were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). The Fut8(+/-) mice exhibited a marked decrease in FUT8 activity, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 activities were elevated in the lung at an early stage of exposure. Emphysema developed after a 3-month CS exposure, accompanied by the recruitment of large numbers of macrophages to the lung. CS exposure substantially and persistently elevated the expression level of Smad7, resulting in a significant reduction of Smad2 phosphorylation (which controls MMP-9 expression) in Fut8(+/-) mice and Fut8-deficient embryonic fibroblast cells. These in vivo and in vitro studies show that impaired core fucosylation enhances the susceptibility to CS and constitutes at least part of the disease process of emphysema, in which TGF-β-Smad signaling is impaired and the MMP-mediated destruction of lung parenchyma is up-regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiao Gao
- RIKEN Alliance Laboratory, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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75
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Alouini MA, Moustoifa EF, Rubio SA, Bartegi A, Berthelot T, Déléris G. Design, characterization, and evaluation of peptide arrays allowing the direct monitoring of MMP activities. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:185-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Newby AC. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition therapy for vascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 56:232-44. [PMID: 22326338 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are 23 secreted or cell surface proteases that act together and with other protease classes to turn over the extracellular matrix, cleave cell surface proteins and alter the function of many secreted bioactive molecules. In the vasculature MMPs influence the migration proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells, thereby affecting intima formation, atherosclerosis and aneurysms, as substantiated in clinical and mouse knockout and transgenic studies. Prominent counterbalancing roles for MMPs in tissue destruction and repair emerge from these experiments. Naturally occurring tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), pleiotropic mediators such as tetracyclines, chemically-synthesised small molecular weight MMP inhibitors (MMPis) and inhibitory antibodies have all shown effects in animal models of vascular disease but only doxycycline has been evaluated extensively in patients. A limitation of broad specificity MMPis is that they prevent both matrix degradation and tissue repair functions of different MMPs. Hence MMPis with more restricted specificity have been developed and recent studies in models of atherosclerosis accurately replicate the phenotypes of the corresponding gene knockouts. This review documents the established actions of MMPs and their inhibitors in vascular pathologies and considers the prospects for translating these findings into new treatments.
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77
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Selection and Finding of Lead Peptides Dual-targeting MMP14 and Metal Ions by Subtractive Cell Surface Panning and Molecular Docking. Int J Pept Res Ther 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-011-9276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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78
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Kim KS, Lee YA, Choi HM, Yoo MC, Yang HI. Implication of MMP-9 and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in the activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:3069-75. [PMID: 21913037 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-2095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether the expression and activation of pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 varies from that of pro-MMP-13 in the joint fluid of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. To do this, joint fluid was collected from 34 RA and 34 OA patients. The collagenase (pro-MMP-1 and MMP-13, total MMP-1, and MMP-13), gelatinase (total MMP-2 and MMP-9), stromelysin (total MMP-3), matrilysin (total MMP-7), uPA, and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP) levels were measured by ELISA. The level of total MMP-1 in RA joint fluids was similar to that of the OA joint fluid. In contrast, the level of total MMP-13 in the RA group was significantly higher than that of the OA group. Among various MMPs (MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9), only MMP-9 was strongly associated with total MMP-13 in both RA and OA. The level of uPA was also strongly associated with MMP-13 in RA but not OA, while the level of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was not significantly different between RA and OA. In conclusion, MMP-9 and uPA might be involved in the activation of pro-MMP-13 through unknown mechanisms in arthritic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Soo Kim
- East-West Bone and Joint Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at KANGDONG, 149 Sangil-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul 134-727, Republic of Korea.
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79
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Deal EL, Petit C, Montchamp JL. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of H-phosphinate esters with chloroarenes. Org Lett 2011; 13:3270-3. [PMID: 21612265 DOI: 10.1021/ol201222n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between H-phosphinate esters and chloroarenes or chloroheteroarenes is described. This reaction is the first general metal-catalyzed phosphorus-carbon bond-forming reaction between a phosphorus nucleophile and chloroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Deal
- Department of Chemistry, Box 298860, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
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80
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Frant J, Veerendhar A, Chernilovsky T, Nedvetzki S, Vaksman O, Hoffman A, Breuer E, Reich R. Orally active, antimetastatic, nontoxic diphenyl ether-derived carbamoylphosphonate matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1471-7. [PMID: 21656908 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Seven 4-phenoxybenzenesulfonamidopolymethylene carbamoylphosphonates (CPOs) bearing two to eight methylene units in the polymethylene chain were synthesized and evaluated as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors. The five lowest homologues [(CH₂)₂-₆] are selective MMP-2 inhibitors, whereas the two with the longest linkers [(CH₂)₇,₈] lack inhibitory activity. The most potent homologues are those with (CH₂)₅,₆; these two were evaluated for antimetastatic activity in a murine melanoma model and showed good potency both by oral and intraperitoneal administration without any toxic--including musculoskeletal--side effects. In contrast to the previously reported cis-ACCP, which was shown to inhibit MMP-2 for ∼30 min, the new compounds inhibit MMP activity for the duration of measurement, lasting several hours. Pharmacokinetic evaluation revealed, on the one hand, low oral bioavailability; on the other hand, a relatively large calculated volume of distribution, consistent with the observed reversible absorption of CPO 5 to hydroxyapatite, as a model for bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Frant
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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81
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Johnson JL, Devel L, Czarny B, George SJ, Jackson CL, Rogakos V, Beau F, Yiotakis A, Newby AC, Dive V. A selective matrix metalloproteinase-12 inhibitor retards atherosclerotic plaque development in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:528-35. [PMID: 21212406 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.219147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 has been implicated in plaque progression and instability and is also amenable to selective inhibition. In this study, we investigated the influence of a greater than 10-fold selective synthetic MMP-12 inhibitor on plaque progression in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS A phosphinic peptide (RXP470.1) that is a potent, selective murine MMP-12 inhibitor significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque cross-sectional area by approximately 50% at 4 different vascular sites in male and female apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a Western diet. Furthermore, RXP470.1 treatment resulted in less complex plaques with increased smooth muscle cell:macrophage ratio, less macrophage apoptosis, increased cap thickness, smaller necrotic cores, and decreased incidence of calcification. Additional in vitro and in vivo findings indicate that attenuated monocyte/macrophage invasion and reduced macrophage apoptosis probably underlie the beneficial effects observed on atherosclerotic plaque progression with MMP-12 inhibitor treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that a selective MMP-12 inhibitor retards atherosclerosis development and results in a more fibrous plaque phenotype in mice. Our study provides proof of principle to motivate translational work on MMP-12 inhibitor therapy in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Johnson
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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82
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Attolino E, Calderone V, Dragoni E, Fragai M, Richichi B, Luchinat C, Nativi C. Structure-based approach to nanomolar, water soluble matrix metalloproteinases inhibitors (MMPIs). Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:5919-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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83
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Devel L, Garcia S, Czarny B, Beau F, Lajeunesse E, Vera L, Georgiadis D, Stura E, Dive V. Insights from selective non-phosphinic inhibitors of MMP-12 tailored to fit with an S1' loop canonical conformation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35900-9. [PMID: 20817735 PMCID: PMC2975213 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.139634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
After the disappointment of clinical trials with early broad spectrum synthetic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the field is now resurging with a new focus on the development of selective inhibitors that fully discriminate between different members of the MMP family with several therapeutic applications in perspective. Here, we report a novel class of highly selective MMP-12 inhibitors, without a phosphinic zinc-binding group, designed to plunge deeper into the S(1)' cavity of the enzyme. The best inhibitor from this series, identified through a systematic chemical exploration, displays nanomolar potency toward MMP-12 and selectivity factors that range between 2 and 4 orders of magnitude toward a large set of MMPs. Comparison of the high resolution x-ray structures of MMP-12 in free state or bound to this new MMP-12 selective inhibitor reveals that this compound fits deeply within the S(1)' specificity cavity, maximizing surface/volume ratios, without perturbing the S(1)' loop conformation. This is in contrast with highly selective MMP-13 inhibitors that were shown to select a particular S(1)' loop conformation. The search for such compounds that fit precisely to preponderant S(1)' loop conformation of a particular MMP may prove to be an alternative effective strategy for developing selective inhibitors of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Devel
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
| | - Sandra Garcia
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
| | - Bertrand Czarny
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
| | - Fabrice Beau
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
| | - Evelyne Lajeunesse
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
| | - Laura Vera
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Enrico Stura
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
| | - Vincent Dive
- From the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire de Protéines, CE-Saclay, 91191 Gif/Yvette Cedex, France and
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Third generation of matrix metalloprotease inhibitors: Gain in selectivity by targeting the depth of the S1′ cavity. Biochimie 2010; 92:1501-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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85
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Harris LK, Smith SD, Keogh RJ, Jones RL, Baker PN, Knöfler M, Cartwright JE, Whitley GSJ, Aplin JD. Trophoblast- and vascular smooth muscle cell-derived MMP-12 mediates elastolysis during uterine spiral artery remodeling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2103-15. [PMID: 20802175 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During the first trimester of pregnancy, the uterine spiral arteries are remodeled, creating heavily dilated conduits that lack maternal vasomotor control but allow the placenta to meet an increasing requirement for nutrients and oxygen. To effect permanent vasodilatation, the internal elastic lamina and medial elastin fibers must be degraded. In this study, we sought to identify the elastolytic proteases involved in this process. Primary first-trimester cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) derived from the placenta exhibited intracellular and membrane-associated elastase activity; membrane-associated activity was primarily attributable to matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Indeed, Affymetrix microarray analysis and immunocytochemistry implicated MMP-12 (macrophage metalloelastase) as a key mediator of elastolysis. Cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) exhibited constitutive membrane-associated elastase activity and inducible intracellular elastase activity; these cells also expressed MMP-12 protein. Moreover, a specific inhibitor of MMP-12 significantly reduced CTB- and HASMC-mediated elastolysis in vitro, to 31.7 ± 10.9% and 23.3 ± 8.7% of control levels, respectively. MMP-12 is expressed by both interstitial and endovascular trophoblasts in the first-trimester placental bed and by vascular SMCs (VSMCs) in remodeling spiral arteries. Perfusion of isolated spiral artery segments with CTB-conditioned medium stimulated MMP-12 expression in medial VSMCs. Our data support a model in which trophoblasts and VSMCs use MMP-12 cooperatively to degrade elastin during vascular remodeling in pregnancy, with the localized release of elastin peptides and CTB-derived factors amplifying elastin catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda K Harris
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Kronenberg D, Bruns BC, Moali C, Vadon-Le Goff S, Sterchi EE, Traupe H, Böhm M, Hulmes DJS, Stöcker W, Becker-Pauly C. Processing of procollagen III by meprins: new players in extracellular matrix assembly? J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2727-35. [PMID: 20631730 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meprins α and β, a subgroup of zinc metalloproteinases belonging to the astacin family, are known to cleave components of the extracellular matrix, either during physiological remodeling or in pathological situations. In this study we present a new role for meprins in matrix assembly, namely the proteolytic processing of procollagens. Both meprins α and β release the N- and C-propeptides from procollagen III, with such processing events being critical steps in collagen fibril formation. In addition, both meprins cleave procollagen III at exactly the same site as the procollagen C-proteinases, including bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1) and other members of the tolloid proteinase family. Indeed, cleavage of procollagen III by meprins is more efficient than by BMP-1. In addition, unlike BMP-1, whose activity is stimulated by procollagen C-proteinase enhancer proteins (PCPEs), the activity of meprins on procollagen III is diminished by PCPE-1. Finally, following our earlier observations of meprin expression by human epidermal keratinocytes, meprin α is also shown to be expressed by human dermal fibroblasts. In the dermis of fibrotic skin (keloids), expression of meprin α increases and meprin β begins to be detected. Our study suggests that meprins could be important players in several remodeling processes involving collagen fiber deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kronenberg
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS/Université de Lyon UMR 5086, IFR 128 Biosciences Gerland-Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
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88
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Metcalf JA, Linders B, Wu S, Bigg P, O’Donnell P, Sleeper MM, Whyte MP, Haskins M, Ponder KP. Upregulation of elastase activity in aorta in mucopolysaccharidosis I and VII dogs may be due to increased cytokine expression. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99:396-407. [PMID: 20044292 PMCID: PMC2838970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) and MPS VII are due to loss-of-function mutations within the genes that encode the lysosomal enzymes alpha-l-iduronidase and beta-glucuronidase, respectively, and result in accumulation of glycosaminoglycans and multisystemic disease. Both disorders are associated with elastin fragmentation and dilatation of the aorta. Here, the pathogenesis and effect of gene therapy on aortic disease in canine models of MPS was evaluated. We found that cathepsin S is upregulated at the mRNA and enzyme activity level, while matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) is upregulated at the mRNA level, in aortas from untreated MPS I and MPS VII dogs. Both of these proteases can degrade elastin. In addition, mRNA levels for the interleukin 6-like cytokine oncostatin M were increased in MPS I and MPS VII dog aortas, while mRNA for tumor necrosis factor alpha and toll-like receptor 4 were increased in MPS VII dog aortas. These cytokines could contribute to upregulation of the elastases. Neonatal intravenous injection of a retroviral vector expressing beta-glucuronidase to MPS VII dogs reduced RNA levels of cathepsin S and MMP-12 and aortic dilatation was delayed, albeit dilatation developed at late times after gene therapy. A post-mortem aorta from a patient with MPS VII also exhibited elastin fragmentation. We conclude that aortic dilatation in MPS I and MPS VII dogs is likely due to degradation of elastin by cathepsin S and/or MMP-12. Inhibitors of these enzymes or these cytokine-induced signal transduction pathways might reduce aortic disease in patients with MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Metcalf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Bruce Linders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Susan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Paul Bigg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
| | - Patricia O’Donnell
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meg M. Sleeper
- Clinical Studies School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael P. Whyte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
- Center for Metabolic Bone Disease and Molecular Research, Shriners Hospital for Children, St. Louis MO
| | - Mark Haskins
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Clinical Studies School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine P. Ponder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO
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89
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Kupai K, Szucs G, Cseh S, Hajdu I, Csonka C, Csont T, Ferdinandy P. Matrix metalloproteinase activity assays: Importance of zymography. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:205-9. [PMID: 20176119 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases capable of degrading extracellular matrix, including the basement membrane. MMPs are associated with various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, angiogenesis, and tissue repair. Moreover, due to the novel non-matrix related intra- and extracellular targets of MMPs, dysregulation of MMP activity has been implicated in a number of acute and chronic pathological processes, such as arthritis, acute myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammation, and cancer metastasis. MMPs are considered as viable drug targets in the therapy of the above diseases. METHODS For the development of selective MMP inhibitor molecules, reliable methods are necessary for target validation and lead development. Here, we discuss the major methods used for MMP assays, focusing on substrate zymography. We highlight some problems frequently encountered during sample preparations, electrophoresis, and data analysis of zymograms. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Zymography is a widely used technique to study extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes, such as MMPs, from tissue extracts, cell cultures, serum or urine. This simple and sensitive technique identifies MMPs by the degradation of their substrate and by their molecular weight and therefore helps to understand the widespread role of MMPs in different pathologies and cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kupai
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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90
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Wang Y, Ait-Oufella H, Herbin O, Bonnin P, Ramkhelawon B, Taleb S, Huang J, Offenstadt G, Combadière C, Rénia L, Johnson JL, Tharaux PL, Tedgui A, Mallat Z. TGF-beta activity protects against inflammatory aortic aneurysm progression and complications in angiotensin II-infused mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:422-32. [PMID: 20101093 DOI: 10.1172/jci38136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complicated abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a major cause of mortality in elderly men. Ang II-dependent TGF-beta activity promotes aortic aneurysm progression in experimental Marfan syndrome. However, the role of TGF-beta in experimental models of AAA has not been comprehensively assessed. Here, we show that systemic neutralization of TGF-beta activity breaks the resistance of normocholesterolemic C57BL/6 mice to Ang II-induced AAA formation and markedly increases their susceptibility to the disease. These aneurysms displayed a large spectrum of complications on echography, including fissuration, double channel formation, and rupture, leading to death from aneurysm complications. The disease was refractory to inhibition of IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-6, or TNF-alpha signaling. Genetic deletion of T and B cells or inhibition of the CX3CR1 pathway resulted in partial protection. Interestingly, neutralization of TGF-beta activity enhanced monocyte invasiveness, and monocyte depletion markedly inhibited aneurysm progression and complications. Finally, TGF-beta neutralization increased MMP-12 activity, and MMP-12 deficiency prevented aneurysm rupture. These results clearly identify a critical role for TGF-beta in the taming of the innate immune response and the preservation of vessel integrity in C57BL/6 mice, which contrasts with its reported pathogenic role in Marfan syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Université Paris-Descartes and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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91
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Abstract
The recognition that the successful clinical use of MMP inhibitors will require quantitative correlation of MMP activity with disease type, and to disease progression, has stimulated intensive effort toward the development of sensitive assay methods, improved analytical methods for the determination of the structural profile for MMP-sub-type inhibition, and the development of new methods for the determination - in both quantitative and qualitative terms - of MMP activity. This chapter reviews recent progress toward these objectives, with particular emphasis on the quantitative and qualitative profiling of MMP activity in cells and tissues. Quantitative determination of MMP activity is made from the concentration of the MMP from the tissue, using immobilization of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor on a chromatography resin. Active MMP, to the exclusion of MMP zymogens and endogenous TIMP-inhibited MMPs, is retained on the column. Characterization of the MMP sub-type(s) follows from appropriate analysis of the active MMP eluted from the resin. Qualitative determination of MMP involvement in disease can be made using an MMP sub-type-selective inhibitor. The proof of principle, with respect to this qualitative determination of the disease involvement of the gelatinase MMP-2 and MMP-9 sub-types, is provided by the class of thiirane-based MMP mechanism-based inhibitors (SB-3CT as the prototype). Positive outcomes in animal models of disease having MMP-2 and/or -9 dependency follow administration of this MMP inhibitor, whereas this inhibitor is inactive in disease models where other MMPs (such as MMP-14) are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Walther Cancer Research Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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92
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Nuti E, Panelli L, Casalini F, Avramova SI, Orlandini E, Santamaria S, Nencetti S, Tuccinardi T, Martinelli A, Cercignani G, D'Amelio N, Maiocchi A, Uggeri F, Rossello A. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and NMR studies of a new series of arylsulfones as selective and potent matrix metalloproteinase-12 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6347-61. [PMID: 19775099 DOI: 10.1021/jm900335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of macrophage elastase (MMP-12), a member of the matrix metalloproteinases family, can be linked to tissue remodeling and degradation in some inflammatory processes, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and atherosclerosis. On this basis, MMP-12 can be considered an attractive target for studying selective inhibitors that are useful in the development of new therapies for COPD and other inflammatory diseases. We report herein the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of a new series of compounds, possessing an arylsulfonyl scaffold, for their potential as selective inhibitors of MMP-12. The best compound in the series showed an IC50 value of 0.2 nM, with good selectivity over MMP-1 and MMP-14. A docking study was carried out on this compound in order to investigate its binding interactions with MMP-12, and NMR studies on the complex with the MMP-12 catalytic domain were able to validate the proposed binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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93
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Rogakos V, Georgiadis D, Dive V, Yiotakis A. A Modular Rearrangement Approach toward Medicinally Relevant Phosphinic Structures. Org Lett 2009; 11:4696-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902004p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Rogakos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece, and CEA, DSV, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette Cedex 91191, France
| | - Dimitris Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece, and CEA, DSV, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette Cedex 91191, France
| | - Vincent Dive
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece, and CEA, DSV, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette Cedex 91191, France
| | - Athanasios Yiotakis
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Athens, Greece, and CEA, DSV, Service d’Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Gif/Yvette Cedex 91191, France
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94
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Membrane-bound FRET probe visualizes MMP12 activity in pulmonary inflammation. Nat Chem Biol 2009; 5:628-30. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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95
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Dragoni E, Calderone V, Fragai M, Jaiswal R, Luchinat C, Nativi C. Biotin-tagged probes for MMP expression and activation: design, synthesis, and binding properties. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:719-27. [PMID: 19275207 DOI: 10.1021/bc8003827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of biotin chain-terminated inhibitors (BTI) showing high affinity for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on one side and high affinity for avidin through the biotinylated tag on the other are reported. The affinity of the designed BTI toward five different MMPs has been evaluated and the simultaneous formation of a highly stable ternary system Avidin-BTI-MMP clearly assessed. This system will permit the development of new approaches to detect, quantify, or collect MMPs in biological samples, with potential applications in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Dragoni
- Magnetic Resonance Center - University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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96
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Bregant S, Huillet C, Devel L, Dabert-Gay AS, Beau F, Thai R, Czarny B, Yiotakis A, Dive V. Detection of matrix metalloproteinase active forms in complex proteomes: evaluation of affinity versus photoaffinity capture. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:2484-94. [PMID: 19271733 DOI: 10.1021/pr801069c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various attempts to detect matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) active forms from complex proteomes, based on the use of specific photoactivatable affinity probes, have up to now failed. To overcome this failure, an affinity approach has been evaluated as an alternative to the photoaffinity one. For this purpose, two probes were synthesized to interact specifically with the active site of MMPs and allow isolation of MMP/probe complexes on magnetic beads through a biotin linker. Using phosphinic peptide chemistry, we prepared an affinity probe displaying picomolar potency toward several MMPs, and a related photoaffinity probe incorporating a photoactivatable azido group exhibiting subnanomolar affinity toward these targets. By a combination of silver-staining detection and MALDI peptide mass fingerprints, a systematic comparison was made of both strategies in terms of hMMP-12 and hMMP-8 recovery and identification when present in mixtures of different complexity. The results obtained show that the affinity protocol is superior to the photoaffinity strategy in terms of quantity of captured MMPs and number of MMP tryptic fragments detected in MALDI-MS. The specificity and efficiency of the affinity capture protocol developed in this study allowed easy, fast, and unambiguous detection by MALDI-MS of three hMMPs (2, 8, and 12), from a single affinity capture experiment, when added (10-36 ng of MMPs) to a tumor extract (10 microg). Thus, the tools and approaches reported should enable us to progress in the detection of endogenous active forms of MMPs in complex proteomes, an important objective with many diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bregant
- CEA, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), Bat 152, CE-Saclay Gif/Yvette, F-91191, France
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97
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Sela-Passwell N, Rosenblum G, Shoham T, Sagi I. Structural and functional bases for allosteric control of MMP activities: can it pave the path for selective inhibition? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:29-38. [PMID: 19406173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) belong to a large family of structurally homologous enzymes. These enzymes are involved in a wide variety of biological processes ranging from physiological cell proliferation and differentiation to pathological states associated with tumor metastasis, inflammation, tissue degeneration, and cell death. Controlling the enzymatic activity of specific individual MMPs by antagonist molecules is highly desirable, first, for studying their individual roles, and second as potential therapeutic agents. However, blocking the enzymatic activity with synthetic small inhibitors appears to be an extremely difficult task. Thus, this is an unmet need presumably due to the high structural homology between MMP catalytic domains. Recent reports have recognized a potential role for exosite or allosteric protein regions, distinct from the extended catalytic pocket, in mediating MMP activation and substrate hydrolysis. This raises the possibility that MMP enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities may be modified via antagonist molecules targeted to such allosteric sites or to alternative enzyme domains. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional bases for potential allosteric control of MMPs and highlight potential alternative enzyme domains as targets for designing highly selective MMP inhibitors.
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98
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Matrix metalloproteinases: fold and function of their catalytic domains. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:20-8. [PMID: 19374923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent protein and peptide hydrolases. They have been almost exclusively studied in vertebrates and 23 paralogs are present in humans. They are widely involved in metabolism regulation through both extensive protein degradation and selective peptide-bond hydrolysis. If MMPs are not subjected to exquisite spatial and temporal control, they become destructive, which can lead to pathologies such as arthritis, inflammation, and cancer. The main therapeutic strategy to combat the dysregulation of MMPs is the design of drugs to target their catalytic domains, for which purpose detailed structural knowledge is essential. The catalytic domains of 13 MMPs have been structurally analyzed so far and they belong to the "metzincin" clan of metalloendopeptidases. These compact, spherical, approximately 165-residue molecules are divided by a shallow substrate-binding crevice into an upper and a lower sub-domain. The molecules have an extended zinc-binding motif, HEXXHXXGXXH, which contains three zinc-binding histidines and a glutamate that acts as a general base/acid during catalysis. In addition, a conserved methionine lying within a "Met-turn" provides a hydrophobic base for the zinc-binding site. Further earmarks of MMPs are three alpha-helices and a five-stranded beta-sheet, as well as at least two calcium sites and a second zinc site with structural functions. Most MMPs are secreted as inactive zymogens with an N-terminal approximately 80-residue pro-domain, which folds into a three-helix globular domain and inhibits the catalytic zinc through a cysteine imbedded in a conserved motif, PRCGXPD. Removal of the pro-domain enables access of a catalytic solvent molecule and substrate molecules to the active-site cleft, which harbors a hydrophobic S(1')-pocket as main determinant of specificity. Together with the catalytic zinc ion, this pocket has been targeted since the onset of drug development against MMPs. However, the inability of first- and second-generation inhibitors to distinguish between different MMPs led to failures in clinical trials. More recent approaches have produced highly specific inhibitors to tackle selected MMPs, thus anticipating the development of more successful drugs in the near future. Further strategies should include the detailed structural characterization of the remaining ten MMPs to assist in achieving higher drug selectivity. In this review, we discuss the general architecture of MMP catalytic domains and its implication in function, zymogenic activation, and drug design.
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99
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Garbacki N, Di Valentin E, Piette J, Cataldo D, Crahay C, Colige A. Matrix metalloproteinase 12 silencing: a therapeutic approach to treat pathological lung tissue remodeling? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:267-78. [PMID: 19327406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the large matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family, MMP-12, also referred to as macrophage elastase, plays a significant role in chronic pulmonary pathologies characterized by an intense tissue remodeling such as asthma and COPD. This review will summarize knowledge about MMP-12 structure, functions and mechanisms of activation and regulation, including potential MMP-12 modulation by microRNA. As MMP-12 is involved in many tissue remodeling diseases, efforts have been made to develop specific synthetic inhibitors. However, at this time, very few chemical inhibitors have proved to be efficient and specific to a particular MMP. The relevance of silencing MMP-12 by RNA interference is highlighted. The specificity of this approach using siRNA or shRNA and the strategies to deliver these molecules in the lung are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Garbacki
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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100
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Lim MD, Craik CS. Using specificity to strategically target proteases. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:1094-100. [PMID: 18434168 PMCID: PMC2663002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are a family of naturally occurring enzymes in the body whose dysregulation has been implicated in numerous diseases and cancers. Their ability to selectively and catalytically turnover substrate adds both signal amplification and functionality as parameters for the detection of disease. This review will focus on the development of activity-based methodologies to characterize proteases, and in particular, the use of positional scanning, synthetic combinatorial libraries (PS-SCL's), and substrate activity screening (SAS) assays. The use of these approaches to better understand a protease's natural substrate will be discussed as well as the technologies that emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, School of Pharmacy, 513 Parnassus Avenue Room S-926, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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