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Safdar A, Tarnopolsky MA. Exosomes as Mediators of the Systemic Adaptations to Endurance Exercise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a029827. [PMID: 28490541 PMCID: PMC5830902 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Habitual endurance exercise training is associated with multisystemic metabolic adaptations that lower the risk of inactivity-associated disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Identification of complex systemic signaling networks responsible for these benefits are of great interest because of their therapeutic potential in metabolic diseases; however, specific signals that modulate the multisystemic benefits of exercise in multiple tissues and organs are only recently being discovered. Accumulated evidence suggests that muscle and other tissues have an endocrine function and release peptides and nucleic acids into the circulation in response to acute endurance exercise to mediate the multisystemic adaptations. Factors released from skeletal muscle have been termed myokines and we propose that the total of all factors released in response to endurance exercise (including peptides, nucleic acids, and metabolites) be termed, "exerkines." We propose that many of the exerkines are released within extracellular vesicles called exosomes, which regulate peripheral organ cross talk. Exosomes (30-140 nm) and larger microvesicles [MVs] (100-1000 nm) are subcategories of extracellular vesicles that are released into the circulation. Exosomes contain peptides and several nucleic acids (microRNA [miRNA], messenger RNA [mRNA], mitochondrial DNA [mtDNA]) and are involved in intercellular/tissue exchange of their contents. An acute bout of endurance exercise increases circulating exosomes that are hypothesized to mediate organ cross talk to promote systemic adaptation to endurance exercise. Further support for the role of exosomes (and possibly MVs) in mediating the systemic benefits of exercise comes from the fact that the majority of the previously reported myokines/exerkines are found in extracellular vesicles databases (Vesiclepedia and ExoCarta). We propose that exosomes isolated from athletes following exercise or exosomes bioengineered to incorporate one or many of known exerkines will be therapeutically useful in the treatment of obesity, T2DM, and other aging-associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Safdar
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics & Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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Short-term l-arginine supplementation attenuates elevation of interleukin 6 level after resistance exercise in overweight men. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 22:43-47. [PMID: 29415833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM l-Arginine (l-arg) supplementation and resistance exercise can induce changes in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines; however, it has not been investigated in obese hypertensive men. This study examines the effects of short-term l-arg supplementation and acute resistance exercise (AREX) on cytokine levels in obese hypertensive men. METHODS Eight obese hypertensive men aged 46 ± 6 yrs. with an average body weight of 92.56 ± 9.9 kg and a BMI of 31.68 ± 2.18 kg/m2 participated in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover study. The patients were distributed into exercise groups based on the type of supplementation (6 g/day of placebo or l-arg for 7 days). Supplementation periods were separated by a seven-day washout period. The AREX regimen consisted of eight exercises with an exercise intensity of 60% of 1 repetition maximum. The interleukins IL-1ra, IL-6, and IL-10 and the IL-6/IL10 ratio were determined at rest, immediately after exercise and 1 h after exercise sessions. RESULTS IL-1ra levels exhibited a significant difference both immediately and 1 h after exercise when the l-arg and placebo groups were compared (P < 0.05). IL-6 levels increased significantly after exercise in the placebo group compared with the l-arg group (P < 0.05). The placebo group showed a decrease in the IL-10 levels 1 h after exercise compared with resting levels (P < 0.05). The IL-6/IL-10 ratio showed a statistically significant increase in the placebo group after exercise compared to the l-arg group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS LARG supplementation attenuates the cytokine increase after AREX, in particular peak IL-6 levels decrease and exercise induced decreases in IL-10 levels are attenuated.
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Potential Role of Humoral IL-6 Cytokine in Mediating Pro-Inflammatory Endothelial Cell Response in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020423. [PMID: 29385088 PMCID: PMC5855645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a multifactorial disease with limited therapeutic options. Numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors are involved in ALS motor neuron degeneration. One possible effector accelerating motor neuron death in ALS is damage to the blood-Central Nervous System barrier (B-CNS-B), mainly due to endothelial cell (EC) degeneration. Although mechanisms of EC damage in ALS are still unknown, vascular impairment may be initiated by various humoral inflammatory factors and other mediators. Systemic IL-6-mediated inflammation is a possible early extrinsic effector leading to the EC death causing central nervous system (CNS) barrier damage. In this review, we discuss the potential role of humoral factors in triggering EC alterations in ALS. A specific focus was on humoral IL-6 cytokine mediating EC inflammation via the trans-signaling pathway. Our preliminary in vitro studies demonstrated a proof of principle that short term exposure of human bone marrow endothelial cells to plasma from ALS patient leads to cell morphological changes, significantly upregulated IL-6R immunoexpression, and pro-inflammatory cell response. Our in-depth understanding of specific molecular mechanisms of this humoral cytokine in EC degeneration may facilitate an endothelial-IL-6-targeting therapy for restoring cell homeostasis and eventually reestablishing B-CNS-B integrity in ALS.
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Kumagai H, Zempo-Miyaki A, Yoshikawa T, Eto M, So R, Tsujimoto T, Nishiyasu T, Tanaka K, Maeda S. Which cytokine is the most related to weight loss-induced decrease in arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men? Endocr J 2018; 65:53-61. [PMID: 28966223 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej17-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and increased arterial stiffness are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A well-known characteristic of obesity is the chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and it causes elevation of arterial stiffness. Weight-loss reduces arterial stiffness and inflammatory level in obese individuals. However, it is unclear which inflammatory factor is most related to weight loss-induce decreases in arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine which circulating cytokine level has the most effect on decreasing arterial stiffness after lifestyle modification. Twenty overweight and obese men completed a 12-week period of lifestyle modifications (combination of aerobic exercise training and dietary modification). We measured brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) as an index of arterial stiffness, and circulating cytokine levels using comprehensive analysis. After the 12-week lifestyle modifications, body mass was markedly decreased. Also, baPWV and the levels of several circulating cytokines significantly decreased after the lifestyle modifications. We observed a positive correlation between changes in baPWV and circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Furthermore, multiple liner regression analysis revealed that change in baPWV was significantly associated with that in IL-6 levels after consideration of changes in systolic blood pressure and body mass index. These results suggest that for overweight and obese men, a 12-week period of lifestyle modifications-induced a decrease in circulating cytokine levels (especially IL-6 levels), leads to decreased baPWV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kumagai
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Zempo-Miyaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ryugasaki, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshikawa
- Research Fellow of Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miki Eto
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Osaka University of Economics, Higashiyodogawa, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rina So
- Research Center for Overwork-Related Disorders, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Nishiyasu
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kiyoji Tanaka
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Elisia I, Lam V, Hofs E, Li MY, Hay M, Cho B, Brooks-Wilson A, Rosin M, Bu L, Jia W, Krystal G. Effect of age on chronic inflammation and responsiveness to bacterial and viral challenges. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188881. [PMID: 29186188 PMCID: PMC5706672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify reliable biomarkers of age-related changes in chronic inflammation and responsiveness to bacterial and viral challenges, we evaluated endogenous and ex vivo stimulated levels of 18 inflammatory markers, using whole blood collected in EDTA and sodium heparin tubes from 41 healthy volunteers, i.e., 11 men + 10 women aged 20–35 and 10 men + 10 women aged 50–77. These studies revealed significant differences in the levels of inflammatory markers when blood was collected in EDTA versus sodium heparin and age related differences in these biomarkers were confirmed with blood collected in EDTA from 120 healthy volunteers in 3 age categories, ie, 20 men + 20 women, aged 20–35, 36–49 and 50–77. Studies with unstimulated blood samples, to measure levels of chronic inflammation, revealed a significant increase with age in IL-12p70, CRP and PGE2, consistent with the concept of “inflammaging”, and a decrease in G-CSF in both men and women. Interestingly, in response to E. coli stimulation, PGE2 levels were markedly reduced in the 50–77 year old cohort while they were increased following Herpes Simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) stimulation, along with IL-8. In addition, unlike E. coli, HSV-1 potently stimulated IFNα production, but levels were dramatically reduced in the older cohort, consistent with a reduced ability to generate an anti-viral response. We also found platelets and CD8+ T cells were reduced with age while CD4+ T cells were significantly increased, resulting in a substantially higher CD4/CD8 ratio in the older cohort. Surprisingly, however, we found that the older cohort exhibited more T cell proliferation and IFNγ production in response to anti-CD3+anti-CD28 stimulation. Importantly, there was considerable person-to-person variation in these inflammatory markers in all age groups, making possible comparisons between a person’s “inflammage” and chronological age. These assays should help to identify individuals at high risk of autoimmune disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Elisia
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elyse Hofs
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Yu Li
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mariah Hay
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brandon Cho
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Brooks-Wilson
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Miriam Rosin
- Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luke Bu
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- The Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Saunders BM, Rudnicka C, Filipovska A, Davies S, Ward N, Hricova J, Schlaich MP, Matthews VB. Shining LIGHT on the metabolic role of the cytokine TNFSF14 and the implications on hepatic IL-6 production. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:41-53. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M Saunders
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Technology Sydney; New South Wales Australia
- Tuberculosis Research Program; Centenary Institute; Newtown New South Wales Australia
| | - Caroline Rudnicka
- Research Centre; Royal Perth Hospital; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences; University of Western Australia; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Stefan Davies
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research; Nedlands Western Australia Australia
| | - Natalie Ward
- School of Medicine; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Jana Hricova
- Royal Perth Hospital Unit; Dobney Hypertension Centre; School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Royal Perth Hospital Unit; Dobney Hypertension Centre; School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Nephrology; Royal Perth Hospital; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Vance B Matthews
- Royal Perth Hospital Unit; Dobney Hypertension Centre; School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Western Australia; Perth Western Australia Australia
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Preliminary study of the anabolic/catabolic balance in patients with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Fox J, Rioux BV, Goulet EDB, Johanssen NM, Swift DL, Bouchard DR, Loewen H, Sénéchal M. Effect of an acute exercise bout on immediate post-exercise irisin concentration in adults: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:16-28. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fox
- Faculty of Kinesiology; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton NB Canada
| | - B. V. Rioux
- Faculty of Kinesiology; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton NB Canada
| | - E. D. B. Goulet
- Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences; University of Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
- Research Centre on Aging; University of Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - N. M. Johanssen
- School of Kinesiology; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center; Baton Rouge LA USA
| | - D. L. Swift
- Faculty of Kinesiology; East Carolina University; Greenville NC USA
- College of Health and Human Performance; Greenville NC USA
| | - D. R. Bouchard
- Faculty of Kinesiology; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton NB Canada
| | - H. Loewen
- University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - M. Sénéchal
- Faculty of Kinesiology; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton NB Canada
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Wandrag L, Siervo M, Riley HL, Khosravi M, Fernandez BO, Leckstrom CA, Martin DS, Mitchell K, Levett DZH, Montgomery HE, Mythen MG, Stroud MA, Grocott MPW, Feelisch M. Does hypoxia play a role in the development of sarcopenia in humans? Mechanistic insights from the Caudwell Xtreme Everest Expedition. Redox Biol 2017; 13:60-68. [PMID: 28570949 PMCID: PMC5451185 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sarcopenia refers to the involuntary loss of skeletal muscle and is a predictor of physical disability/mortality. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood, although roles for altered hypoxic signaling, oxidative stress, adipokines and inflammatory mediators have been suggested. Sarcopenia also occurs upon exposure to the hypoxia of high altitude. Using data from the Caudwell Xtreme Everest expedition we therefore sought to analyze the extent of hypoxia-induced body composition changes and identify putative pathways associated with fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) loss. Methods After baseline testing in London (75 m), 24 investigators ascended from Kathmandu (1300 m) to Everest base camp (EBC 5300 m) over 13 days. Fourteen investigators climbed above EBC, eight of whom reached the summit (8848 m). Assessments were conducted at baseline, during ascent and after one, six and eight week(s) of arrival at EBC. Changes in body composition (FM, FFM, total body water, intra- and extra-cellular water) were measured by bioelectrical impedance. Biomarkers of nitric oxide and oxidative stress were measured together with adipokines, inflammatory, metabolic and vascular markers. Results Participants lost a substantial, but variable, amount of body weight (7.3±4.9 kg by expedition end; p<0.001). A progressive loss of both FM and FFM was observed, and after eight weeks, the proportion of FFM loss was 48% greater than FM loss (p<0.008). Changes in protein carbonyls (p<0.001) were associated with a decline in FM whereas 4-hydroxynonenal (p<0.001) and IL-6 (p<0.001) correlated with FFM loss. GLP-1 (r=−0.45, p<0.001) and nitrite (r=−0.29, p<0.001) concentration changes were associated with FFM loss. In a multivariate model, GLP-1, insulin and nitrite were significant predictors of FFM loss while protein carbonyls were predicted FM loss. Conclusions The putative role of GLP-1 and nitrite as mediators of the effects of hypoxia on FFM is an intriguing finding. If confirmed, nutritional and pharmacological interventions targeting these pathways may offer new avenues for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesl Wandrag
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, UK; University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Heather L Riley
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, WC1B 6BT, UK
| | - Bernadette O Fernandez
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Carl A Leckstrom
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Daniel S Martin
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 9th Floor, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Kay Mitchell
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Denny Z H Levett
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, UK
| | - Hugh E Montgomery
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Monty G Mythen
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK
| | - Michael A Stroud
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7HA, UK; Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, UK
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Warwick Systems Biology Centre and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, UK.
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Moon S, Schmidt M, Smirnova IV, Colgrove Y, Liu W. Qigong Exercise May Reduce Serum TNF-α Levels and Improve Sleep in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study. MEDICINES 2017; 4:medicines4020023. [PMID: 28930237 PMCID: PMC5590059 DOI: 10.3390/medicines4020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory cytokine levels are often elevated in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). People with PD often experience sleep disturbances that significantly impact quality of life. Past studies suggest inflammatory cytokines may be associated with various symptoms of PD. Benefits of Qigong, a mind–body exercise, have been shown in different neurological conditions, but there is still a lack of clinical evidence in the PD population. Methods: Ten people with PD were recruited and randomly assigned into two groups receiving six weeks of Qigong (experimental group) or sham Qigong (control group) intervention. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in subjects’ serum and sleep quality were measured before and after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, the serum level of TNF-α in the experimental group was significantly decreased in all subjects, while the level in the control group showed a trend to increase. Qigong exercise significantly improved sleep quality at night. There was a strong correlation between changes in the level of TNF-α and sleep quality. Conclusion: Qigong exercise decreased TNF-α level in people with PD and helped improve sleep quality. TNF-α may have a potential to influence the sleep quality in people with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Moon
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mailstop 2002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Marshall Schmidt
- Bioengineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15th St., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Irina V Smirnova
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mailstop 2002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Yvonne Colgrove
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mailstop 2002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mailstop 2002, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Kleiven Ø, Bjørkavoll-Bergseth M, Melberg T, Skadberg Ø, Bergseth R, Selvåg J, Auestad B, Aukrust P, Aarsland T, Ørn S. High physical fitness is associated with reduction in basal- and exercise-induced inflammation. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:172-179. [PMID: 28314078 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) increases after strenuous exercise. It has been a concern that prolonged strenuous exercise may be harmful and induce a deleterious inflammatory response. The purpose of this study was to (a) assess and quantify the magnitude of CRP response following an endurance cycling competition in healthy middle-aged recreational cyclists. (b) Identify important determinants of this response. (c) Identify the relationship between CRP, myocardial damage (cardiac Troponin I (cTnI)), and myocardial strain (B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP]). (d) Identify the relationship between CRP and clinical events, defined as utilization of healthcare services or self-reported unusual discomfort. Race time was used as a measure of physical fitness. A total of 97 individuals (43±10 years of age, 74 [76%] males) were assessed prior to and 0, 3, and 24 hours following the 91-km mountain bike race "Nordsjørittet" (Sandnes, Norway, June 2013). There was a highly significant increase in CRP from baseline to 24 hours (0.9 (0.5-1.8) mg/L vs. 11.6 (6.0-17.5) mg/L (median[IQR]), P<.001), with no correlation of CRP to cTnI and BNP at any time-point. CRP was strongly correlated to race time at baseline (r=.38, P<.001) and at 24 hours following the race (r=.43, P<.001), In multivariate models, race time was an independent predictor of CRP both at baseline and at 24 hours (P<.01). There was no relationship between CRP levels and clinical events. In conclusion, high physical fitness was associated with reduction in both basal- and exercise-induced CRP. No adverse relationship was found between high intensity physical exercise, CRP levels, and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ø Kleiven
- Cardiology Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - T Melberg
- Cardiology Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ø Skadberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - R Bergseth
- Senior medical officer, North Sea Race, Sandnes, Norway
| | - J Selvåg
- Department of Biochemistry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - B Auestad
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - P Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Aarsland
- Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - S Ørn
- Cardiology Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Stavanger, Kjell Arholms Gate 41, Stavanger 4036, Norway
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Gustafsson A, Ventorp F, Wisén AG, Ohlsson L, Ljunggren L, Westrin Å. Effects of Acute Exercise on Circulating Soluble Form of the Urokinase Receptor in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. Biomark Insights 2017; 12:1177271917704193. [PMID: 28469403 PMCID: PMC5397280 DOI: 10.1177/1177271917704193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been proposed to play a role in the generation of depressive symptoms. Previously, we demonstrated that patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have increased plasma levels of the soluble form of the urokinase receptor (suPAR), a marker for low-grade inflammation. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute exercise would induce inflammatory response characterized by increased suPAR and elucidate whether patients with MDD display altered levels of suPAR in response to acute exercise. A total of 17 patients with MDD and 17 controls were subjected to an exercise challenge. Plasma suPAR (P-suPAR) was analyzed before, during, and after exercise. There was a significantly higher baseline P-suPAR in the patients with MDD, and the dynamic changes of P-suPAR during the exercise were significantly lower in the patients with MDD, compared with the controls. This study supports the hypothesis that an activation of systemic inflammatory processes, measured as elevated P-suPAR, is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The study concludes that P-suPAR is influenced by acute exercise, most likely due to release from activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Filip Ventorp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anita Gm Wisén
- Department of Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Ohlsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lennart Ljunggren
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åsa Westrin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Erlandson KM, Lake JE. Fat Matters: Understanding the Role of Adipose Tissue in Health in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 13:20-30. [PMID: 26830284 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-016-0298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
More than one-third of adults in the USA are obese and obesity-related disease accounts for some of the leading causes of preventable death. Mid-life obesity may be a strong predictor of physical function impairment later in life regardless of body mass index (BMI) in older age, highlighting the benefits of obesity prevention on health throughout the lifespan. Adipose tissue disturbances including lipodystrophy and obesity are prevalent in the setting of treated and untreated HIV infection. This article will review current knowledge on fat disturbances in HIV-infected persons, including therapeutic options and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Erlandson
- University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Center, 12700 E 19th Ave, Mailstop B168, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Jordan E Lake
- University of California, Los Angeles, 11075 Santa Monica Blvd., Ste. 100, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Santos GBD, Oliveira AGD, Gomes Marcondes MCC, Areas MA. Long-term Leucine Supplementation Improves Metabolic But Not Molecular Responses in the Skeletal Muscle of Trained Rats Submitted to Exhaustive Exercise. J Am Coll Nutr 2016; 36:81-87. [PMID: 27938033 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1183532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM Although there is some evidence of an ergogenic effect of leucine supplementation on acute response to exercise, there is a paucity of information on whether long-term leucine supplementation influences the adaptive response to chronic endurance training and performance. The main aim of our study was to assess the role of long-term leucine supplementation on molecular and metabolic response in skeletal muscle of trained rats after an exhaustion test. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups. Two of them (control and trained groups) received a balanced control diet (18% protein) and the other 2 (control leucine and trained leucine groups) received a leucine-rich diet (15% protein with 3% leucine) for 6 weeks. The trained groups were submitted to 1 hour of swimming exercise, 5 d/wk for 6 weeks. Three days after the exercise training period, trained groups were submitted to swimming exercise until exhaustion and muscle metabolic and molecular parameters were assessed. RESULTS Endurance training increased citrate synthase activity significantly, whereas exercise until exhaustion increased cytokine levels and led to a lack of activation of phosphorylation of the signaling intermediates assessed. Long-term leucine supplementation enhanced muscle glycogen level in trained rats and citrate synthase activity in sedentary ones. However, it failed to enhance endurance performance of trained rats submitted to an exhaustion test and did not prevent exercise-induced reduction in Akt and mTOR activation. CONCLUSION Long-term leucine supplementation can enhance citrate synthase activity by itself in sedentary individuals and glycogen content when combined with exercise; however, it does not improve endurance performance or prevent Akt and mTOR exercise-induced inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Barbosa Dos Santos
- a Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , São Paulo , BRAZIL.,b Sport Science Department , Faculty of Physical Education, Metropolitan College of Campinas (Metrocamp) , Campinas, São Paulo , BRAZIL
| | - André Gustavo de Oliveira
- a Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , São Paulo , BRAZIL
| | | | - Miguel Arcanjo Areas
- a Department of Structural and Functional Biology , Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas , São Paulo , BRAZIL
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Lombardi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Perego S, Sansoni V, Banfi G. Implications of exercise-induced adipo-myokines in bone metabolism. Endocrine 2016; 54:284-305. [PMID: 26718191 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity has been recognized, by the World Health Organization as the fourth cause of death (5.5 % worldwide). On the contrary, physical activity (PA) has been associated with improved quality of life and decreased risk of several diseases (i.e., stroke, hypertension, myocardial infarction, obesity, malignancies). Bone turnover is profoundly affected from PA both directly (load degree is the key determinant for BMD) and indirectly through the activation of several endocrine axes. Several molecules, secreted by muscle (myokines) and adipose tissues (adipokines) in response to exercise, are involved in the fine regulation of bone metabolism in response to the energy availability. Furthermore, bone regulates energy metabolism by communicating its energetic needs thanks to osteocalcin which acts on pancreatic β-cells and adipocytes. The beneficial effects of exercise on bone metabolism depends on the intermittent exposure to myokines (i.e., irisin, IL-6, LIF, IGF-I) which, instead, act as inflammatory/pro-resorptive mediators when chronically elevated; on the other hand, the reduction in the circulating levels of adipokines (i.e., leptin, visfatin, adiponectin, resistin) sustains these effects as well as improves the whole-body metabolic status. The aim of this review is to highlight the newest findings about the exercise-dependent regulation of these molecules and their role in the fine regulation of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi 4, 20161, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Pedersen BK. State of the Art Reviews: Health Benefits Related to Exercise in Patients With Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation. Am J Lifestyle Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827607301410.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, there is substantial evidence to suggest that regular exercise has health-promoting effects, which are beyond its effect on weight control. Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, and there is evidence from randomized intervention studies that physical training is effective as a treatment in patients with chronic heart diseases, type 2 diabetes, and symptoms related with the metabolic syndrome. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. This review focuses on the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise that are mediated by muscle-derived cytokines (myokines). It is suggested that myokines may be involved in mediating the health-beneficial effects of exercise and that these in particular are involved in the protection against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation.
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Safdar A, Saleem A, Tarnopolsky MA. The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2016; 12:504-17. [PMID: 27230949 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Endurance exercise-mediated multisystemic adaptations are known to mitigate metabolism-related disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that promote crosstalk between organs and orchestrate the pro-metabolic effects of endurance exercise remain unclear. Exercise-induced release of peptides and nucleic acids from skeletal muscle and other organs (collectively termed 'exerkines') has been implicated in mediating these systemic adaptations. Given that the extracellular milieu is probably not a hospitable environment for labile exerkines, a lipid vehicle-based mode of delivery has originated over the course of evolution. Two types of extracellular vesicles, exosomes and microvesicles, have been shown to contain proteins and nucleic acids that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Exosomes, in particular, have been shown to facilitate the exchange of peptides, microRNA, mRNA and mitochondrial DNA between cells and tissues. Intriguingly, circulatory extracellular vesicle content increases in an intensity-dependant manner in response to endurance exercise. We propose that the systemic benefits of exercise are modulated by exosomes and/or microvesicles functioning in an autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine manner. Furthermore, we posit that native or modified exosomes, and/or microvesicles enriched with exerkines will have therapeutic utility in the treatment of obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Safdar
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Mark A Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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Belizário JE, Fontes-Oliveira CC, Borges JP, Kashiabara JA, Vannier E. Skeletal muscle wasting and renewal: a pivotal role of myokine IL-6. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:619. [PMID: 27330885 PMCID: PMC4870483 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult skeletal tissue is composed of heterogeneous population of cells that constantly self-renew by means of a controlled process of activation and proliferation of tissue-resident stem cells named satellite cells. Many growth factors, cytokines and myokines produced by skeletal muscle cells play critical roles in local regulation of the inflammatory process and skeletal muscle regeneration during different pathological conditions. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine released in large amount during infection, autoimmunity and cancer. Low levels of IL-6 can promote activation of satellite cells and myotube regeneration while chronically elevated production promote skeletal muscle wasting. These distinct effects may be explained by a crosstalk of the IL-6/IL-6 receptor and gp130 trans-signaling pathway that oppose to regenerative and anti-inflammatory of the classical IL-6 receptor signaling pathway. Here we discuss on potential therapeutic strategies using monoclonal antibodies to IL-6R for the treatment of skeletal muscle wasting and cachexia. We also highlight on the IL-6/JAK/STAT and FGF/p38αβ MAPK signaling pathways in satellite cell activation and the use of protein kinase inhibitors for tailoring and optimizing satellite cell proliferation during the skeletal muscle renewal. Future investigations on the roles of the IL-6 classical and trans-signaling pathways in both immune and non-immune cells in skeletal muscle tissue will provide new basis for therapeutic approaches to reverse atrophy and degeneration of skeletal muscles in cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José E Belizário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | | | - Janaina Padua Borges
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | - Janete Akemi Kashiabara
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | - Edouard Vannier
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Disease, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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Hunt LC, White J. The Role of Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Growth, Injury and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:45-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Lloyd JW, Evans KA, Zerfass KM, Holmstrup ME, Kanaley JA, Keslacy S. Effect of an acute bout of aerobic exercise on chemerin levels in obese adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:37-42. [PMID: 26008676 PMCID: PMC4635052 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Serum chemerin concentrations are elevated in obese individuals and may play a role in type 2 diabetes. Exercise improves insulin sensitivity, which may be related to changes in chemerin. This study explored how an acute bout of aerobic exercise affected chemerin levels in non-diabetic obese adults. METHODS Blood samples from 11 obese adults were obtained during two separate conditions: sedentary (SED) and exercise (EX; 60-65% VO2peak). Samples were drawn at baseline, immediately following exercise and hourly for an additional 2h. ANOVA was used to test for differences in chemerin between conditions. RESULTS Unadjusted analysis showed no difference in overall change (baseline to 2h post) in chemerin between conditions. During the 2-h post-exercise period, chemerin decreased to 12% below baseline, compared to a 2.5% increase above baseline during that time period on the sedentary day (p=0.06, difference in post-to-2h change between conditions). Controlling for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), a significant difference existed between EX and SED in the change in chemerin from baseline to 2-h post (p=0.02). Stratified analyses showed a consistent exercise-induced decrease in chemerin among non-insulin resistant subjects, while chemerin increased during exercise among insulin resistant subjects, and then decreased post-exercise. CONCLUSION An acute bout of exercise in obese individuals may elicit a drop in chemerin levels during the post-exercise period, and this response may vary based on insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse W Lloyd
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
| | - Kristin A Evans
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States.
| | - Kristy M Zerfass
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
| | - Michael E Holmstrup
- Department of Exercise and Rehabilitative Sciences, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, PA 16057, United States.
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition & Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Stefan Keslacy
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States.
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VanHaitsma TA, Light AR, Light KC, Hughen RW, Yenchik S, White AT. Fatigue sensation and gene expression in trained cyclists following a 40 km time trial in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:541-52. [PMID: 26705248 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effect of race-effort cycling exercise with and without heat stress on post-exercise perceptions of fatigue and pain, as well as mRNA expression in genes related to exercise responses. METHODS Trained cyclists (n = 20) completed 40 km time trials during temperate (TC, 21 °C) and hot (HC, 35 °C) conditions. Blood lactates were measured 1 and 5 min post-exercise. Venous blood samples and ratings of fatigue and pain perceptions were obtained at baseline and at 0.5, 8, 24, and 48 h post-exercise. Leukocyte mRNA expression was performed for metabolite detecting, adrenergic, monoamine, and immune receptors using qPCR. RESULTS Significantly lower mean power (157 ± 32.3 vs 187 ± 40 W) and lactates (6.4 ± 1.7 vs 8.8 ± 3.2 and 4.2 ± 1.5 vs 6.6 ± 2.7 mmol L(-1) at 1- and 5-min post-exercise) were observed for HC versus TC, respectively (p < 0.05). Increases (p < 0.05) in physical fatigue and pain perception during TTs did not differ between TC and HC (p > 0.30). Both trials resulted in significant post-exercise decreases in metabolite detecting receptors ASIC3, P2X4, TRPV1, and TRPV4; increases in adrenergic receptors α2a, α2c, and β1; decreases in adrenergic β2, the immune receptor TLR4, and dopamine (DRD4); and increases in serotonin (HTR1D) and IL-10 (p < 0.05). Post-exercise IL-6 differed between TC and HC, with significantly greater increases observed following HC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both TT performances appeared to be regulated around a specific sensory perception of fatigue and pain. Heat stress may have compensated for lower lactate during HC, thereby matching changes in metabolite detecting and other mRNAs across conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A VanHaitsma
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Westmont College, 955 LaPaz Road, Santa Barbara, CA, 93108, USA.
| | - Alan R Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kathleen C Light
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ronald W Hughen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sarah Yenchik
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrea T White
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Musclin is an activity-stimulated myokine that enhances physical endurance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:16042-7. [PMID: 26668395 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514250112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise remains the most effective way to promote physical and metabolic wellbeing, but molecular mechanisms underlying exercise tolerance and its plasticity are only partially understood. In this study we identify musclin-a peptide with high homology to natriuretic peptides (NP)-as an exercise-responsive myokine that acts to enhance exercise capacity in mice. We use human primary myoblast culture and in vivo murine models to establish that the activity-related production of musclin is driven by Ca(2+)-dependent activation of Akt1 and the release of musclin-encoding gene (Ostn) transcription from forkhead box O1 transcription factor inhibition. Disruption of Ostn and elimination of musclin secretion in mice results in reduced exercise tolerance that can be rescued by treatment with recombinant musclin. Reduced exercise capacity in mice with disrupted musclin signaling is associated with a trend toward lower levels of plasma atrial NP (ANP) and significantly smaller levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α in skeletal muscles after exposure to exercise. Furthermore, in agreement with the established musclin ability to interact with NP clearance receptors, but not with NP guanyl cyclase-coupled signaling receptors, we demonstrate that musclin enhances cGMP production in cultured myoblasts only when applied together with ANP. Elimination of the activity-related musclin-dependent boost of ANP/cGMP signaling results in significantly lower maximum aerobic capacity, mitochondrial protein content, respiratory complex protein expression, and succinate dehydrogenase activity in skeletal muscles. Together, these data indicate that musclin enhances physical endurance by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Association of Adipokines with Insulin Resistance, Microvascular Dysfunction, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Healthy Young Adults. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:594039. [PMID: 26549941 PMCID: PMC4621345 DOI: 10.1155/2015/594039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory adipokines (inflammation markers) from visceral adipose tissue may initiate the development of insulin resistance (IR) and endothelial dysfunction (ED). This study's objective was to investigate the association of five inflammation markers (CRP and four adipokines: IL-6, TNFα, PAI-1, and adiponectin) with IR (quantitative insulin resistance check index (QUICKI)), microvascular measures (capillary density and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR)), and endothelial measures (forearm blood flow (FBF) increases from resting baseline to maximal vasodilation). Analyses were conducted via multiple linear regression. The 295 study participants were between 18 and 45 years of age, without diabetes or hypertension. They included 24% African Americans and 21% Asians with average body mass index of 25.4 kg/m2. All five inflammation markers were significantly associated with QUICKI. All but adiponectin were significantly associated with capillary density, but none were associated with ACR. Finally, IL-6 and PAI-1 were significantly associated with FBF increase. We also identified a potential interaction between obesity and IL-6 among normal-weight and overweight participants: IL-6 appeared to be positively associated with QUICKI and capillary density (beneficial effect), but the inverse was true among obese individuals. These study findings suggest that inflammation measures may be potential early markers of cardiovascular risk in young asymptomatic individuals.
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Vassalle C, Piaggi P, Weltman N, Prontera C, Garbella E, Menicucci D, Lubrano V, Piarulli A, Castagnini C, Passera M, Pellegrini S, Metelli MR, Bedini R, Gemignani A, Pingitore A. Innovative approach to interpret the variability of biomarkers after ultra-endurance exercise: the multifactorial analysis. Biomark Med 2015; 8:881-91. [PMID: 25224944 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We assessed the inter-relationship that exists between variations of different biochemical and hematological parameters following strenuous endurance exercise in Ironmen by using multiple factor analysis (MFA). MFA was used to estimate the associations among groups of parameters in order to identify concurrent changes in many different biochemical variables. MATERIALS & METHODS In total, 14 Ironman athletes were followed before and early after a race. MFA was applied to the parameters that showed a significant variation after the race, as we previously described in detail. Specifically, MFA standardizes data in each group and calculates the global axes (GAs), which are the linear combination of original parameters that maximize the global data variance. RESULTS MFA identified three global axes (GAs) as significant, explaining approximately 62% of the global data variance. The first GA contained NT-proBNP, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-8 and the oxidative index. The second and third GAs included calcium, creatinine, potassium, uric acid, hemoglobin, hematocrit and glucose. Analysis of the first two GAs showed that changes in the oxidative index were associated with variations in IL-8 and NT-proBNP. CONCLUSION Among all the variables considered, MFA evidenced a close relationship between variations in oxidative stress, IL-8 and NT-proBNP, which may have a meaning in the mechanisms related to the physiological response after strenuous acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Catoire
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Abstract
Skeletal and cardiac muscles play key roles in the regulation of systemic energy homeostasis and display remarkable plasticity in their metabolic responses to caloric availability and physical activity. In this Perspective we discuss recent studies highlighting transcriptional mechanisms that govern systemic metabolism by striated muscles. We focus on the participation of the Mediator complex in this process, and suggest that tissue-specific regulation of Mediator subunits impacts metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedryn K Baskin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Benjamin R Winders
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Cardiology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA.
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Hung YH, Linden MA, Gordon A, Rector RS, Buhman KK. Endurance exercise training programs intestinal lipid metabolism in a rat model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/1/e12232. [PMID: 25602012 PMCID: PMC4387752 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise has been shown to improve metabolic outcomes in obesity and type 2 diabetes; however, the physiological and molecular mechanisms for these benefits are not completely understood. Although endurance exercise has been shown to decrease lipogenesis, promote fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and increase mitochondrial biosynthesis in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver, its effects on intestinal lipid metabolism remain unknown. The absorptive cells of the small intestine, enterocytes, mediate the highly efficient absorption and processing of nutrients, including dietary fat for delivery throughout the body. We investigated how endurance exercise altered intestinal lipid metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes using Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. We assessed mRNA levels of genes associated with intestinal lipid metabolism in nonhyperphagic, sedentary Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats (L‐Sed), hyperphagic, sedentary OLETF rats (O‐Sed), and endurance exercised OLETF rats (O‐EndEx). O‐Sed rats developed hyperphagia‐induced obesity (HIO) and type 2 diabetes compared with L‐Sed rats. O‐EndEx rats gained significantly less weight and fat pad mass, and had improved serum metabolic parameters without change in food consumption compared to O‐Sed rats. Endurance exercise resulted in dramatic up‐regulation of a number of genes in intestinal lipid metabolism and mitochondrial content compared with sedentary rats. Overall, this study provides evidence that endurance exercise programs intestinal lipid metabolism, likely contributing to its role in improving metabolic outcomes in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Endurance exercise has been shown to improve metabolic outcomes in obesity and type 2 diabetes; however, the physiological and molecular mechanisms for these benefits are not completely understood. Although endurance exercise has been shown to decrease lipogenesis, promote fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and increase mitochondrial biosynthesis in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver, its effects on intestinal lipid metabolism remain unknown. Endurance exercise resulted in dramatic up‐regulation of a number of genes in intestinal lipid metabolism and mitochondrial content compared with sedentary rats. Overall, this study provides evidence that endurance exercise programs intestinal lipid metabolism, likely contributing to its role in improving metabolic outcomes in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Hung
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Melissa A Linden
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Alicia Gordon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kimberly K Buhman
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Zortéa D, Silveira PCL, Souza PS, Fidelis GSP, Paganini CS, Pozzi BG, Tuon T, De Souza CT, Paula MMS, Pinho RA. Effects of phonophoresis and gold nanoparticles in experimental model of muscle overuse: role of oxidative stress. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:151-162. [PMID: 25438848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study described here was to investigate the effects of pulsed ultrasound and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on behavioral, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in an experimental model of overuse. Wistar rats performed 21 d of exercise on a treadmill at different intensities and were exposed to ultrasound in the presence or absence of AuNPs. The overuse model promoted behavioral changes and increased creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as the levels of superoxide, nitrotyrosine, nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, carbonyl, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6. These values were significantly decreased by AuNPs and by AuNPs plus ultrasound. Catalase activity remained unchanged and the glutathione level increased significantly after exposure to AuNPs plus ultrasound. These results suggest a susceptibility to anxiety as well as elevated levels of oxidative stress. However, therapeutic interventions with AuNPs plus ultrasound reduced the production of oxidants and oxidative damage and improved the anti-oxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Zortéa
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Paulo C L Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Priscila S Souza
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Giulia S P Fidelis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Carla S Paganini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Bruna G Pozzi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Talita Tuon
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Claudio T De Souza
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Marcos M S Paula
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Multifunctional Complexes, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
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79
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Evans CC, LePard KJ, Kwak JW, Stancukas MC, Laskowski S, Dougherty J, Moulton L, Glawe A, Wang Y, Leone V, Antonopoulos DA, Smith D, Chang EB, Ciancio MJ. Exercise prevents weight gain and alters the gut microbiota in a mouse model of high fat diet-induced obesity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92193. [PMID: 24670791 PMCID: PMC3966766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a significant health concern which has been linked to structural and functional changes in the gut microbiota. Exercise (Ex) is effective in preventing obesity, but whether Ex alters the gut microbiota during development with high fat (HF) feeding is unknown. Objective Determine the effects of voluntary Ex on the gastrointestinal microbiota in LF-fed mice and in HF-DIO. Methods Male C57BL/6 littermates (5 weeks) were distributed equally into 4 groups: low fat (LF) sedentary (Sed) LF/Sed, LF/Ex, HF/Sed and HF/Ex. Mice were individually housed and LF/Ex and HF/Ex cages were equipped with a wheel and odometer to record Ex. Fecal samples were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks and used for bacterial DNA isolation. DNA was subjected both to quantitative PCR using primers specific to the 16S rRNA encoding genes for Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and to sequencing for lower taxonomic identification using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Data were analyzed using a one or two-way ANOVA or Pearson correlation. Results HF diet resulted in significantly greater body weight and adiposity as well as decreased glucose tolerance that were prevented by voluntary Ex (p<0.05). Visualization of Unifrac distance data with principal coordinates analysis indicated clustering by both diet and Ex at week 12. Sequencing demonstrated Ex-induced changes in the percentage of major bacterial phyla at 12 weeks. A correlation between total Ex distance and the ΔCt Bacteroidetes: ΔCt Firmicutes ratio from qPCR demonstrated a significant inverse correlation (r2 = 0.35, p = 0.043). Conclusion Ex induces a unique shift in the gut microbiota that is different from dietary effects. Microbiota changes may play a role in Ex prevention of HF-DIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C. Evans
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathy J. LePard
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeff W. Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Stancukas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samantha Laskowski
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joseph Dougherty
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Dental Medicine, College of Dental Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laura Moulton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam Glawe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yunwei Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Leone
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dionysios A. Antonopoulos
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dan Smith
- Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mae J. Ciancio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
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80
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Burska A, Boissinot M, Ponchel F. Cytokines as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:545493. [PMID: 24733962 PMCID: PMC3964841 DOI: 10.1155/2014/545493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RA is a complex disease that develops as a series of events often referred to as disease continuum. RA would benefit from novel biomarker development for diagnosis where new biomarkers are still needed (even if progresses have been made with the inclusion of ACPA into the ACR/EULAR 2010 diagnostic criteria) and for prognostic notably in at risk of evolution patients with autoantibody-positive arthralgia. Risk biomarkers for rapid evolution or cardiovascular complications are also highly desirable. Monitoring biomarkers would be useful in predicting relapse. Finally, predictive biomarkers for therapy outcome would allow tailoring therapy to the individual. Increasing numbers of cytokines have been involved in RA pathology. Many have the potential as biomarkers in RA especially as their clinical utility is already established in other diseases and could be easily transferable to rheumatology. We will review the current knowledge's relation to cytokine used as biomarker in RA. However, given the complexity and heterogeneous nature of RA, it is unlikely that a single cytokine may provide sufficient discrimination; therefore multiple biomarker signatures may represent more realistic approach for the future of personalised medicine in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Burska
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Marjorie Boissinot
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology Research, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Frederique Ponchel
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ; NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, The Leeds Trust Teaching Hospital, Leeds, UK ; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Translational Research in Immune Mediated Inflammatory Diseases Group, Clinical Sciences Building, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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81
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LPS response pattern of inflammatory adipokines in an in vitro 3T3-L1 murine adipocyte model. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:495-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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82
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Sprouse C, Gordish-Dressman H, Orkunoglu-Suer EF, Lipof JS, Moeckel-Cole S, Patel RR, Adham K, Larkin JS, Hubal MJ, Kearns AK, Clarkson PM, Thompson PD, Angelopoulos TJ, Gordon PM, Moyna NM, Pescatello LS, Visich PS, Zoeller RF, Hoffman EP, Tosi LL, Devaney JM. SLC30A8 nonsynonymous variant is associated with recovery following exercise and skeletal muscle size and strength. Diabetes 2014; 63:363-8. [PMID: 24101675 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified thousands of variants that are associated with numerous phenotypes. One such variant, rs13266634, a nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in the solute carrier family 30 (zinc transporter) member eight gene, is associated with a 53% increase in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that individuals with the protective allele against T2D would show a positive response to short-term and long-term resistance exercise. Two cohorts of young adults-the Eccentric Muscle Damage (EMD; n = 156) cohort and the Functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Associated with Muscle Size and Strength Study (FAMuSS; n = 874)-were tested for association of the rs13266634 variant with measures of skeletal muscle response to resistance exercise. Our results were sexually dimorphic in both cohorts. Men in the EMD study with two copies of the protective allele showed less post-exercise bout strength loss, less soreness, and lower creatine kinase values. In addition, men in the FAMuSS, homozygous for the protective allele, showed higher pre-exercise strength and larger arm skeletal muscle volume, but did not show a significant difference in skeletal muscle hypertrophy or strength with resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Sprouse
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
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83
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Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Timmons JA. Genomics and genetics in the biology of adaptation to exercise. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:1603-48. [PMID: 23733655 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article is devoted to the role of genetic variation and gene-exercise interactions in the biology of adaptation to exercise. There is evidence from genetic epidemiology research that DNA sequence differences contribute to human variation in physical activity level, cardiorespiratory fitness in the untrained state, cardiovascular and metabolic response to acute exercise, and responsiveness to regular exercise. Methodological and technological advances have made it possible to undertake the molecular dissection of the genetic component of complex, multifactorial traits, such as those of interest to exercise biology, in terms of tissue expression profile, genes, and allelic variants. The evidence from animal models and human studies is considered. Data on candidate genes, genome-wide linkage results, genome-wide association findings, expression arrays, and combinations of these approaches are reviewed. Combining transcriptomic and genomic technologies has been shown to be more powerful as evidenced by the development of a recent molecular predictor of the ability to increase VO2max with exercise training. For exercise as a behavior and physiological fitness as a state to be major players in public health policies will require that the role of human individuality and the influence of DNA sequence differences be understood. Likewise, progress in the use of exercise in therapeutic medicine will depend to a large extent on our ability to identify the favorable responders for given physiological properties to a given exercise regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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84
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the body. Skeletal muscles are primarily characterized by their mechanical activity required for posture, movement, and breathing, which depends on muscle fiber contractions. However, skeletal muscle is not just a component in our locomotor system. Recent evidence has identified skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. We have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." The muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides. This finding provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones, and brain. In addition, several myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction. Therefore, it is likely that myokines may contribute in the mediation of the health benefits of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism at Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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85
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Braesch-Andersen S, Paulie S, Smedman C, Mia S, Kumagai-Braesch M. ApoE production in human monocytes and its regulation by inflammatory cytokines. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79908. [PMID: 24244577 PMCID: PMC3828220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoE production by tissue macrophages is crucial for the prevention of atherosclerosis and the aim of this study was to further elucidate how this apolipoprotein is regulated by cytokines present during inflammation. Here we studied apoE production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and analysis was made with a newly developed apoE ELISpot assay. In PBMC, apoE secretion was restricted to monocytes with classical (CD14++CD16−) and intermediate (CD14+CD16+) monocytes being the main producers. As earlier described for macrophages, production was strongly upregulated by TGF-β and downregulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β. We could here show that a similar down-regulatory effect was also observed with the type I interferon, IFN-α, while IL-6, often regarded as one of the more prominent inflammatory cytokines, did not affect TGF-β-induced apoE production. The TNF-α inhibitor Enbrel could partly block the down-regulatory effect of IFN-γ, IFN-α and IL-1β, indicating that inhibition of apoE by these cytokines may be dependent on or synergize with TNF-α. Other cytokines tested, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17A and IL-23, had no inhibitory effect on apoE production. In contrast to the effect on monocytes, apoE production by primary hepatocytes and the hepatoma cell line HepG2 was more or less unaffected by treatment with cytokines or LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Smedman
- Mabtech and Center for Molecular Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit L8:01, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sohel Mia
- Applied Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Makiko Kumagai-Braesch
- Mabtech and CLINTEC, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kerasioti E, Stagos D, Jamurtas A, Kiskini A, Koutedakis Y, Goutzourelas N, Pournaras S, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Anti-inflammatory effects of a special carbohydrate–whey protein cake after exhaustive cycling in humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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87
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Effects of a diet enriched with polyunsaturated, saturated, or trans fatty acids on cytokine content in the liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle of adult mice. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:594958. [PMID: 24027356 PMCID: PMC3762081 DOI: 10.1155/2013/594958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of diet enriched with 30% lipids on cytokines content in different tissues. Swiss male mice were distributed into four groups treated for 8 weeks with control (C, normolipidic diet); soybean oil (S); lard (L); and hydrogenated vegetable fat (H). We observed an increase in carcass fat in groups S and L, and the total amount of fatty deposits was only higher in group L compared with C group. The serum levels of free fatty acids were lower in the L group, and insulin, adiponectin, lipid profile, and glucose levels were similar among the groups. IL-10 was lower in group L in mesenteric and retroperitoneal adipose tissues. H reduced IL-10 only in retroperitoneal adipose tissue. There was an increase in IL-6 in the gastrocnemius muscle of the L group, and a positive correlation between TNF-α and IL-10 was observed in the livers of groups C, L, and H and in the muscles of all groups studied. The results suggested relationships between the quantity and quality of lipids ingested with adiposity, the concentration of free fatty acids, and cytokine production in white adipose tissue, gastrocnemius muscle, and liver.
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88
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Okudan N, Belviranlı M, Gökbel H, Oz M, Kumak A. Protective effects of curcumin supplementation on intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:844-848. [PMID: 23647746 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects curcumin on inflammation and oxidative stress markers in the intestinal ischemia reperfusion (IIR) injury induced rats. Rats were divided into four groups: sham (S), intestinal IR (IIR), curcumin plus sham (CS), and curcumin plus intestinal IR (CIIR). Curcumin was given 200 mg kg⁻¹ for 20 days. IIR was produced by 45 min of intestinal ischemia followed by a 120 min of reperfusion. Although interleukin-6 levels tended to increase in IIR group tumor necrosis factor-α levels were not different. Intestinal myeloperoxidase activity in CS group was lower than IIR group. In intestine and heart tissues, malondialdehyde levels in CS and CIIR groups were lower than S and IIR groups. Superoxide dismutase activity in CIIR group was higher than IIR group in intestine and lung tissues. Curcumin has a protective role against ischemia reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Okudan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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89
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Hovanloo F, Arefirad T, Ahmadizad S. Effects of sprint interval and continuous endurance training on serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013; 12:22. [PMID: 23725447 PMCID: PMC3674904 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chronic and inflammatory diseases are major causes of mortality. Although the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise have been confirmed, but the effect of different types of exercise on inflammatory markers is different. The aim of this study is comparing the effects of two types of sprint interval (SIT) and continuous endurance (CET) training on inflammatory markers. Sixteen students who had recreational activities participated in this study and were randomly assigned to one of the two protocols. The SIT protocol consisted of four to six 30-s “all-out” Wingate tests separated by 4 minutes of recovery and The CET protocol included 90–120 minutes of cycling at 65% Vo2max. The two protocols were performed 3 days per week and for two weeks. In each group, two blood samples were collected before and 2 days (24 and 48 hrs) after the training. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the two training protocols on all measured parameters (p>0.05). The results of present study showed that the SIT and CET have identical effects on inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Hovanloo
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
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90
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Strohacker K, Wing RR, McCaffery JM. Contributions of body mass index and exercise habits on inflammatory markers: a cohort study of middle-aged adults living in the USA. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002623. [PMID: 23793684 PMCID: PMC3657650 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine whether body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA) above, at or below MET minute per week (MMW) levels recommended in the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines interact or have additive effects on interleukin (IL)-6, C reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin6 (IL-6) soluble receptor (IL-6sr), soluble E-selectin and soluble intracellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1. DESIGN Archived cohort data (n=1254, age 54.5±11.7 year, BMI 29.8±6.6 kg/m(2)) from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the USA (MIDUS) Biomarkers Study were analysed for concentrations of inflammatory markers using general linear models. MMW was defined as no regular exercise, <500 MMW, 500-1000 MMW, >1000 MMW and BMI was defined as <25, 25-29.9, ≥30 kg/m(2). Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, smoking and relevant medication use. SETTING Respondents reported to three centres to complete questionnaires and provide blood samples. PARTICIPANTS Participants were men and women currently enroled in the MIDUS Biomarker Project (n=1254, 93% non-Hispanic white, average age 54.5 years). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Concentration of serum IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen, IL-6sr, sE-selectin and sICAM. RESULTS Significant interactions were found between BMI and MMW for CRP and sICAM-1 (p<0.05). CRP in overweight individuals was similar to that in obese individuals when no PA was reported, but it was similar to normal weight when any level of regular PA was reported. sICAM-1 was differentially lower in obese individuals who reported >1000 MMW compared to obese individuals reporting less exercise. CONCLUSIONS The association of exercise with CRP and sICAM-1 differed by BMI, suggesting that regular exercise may buffer weight-associated elevations in CRP in overweight individuals while higher levels of exercise may be necessary to reduce sICAM-1 or CRP in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Strohacker
- The Miriam Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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91
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Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Townsend KL, An D, Nygaard EB, Hitchcox KM, Markan KR, Nakano K, Hirshman MF, Tseng YH, Goodyear LJ. Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest 2012; 123:215-23. [PMID: 23221344 DOI: 10.1172/jci62308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to function in the dissipation of chemical energy in response to cold or excess feeding, and also has the capacity to modulate energy balance. To test the hypothesis that BAT is fundamental to the regulation of glucose homeostasis, we transplanted BAT from male donor mice into the visceral cavity of age- and sex-matched recipient mice. By 8-12 weeks following transplantation, recipient mice had improved glucose tolerance, increased insulin sensitivity, lower body weight, decreased fat mass, and a complete reversal of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Increasing the quantity of BAT transplanted into recipient mice further improved the metabolic effects of transplantation. BAT transplantation increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo into endogenous BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT), and heart muscle but, surprisingly, not skeletal muscle. The improved metabolic profile was lost when the BAT used for transplantation was obtained from Il6-knockout mice, demonstrating that BAT-derived IL-6 is required for the profound effects of BAT transplantation on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. These findings reveal a previously under-appreciated role for BAT in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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92
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Exercise training and work task induced metabolic and stress-related mRNA and protein responses in myalgic muscles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:984523. [PMID: 23509827 PMCID: PMC3591204 DOI: 10.1155/2013/984523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess mRNA and/or protein levels of heat shock proteins, cytokines, growth regulating, and metabolic proteins in myalgic muscle at rest and in response to work tasks and prolonged exercise training. A randomized controlled trial included 28 females with trapezius myalgia and 16 healthy controls. Those with myalgia performed ~7 hrs repetitive stressful work and were subsequently randomized to 10 weeks of specific strength training, general fitness training, or reference intervention. Muscles biopsies were taken from the trapezius muscle at baseline, after work and after 10 weeks intervention. The main findings are that the capacity of carbohydrate oxidation was reduced in myalgic compared with healthy muscle. Repetitive stressful work increased mRNA content for heat shock proteins and decreased levels of key regulators for growth and oxidative metabolism. In contrast, prolonged general fitness as well as specific strength training decreased mRNA content of heat shock protein while the capacity of carbohydrate oxidation was increased only after specific strength training.
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93
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Plomgaard P, Halban PA, Bouzakri K. Bimodal impact of skeletal muscle on pancreatic β-cell function in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14 Suppl 3:78-84. [PMID: 22928567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a complex disease that affects many organs directly or indirectly. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance with a relative deficiency in insulin secretion. It has become apparent that inter-organ communication is of great importance in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Far from being an inert tissue in terms of inter-organ communication, it is now recognized that skeletal muscle can secrete so-called myokines that can impact on the function of distant organs/tissues both favourably and unfavourably. We have proposed that communication between insulin-resistant skeletal muscle and β-cells occurs in diabetes. This is a novel route of communication that we further suggest is modified by the prevailing degree of insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. This review focuses on the various myokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, CXCL10, follistatin and IL-8] which have been identified either after different types of exercise or in the secretome from control and insulin-resistant human skeletal myotubes. We will also summarize studies on the impact of several myokines on pancreatic β-cell proliferation, survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Plomgaard
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
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94
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van de Sande-Lee S, Velloso LA. Disfunção hipotalâmica na obesidade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:341-50. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302012000600001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A obesidade, definida como o acúmulo excessivo ou anormal de gordura que pode causar dano à saúde do indivíduo, é considerada atualmente um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Resulta de um desequilíbrio entre a ingestão alimentar e o gasto corporal de energia. O controle do balanço energético de animais e seres humanos é realizado pelo sistema nervoso central (SNC) por meio de conexões neuroendócrinas, em que hormônios periféricos circulantes, como a leptina e a insulina, sinalizam neurônios especializados do hipotálamo sobre os estoques de gordura do organismo e induzem respostas apropriadas para a manutenção da estabilidade desses estoques. A maioria dos casos de obesidade se associa a um quadro de resistência central à ação da leptina e da insulina. Em animais de experimentação, a dieta hiperlipídica é capaz de induzir um processo inflamatório no hipotálamo, que interfere com as vias intracelulares de sinalização por esses hormônios, resultando em hiperfagia, diminuição do gasto de energia e, por fim, obesidade. Evidências recentes obtidas por intermédio de estudos de neuroimagem e avaliação de marcadores inflamatórios no líquido cefalorraquidiano de indivíduos obesos sugerem que alterações semelhantes podem estar presentes também em seres humanos. Nesta revisão, apresentamos sumariamente os mecanismos envolvidos com a perda do controle homeostático do balanço energético em modelos animais de obesidade e as evidências atuais de disfunção hipotalâmica em humanos obesos.
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95
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Al-Shanti N, Stewart CE. Inhibitory effects of IL-6 on IGF-1 activity in skeletal myoblasts could be mediated by the activation of SOCS-3. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:923-33. [PMID: 22033984 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In elderly people, low and high levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), respectively, are well documented and may contribute to reduced muscle mass and poor muscle function of ageing and suggesting a biological interactions between IGF-1 and IL-6. However, the dual effect of IGF-1/IL-6 on skeletal muscle differentiation and proliferation has not been fully investigated. We therefore hypothesised that IL-6 impairs the biological activity of IGF-1 in skeletal muscle through inhibiting its signalling pathways, ERK1/2 and Akt. Our aim was to examine the combined effects of these factors on models of muscle wasting, with objectives to examine skeletal muscle differentiation and proliferation using the murine C2 skeletal muscle cell line. Cells were cultured with DM, IGF-1 and IL-6 alone (control treatments), or co-cultured with IGF-1/IL-6. Co-incubation of C2 cells in IGF-1 plus IL-6 resulted in maximal cell death (22 ± 4%; P < 0.005) compared with control treatments (14 ± 2.9%). This was also confirmed by cyclin D1 expression levels in co-incubation treatments (7 ± 3.5%; P < 0.05) compared with control treatments (≈ 23%). The expression levels of myogenic-specific transcriptional factor mRNAs (myoD and myogenin) were also significantly (P < 0.005) reduced by 70% and 90%, respectively, under the co-incubation regimes, compared with control treatments. Signalling investigations showed significant phosphorylation reduction by 20%, (P < 0.05) of ERK1/2 and Akt in co-incubation treatments relative to either treatment alone. Expression studies for SOCS-3 (1.6-fold ± 0.08, P < 0.05) and IRS-1 (0.65-fold ± 0.13 P < 0.005) mRNAs showed significant elevation and reduction for both genes, respectively, in co-treatments relative to control treatments. These data may suggest that IL-6 exerts its inhibitory effects on IGF-1 signalling pathways (ERK1/2 and Akt) through blocking its receptor substrate IRS-1 by SOCS-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Shanti
- School of Healthcare Science, Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, Manchester, M1 5GD, England, UK.
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96
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Wright HE, McLellan TM, Friesen BJ, Casa DJ, Kenny GP. Influence of circulating cytokines on prolactin during slow vs. fast exertional heat stress followed by active or passive recovery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:574-83. [PMID: 22723625 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00523.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has been suggested as an indicator of fatigue during exertional heat stress (EHS), given its strong relationship with body core temperature (T(c)); however, the strength of this relationship during different rates of T(c) increase and subsequent recovery is unknown. In addition, given the influence that systemic cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, have on the pituitary gland, it would be of interest to determine the relationship between PRL, IL-6, and TNF-α during EHS. The purpose was to examine the PRL, IL-6, and TNF-α heat stress responses during slow and fast heating and subsequent resting or cold water immersion recovery. On 4 days, nine individuals walked at ≈ 45% (slow heating) or ran at ≈ 65% (fast heating) maximal oxygen consumption on a treadmill in the heat (40°C, 30% relative humidity) until rectal temperature (T(re)) reached 39.5°C (esophageal temperature; fast = 39.41 ± 0.04°C, slow = 39.82 ± 0.09°C). Post-EHS, subjects were either immersed in 2°C water or rested seated until T(re) returned to 38.0°C. Venous blood, analyzed for PRL, IL-6, and TNF-α, was obtained at rest, during exercise (T(re) 38.0, 39.0, 39.5°C), the start of recovery (≈ 5 min after 39.5°C), and subsequent recovery (T(re) 39.0, 38.0°C). IL-6 exhibited myokine properties, given the greater increases with slow heating and lack of increase in TNF-α. A strong temperature-dependent PRL response during slow and fast heating provides additional support for the use of PRL as a peripheral marker of impending fatigue, which is independent of IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E Wright
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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97
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Abstract
During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been identified as a secretory organ. Accordingly, we have suggested that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibres and exert either autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as myokines. The finding that the muscle secretome consists of several hundred secreted peptides provides a conceptual basis and a whole new paradigm for understanding how muscles communicate with other organs, such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones and brain. However, some myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Thus, myostatin, LIF, IL-6 and IL-7 are involved in muscle hypertrophy and myogenesis, whereas BDNF and IL-6 are involved in AMPK-mediated fat oxidation. IL-6 also appears to have systemic effects on the liver, adipose tissue and the immune system, and mediates crosstalk between intestinal L cells and pancreatic islets. Other myokines include the osteogenic factors IGF-1 and FGF-2; FSTL-1, which improves the endothelial function of the vascular system; and the PGC-1α-dependent myokine irisin, which drives brown-fat-like development. Studies in the past few years suggest the existence of yet unidentified factors, secreted from muscle cells, which may influence cancer cell growth and pancreas function. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction; therefore, physical inactivity probably leads to an altered myokine response, which could provide a potential mechanism for the association between sedentary behaviour and many chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases and CMRC, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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98
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Lambernd S, Taube A, Schober A, Platzbecker B, Görgens SW, Schlich R, Jeruschke K, Weiss J, Eckardt K, Eckel J. Contractile activity of human skeletal muscle cells prevents insulin resistance by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1128-39. [PMID: 22282161 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Obesity is closely associated with muscle insulin resistance and is a major risk factor for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Regular physical activity not only prevents obesity, but also considerably improves insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle metabolism. We sought to establish and characterise an in vitro model of human skeletal muscle contraction, with a view to directly studying the signalling pathways and mechanisms that are involved in the beneficial effects of muscle activity. METHODS Contracting human skeletal muscle cell cultures were established by applying electrical pulse stimulation. To induce insulin resistance, skeletal muscle cells were incubated with human adipocyte-derived conditioned medium, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and chemerin. RESULTS Similarly to in exercising skeletal muscle in vivo, electrical pulse stimulation induced contractile activity in human skeletal muscle cells, combined with the formation of sarcomeres, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased IL-6 secretion. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was substantially elevated in contracting cells compared with control. The incubation of skeletal muscle cells with adipocyte-conditioned media, chemerin and MCP-1 significantly reduced the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. This effect was abrogated by concomitant pulse stimulation of the cells. Additionally, pro-inflammatory signalling by adipocyte-derived factors was completely prevented by electrical pulse stimulation of the myotubes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We showed that the effects of electrical pulse stimulation on skeletal muscle cells were similar to the effect of exercise on skeletal muscle in vivo in terms of enhanced AMPK activation and IL-6 secretion. In our model, muscle contractile activity eliminates insulin resistance by blocking pro-inflammatory signalling pathways. This novel model therefore provides a unique tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lambernd
- German Diabetes Center, Auf´m Hennekamp 65, Duesseldorf, Germany
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99
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Nikolić N, Bakke SS, Kase ET, Rudberg I, Flo Halle I, Rustan AC, Thoresen GH, Aas V. Electrical pulse stimulation of cultured human skeletal muscle cells as an in vitro model of exercise. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33203. [PMID: 22457744 PMCID: PMC3310863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Physical exercise leads to substantial adaptive responses in skeletal muscles and plays a central role in a healthy life style. Since exercise induces major systemic responses, underlying cellular mechanisms are difficult to study in vivo. It was therefore desirable to develop an in vitro model that would resemble training in cultured human myotubes. Methods Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) was applied to adherent human myotubes. Cellular contents of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr) and lactate were determined. Glucose and oleic acid metabolism were studied using radio-labeled substrates, and gene expression was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. Mitochondrial content and function were measured by live imaging and determination of citrate synthase activity, respectively. Protein expression was assessed by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Results High-frequency, acute EPS increased deoxyglucose uptake and lactate production, while cell contents of both ATP and PCr decreased. Chronic, low-frequency EPS increased oxidative capacity of cultured myotubes by increasing glucose metabolism (uptake and oxidation) and complete fatty acid oxidation. mRNA expression level of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 4 (PDK4) was significantly increased in EPS-treated cells, while mRNA expressions of interleukin 6 (IL-6), cytochrome C and carnitin palmitoyl transferase b (CPT1b) also tended to increase. Intensity of MitoTracker®Red FM was doubled after 48 h of chronic, low-frequency EPS. Protein expression of a slow fiber type marker (MHCI) was increased in EPS-treated cells. Conclusions Our results imply that in vitro EPS (acute, high-frequent as well as chronic, low-frequent) of human myotubes may be used to study effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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100
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Gøbel RJ, Jensen SM, Frøkiaer H, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Obesity, inflammation and metabolic syndrome in Danish adolescents. Acta Paediatr 2012; 101:192-200. [PMID: 21995457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe biomarkers of inflammation and markers related to the metabolic syndrome (MS) in healthy obese Danish adolescent and compare to a normal-weight group. METHODS Fifty-one obese and 30 normal-weight adolescents (12-15 years) were included. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured, and blood was sampled. RESULTS Obese adolescents had significantly higher blood pressure, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, C-peptide, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglyceride, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values, compared with normal-weight adolescents, whereas there were no differences between the groups for glucose, free fatty acids or faecal calprotectin. Within the obese group insulin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CRP were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) Z-scores. The MS was present in 14% of obese adolescents. CRP was positively associated with most anthropometric measures within the obese group, and in multiple linear regression analysis both BMI Z-score and the sum of skin folds explained a considerable part (R(2) = 0.421) of the variation in CRP. CONCLUSION Otherwise healthy Danish obese adolescents had marked low-grade inflammation, elevated biomarkers of the MS and high prevalence of the MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Juul Gøbel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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