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Lundqvist J, Andersson A, Johannisson A, Lavonen E, Mandava G, Kylin H, Bastviken D, Oskarsson A. Innovative drinking water treatment techniques reduce the disinfection-induced oxidative stress and genotoxic activity. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 155:182-192. [PMID: 30849732 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection of drinking water using chlorine can lead to the formation of genotoxic by-products when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (NOM). A vast number of such disinfection by-products (DBPs) have been identified, making it almost impossible to routinely monitor all DBPs with chemical analysis. In this study, a bioanalytical approach was used, measuring oxidative stress (Nrf2 activity), genotoxicity (micronucleus test), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation to evaluate an innovative water treatment process, including suspended ion exchange, ozonation, in-line coagulation, ceramic microfiltration, and granular activated carbon. Chlorination was performed in laboratory scale after each step in the treatment process in order to investigate the effect of each treatment process to the formation of DBPs. Suspended ion exchange had a high capacity to remove dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and to decrease UV absorbance and Nrf2 activity in non-chlorinated water. High-dose chlorination (10 mg Cl2 L-1) of raw water caused a drastic induction of Nrf2 activity, which was decreased by 70% in water chlorinated after suspended ion exchange. Further reduction of Nrf2 activity following chlorination was achieved by ozonation and the concomitant treatment steps. The ozonation treatment resulted in decreased Nrf2 activity in spite of unchanged DOC levels. However, a strong correlation was found between UV absorbing compounds and Nrf2 activity, demonstrating that Nrf2 inducing DBPs were formed from pre-cursors of a specific NOM fraction, constituted of mainly aromatic compounds. Moreover, high-dose chlorination of raw water induced genotoxicity. In similarity to the DOC levels, UV absorbance and Nrf2 activity, the disinfection-induced genotoxicity was also reduced by each treatment step of the innovative water treatment technique. AhR activity was observed in the water produced by the conventional process and in the raw water, but the activity was clearly decreased by the ozonation step in the innovative water treatment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lundqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Andersson
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Johannisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elin Lavonen
- Norrvatten, Box 2093, SE-169 02, Solna, Sweden; Stockholm Vatten och Avfall, 106 36, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geeta Mandava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Kylin
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden; Research Unit: Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Agneta Oskarsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Liu N, Zhu Q, Zhang N, Zhang C, Kawazoe N, Chen G, Negishi N, Yang Y. Superior disinfection effect of Escherichia coli by hydrothermal synthesized TiO 2-based composite photocatalyst under LED irradiation: Influence of environmental factors and disinfection mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:847-856. [PMID: 30731310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) under light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiation was performed with P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst to investigate the photocatalytic bactericidal activity. Our work showed that this composite photocatalyst possessed remarkable bacterial disinfection ability and could completely inactivate 108 cfu/mL of E. coli within just 40 min under the optimum catalyst loading of 0.5 g/L. The effects of different environmental factors, including light wavelength, light intensity, temperature, solution pH and inorganic ions, on the inactivation efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that bacteria inactivation by P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 was more favorable with blue colored LED irradiation, light intensity at 750 W/m2, temperature in the range of 30-37 °C and pH values at natural or slightly alkaline condition. The existence of different inorganic ions under normal environmental level had no significant impact on the bactericidal performance. In addition, during the inactivation process, the morphology changes of E. coli cells were directly observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and further proved by the measurement of K+ leakage from the inactivated E. coli. The results demonstrated that the photocatalytic inactivation caused drastic damage on bacterial cells membrane. Furthermore, the mechanisms of photocatalytic bacterial inactivation were also systemically studied and the results confirmed that the excellent disinfection activity of P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 resulted from the major reactive species: h+ and ·O2- from photocatalytic process instead of the leakage of Ag+ (≤0.085 ± 0.005 mg/L) from photocatalyst. These results indicate that P/Ag/Ag2O/Ag3PO4/TiO2 photocatalyst has promising potential for real water sterilization application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Qi Zhu
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Nan Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center of Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center of Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Negishi
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan.
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Liu J, Zhang X, Li Y, Li W, Hang C, Sharma VK. Phototransformation of halophenolic disinfection byproducts in receiving seawater: Kinetics, products, and toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:68-76. [PMID: 30508715 PMCID: PMC6390291 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Flushing toilet with seawater is an effective method for preserving freshwater resources, but it introduces iodide and bromide ions into domestic wastewater. During chlorine disinfection, iodide and bromide ions in the saline wastewater effluent lead to the formation of iodinated and brominated aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Examples of aromatic DBPs include iodophenolic, bromophenolic and chlorophenolic compounds, which generally display substantially higher toxicity than haloaliphatic DBPs. This paper presented for the first time the rates of phototransformation of 21 newly identified halophenolic DBPs in seawater, the receiving waterbody of the wastewater effluent. The phototransformation rate constants (k) were in the range from 7.75 × 10-4 to 4.62 × 10-1 h-1, which gave half-lives of 1.5-895 h. A quantitative structure-activity relationship was established for the phototransformation of halophenolic DBPs as logk=-0.0100×ΔGf0+5.7528×logMW+0.3686×pKa-19.1607, where ΔGf0 is standard Gibbs formation energy, MW is molecular weight, and pKa is dissociation constant. This model well predicted the k values of halophenolic DBPs. Among the tested DBPs, 2,4,6-triiodophenol and 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol were found to exhibit relatively high risks on marine organisms, based on toxicity indices and half-lives. In seawater, the two DBPs underwent photonucleophilic substitutions by bromide, chloride and hydroxide ions, resulting in the conversion to their bromophenolic and chlorophenolic counterparts (which are less toxic than the parent iodophenolic DBPs) and to their hydroxyphenolic counterparts (iodo(hydro)quinones, which are more toxic than the parent iodophenolic DBPs). The formed iodo(hydro)quinones further transformed to hydroxyl-iodo(hydro)quinones, which have lower toxicity than the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xiangru Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Hang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Li C, Luo F, Duan H, Dong F, Chen X, Feng M, Zhang Z, Cizmas L, Sharma VK. Degradation of chloramphenicol by chlorine and chlorine dioxide in a pilot-scale water distribution system. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ersan MS, Liu C, Amy G, Karanfil T. The interplay between natural organic matter and bromide on bromine substitution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1172-1181. [PMID: 30235603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the interplay between bromide and DOM characteristics, described with SUVA254, in terms of formation and speciation of selected DBPs [trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs)] during chlorination under various water treatment conditions. Cytotoxicity evaluations were also conducted based on the types and amounts of DBPs formed and their corresponding cytotoxicity index values. The results showed that the formation of THMs and HAAs increased as the specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254) of the waters increased; however, there was no clear trend for HANs. THM and HAN formation increased with increasing bromide levels, while there was no bromide effect on the HAA formation. Lower HAA5 (monochloroaceticacid, monobromoaceticacid, dichloroaceticacid, trichloroaceticacid, dibromoaceticacid) to HAA9 (monochloroaceticacid, monobromoaceticacid, dichloroaceticacid, trichloroaceticacid, dibromoaceticacid, bromochloroaceticacid, bromodichloroaceticacid, dibromochloroaceticacid, tribromoaceticacid) ratios, independent of SUVA254, were observed with increasing bromide levels. Bromine substitution factor (BSF) values were in the order of BSFDHAN > BSFTHAA > BSFTHM ≈ BSFDHAA. BSF values for all class of DBPs decreased with increasing SUVA254. TOX formation increased with increasing SUVA254 without an impact of bromide concentration. UTOX/TOX ratios were higher in treated low SUVA254 waters than raw waters having higher SUVA254 values, and they decreased with increasing initial bromide concentration in all sources. Increasing bromide concentration from 0.5 μM to 10 μM elevated the calculated cytotoxicity index values of waters. Despite their much lower (approximately ~10 times) formation as compared to THMs and HAAs, HANs controlled the calculated cytotoxicity of studied waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut S Ersan
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Gary Amy
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA.
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Govindan K, Angelin A, Rangarajan M. Critical evaluation of mechanism responsible for biomass abatement during electrochemical coagulation (EC) process: A critical review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 227:335-353. [PMID: 30199730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This is a first review paper that delineates fundamental disinfection mechanism undergoes during the simple electrochemical coagulation (EC) process. The elucidation of detailed mechanistic phenomenon of EC process involved would help to enhance the disinfection efficiency. In this context, the biomass (bacteria, virus and algae) abatement mechanism by EC is critically reviewed and rationalized based on the experimental demonstration performed from the recent decade. Whereas, the effect of most significant abiotic operating parameters, dissolved contents and bacteria cell wall composition on biomass reduction are explored in detail. From these analyses, physical removal and chemical inactivation routes are identified for bacteria abatement mechanism during the EC process using sacrificial electrodes. Which includes (i) enmeshment of microbial contaminants by EC flocs, (ii) sweeping flocculation is preferentially for destabilization of negatively charged biomass, and (iii) inactivation/attenuation of micro-organism cell walls by electrochemically induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) or direct interaction of electric field. Perhaps, the overall abatement mechanism attributes due to the aforementioned phenomenon endures independently and/or synergistically during the EC process. Nonetheless, to obtain better understanding of virus and algae abatement mechanism, we require more experimental investigation on algae and virus removal. Eventually, more intensive research efforts on biomass attenuation by EC are most important to reinforce this claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadarkarai Govindan
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 112, India.
| | - Arumugam Angelin
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641 114, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murali Rangarajan
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Materials and Green Technologies, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amrita University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 112, India
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57
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Watson K, Farré MJ, Leusch FDL, Knight N. Using fluorescence-parallel factor analysis for assessing disinfection by-product formation and natural organic matter removal efficiency in secondary treated synthetic drinking waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:31-40. [PMID: 29852445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) was used to investigate the organic matter and DBP formation characteristics of untreated, primary treated (enhanced coagulation; EC) and secondary treated synthetic waters prepared using a Suwannee River natural organic matter (SR-NOM) isolate. The organic matter was characterised by four different fluorescence components; two humic acid-like (C1 and C2) and two protein-like (C3 and C4). Secondary treatment methods tested, following EC treatment, were; powdered activated carbon (PAC), granular activated carbon (GAC), 0.1% silver-impregnated activated carbon (SIAC), and MIEX® resin. Secondary treatments were more effective at removing natural organic matter (NOM) and fluorescent DBP-precursor components than EC alone. The formation of a suite of 17 DBPs including chlorinated, brominated and iodinated trihalomethanes (THMs), dihaloacetonitriles (DHANs), chloropropanones (CPs), chloral hydrate (CH) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) was determined after chlorinating water sampled before and after each treatment step. Regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between peak component fluorescence intensity (FMAX), DBP concentration and speciation, and more commonly used aggregate parameters such as DOC, UV254 and SUVA254. PARAFAC component 1 (C1) was in general a better predictor of DBP formation than other aggregate parameters, and was well correlated (R ≥ 0.80) with all detected DBPs except dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN). These results indicate that the fluorescence-PARAFAC approach could provide a robust analytical tool for predicting DBP formation, and for evaluating the removal of NOM fractions relevant to DBP formation during water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalinda Watson
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Maria José Farré
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Frederic D L Leusch
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
| | - Nicole Knight
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia.
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58
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Wan D, Chen Y, Su J, Liu L, Zuo Y. Ultraviolet absorption redshift induced direct photodegradation of halogenated parabens under simulated sunlight. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:46-54. [PMID: 29859391 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As disinfection by-products of parabens, halogenated parabens are frequently detected in aquatic environments and exhibit higher persistence and toxicity than parabens themselves. An interesting phenomenon was found that UV absorption redshift (∼45 nm) occurs after halogenation of parabens at circumneutral pH, leading to overlap with the spectrum of terrestrial sunlight. This work presents the first evidence on the direct photodegradation of seven chlorinated and brominated parabens under simulated sunlight. These halogenated parabens underwent rapid direct photodegradation, distinguished from the negligible degradation of the parent compounds. The photodegradation rate depended on their forms and substituents. The deprotonation of halogenated parabens facilitated the direct photodegradation. Brominated parabens exhibited higher degradation efficiency than chlorinated parabens, and mono-halogenated parabens had higher degradation than di-halogenated parabens. The pseudo-first-order rate constants (kobs) for brominated parabens (0.075-0.120 min-1) were approximately 7-fold higher than those of chlorinated parabens (0.011-0.017 min-1). A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model suggested that the photodegradation was linearly correlated with the C-X bond energies, electronic and steric effects of halogen substituents. The photodegradation products were identified using QTOF-MS analyses and a degradation pathway was proposed. The yeast two-hybrid estrogenicity assay revealed that the estrogenic activities of the photoproducts were negligible. These findings are important for the removal of halogenated parabens and predictions of their fate and potential impacts in surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jing Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuegang Zuo
- University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747-2300, USA
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De Battisti A, Formaglio P, Ferro S, Al Aukidy M, Verlicchi P. Electrochemical disinfection of groundwater for civil use - An example of an effective endogenous advanced oxidation process. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 207:101-109. [PMID: 29778760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lab-scale experiments using real groundwater were carried out using the CabECO® reactor system in order to evaluate its suitability for producing safe water, acceptable for civil purposes. Trials were carried out in discontinuous and in continuous mode, analyzing the influence of electrical and hydraulic process parameters on the quality of treated water. The use of highly boron-doped diamond electrodes in the reactor allowed the electrosynthesis of considerable amounts of ozone. Because of the relatively high amount of chloride in the groundwater samples, a mixture of HOCl/ClO- was also synthesized. Somewhat unexpectedly, the increase in the current density in the explored range 100-1000 A m-2 was accompanied by an increase in the faradaic yield of the electrosynthesis of oxidants, which was more pronounced for ozone than for free chlorine. As reported in literature, the main radical intermediate in the relevant reactions is OH, which can lead to different oxidation products, namely ozone and HOCl/ClO-. The electrolytic treatment also caused a decrease in the concentration of minor components, including NH4+ and Br-. Other byproducts were ClO3- and ClO4-, although their concentration levels were low. Moreover, due to alkali formation at the cathode surface, the precipitation of calcium and magnesium carbonates was also observed. In addition, the experimental investigation showed that even Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella could be completely removed in the treated stream, due to the unique capacity of the reactor to synthesize biocidal agents like ozone, HOCl/ClO-, and chloramines. These effects were particularly evident during batch experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mustafa Al Aukidy
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Paola Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
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Sumner AJ, Plata DL. Halogenation Chemistry of Hydraulic Fracturing Additives under Highly Saline Simulated Subsurface Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9097-9107. [PMID: 30059203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional natural gas extraction via hydraulic fracturing coupled with horizontal drilling (HDHF) has generated disruptive growth in the domestic energy sector. Field analyses of residual HDHF fluids have detected halogenated species, potentially the product of unexplored reactions between authigenic halides and HDHF additives. Utilizing a custom high-pressure reactor system, we simultaneously screened 12 frequently disclosed, functionally diverse HDHF additives to uncover transformation chemistry. One emergent pathway, the halogenation of cinnamaldehyde in the presence of ammonium persulfate, demonstrated the potential for oxidative breakers to react with halides to yield reactive halogen species. Halogenated product formation, product distribution, and kinetics were evaluated with respect to shale well subsurface condition, linking transformation risk to measurable well-dependent characteristics (e.g., halide compositions, well temperatures, and pH). In a representative flowback brine, the brominated product dominated on a molar percent basis (6 ± 2%, as normalized by initial cinnamaldehyde loading) over chlorinated (1.4 ± 0.4%) and iodinated forms (2.5 ± 0.9%), reflecting relative halide abundance and propensity for oxidation. This work demonstrates that relevant subsurface reactions between natural brines and hydraulic fracturing additives can result in the unintended formation of halogenated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Sumner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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Wang J, Hao Z, Shi F, Yin Y, Cao D, Yao Z, Liu J. Characterization of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts Formed During the Chlorination of Aquaculture Seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5662-5670. [PMID: 29701972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) have been reported to form from reactions between bromide, dissolved organic matter (DOM), and disinfectants, their formation during the disinfection of aquaculture seawater via chlorination has been rarely studied. Herein, after 5 days of disinfection of raw aquaculture seawater samples with sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDDC), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) and chlorine dioxide (ClO2), 181, 179, and 37 Br-DBPs were characterized by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Sunlight irradiation of the chlorinated aquaculture seawater with TCCA and NaDDC was found to reduce the formation of Br-DBPs, possibly due to the photodegradation of the important HBrO/HClO intermediate and the degradation of formed Br-DBPs. The formation of Br-DBPs chlorinated by ClO2 increased under sunlight irradiation. The number of Br-DBPs formed during chlorination processes agreed well with the total organic bromine (TOBr) content measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Most of the Br-DBPs were highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds, which were primarily generated through electrophilic substitution by bromine coupled with other reactions. In addition, some emerging aromatic Br-DBPs with high relative intensities were also assigned, and these compounds might be highly lipophilic and could potentially accumulate in marine organisms. Our findings call for further focus on and investigation of the Br-DBPs produced in chlorinated aquaculture seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
| | - Zhineng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, 42 Linghe Street, Shahekou District , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , P.O. Box 2871 , Beijing 100085 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Polo AMS, Lopez-Peñalver JJ, Rivera-Utrilla J, Von Gunten U, Sánchez-Polo M. Halide removal from waters by silver nanoparticles and hydrogen peroxide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 607-608:649-657. [PMID: 28709099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to remove halides from waters by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The experimental parameters were optimized and the mechanism involved was also determined. The AgNP/H2O2 process proved efficacious for bromide and chloride removal from water through the selective precipitation of AgCl and AgBr on the AgNP surface. The optimal AgNP and H2O2 concentrations to be added to the solution were determined for the halide concentrations under study. The removal of Cl- and Br- anions was more effective at basic pH, reaching values of up to 100% for both ions. The formation of OH, O2-, radicals was detected during the oxidation of Ag(0) into Ag(I), determining the reaction mechanism as a function of solution pH. Moreover, the results obtained show that: i) the efficacy of the oxidation of Ag(0) into Ag(I) is higher at pH11, ii) AgNPs can be generated by the O2- radical formation, and iii) the presence of NaCl and dissolved organic matter (tannic acid [TAN]) on the solution matrix reduces the efficacy of bromide removal from the medium due to: i) precipitation of AgCl on the AgNP surface, and ii) the radical scavenger capacity of TAN. AgNPs exhausted can be regenerated by using UV or solar light, and toxicity test results show that AgNPs inhibit luminescence of Vibrio fischeri bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M S Polo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, ES18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J J Lopez-Peñalver
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, ES18071 Granada, Spain
| | - J Rivera-Utrilla
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, ES18071 Granada, Spain
| | - U Von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPFL, École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Sánchez-Polo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, ES18071 Granada, Spain; EPFL, École Polytechnique Féderale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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63
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Li C, Luo F, Dong F, Zhao J, Zhang T, He G, Cizmas L, Sharma VK. Chlorine decay and trihalomethane formation following ferrate(VI) preoxidation and chlorination of drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 187:413-420. [PMID: 28863294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the effect of preoxidation with ferrate(VI) (FeVIO42-, Fe(VI)) prior to chlorination on chlorine decay and formation of disinfection by-products in filtered raw water from a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. The rate of chlorine decay became significantly faster as the concentration of ferrate(VI) increased. Chlorine degradation followed two first-order decay reactions with rate constants k1 and k2 for fast and slow decay, respectively. Kinetic modeling established the relationships between k1 and k2 and varying dosages of chlorine and ferrate(VI). When ferrate(VI) was used as a pre-oxidant, the levels of trihalomethanes (trichloromethane (TCM), dichlorobromomethane (DCBM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and tribromomethane (TBM)) in water samples decreased as the ferrate(VI) concentration increased. The concentrations of these trihalomethanes followed the order TCM > DCBM ≈ DBCM > TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Feng Luo
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Feilong Dong
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingguo Zhao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guilin He
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Leslie Cizmas
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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64
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Langsa M, Heitz A, Joll CA, von Gunten U, Allard S. Mechanistic Aspects of the Formation of Adsorbable Organic Bromine during Chlorination of Bromide-containing Synthetic Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5146-5155. [PMID: 28358483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
During chlorination of bromide-containing waters, a significant formation of brominated disinfection byproducts is expected. This is of concern because Br-DBPs are generally more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. In this study, synthetic water samples containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracts and bromide were treated under various disinfection scenarios to elucidate the mechanisms of Br-DBP formation. The total concentration of Br-DBPs was measured as adsorbable organic bromine (AOBr). A portion of the bromine (HOBr) was found to react with DOM via electrophilic substitution (≤40%), forming AOBr, and the remaining HOBr reacted with DOM via electron transfer with a reduction of HOBr to bromide (≥60%). During chlorination, the released bromide is reoxidized (recycled) by chlorine to HOBr, leading to further electrophilic substitution of unaltered DOM sites and chlorinated DOM moieties. This leads to an almost complete bromine incorporation to DOM (≥87%). The type of DOM (3.06 ≤ SUVA254 ≤ 4.85) is not affecting this process, as long as the bromine-reactive DOM sites are in excess and a sufficient chlorine exposure is achieved. When most reactive sites were consumed by chlorine, Cl-substituted functional groups (Cl-DOM) are reacting with HOBr by direct bromination leading to Br-Cl-DOM and by bromine substitution of chlorine leading to Br-DOM. The latter finding was supported by hexachlorobenzene as a model compound from which bromoform was formed during HOBr treatment. To better understand the experimental findings, a conceptual kinetic model allowing to assess the contribution of each AOBr pathway was developed. A simulation of distribution system conditions with a disinfectant residual of 1 mgC2 L-1 showed complete conversion of Br- to AOBr, with about 10% of the AOBr formed through chlorine substitution by bromine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Langsa
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
- Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Papua , Manokwari, Papua Barat 98314, Indonesia
| | - Anna Heitz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Cynthia A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia
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65
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Zou H, Wang L. The disinfection effect of a novel continuous-flow water sterilizing system coupling dual-frequency ultrasound with sodium hypochlorite in pilot scale. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 36:246-252. [PMID: 28069207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a self-designed novel continuous-flow water disinfection system coupling dual-frequency ultrasound (US) with chemical disinfectant sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) was tested in a pilot scale using a simulated effluent containing Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), one of the indicators of water treatment efficiency. A suspension having a B. subtilis concentration of approximately 104CFU/mL was introduced into the system to (1) investigate disinfection efficiency of US pretreatment with NaClO (US+NaClO) and simultaneous US and NaClO (US/NaClO) disinfection under different single frequencies; (2) further examine the disinfection efficiency of these two processes with dual-frequency US; and (3) identify dosage reduction of chlorine in this disinfection system. The results demonstrated that lower dual-frequency (17kHz+33kHz) US pretreatment with NaClO disinfection and simultaneous higher dual-frequency (70kHz+100kHz) US and NaClO were beneficial to bacterial inactivation in terms of sterilizing efficiency. It has also been observed that US pretreatment with lower combination of 17+33kHz frequencies showed better enhancement in which log reduction reached to 3.82 after 10min chlorine reaction (chlorine alone was 0.22 log reduction), nearly 1 log reduction higher than single frequencies at the same constant power. Consequently, at equivalent power dissipation levels, US of lower frequencies combination pretreatment with NaClO disinfection performed such a promising process that one-thirds (from 12mg/L NaClO reduced to 8mg/L NaClO) of the required NaClO dosage was reduced for the ideal disinfection efficiency of 4 log reduction, namely 100% disinfection. And the utilization efficiency of NaClO was increased from 37.67% to 85.25% in 30min of treatment time using an optimized combination of pretreatment and chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Lifang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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66
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Xia D, Li Y, Huang G, Yin R, An T, Li G, Zhao H, Lu A, Wong PK. Activation of persulfates by natural magnetic pyrrhotite for water disinfection: Efficiency, mechanisms, and stability. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 112:236-247. [PMID: 28167409 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces natural occurring magnetic pyrrhotite (NP) as an environmentally friendly, easy available, and cost-effective alternative catalyst to activate persulfate (PS) of controlling microbial water contaminants. The E. coli K-12 inactivation kinetics observed in batch experiments was well described with first-order reaction. The optimum inactivation rate (k = 0.47 log/min) attained at a NP dose of 1 g/L and a PS dose of 1 mM, corresponding to total inactivation of 7 log10 cfu/mL cells within 15 min. Measured k increased > 2-fold when temperature increased from 20 to 50 °C; and > 4-fold when pH decreased from 9 to 3. Aerobic conditions were more beneficial to cell inactivation than anaerobic conditions due to more reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated. ROS responsible for the inactivation were identified to be SO4- > OH > H2O2 based on a positive scavenging test and in situ ROS determination. In situ characterization suggested that PS effectively bind to NP surface was likely to form charge transfer complex (≡Fe(II)⋯O3SOOSO3-), which mediated ROS generation and E. coli K-12 oxidation. The increased cell-envelope lesions consequently aggravated intracellular protein depletion and genome damage to cause definite bacterial death. The NP still maintained good physiochemical structure and stable activity even after 4 cycle. Moreover, NP/PS system also exhibited good E. coli K-12 inactivation efficiency in authentic water matrices like surface water and effluents of secondary wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Xia
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guocheng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guiying Li
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith Scholl of Environment, Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia; Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Anhuai Lu
- School of Geoscience and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Po Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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67
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Deng Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Lu K, Bai H, Ren H. Metabolomics evaluation of the in vivo toxicity of bromoacetonitriles: One class of high-risk nitrogenous disinfection byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:107-114. [PMID: 27866740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bromoacetonitriles (BANs), one class of nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs), have frequently been detected in drinking water. The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of BANs have been demonstrated in mammalian cells. However, a systematic study of the in vivo toxicity of BANs is rare. In this study, metabolomics combined with histopathology and oxidative stress analysis were used to evaluate the toxicity of BANs in mice. The results indicated that BAN exposure induced liver and kidney injury in mice. Furthermore, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities decreased, and the level of malonaldehyde (MDA) increased in mice livers due to BANs exposure, which indicated that hepatic oxidative stress was induced. These toxicities increased with an increasing number of bromine at the α carbon. In addition, BAN exposure disrupted the metabolic pathways of amino acid, energy and lipid metabolism in mice. Our results provide evidence for the comprehensive omics endpoints of the in vivo toxicity of BANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Yifeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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68
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Yang Z, Sun YX, Ye T, Shi N, Tang F, Hu HY. Characterization of trihalomethane, haloacetic acid, and haloacetonitrile precursors in a seawater reverse osmosis system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:391-397. [PMID: 27792956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) has been extensively applied to replenish the limited freshwater resources. One concern of such technology is the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the pre-chlorination process. For the SWRO tested in this study, the concentrations of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and haloacetonitriles (HANs) increased by 35.1, 23.7 and 4.9μg/L, respectively, after a seawater sample (with UV254/DOC of 3.7L/mg·m and Br- of 50.9mg/L) was pre-chlorinated (1-2mg-Cl2/L). The dissolved organic matter (DOM) with molecular weight (MW) <1kDa dominated the formation of total THMs, HAAs and HANs. To further investigate DBPs precursors in the seawater, the DOM with MW<1kDa was fractionated to hydrophobic acids (HOA), hydrophobic bases (HOB), hydrophobic neutrals (HON), and hydrophilic substances (HIS). The excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectra analysis showed that most aromatic protein and fulvic acid of the DOM with MW<1kDa were present in the HON and HIS fractions. The HON fraction was the dominant precursor to form THMs and HAAs, while HIS controlled the formation of HANs. Furthermore, bromo - DBPs dominated the total DBPs yields after the chlorination of HIS fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Ying-Xue Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Na Shi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Fang Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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69
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Sun X, Zhang Q, Liang H, Ying L, Xiangxu M, Sharma VK. Ferrate(VI) as a greener oxidant: Electrochemical generation and treatment of phenol. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 319:130-136. [PMID: 26738940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-), Fe(VI)) is a greener oxidant in the treatment of drinking water and wastewater. The electrochemical synthesis of Fe(VI) may be considered environmentally friendly because it involves one-step process to convert Fe(0) to Fe(VI) without using harmful chemicals. Electrolysis was performed by using a sponge iron as an anode in NaOH solution at different ionic strengths. The cyclic voltammetric (CV) curves showed that the sponge iron had higher electrical activity than the grey cast iron. The optimum current density was 0.054mAcm(-2) in 10M NaOH solution, which is much lower than the electrolyte concentrations used in other electrode materials. A comparison of current efficiency and energy consumption was conducted and is briefly discussed. The generated ferrate solution was applied to degrade phenol in water at two levels (2mgL(-1) and 5mgL(-1)). The maximum removal efficiency was ∼70% and the optimum pH for phenol treatment was 9.0. Experiments on phenol removal using conventional coagulants (ferric chloride (FeCl3) and polyaluminium chloride (PAC)) were performed independently to demonstrate that removal of phenol by Fe(VI) occurred mainly by oxidative transformation. A combination of Fe(VI) and coagulant may be advantageous in enhancing removal efficiency, adjusting pH, and facilitating flocculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Sun
- Chemical Engineering College, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin City 132012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Chemical Engineering College, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin City 132012, People's Republic of China
| | - He Liang
- Chemical Engineering College, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin City 132012, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ying
- Chemical Engineering College, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin City 132012, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Xiangxu
- Chemical Engineering College, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin City 132012, People's Republic of China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 1266 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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70
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Biofouling on Coated Carbon Steel in Cooling Water Cycles Using Brackish Seawater. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse4040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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71
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Shen H, Chen X, Zhang D, Chen HB. Generation of soluble microbial products by bio-activated carbon filter during drinking water advanced treatment and its influence on spectral characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:1289-1298. [PMID: 27436775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve our understanding of bio-activated carbon (BAC) filter, the water quality of influent and effluent treated with BAC in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) of Shanghai during 2015 was valued. Combining the results from UV254, SUVA254, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM), it is found that performance of BAC treatment will be affected by characteristics of activated carbon (AC), which is relevant to the type of activated carbon (including shape and operating time) in this study. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (FEEM) shows that the humification index (HIX) and index of recent autochthonous contribution (BIX) is a reliable indicator to descript the variation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during BAC process. The pattern of variation in BIX and HIX implies that soluble microbial products (SMPs) are formed and humic-like substances are removed during BAC treatment, which is also confirmed by the change of peaks of FEEM in BAC effluent. Large, positive correlations between SUVA254 and disinfection by-products formation potential yield (DBPFP yield) demonstrate that UV-absorbing DOM is directly related to the generation of DBPs. Poor correlations of HIX with DBPFP suggest that non-humic substances with UV-absorbing properties play an important role in the generation of DBPs in water with low SUVA254. Finally, strong but negative correlations between BIX and DBPFP suggest that vigorous microbial metabolism of BAC results in a decrease in DBPFP. However, the DBPFP yield will be enhanced for the generation of SMPs by BAC, especially in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xin Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Shanghai National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources Co. Ltd, Shanghai 200082, PR China.
| | - Hong-Bin Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Urban Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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72
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Ng TW, Li B, Chow A, Wong PK. Effects of bromide on inactivation efficacy and disinfection byproduct formation in photocatalytic inactivation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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73
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Watson K, Farré MJ, Knight N. Comparing a silver-impregnated activated carbon with an unmodified activated carbon for disinfection by-product minimisation and precursor removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:672-684. [PMID: 26546763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During disinfection, bromide, iodide and natural organic matter (NOM) in source waters can lead to the formation of brominated and/or iodinated disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are often more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of a silver-impregnated activated carbon (SIAC) with the equivalent unimpregnated granular activated carbon (GAC) for the removal of bromide, iodide and NOM from a matrix of synthetic waters with variable NOM, halide, and alkalinity concentrations, and to investigate the impact on DBP formation. An enhanced coagulation (EC) pre-treatment was employed prior to sample exposure to either carbon adsorbent. Excellent halide removals were observed by the SIAC treatment across the sample matrix, with iodide concentrations consistently reduced to below the method reporting limit (<2 μg/L) from as high as 25 μg/L, and 95±4% removal of bromide achieved. Bromide removal by unimpregnated GAC was poor, however iodide removal was comparable to that achieved by SIAC. The combination of EC with SIAC treatment removed 77±8% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present, across the sample matrix, which was similar to removals by EC/GAC (67±14%). Combined EC/SIAC treatment reduced both total trihalomethanes (tTHMs) and total dihaloacetonitriles (tDHANs) formation by 97±3%, while also achieving a greater than 74% removal of two chloropropanones and a 92±8% decrease in chloral hydrate (CH), compared to untreated samples, regardless of the sample's starting water quality (bromide, alkalinity and NOM concentration). Combined EC/GAC treatment led to similar DBP removals to EC/SIAC for the fully chlorinated DBPs, however, brominated DBPs were less efficiently removed, or experienced concentration increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalinda Watson
- Griffith University, Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Maria José Farré
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Technological Park of the University of Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Nicole Knight
- Griffith University, Smart Water Research Centre, School of Environment, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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74
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Tan J, Allard S, Gruchlik Y, McDonald S, Joll CA, Heitz A. Impact of bromide on halogen incorporation into organic moieties in chlorinated drinking water treatment and distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1572-1580. [PMID: 26490534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of elevated bromide concentrations (399 to 750 μg/L) on the formation of halogenated disinfection by-products (DBPs), namely trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, and adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), in two drinking water systems was investigated. Bromine was the main halogen incorporated into all of the DBP classes and into organic carbon, even though chlorine was present in large excess to maintain a disinfectant residual. Due to the higher reactivity of bromine compared to chlorine, brominated DBPs were rapidly formed, followed by a slower increase in chlorinated DBPs. Higher bromine substitution and incorporation factors for individual DBP classes were observed for the chlorinated water from the groundwater source (lower concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), which contained a higher concentration of bromide, than for the surface water source (higher DOC). The molar distribution of adsorbable organic bromine to chlorine (AOBr/AOCl) for AOX in the groundwater distribution system was 1.5:1 and almost 1:1 for the surface water system. The measured (regulated) DBPs only accounted for 16 to 33% of the total organic halogen, demonstrating that AOX measurements are essential to provide a full understanding of the formation of halogenated DBPs in drinking waters. In addition, the study demonstrated that a significant proportion (up to 94%) of the bromide in source waters can be converted AOBr. An evaluation of AOBr and AOCl through a second groundwater treatment plant that uses conventional treatment processes for DOC removal produced 70% of AOX as AOBr, with 69% of the initial source water bromide converted to AOBr. Exposure to organobromine compounds is suspected to result in greater adverse health consequences than their chlorinated analogues. Therefore, this study highlights the need for improved methods to selectively reduce the bromide content in source waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tan
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - S Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
| | - Y Gruchlik
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - S McDonald
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - C A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - A Heitz
- Department of Civil Engineering, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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75
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Abdallah P, Deborde M, Dossier Berne F, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Kinetics of Chlorination of Benzophenone-3 in the Presence of Bromide and Ammonia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14359-14367. [PMID: 26587868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of chlorination on the degradation of one of the most commonly used UV filters (benzophenone-3 (BP-3)) and the effects of bromide and ammonia on the kinetics of BP-3 elimination. Bromide and ammonia are rapidly converted to bromine and chloramines during chlorination. At first, the rate constants of chlorine, bromine and monochloramine with BP-3 were determined at various pH levels. BP-3 was found to react rapidly with chlorine and bromine, with values of apparent second order rate constants equal to 1.25(±0.14) × 10(3) M(-1)·s(-1) and 4.04(±0.54) × 10(6) M(-1)·s(-1) at pH 8.5 for kChlorine/BP-3 and kBromine/BP-3, respectively, whereas low monochloramine reactivity was observed (kNH2Cl/BP-3 = 0.112 M(-1)·s(-1)). To assess the impact of the inorganic content of water on BP-3 degradation, chlorination experiments with different added concentrations of bromide and/or ammonia were conducted. Under these conditions, BP-3 degradation was found to be enhanced in the presence of bromide due to the formation of bromine, whereas it was inhibited in the presence of ammonia. However, the results obtained were pH dependent. Finally, a kinetic model considering 18 reactions was developed using Copasi to estimate BP-3 degradation during chlorination in the presence of bromide and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Abdallah
- Université de Poitiers , Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eaux Géochimie organique Santé (EGS), ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1 TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Marie Deborde
- Université de Poitiers , Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eaux Géochimie organique Santé (EGS), ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1 TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
- Université de Poitiers , UFR de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 6 rue de la Milétrie, Bâtiment D1, TSA 51115, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Florence Dossier Berne
- Université de Poitiers , Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eaux Géochimie organique Santé (EGS), ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1 TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Karpel Vel Leitner
- Université de Poitiers , Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR 7285), Equipe Eaux Géochimie organique Santé (EGS), ENSIP, 1 rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1 TSA 41105, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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76
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Prasse C, Stalter D, Schulte-Oehlmann U, Oehlmann J, Ternes TA. Spoilt for choice: A critical review on the chemical and biological assessment of current wastewater treatment technologies. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:237-70. [PMID: 26431616 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge we have gained in recent years on the presence and effects of compounds discharged by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) brings us to a point where we must question the appropriateness of current water quality evaluation methodologies. An increasing number of anthropogenic chemicals is detected in treated wastewater and there is increasing evidence of adverse environmental effects related to WWTP discharges. It has thus become clear that new strategies are needed to assess overall quality of conventional and advanced treated wastewaters. There is an urgent need for multidisciplinary approaches combining expertise from engineering, analytical and environmental chemistry, (eco)toxicology, and microbiology. This review summarizes the current approaches used to assess treated wastewater quality from the chemical and ecotoxicological perspective. Discussed chemical approaches include target, non-target and suspect analysis, sum parameters, identification and monitoring of transformation products, computational modeling as well as effect directed analysis and toxicity identification evaluation. The discussed ecotoxicological methodologies encompass in vitro testing (cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, endocrine disruption, adaptive stress response activation, toxicogenomics) and in vivo tests (single and multi species, biomonitoring). We critically discuss the benefits and limitations of the different methodologies reviewed. Additionally, we provide an overview of the current state of research regarding the chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of conventional as well as the most widely used advanced wastewater treatment technologies, i.e., ozonation, advanced oxidation processes, chlorination, activated carbon, and membrane filtration. In particular, possible directions for future research activities in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Prasse
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Daniel Stalter
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas A Ternes
- Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), Department of Aquatic Chemistry, Koblenz, Germany
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77
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Yang X, Gan W, Zhang X, Huang H, Sharma VK. Effect of pH on the formation of disinfection byproducts in ferrate(VI) pre-oxidation and subsequent chlorination. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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78
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Li G, Nie X, Chen J, Jiang Q, An T, Wong PK, Zhang H, Zhao H, Yamashita H. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli using g-C3N4/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst synthesized using a hydrothermal-calcination approach. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 86:17-24. [PMID: 26084941 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biohazards are widely present in wastewater, and contaminated water can arouse various waterborne diseases. Therefore, effectively removing biohazards from water is a worldwide need. In this study, a novel visible-light-driven (VLD) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/TiO2 hybrid photocatalyst with high photocatalytic bacterial inactivation activity was successfully synthesized using a facile hydrothermal-calcination approach. The optimum synthesized hybrid photocatalyst is composed of micron-sized TiO2 spheres (average diameter: ca. 2 μm) and wrapped with lamellar g-C3N4 (thickness: ca. 2 nm), with narrowing bandgap (ca. 2.48 eV), leading to a significant improvement of visible light (VL) absorption and effective separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. This greatly enhances VL photocatalytic inactivation activity towards bacteria in water. Using this hybrid photocatalyst, 10(7) cfu mL(-1) of Escherichia coli K-12 could be completely inactivated within 180 min under VL irradiation. SEM images indicate that bacterial cells were greatly damaged, leading to a severe leakage of intracellular components during photocatalytic inactivation processes. The study concludes that bacterial cell destruction and water disinfection can be achieved using this newly fabricated VLD hybrid photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Taicheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Po Keung Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haimin Zhang
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Huijun Zhao
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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79
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Zhou X, Guo H, Li Z, Zhao J, Yun Y. Experimental study on the disinfection efficiencies of a continuous-flow ultrasound/ultraviolet baffled reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 27:81-86. [PMID: 26186823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A self-designed continuous-flow ultrasound/ultraviolet (US/UV) baffled reactor was tested in this work, and the disinfection efficiency of secondary effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated in terms of the different locations of ultrasonic transducers inside the reactor under similar input power densities and specific energy consumptions. Results demonstrated that the two-stage simultaneous US/UV irradiation in both chambers 2 and 3 at a flow rate of 1200 L/h performed excellent disinfection efficiency. It achieved an average feacal coliforms concentration of 201±78 colony forming unit (CFU)/L in the effluent and an average of (4.24±0.26) log10 reduction. Thereafter, 8 days of continuous operation was performed under such a condition. A total of 31 samples were taken, and all the samples were analyzed in triplicate for feacal coliforms analysis. Experimental results showed that feacal coliforms concentrations remained at about 347±174 CFU/L under the selected optimum disinfection condition, even if the influent concentrations fluctuated from 3.97×10(5) to 3.57×10(6) CFU/L. This finding implied that all effluents of continuous-flow-baffled-reactor with simultaneous US/UV disinfection could meet the requirements of the discharge standard of pollutants for municipal WWTP (GB 18918-2002) Class 1-A (1000 CFU/L) with a specific energy consumption of 0.219 kWh/m(3). Therefore, the US/UV disinfection process has great potential for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zifu Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Junyuan Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Yupan Yun
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China
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80
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Gonsior M, Mitchelmore C, Heyes A, Harir M, Richardson SD, Petty WT, Wright DA, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Bromination of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter following Full Scale Electrochemical Ballast Water Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9048-9055. [PMID: 26168359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An extensively diverse array of brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were generated following electrochemical disinfection of natural coastal/estuarine water, which is one of the main treatment methods currently under consideration for ballast water treatment. Ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed 462 distinct brominated DBPs at a relative abundance in the mass spectra of more than 1%. A brominated DBP with a relative abundance of almost 22% was identified as 2,2,4-tribromo-5-hydroxy-4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione, which is an analogue to several previously described 2,2,4-trihalo-5-hydroxy-4-cyclopentene-1,3-diones in drinking water. Several other brominated molecular formulas matched those of other known brominated DBPs, such as dibromomethane, which could be generated by decarboxylation of dibromoacetic acid during ionization, dibromophenol, dibromopropanoic acid, dibromobutanoic acid, bromohydroxybenzoic acid, bromophenylacetic acid, bromooxopentenoic acid, and dibromopentenedioic acid. Via comparison to previously described chlorine-containing analogues, bromophenylacetic acid, dibromooxopentenoic acid, and dibromopentenedioic acid were also identified. A novel compound at a 4% relative abundance was identified as tribromoethenesulfonate. This compound has not been previously described as a DBP, and its core structure of tribromoethene has been demonstrated to show toxicological implications. Here we show that electrochemical disinfection, suggested as a candidate for successful ballast water treatment, caused considerable production of some previously characterized DBPs in addition to novel brominated DBPs, although several hundred compounds remain structurally uncharacterized. Our results clearly demonstrate that electrochemical and potentially direct chlorination of ballast water in estuarine and marine systems should be approached with caution and the concentrations, fate, and toxicity of DBP need to be further characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gonsior
- †Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, United States
| | - Carys Mitchelmore
- †Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, United States
| | - Andrew Heyes
- †Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, United States
| | - Mourad Harir
- ‡Helmholtz Zentrum München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susan D Richardson
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - William Tyler Petty
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - David A Wright
- †Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688, United States
- ⊥Environmental Research Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- ‡Helmholtz Zentrum München, Analytical BioGeoChemistry, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- ∥Technische Universität München, Analytical Food Chemistry, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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81
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Yang L, Hur J, Zhuang W. Occurrence and behaviors of fluorescence EEM-PARAFAC components in drinking water and wastewater treatment systems and their applications: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:6500-10. [PMID: 25854204 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence excitation emission matrices-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) is a powerful tool for characterizing dissolved organic matter (DOM), and it is applied in a rapidly growing number of studies on drinking water and wastewater treatments. This paper presents an overview of recent findings about the occurrence and behavior of PARAFAC components in drinking water and wastewater treatments, as well as their feasibility for assessing the treatment performance and water quality including disinfection by-product formation potentials (DBPs FPs). A variety of humic-like, protein-like, and unique (e.g., pyrene-like) fluorescent components have been identified, providing valuable insights into the chemical composition of DOM and the effects of various treatment processes in engineered systems. Coagulation/flocculation-clarification preferentially removes humic-like components, and additional treatments such as biological activated carbon filtration, anion exchange, and UV irradiation can further remove DOM from drinking water. In contrast, biological treatments are more effective for protein-like components in wastewater treatments. PARAFAC components have been proven to be valuable as surrogates for conventional water quality parameter, to track the changes of organic matter quantity and quality in drinking water and wastewater treatments. They are also feasible for assessing formations of trihalomethanes and other DBPs and evaluating treatment system performance. Further studies of EEM-PARAFAC for assessing the effects of the raw water quality and variable treatment conditions on the removal of DOM, and the formation potentials of various emerging DBPs, are essential for optimizing the treatment processes to ensure treated water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yang
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea
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82
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Alexandrou LD, Spencer MJS, Morrison PD, Meehan BJ, Jones OAH. Micro versus macro solid phase extraction for monitoring water contaminants: a preliminary study using trihalomethanes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 512-513:210-214. [PMID: 25625633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase extraction is one of the most commonly used pre-concentration and cleanup steps in environmental science. However, traditional methods need electrically powered pumps, can use large volumes of solvent (if multiple samples are run), and require several hours to filter a sample. Additionally, if the cartridge is open to the air volatile compounds may be lost and sample integrity compromised. In contrast, micro cartridge based solid phase extraction can be completed in less than 2 min by hand, uses only microlitres of solvent and provides comparable concentration factors to established methods. It is also an enclosed system so volatile components are not lost. The sample can also be eluted directly into a detector (e.g. a mass spectrometer) if required. However, the technology is new and has not been much used for environmental analysis. In this study we compare traditional (macro) and the new micro solid phase extraction for the analysis of four common volatile trihalomethanes (trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and tribromomethane). The results demonstrate that micro solid phase extraction is faster and cheaper than traditional methods with similar recovery rates for the target compounds. This method shows potential for further development in a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydon D Alexandrou
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Michelle J S Spencer
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Paul D Morrison
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Barry J Meehan
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Oliver A H Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
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83
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Sharma VK, Zboril R, Varma RS. Ferrates: greener oxidants with multimodal action in water treatment technologies. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:182-91. [PMID: 25668700 DOI: 10.1021/ar5004219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: One of the biggest challenges for humanity in the 21st century is easy access to purified and potable water. The presence of pathogens and toxins in water causes more than two million deaths annually, mostly among children under the age of five. Identifying and deploying effective and sustainable water treatment technologies is critical to meet the urgent need for clean water globally. Among the various agents used in the purification and treatment of water, iron-based materials have garnered particular attention in view of their special attributes such as their earth-abundant and environmentally friendly nature. In recent years, higher-valent tetraoxy iron(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-), Fe(VI)), commonly termed, ferrate, is being explored for a broad portfolio of applications, including a greener oxidant in synthetic organic transformations, a water oxidation catalyst, and an efficient agent for abatement of pollutants in water. The use of Fe(VI) as an oxidant/disinfectant and further utilization of the ensuing iron(III) oxides/hydroxide as coagulants are other additional attributes of ferrate for water treatment. This multimodal action and environmentally benign character of Fe(VI) are key advantages over other commonly used oxidants (e.g., chlorine, chlorine dioxide, permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone). This Account discusses current state-of-the-art applications of Fe(VI) and the associated unique chemistry of these high-valence states of iron. The main focus centers around the description and salient properties of ferrate species involving various electron transfer and oxygen-atom transfer pathways in terms of presently accepted mechanisms. The mechanisms derive the number of electron equivalents per Fe(VI) (i.e., oxidation capacity) in treating various contaminants. The role of pH in the kinetics of the reactions and in determining the removal efficiency of pollutants is highlighted; the rates of competing reactions of Fe(VI) with itself, water, and the contaminants, which are highly pH dependent, determine the optimum pH range of maximum efficacy. The main emphasis of this account is placed on cases where various modes of ferrate action are utilized, including the treatment of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing waste products, antibiotics, viruses, bacteria, arsenic, and heavy metals. For example, the oxidative degradation of N- and S-bearing contaminants by Fe(VI) yields either Fe(II) or Fe(III) via the intermediacy of Fe(IV) and Fe(V) species, respectively (e.g., Fe(VI) → Fe(IV) → Fe(II) and Fe(VI) → Fe(V) → Fe(III)). Oxidative transformations of antibiotics such as trimethoprim by Fe(VI) generate products with no residual antibiotic activity. Disinfection and inactivation of bacteria and viruses can easily be achieved by Fe(VI). Advanced applications involve the use of ferrate for the degradation of cyanobacteria and microcystin originating from algal blooms and for covalently embedding arsenic and heavy metals into the structure of formed magnetic iron(III) oxides, therefore preventing their leaching. Applications of state-of-the-art analytical techniques, namely, in situ Mössbauer spectroscopy, rapid-freeze electron paramagnetic resonance, nuclear forward scattering of synchrotron radiation, and mass spectrometry will enhance the mechanistic understanding of ferrate species. This will make it possible to unlock the true potential of ferrates for degrading emerging toxins and pollutants, and in the sustainable production and use of nanomaterials in an energy-conserving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K. Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Radek Zboril
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical
Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Sustainable
Technology Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
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84
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Yang L, Kim D, Uzun H, Karanfil T, Hur J. Assessing trihalomethanes (THMs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation potentials in drinking water treatment plants using fluorescence spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 121:84-91. [PMID: 25475970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is a major challenge in drinking water treatments. This study explored the applicability of fluorescence excitation-emission matrices and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) for assessing the formation potentials (FPs) of trihalomethanes (THMs) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and the treatability of THM and NDMA precursors in nine drinking water treatment plants. Two humic-like and one tryptophan-like components were identified for the samples using PARAFAC. The total THM FP (TTHM FP) correlated strongly with humic-like component C2 (r=0.874), while NDMA FP showed a moderate and significant correlation with the tryptophan-like component C3 (r=0.628). The reduction by conventional treatment was more effective for C2 than C3, and for TTHM FP than NDMA FP. The treatability of DOM and TTHM FP correlated negatively with the absorption spectral slope (S275-295) and biological index (BIX) of the raw water, but it correlated positively with humification index (HIX). Our results demonstrated that PARAFAC components were valuable for assessing DBPs FP in drinking water treatments, and also that the raw water quality could affect the treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yang
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Daekyun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Habibullah Uzun
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Tanju Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Environment & Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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Wang H, Minardi CS, Badiei H, Kahen K, Jorabchi K. High-sensitivity elemental ionization for quantitative detection of halogenated compounds. Analyst 2015; 140:8177-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01958c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In-plasma oxidative reactions followed by chemical ionization in negative mode offer high-sensitivity elemental quantification of organohalogens separated by GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Kaveh Jorabchi
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
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Yates BJ, Zboril R, Sharma VK. Engineering aspects of ferrate in water and wastewater treatment - a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1603-1614. [PMID: 25320847 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.950924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is renewed interest in the tetra-oxy compound of +6 oxidation states of iron, ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)O4(2-)), commonly called ferrate. Ferrate has the potential in cleaner ("greener") technologies for water treatment and remediation processes, as it produces potentially less toxic byproducts than other treatment chemicals (e.g., chlorine). Ferrate has strong potential to oxidize a number of contaminants, including sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, estrogens, and antibiotics. This oxidation capability of ferrate combines with its efficient disinfection and coagulation properties as a multi-purpose treatment chemical in a single dose. This review focuses on the engineering aspects of ferrate use at the pilot scale to remove contaminants in and enhance physical treatment of water and wastewater. In most of the pilot-scale studies, in-line and on-line electrochemical ferrate syntheses have been applied. In this ferrate synthesis, ferrate was directly prepared in solution from an iron anode, followed by direct addition to the contaminant stream. Some older studies applied ferrate as a solid. This review presents examples of removing a range of contaminants by adding ferrate solution to the stream. Results showed that ferrate alone and in combination with additional coagulants can reduce total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and organic matter. Ferrate also oxidizes cyanide, sulfide, arsenic, phenols, anilines, and dyes and disinfects a variety of viruses and bacteria. Limitations and drawbacks of the application of ferrate in treating contaminated water on the pilot scale are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Yates
- a Energy and Environment, Battelle , Columbus , Ohio , USA
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