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Li Z, Zhou Y, Wan B, Chen Q, Huang B, Cui Y, Chung H. The impact of urbanization on air stagnation: Shenzhen as case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 664:347-362. [PMID: 30743127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most concerning consequences arising from the dramatic urbanization in cities is air stagnation and the related high concentration of air pollutants. Many studies have investigated the impact of urbanization on air stagnation, but few have systematically evaluated such impact and its spatial-temporal variances at the municipal scale. This study proposed an approach based on high-resolution urban climate simulations for evaluating the impact of urbanization on air stagnation. We took the city of Shenzhen in south-eastern China, a city that grew from a small fishing and farming village to a highly urbanized city in the past thirty years, as a compelling case study. Using the WRF/Noah LSM/SLUCM model, we simulated and evaluated the probability of 6-hourly air stagnation cases (ASCs) in 1979 and 2010 at the spatial resolution of 1-km2 to demonstrate the change over a thirty-year period. Comparison results show that urbanization worsened the problem of air stagnation in Shenzhen. The number of 6-hourly ASCs has increased by 21,700 for the entire Shenzhen, and by 11.4 on average for each grid with a 1 km2 size. A maximum increase of 458 ASCs in a grid was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yulun Zhou
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China; Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | | | - Qinxin Chen
- School of Statistics, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China; Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuanzheng Cui
- Institute of Land and Urban-rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hopun Chung
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
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Wu H, Bu X, Deng M, Chen G, Zhang G, Li X, Wang X, Liu W. A Gas Sensing Channel Composited with Pristine and Oxygen Plasma-Treated Graphene. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19030625. [PMID: 30717219 PMCID: PMC6387050 DOI: 10.3390/s19030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen plasma treatment has been reported as an effective way of improving the response of graphene gas sensors. In this work, a gas sensor based on a composite graphene channel with a layer of pristine graphene (G) at the bottom and an oxygen plasma-treated graphene (OP-G) as a covering layer was reported. The OP-G on top provided oxygen functional groups and serves as the gas molecule grippers, while the as-grown graphene beneath serves as a fast carrier transport path. Thus, the composite channel (OP-G/G) demonstrated significantly improved response in NH3 gas sensing tests compared with the pristine G channel. Moreover, the OP-G/G channel showed faster response and recovering process than the OP-G channel. Since this kind of composite channel is fabricated from chemical vapor deposited graphene and patterned with standard photolithography, the device dimension was much smaller than a gas sensor fabricated from reduced graphene oxide and it is favorable for the integration of a large number of sensing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiangrui Bu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Minming Deng
- Science and Technology on Analog Integrated Circuit Laboratory, Chongqing 401332, China.
| | - Guangbing Chen
- Science and Technology on Analog Integrated Circuit Laboratory, Chongqing 401332, China.
| | - Guohe Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xin Li
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Guangdong Shunde Xi'an Jiaotong University Academy, NO.3 Deshengdong Road, Daliang, Shunde District, Foshan 528300, China.
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Weihua Liu
- School of Microelectronics, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an 710049, China.
- Research institute of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Zhejiang), Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311215, China.
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Roberts S, Arseneault L, Barratt B, Beevers S, Danese A, Odgers CL, Moffitt TE, Reuben A, Kelly FJ, Fisher HL. Exploration of NO 2 and PM 2.5 air pollution and mental health problems using high-resolution data in London-based children from a UK longitudinal cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:8-17. [PMID: 30576995 PMCID: PMC6401205 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is a worldwide environmental health issue. Increasingly, reports suggest that poor air quality may be associated with mental health problems, but these studies often use global measures and rarely focus on early development when psychopathology commonly emerges. To address this, we combined high-resolution air pollution exposure estimates and prospectively-collected phenotypic data to explore concurrent and longitudinal associations between air pollutants of major concern in urban areas and mental health problems in childhood and adolescence. Exploratory analyses were conducted on 284 London-based children from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. Exposure to annualized PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations was estimated at address-level when children were aged 12. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder were assessed at ages 12 and 18. Psychiatric diagnoses were ascertained from interviews with the participants at age 18. We found no associations between age-12 pollution exposure and concurrent mental health problems. However, age-12 pollution estimates were significantly associated with increased odds of major depressive disorder at age 18, even after controlling for common risk factors. This study demonstrates the potential utility of incorporating high-resolution pollution estimates into large epidemiological cohorts to robustly investigate associations between air pollution and youth mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Roberts
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Barratt
- King's College London, Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK
| | - Sean Beevers
- King's College London, Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK
| | - Andrea Danese
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK,King's College London, Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK,National & Specialist CAMHS Clinic for Trauma, Anxiety and Depression, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Candice L. Odgers
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK,Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Centre for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aaron Reuben
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Centre for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frank J. Kelly
- King's College London, Environmental Research Group, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, London, UK
| | - Helen L. Fisher
- King's College London, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, 16 De Crespigny Park, SE5 8AF, London, UK,Correspondence author.
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Understanding the Association between Environmental Factors and Longevity in Hechi, China: A Drinking Water and Soil Quality Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102272. [PMID: 30332839 PMCID: PMC6210010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aging population is a big challenge all over the world. However, there are few studies to date investigating the effects of trace element and mineral levels in drinking water and soil (especially in karst areas) on longevity. This study aims to examine temporal and spatial variations in longevity in Hechi (which is recognized as a longevity city) and to investigate relationships between longevity and trace element and mineral levels in drinking water and soils in this city (the karst landscape). Population data were collected from relevant literature and four national population censuses in 1982, 1990, 2000 and 2010. Drinking water and soil samples from Hechi were collected and analyzed. The results demonstrated an obvious clustered distribution for the longevity population in Hechi that has existed stably for decades. The longevity index tended to be significantly positively correlated with H2SiO3, Ca and Fe in drinking water and significantly negatively correlated with Sr in soil, indicating that drinking water characteristics contributed significantly to the observed regional longevity. The karst landscape is responsible for abundant trace elements in underground rivers in Hechi, which are beneficial to human health when consumed as drinking water. Good quality and slightly alkaline drinking water rich in trace elements such as H2SiO3, Ca, Fe, Na, Mg and low in heavy metals such as Pb and Cd might be an important factor contributing to the longevity phenomenon in Hechi.
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Wang Y, Zu Y, Huang L, Zhang H, Wang C, Hu J. Associations between daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases and ambient fine particulate matter and ozone levels in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:754-763. [PMID: 29778811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in China has been very serious during the recent decades. However, few studies have investigated the effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3 on daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases. We examined the effects of PM2.5 and O3 on the daily outpatient visits for respiratory diseases, explored the sensitivities of different population subgroups and analyzed the relative risk (RR) of PM2.5 and O3 in different seasons in Shanghai during 2013-2016. The generalized linear model (GLM) was applied to analyze the exposure-response relationship between air pollutants (daily average PM2.5 and daily maximum 8-h average O3), and daily outpatient visits due to respiratory diseases. The sensitivities of males and females at the ages of 15-60 yr-old and 60+ yr-old to the pollutants were also studied for the whole year and for the cold and warm months, respectively. Finally, the results of the single-day lagged model were compared with that of the moving average lag model. At lag 0 day, the RR of respiratory outpatients increased by 0.37% with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Exposure to PM2.5 (RR, 1.0047, 95% CI, 1.0032-1.0062) was more sensitive for females than for males (RR, 1.0025, 95% CI, 1.0008-1.0041), and was more sensitive for the 15-60 yr-old (RR, 1.0041, 95% CI, 1.0027-1.0055) than the 60+ yr-old age group (RR, 1.0031, 95% CI, 1.0014-1.0049). O3 was not significantly associated with respiratory outpatient visits during the warm periods, but was negatively associated during the cold periods. PM2.5 was more significantly in the cold periods than that in the warm periods. The results indicated that control of PM2.5, compared to O3, in the cold periods would be more beneficial to the respiratory health in Shanghai. In addition, the single-day lagged model underestimated the relationship between PM2.5 and O3 and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases compared to the moving average lag model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yaqun Zu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 77803, LA, USA.
| | - Changhui Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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56
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Tsai SS, Tsai CY, Yang CY. Fine particulate air pollution associated with increased risk of hospital admissions for hypertension in a tropical city, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:567-575. [PMID: 29667508 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1460788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether a correlation exists between fine particles (PM2.5) levels and number of hospital admissions for hypertension in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admission frequency and ambient air pollution data were obtained for Kaohsiung for 2009-2013. A time-stratified case-crossover method was used to estimate relative risk for hospital admissions, controlling for weather, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for a 10 µg/m3 increment of PM2.5 for lags from days 0 to 6. Data showed no significant associations between PM2.5 levels and number of hypertension-related hospital admissions on warm days (>25°C). However, on cool days (<25°C), a significant positive association was found with frequency of hypertension admissions in the single-pollutant model (without adjusting for other pollutants) with a 10 µg/m3 rise in PM2.5 on day of admission (lag 0) associated with a 12% increase in number of admissions for hypertension. In the two-pollutant model, the association of PM2.5 with rate of hypertension hospitalizations remained significant after including SO2 or O3 on lag day 0. Data demonstrate that an association between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and elevated risk of hypertension-related hospital admissions may exist in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a tropical city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Shyue Tsai
- a Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Tsai
- b Department of Management , Kaohsiung Municipal Cijin Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- c Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- d Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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57
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Li X, Tang K, Jin XR, Xiang Y, Xu J, Yang LL, Wang N, Li YF, Ji AL, Zhou LX, Cai TJ. Short-term air pollution exposure is associated with hospital length of stay and hospitalization costs among inpatients with type 2 diabetes: a hospital-based study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:819-829. [PMID: 30015599 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1491912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), exerting heavy economic burden on both individuals and societies. However, there is no apparent report regarding the influence of air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) on financial burden to individuals and societies suffering from T2D. This study aimed to determine whether short-term (no more than 16 d) air pollution exposure was associated with T2D-related length of stay (LOS) and hospitalization expenses incurred by patients. This investigation examined 2840 T2D patients hospitalized from December 17, 2013 to May 31, 2016 in China. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to determine the association between short-term (no more than 16 d) ambient air pollution, LOS, and hospitalization expenses, controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, and weather conditions. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were significantly positively while nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was negatively associated with presence of T2D, LOS, and expenses. A 10-μg/m3 rise in 16-d (lag 0-15) average concentrations of SO2 and CO prior to hospitalization was correlated with a significant elevation in LOS and elevation in expenses in T2D patients. However, a 10-μg/m3 rise in 16-d average NO2 was associated with marked negative alterations in LOS and hospital costs in T2D patients. Taken together, data demonstrate that exposure to air pollutants impacts differently on LOS and hospitalization costs for T2D patients. This is the first apparent report regarding the correlation between air pollution exposure and clinical costs of T2D in China. It is of interest that air pollutants affected T2D patients differently as evidenced by LOS and clinical expenses where SO2 and CO exhibited a positive adverse relationship in contrast to NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- a Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine , Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
- b Fourth Battalion of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Kai Tang
- c Third Battalion of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Xu-Rui Jin
- b Fourth Battalion of Student Brigade , Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Ying Xiang
- a Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine , Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Jing Xu
- d Department of Endocrinology , Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- e Department of Information , Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Nan Wang
- f Medical department , Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- a Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine , Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Ai-Ling Ji
- g Department of Preventive Medicine & Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College , Chongqing , China
| | - Lai-Xin Zhou
- f Medical department , Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
| | - Tong-Jian Cai
- a Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine , Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) , Chongqing , China
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Chen CC, Yang CY. Association between fine particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for chest pain in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1269-1275. [PMID: 28956714 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1376407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study determined the association between fine particles (PM2.5) levels and hospital admissions for chest pain (CP) in Taipei, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for CP and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period 2009-2013. The relative risk of hospital admissions was estimated using a case-crossover approach, after controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For single-pollutant models (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased frequency of CP admissions was significantly associated with PM2.5 levels on warm days (>23°C), with an interquartile range rise correlated with a 15% (95% confidence interval = 11-31%) elevation in number of CP admissions. In two-pollutant models, PM2.5 remained significant after inclusion of each of the other four pollutants: sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) on warm days. Generally, no marked associations were observed between PM2.5 levels and risk of CP admissions on cool days in both single- and two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher PM2.5 concentrations enhance the risk of hospital admissions for CP on warm days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chen
- a Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung , Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- b Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- c National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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Grung M, Vikan H, Hertel-Aas T, Meland S, Thomas KV, Ranneklev S. Roads and motorized transport as major sources of priority substances? A data register study. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:1031-1047. [PMID: 28841380 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1352206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A data register study was performed in order to identify the amounts of hazardous substances in products related to motorized transport in Norway during 2012. The hazardous substances were selected from legislative investigations performed by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), European Union (EU), and Norwegian Environment Agency (NEA). Information regarding hazardous substances in 52 selected product categories associated with traffic-related activities was obtained from the Norwegian Product Register administrated by the NEA. Substances present on ECHA list of substances of very high concern (SVHC), NEA national priority list, and priority substances under the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) were given most attention, with substances from ECHA community rolling action plan (CoRAP) also included. Results showed that selected products contained a diverse range of substances that were classified as hazardous to either human or environmental health. The quantities of hazardous substances in the selected products were 120 tons (SVHC), 280 tons (Norway priority list), and 2,400 tons (WFD). It proved difficult to pinpoint these quantities only to traffic-related operations since product categories included compounds used for other activities. However, data illustrate that large quantities of hazardous substances are employed concurrent with being prioritized for reduction/elimination by national and international authorities. A list of substances with annual use in 2012 >1 ton was prepared to aid a prioritization for further actions such as substitution, phasing out, or environmental monitoring. The list contains substances that are toxic to humans, especially as adverse reproductive/carcinogenic agents, and/or pose a threat to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- a NIVA - Norwegian institute for Water Research , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hedda Vikan
- b Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Tunneling and Materials Technology , Oslo , Norway
| | - Turid Hertel-Aas
- c Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section , Oslo , Norway
| | - Sondre Meland
- c Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section , Oslo , Norway
- d Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management , Aas , Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- a NIVA - Norwegian institute for Water Research , Oslo , Norway
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Chiu HF, Weng YH, Chiu YW, Yang CY. Short-term effects of ozone air pollution on hospital admissions for myocardial infarction: A time-stratified case-crossover study in Taipei. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:251-257. [PMID: 28598271 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1321092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was a correlation between ambient ozone (O3) levels and number of hospital admissions for myocardial infarction (MI) in Taipei, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for MI and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 2006 to 2010. The relative risk (RR) of hospital admissions for MI was estimated using a time-stratified case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased RR for a number of MI admissions was significantly associated with higher O3 levels both on warm days (>23°C) and on cool days (<23°C). This observation was accompanied by an interquartile range elevation correlated with a 7% (95% CI = 2%-12%) and 17% (95% CI = 11%-25%) rise in number of MI admissions, respectively. In the two-pollutant models, no significant associations between ambient O3 concentrations and number of MI admissions were observed on warm days. However, on cool days, correlation between ambient O3 after inclusion of each of the other five pollutants, particulate matter (PM10 or PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or carbon monoxide (CO), and number of MI admissions remained significant. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient O3 increase the RR of number of hospital admissions for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Weng
- b Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics , Chang Gung, Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chiu
- c Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- d Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- e Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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Serrano HC, Köbel M, Palma-Oliveira J, Pinho P, Branquinho C. Mapping Exposure to Multi-Pollutants Using Environmental Biomonitors-A Multi-Exposure Index. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:710-718. [PMID: 28569646 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1286930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmosphere is a major pathway for transport and deposition of pollutants in the environment. In industrial areas, organic compounds are released or formed as by-products, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F's). Inorganic chemical elements, including lead and arsenic, are also part of the pollutants mixture, and even in low concentrations may potentially be toxic and carcinogenic. However, assessing the spatial pattern of their deposition is difficult due to high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Lichens have been used as biomonitors of atmospheric deposition, because these organisms encompass greater spatial detail than air monitoring stations and provide an integration of overall pollution. Based upon the ability of lichens to concentrate pollutants such as PCDD/F and chemical elements, the main objectives of this study were to develop a new semi-quantitative multi-pollutant toxicity exposure index (TEQ-like), derived from risk estimates, in an attempt to correlate several atmospheric pollutants to human exposure levels. The actual pollutant concentrations were measured in the environment, from biomonitors (organisms that integrate multi-pollutants), enabling interpolation and mapping of contaminant deposition within the region. Thus, the TEQ-like index provides a spatial representation not from absolute accumulation of the different pollutants, but from the accumulation weighted by their relative risk. The assessment of environmental human exposure to multi-pollutants through atmospheric deposition may be applied to industries to improve mitigation processes or to health stakeholders to target populations for a comprehensive risk assessment, epidemiological studies, and health recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Serrano
- a Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Melanie Köbel
- a Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Pinho
- a Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
- c Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment (CERENA ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- a Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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Oliveira M, Slezakova K, Delerue-Matos C, Pereira MDC, Morais S. Indoor air quality in preschools (3- to 5-year-old children) in the Northeast of Portugal during spring-summer season: pollutants and comfort parameters. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:740-755. [PMID: 28569620 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1286932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality at schools (elementary, primary) has been the subject of many studies; however, there are still relative few data regarding preschool (3- to 5-year-old children) environments. This investigation determined the concentrations of particulate matter (PM)2.5, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), formaldehyde, carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) as well as the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, and relative humidity (RH) in the indoor and outdoor air of two preschools situated in different geographical regions of Portugal. The indoor concentrations of TVOC, CO, O3, and CO2 were predominantly higher at the end of school day compared to early morning periods. The TVOC and CO2 concentrations were higher indoors than outdoors suggesting predominantly an indoor origin. Outdoor air infiltrations were the major contributing source of CO and O3 to indoor air in both preschools. The concentrations of all pollutants were within the limits defined by national regulations and international organizations, except for TVOC that exceeded 8-12-fold higher than the recommendation of 0.2 mg/m3 proposed by European Commission. The levels of CO2 were below the protective guideline of 2250 mg/m3 (Portuguese legislation); however, the observed ranges exceeded the Portuguese margin of tolerance (2925 mg/m3) at the end of school days, indicating the impact of occupancy rates particularly at one of the preschools. Regarding comfort parameters, temperature exerted a significant influence on O3 concentrations, while RH values were significantly correlated with TVOC levels in indoor air of preschools, particularly during the late afternoon periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oliveira
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Klara Slezakova
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal
- b LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química , Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- b LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Química , Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Simone Morais
- a REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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63
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Hettfleisch K, Bernardes LS, Carvalho MA, Pastro LDM, Vieira SE, Saldiva SRDM, Saldiva P, Francisco RPV. Short-Term Exposure to Urban Air Pollution and Influences on Placental Vascularization Indexes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:753-759. [PMID: 27384326 PMCID: PMC5381983 DOI: 10.1289/ehp300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been widely demonstrated that air pollution can affect human health and that certain pollutant gases lead to adverse obstetric outcomes, such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. OBJECTIVES We evaluated the influence of individual maternal exposure to air pollution on placental volume and vascularization evaluated in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study on low-risk pregnant women living in São Paulo, Brazil. The women carried passive personal NO2 and O3 monitors in the week preceding evaluation. We employed the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) technique using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound to evaluate placental volume and placental vascular indexes [vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), and vascularization flow index (VFI)]. We analyzed the influence of pollutant levels on log-transformed placental vascularization and volume using multiple regression models. RESULTS We evaluated 229 patients. Increased NO2 levels had a significant negative association with log of VI (p = 0.020 and beta = -0.153) and VFI (p = 0.024 and beta = -0.151). NO2 and O3 had no influence on the log of placental volume or FI. CONCLUSIONS NO2, an estimator of primary air pollutants, was significantly associated with diminished VI and VFI in the first trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisandra Stein Bernardes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
- Address correspondence to L.S. Bernardes, The Procriar Study Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 255, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, São Paulo, Brazil 05403-900. Telephone: 551126616209. E-mail:
| | - Mariana Azevedo Carvalho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and
- Address correspondence to L.S. Bernardes, The Procriar Study Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine at the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 255, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, São Paulo, Brazil 05403-900. Telephone: 551126616209. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Paulo Saldiva
- Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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van den Bosch M, Nieuwenhuijsen M. No time to lose - Green the cities now. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:343-350. [PMID: 27923587 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matilda van den Bosch
- School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, 314 - 2206 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, The University of British Columbia, 3041-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal CREAL, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Herseth JI, Volden V, Bolling AK. Particulate matter-mediated release of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vitro: Limited importance of endotoxin and organic content. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:105-119. [PMID: 28071984 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1257399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse health effects, but it is still relatively unknown which role PM sources and physicochemical properties play in the observed effects. It was postulated that PM in vitro induces release of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and that endotoxin and organic compounds present in the PM regulate this release. A contact coculture of THP-1 human leukemia monocytes and A549 human adenocarcinoma alveolar pneumocytes was exposed to PM from Traffic, Wood, Diesel, and Quartz (10-40 µg/cm2) for 12-64 h to determine release of PTX3 and VEGF. The role of endotoxin and the organic fraction in the mediator release was assessed using polymyxin B sulfate and organic extracts, respectively. Finally, antagonists were used to investigate whether the early proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α affected the PTX3 and VEGF release. All PM samples induced a time-dependent release of both PTX3 and VEGF. Traffic mediated the greatest release of PTX3, whereas Wood and Diesel were more potent inducers of VEGF. The endotoxin content did not markedly affect release of either mediator, while the organic fraction exerted no significant effect on VEGF release and limited influence on PTX3 release. In addition, the IL-1 and TNF-α agonists affected PTX3 release more strongly than VEGF release. In conclusion, the current data show a limited impact of endotoxin and organic compounds on PTX3 and VEGF release. Further, the observed differences in response patterns may point toward differential regulation of PM-mediated release of PTX3 and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Herseth
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - V Volden
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - A K Bolling
- b Department of Air Pollution and Noise , Norwegian Institute of Public Health , Oslo , Norway
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66
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Kern JK, Geier DA, Homme KG, King PG, Bjørklund G, Chirumbolo S, Geier MR. Developmental neurotoxicants and the vulnerable male brain: a systematic review of suspected neurotoxicants that disproportionally affect males. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2017. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2017-061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stiegel MA, Pleil JD, Sobus JR, Stevens T, Madden MC. Linking physiological parameters to perturbations in the human exposome: Environmental exposures modify blood pressure and lung function via inflammatory cytokine pathway. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:485-501. [PMID: 28696913 PMCID: PMC6089069 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1330578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring is an indispensable tool for evaluating the systemic effects derived from external stressors including environmental pollutants, chemicals from consumer products, and pharmaceuticals. The aim of this study was to explore consequences of environmental exposures to diesel exhaust (DE) and ozone (O3) and ultimately to interpret these parameters from the perspective of in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. In particular, the objective was to use cytokine expression at the cellular level as a biomarker for physiological systemic responses such as blood pressure and lung function at the systemic level. The values obtained could ultimately link in vivo behavior to simpler in vitro experiments where cytokines are a measured parameter. Human exposures to combinations of DE and O3 and the response correlations between forced exhaled volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), and 10 inflammatory cytokines in blood (interleukins 1β, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12p70 and 13, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were determined in 15 healthy human volunteers. Results across all exposures revealed that certain individuals displayed greater inflammatory responses compared to the group and, generally, there was more between-person variation in the responses. Evidence indicates that individuals are more stable within themselves and are more likely to exhibit responses independent of one another. Data suggest that in vitro findings may ultimately be implemented to elucidate underlying adverse outcome pathways (AOP) for linking high-throughput toxicity tests to physiological in vivo responses. Further, this investigation supports assessing subjects based upon individual responses as a complement to standard longitudinal (pre vs. post) intervention grouping strategies. Ultimately, it may become possible to predict a physiological (systemic) response based upon cellular-level (in vitro) observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Stiegel
- a Duke University Medical Center , Department of Occupational and Environmental Safety , Durham , NC , US
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- b United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab , Exposure Methods and Measurement Division , Research Triangle Park , NC , US
| | - Jon R Sobus
- b United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Lab , Exposure Methods and Measurement Division , Research Triangle Park , NC , US
| | - Tina Stevens
- c United States Environmental Protection Agency , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, Environmental Public Health Division , Chapel Hill , NC , US
| | - Michael C Madden
- c United States Environmental Protection Agency , National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, Environmental Public Health Division , Chapel Hill , NC , US
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Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Yang CY. Short-term effects of fine particulate air pollution on hospital admissions for hypertension: A time-stratified case-crossover study in Taipei. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:258-265. [PMID: 28598272 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1321095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was a correlation between fine particle (PM2.5) levels and hospital admissions for hypertension in Taipei, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for hypertension and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period from 2009 to 2013. The relative risk of hospital admissions was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), the risk of hospital admissions for hypertension was estimated to increase by 12% on warm days (>23°C) and 2% on cool days (<23°C), respectively. There was no indication of an association between levels of PM2.5 and risk of hospital admissions for hypertension. In two-pollutant model, PM2.5 remained nonsignificant after inclusion of any of the other air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO, or O3) both on warm and cool days, but a numerically greater response was seen on warm days. Data thus indicate that in Taipei, hospital admissions for hypertension occur as a consequence of factors not related to ambient air exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fen Chiu
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Shang-Shyue Tsai
- b Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- c Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- d Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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Greenberg N, Carel RS, Derazne E, Tiktinsky A, Tzur D, Portnov BA. Modeling long-term effects attributed to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) exposure on asthma morbidity in a nationwide cohort in Israel. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:326-337. [PMID: 28644724 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1313800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies have provided extensive documentation that acutely elevated environmental exposures contribute to chronic health problems. However, only attention has been paid to the effects of modificate of exposure assessment methods in environmental health investigations, leading to uncertainty and gaps in our understanding of exposure- and dose-response relationships. The goal of the present study was to evaluate whether average or peak concentration exerts a greater influence on asthma outcome, and which of the exposure models may better explain various physiological responses generated by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) or sulfur dioxide (SO2) air pollutants. The effects of annual NO2 and SO2 exposures on asthma prevalence were determined in 137,040 17-year-old males in Israel, who underwent standard health examinations before induction to military service during 1999-2008. Three alternative models of cumulative exposure were used: arithmetic mean level (AM), average peak concentration (APC), and total number of air pollution exposure episodes (NEP). Air pollution data for NO2 and SO2 levels were linked to the residence of each subject and asthma prevalence was predicted using bivariate logistic regression. There was significant increased risk for asthma occurrence attributed to NO2 exposure in all models with the highest correlations demonstrated using the APC model. Data suggested that exposure-response is better correlated with NO2 peak concentration than with average exposure concentration in subjects with asthma. For SO2, there was a weaker but still significant exposure response association in all models. These differences may be related to differences in physiological responses including effects on different regions of the airways following exposure to these pollutants. NO2, which is poorly soluble in water, penetrates deep into the bronchial tree, producing asthmatic manifestations such as inflammation and increased mucus production as a result of high gaseous concentrations in the lung parenchyma. In contrast, SO2, which is highly water soluble, exerts its effects rapidly in the upper airways, leading to similar limited correlations at all levels of exposure with fewer asthmatic manifestations observed. These data indicate that differing exposure assessment methods may be needed to capture specific disease consequences associated with these air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Greenberg
- a School of Public Health , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
- b Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), Medical Corps , Ramat Gan Israel
| | - R S Carel
- a School of Public Health , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - E Derazne
- b Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), Medical Corps , Ramat Gan Israel
| | - A Tiktinsky
- b Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), Medical Corps , Ramat Gan Israel
| | - D Tzur
- b Israeli Defense Forces (IDF), Medical Corps , Ramat Gan Israel
| | - B A Portnov
- c Department of Natural Resources & Environment Management, Faculty of Management , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
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Miller CN, Rayalam S. The role of micronutrients in the response to ambient air pollutants: Potential mechanisms and suggestions for research design. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:38-53. [PMID: 28145849 PMCID: PMC6130895 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2016.1261746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
People living in regions of low socioeconomic status are thought to be prone to higher exposures to environmental pollutants, poor nutrition, and numerous preventable diseases and infections. Poverty correlates with pollution and malnutrition; however, limited studies examined their interrelationship. The well-studied, deleterious health effects attributed to environmental pollutants and poor nutrition may act in combination with produce more severe adverse health outcomes than any one factor alone. Deficiencies in specific nutrients render the body more susceptible to injury which may influence the pathways that serve as the mechanistic responses to ambient air pollutants. This review (1) explores specific micronutrients that are of global concern, (2) explains how these nutrients may impact the body's response to ambient air pollution, and (3) provides guidance on designing animal models of nutritional deficiency. It is likely that those individuals who reside in regions of high ambient air pollution are similarly malnourished. Therefore, it is important that research identifies specific nutrients of concern and their impact in identified regions of high ambient air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette N. Miller
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Environmental Public Health Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Suwanee, GA, USA
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Chakraborty S, Castranova V, Perez MK, Piedimonte G. Nanoparticles-induced apoptosis of human airway epithelium is mediated by proNGF/p75 NTR signaling. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:53-68. [PMID: 28140833 PMCID: PMC5597962 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1238329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and occupational exposures to respirable ultrafine fractions of particulate matter (PM) have been implicated in the initiation and exacerbation of lung diseases. However, the precise mechanisms underlying production of cell damage and death attributed to nanoparticles (NP) on human airway epithelium are not fully understood. This study examined the role of neurotrophic pathways in NP-induced airway toxicity. Size and agglomeration of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) and fine (TiO2-FP) particles were measured by dynamic light scattering. Expression and signaling of key neurotrophic factors and receptors were assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, immunostaining, and Western blot in various respiratory epithelial cells after exposure to TiO2-NP or TiO2-FP. Particle-induced cell death was measured by flow cytometry after annexin V/propidium iodide staining. The role of neurotrophin-dependent apoptotic pathways was analyzed with specific blocking antibodies or siRNAs. Exposure of human epithelial cells to TiO2-NP enhanced interleukin (IL)-1α synthesis, as well as nerve growth factor (NGF) gene expression and protein levels, specifically the precursor form (proNGF). TiO2-NP exposure also increased expression of p75NRF receptor genes. These neurotropic factor and receptor responses were stimulated by IL-1α and abolished by its specific receptor antagonist (IL-1-ra). TiO2-NP also increased JNK phosphorylation and apoptosis, which was prevented by anti-p75NRF or NGFsiRNA. Data demonstrated that TiO2-NP exerted adverse effects in the respiratory tract by inducing unbalanced overexpression of immature neurotrophins, which led to apoptotic death of epithelial cells signaled through the death receptor p75NTR. This may result in airway inflammation and hyperreactivity after exposure to TiO2-NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeparna Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Miriam K. Perez
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Giovanni Piedimonte
- Pediatric Institute and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Ohio, U.S.A
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Silveira C, Roebeling P, Lopes M, Ferreira J, Costa S, Teixeira JP, Borrego C, Miranda AI. Assessment of health benefits related to air quality improvement strategies in urban areas: An Impact Pathway Approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 183:694-702. [PMID: 27641656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is, increasingly, a concern to our society given the threats to human health and the environment. Concerted actions to improve air quality have been taken at different levels, such as through the development of Air Quality Plans (AQPs). However, air quality impacts associated with the implementation of abatement measures included in AQPs are often neglected. In order to identify the major gaps and strengths in current knowledge, a literature review has been performed on existing methodologies to estimate air pollution-related health impacts and subsequent external costs. Based on this review, the Impact Pathway Approach was adopted and applied within the context of the MAPLIA research project to assess the health impacts and benefits (or avoided external costs) derived from improvements in air quality. Seven emission abatement scenarios, based on individual and combined abatement measures, were tested for the major activity sectors (traffic, residential and industrial combustion and production processes) of a Portuguese urban area (Grande Porto) with severe particular matter (PM10) air pollution problems. Results revealed a strong positive correlation between population density and health benefits obtained from the assessed reduction scenarios. As a consequence, potential health benefits from reduction scenarios are largest in densely populated areas with high anthropic activity and, thus, where air pollution problems are most alarming. Implementation of all measures resulted in a reduction in PM10 emissions by almost 8%, improving air quality by about 1% and contributing to a benefit of 8.8 million €/year for the entire study domain. The introduction of PM10 reduction technologies in industrial units was the most beneficial abatement measure. This study intends to contribute to policy support for decision-making on air quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Silveira
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Peter Roebeling
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Myriam Lopes
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Ferreira
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Solange Costa
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - João P Teixeira
- EPIUnit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal; National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Borrego
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana I Miranda
- CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Miranda AI, Ferreira J, Silveira C, Relvas H, Duque L, Roebeling P, Lopes M, Costa S, Monteiro A, Gama C, Sá E, Borrego C, Teixeira JP. A cost-efficiency and health benefit approach to improve urban air quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:342-351. [PMID: 27348699 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When ambient air quality standards established in the EU Directive 2008/50/EC are exceeded, Member States are obliged to develop and implement Air Quality Plans (AQP) to improve air quality and health. Notwithstanding the achievements in emission reductions and air quality improvement, additional efforts need to be undertaken to improve air quality in a sustainable way - i.e. through a cost-efficiency approach. This work was developed in the scope of the recently concluded MAPLIA project "Moving from Air Pollution to Local Integrated Assessment", and focuses on the definition and assessment of emission abatement measures and their associated costs, air quality and health impacts and benefits by means of air quality modelling tools, health impact functions and cost-efficiency analysis. The MAPLIA system was applied to the Grande Porto urban area (Portugal), addressing PM10 and NOx as the most important pollutants in the region. Four different measures to reduce PM10 and NOx emissions were defined and characterized in terms of emissions and implementation costs, and combined into 15 emission scenarios, simulated by the TAPM air quality modelling tool. Air pollutant concentration fields were then used to estimate health benefits in terms of avoided costs (external costs), using dose-response health impact functions. Results revealed that, among the 15 scenarios analysed, the scenario including all 4 measures lead to a total net benefit of 0.3M€·y(-1). The largest net benefit is obtained for the scenario considering the conversion of 50% of open fire places into heat recovery wood stoves. Although the implementation costs of this measure are high, the benefits outweigh the costs. Research outcomes confirm that the MAPLIA system is useful for policy decision support on air quality improvement strategies, and could be applied to other urban areas where AQP need to be implemented and monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Miranda
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J Ferreira
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - C Silveira
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - H Relvas
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - L Duque
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - P Roebeling
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Lopes
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S Costa
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; National Institute of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Monteiro
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Gama
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Sá
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Borrego
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J P Teixeira
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; National Institute of Public Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal
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74
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Phung D, Hien TT, Linh HN, Luong LMT, Morawska L, Chu C, Binh ND, Thai PK. Air pollution and risk of respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in the most populous city in Vietnam. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:322-30. [PMID: 27016680 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has become an alarming issue in Vietnam recently; however, there was only one study so far on the effects of ambient air pollution on population health. Our study aimed to investigate the short-term effects of air pollutants including PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 on respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), the largest city in Vietnam. Data on hospitalization from the two largest hospitals in HCMC and daily records of PM10, NO2, SO2, O3 and meteorological data were collected from February 2004 to December 2007. A time-series regression analysis with distributed lag model was applied for data analysis. Changes in levels of NO2 and PM10 were strongly associated with hospital admissions for both respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (CVD); whereas levels of SO2 were only moderately associated with respiratory and CVD hospital admissions and O3 concentration was not associated with any of them. For a 10μg/m(3) increase of each air pollutant, the risk of respiratory admissions increased from 0.7% to 8% while the risk of CVD admissions increased from 0.5% to 4%. Females were found to be more sensitive than males to exposure to air pollutants in regard to respiratory diseases. In regard to CVD, females (RR, 1.04, 95% CI, 1.01-1.07) had a slightly higher risk of admissions than males (RR, 1.03, 95% CI, 1-1.06) to exposure to NO2. In contrast, males (RR, 1.007, 95%CI, 1-1.01) had a higher risk of admission than females (RR, 1.004, 95%CI, 1.001-1.007) to exposure to PM10. People in the age group of 5-65year-olds had a slightly higher risk of admissions caused by air pollutants than the elderly (65+years old) except for a significant effect of PM10 on the risk of cardiovascular admissions was found for the elderly only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - To Thi Hien
- Faculty of Environment, Ho Chi Minh University of Science, Vietnam National University, Viet Nam
| | - Ho Nhut Linh
- Faculty of Environment, Ho Chi Minh University of Science, Vietnam National University, Viet Nam
| | - Ly M T Luong
- School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Cordia Chu
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Australia
| | | | - Phong K Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality & Health, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
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75
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Lima RC, Pinto da Cunha J, Peixinho N. Light pollution: Assessment of sky glow on two dark sky regions of Portugal. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:307-319. [PMID: 27029512 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN), producing light pollution (LP), is not a matter restricted to astronomy anymore. Light is part of modern societies and, as a consequence, the natural cycle day-night (bright-dark) has been interrupted in a large segment of the global population. There is increasing evidence that exposure to certain types of light at night and beyond threshold levels may produce hazardous effects to humans and the environment. The concept of "dark skies reserves" is a step forward in order to preserve the night sky and a means of enhancing public awareness of the problem of spread of light pollution worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the skyglow at two sites in Portugal, the Peneda-Gerês National Park (PNPG) and the region now known as Dark Sky Alqueva Reserve. The latter site was classified as a "Starlight Tourism Destination" by the Starlight Foundation (the first in the world to achieve this classification) following a series of night sky measurements in situ described herein. The measurements at PNPG also contributed to the new set of regulations concerning light pollution at this national park. This study presents the first in situ systematic measurements of night sky brightness, showing that at the two sites the skies are mostly in levels 3 to 4 of the Bortle 9-level scale (with level 1 being the best achievable). The results indicate that the sources of light pollution and skyglow can be attributed predominantly to contamination from nearby urban regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Cerveira Lima
- a Physics , School of Allied Health Technologies of the Polytechnic Institute of Porto , Portugal
- b CITEUC, Centre for Earth and Space Science Research of the University of Coimbra, Observatório Astronómico da Universidade de Coimbra
| | | | - Nuno Peixinho
- b CITEUC, Centre for Earth and Space Science Research of the University of Coimbra, Observatório Astronómico da Universidade de Coimbra
- d Unidad de Astronomía, Fac. Cs. Básicas , Universidad de Antofagasta , Chile
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76
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Ferraz ERA, Rainho CR, Fernandes AS, Felzenszwalb I. Differential toxicity of an organic PM2.5 extract to human lung cells cultured in three dimensions (3D) and monolayers. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:221-231. [PMID: 26932779 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1143902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have associated PM2.5 (particulate matter, aerodynamic diameter 2.5 µm) exposure with an increase in morbidity and mortality attributed to cardiopulmonary diseases. Based upon these observations and the growing effort to replace the use of animals in research, in vitro A549 cells cultured in three dimensions (3D), an alternative method to the use of animals, as well as monolayers were investigated to examine whether organic PM2.5 extract induced equivalent cytotoxic changes in vitro as compared to in vivo. PM2.5 was collected on Brazil Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from November 2010 to May 2011, except March, and analyzed for the ability to induce cytotoxicity in A549 cells using various established assays. Samples collected in all months significantly decreased viability of A549 cells using both types of cell death assays, and those collected in November showed lower cytotoxicity. It is worthwhile noting that for samples collected in all months except for April, PM2.5 induced greater toxicity in cells grown in monolayers than in 3D. Data demonstrated that cell behavior varied based upon type of culture system employed. Since the 3D cell culture mimics the architecture of in vivo tissue to a greater extent than monolayers, it is suggested that data from 3D studies resemble more closely human exposure conditions and thus may provide more reliable findings to be utilized in risk assessment following PM exposure than results obtained in traditional culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Raquel A Ferraz
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
- b School of Pharmacy, Fluminense Federal University , Niteroi , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Claudia R Rainho
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Andreia S Fernandes
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Israel Felzenszwalb
- a Laboratory of Environmental Mutagenesis, Department of Biophysics and Biometry , University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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77
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Prasad A, Gray CB, Ross A, Kano M. Metrics in Urban Health: Current Developments and Future Prospects. Annu Rev Public Health 2016; 37:113-33. [PMID: 26789382 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The research community has shown increasing interest in developing and using metrics to determine the relationships between urban living and health. In particular, we have seen a recent exponential increase in efforts aiming to investigate and apply metrics for urban health, especially the health impacts of the social and built environments as well as air pollution. A greater recognition of the need to investigate the impacts and trends of health inequities is also evident through more recent literature. Data availability and accuracy have improved through new affordable technologies for mapping, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing. However, less research has been conducted in low- and middle-income countries where quality data are not always available, and capacity for analyzing available data may be limited. For this increased interest in research and development of metrics to be meaningful, the best available evidence must be accessible to decision makers to improve health impacts through urban policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Prasad
- Center for Health Development, World Health Organization (WHO), Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073, Japan; , , ,
| | - Chelsea Bettina Gray
- Center for Health Development, World Health Organization (WHO), Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073, Japan; , , ,
| | - Alex Ross
- Center for Health Development, World Health Organization (WHO), Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073, Japan; , , ,
| | - Megumi Kano
- Center for Health Development, World Health Organization (WHO), Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073, Japan; , , ,
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78
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Zhang C, Meng Q, Zhang X, Wu S, Wang S, Chen R, Li X. Role of astrocyte activation in fine particulate matter-enhancement of existing ischemic stroke in Sprague-Dawley male rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:393-401. [PMID: 27267821 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1176615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke, but potential neurotoxic mechanisms remain to be determined. In this study, adult male Sprague- Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups as follows: control (CON), PM2.5 exposure (PM alone), ischemic stroke (IS), and ischemic stroke and PM2.5 (IS-PM). Ischemic stroke groups were prepared by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and neurobehavior was assessed daily for 7 consecutive days. The control group was administered intranasally 20 μl PBS, while PM2.5 alone was given as 20 μl of PM2.5 (10 mg/ml) intranasal daily for 7 consecutive days. The spontaneous locomotion and exploratory behavior of rats were assessed by the open field test. Cells positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were determined for astrocyte activation and inflammatory reactions. Neuronal edema and pyknosis in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and midbrain were observed in IS groups with or without PM2.5 treatment. Astrocyte activity was enhanced, whereas spontaneous locomotion and exploratory movements decreased in the IS-PM group. Data demonstrated that astrocytes activation and inflammatory reactions may play a role in IS and that exposure to PM2.5 may aggravate the neurobehavioral alterations observed in rats suffering from IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qingtao Meng
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xin Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Shenshen Wu
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Shizhi Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Rui Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- a Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health , Southeast University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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Stojić SS, Stanišić N, Stojić A, Šoštarić A. Single and combined effects of air pollutants on circulatory and respiratory system-related mortality in Belgrade, Serbia. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:17-27. [PMID: 26699658 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between short- and long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and soot and mortality attributed to circulatory and respiratory diseases in Belgrade area (Serbia). The analyzed data set comprised results of regular pollutant monitoring and corresponding administrative records on frequency of daily mortality in the period 2009-2014. Nonlinear exposure-response dependencies and delayed effects of temperature were examined by means of distributed lag nonlinear models. The air pollutant loadings and circulatory system-related death rates in Belgrade area are among the highest in Europe. Data demonstrated that excess risk of death with short-term exposure to elevated concentrations of PM10, SO2, and soot was not significant, whereas marked effect size estimates for exposure over 90 d preceding mortality were found. The influence of chronic exposure was shown to be greater for respiratory than circulatory system-related mortality. When stratified by age and gender, higher risk was noted for male individuals below the age of 65 years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreja Stojić
- c Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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80
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Chen CC, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Air pollution exposure and daily clinical visits for allergic rhinitis in a subtropical city: Taipei, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:494-501. [PMID: 27294298 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1182002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between air pollutant level exposure and daily clinic visits for allergic rhinitis (AR) in Taipei, Taiwan. Daily clinic visits for AR and ambient air pollution data for Taipei were obtained for the period of 2006-2011. The relative risk for clinic visits for AR was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. In the single-pollutant models, on warm days (>23ºC) significant positive associations were found for increased rate of AR occurrence and ambient levels of particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3). On cool days (<23ºC), all air pollutants were significantly associated with elevated number of AR visits except SO2. For the two-pollutant models, PM10, O3, and NO2 were significantly associated with higher rate of AR visits in combination with each of the other four pollutants on cool days. On warm days, CO levels remained significantly related with increased AR visits in all two-pollutant models. This study provides evidence that higher levels of ambient air contaminants enhance the risk of elevated frequency of clinic visits for AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Cheng Chen
- a Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- b Chang-Gung University, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fen Chiu
- c Department of Pharmacology , College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- d Faculty of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- e Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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81
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Yi J, LeBouf RF, Duling MG, Nurkiewicz T, Chen BT, Schwegler-Berry D, Virji MA, Stefaniak AB. Emission of particulate matter from a desktop three-dimensional (3D) printer. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:453-65. [PMID: 27196745 PMCID: PMC4917922 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1166467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are becoming commonplace in business offices, public libraries, university labs and classrooms, and even private homes; however, these settings are generally not designed for exposure control. Prior experience with a variety of office equipment devices such as laser printers that emit ultrafine particles (UFP) suggests the need to characterize 3D printer emissions to enable reliable risk assessment. The aim of this study was to examine factors that influence particulate emissions from 3D printers and characterize their physical properties to inform risk assessment. Emissions were evaluated in a 0.5-m(3) chamber and in a small room (32.7 m(3)) using real-time instrumentation to measure particle number, size distribution, mass, and surface area. Factors evaluated included filament composition and color, as well as the manufacturer-provided printer emissions control technologies while printing an object. Filament type significantly influenced emissions, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) emitting larger particles than polylactic acid (PLA), which may have been the result of agglomeration. Geometric mean particle sizes and total particle (TP) number and mass emissions differed significantly among colors of a given filament type. Use of a cover on the printer reduced TP emissions by a factor of 2. Lung deposition calculations indicated a threefold higher PLA particle deposition in alveoli compared to ABS. Desktop 3D printers emit high levels of UFP, which are released into indoor environments where adequate ventilation may not be present to control emissions. Emissions in nonindustrial settings need to be reduced through the use of a hierarchy of controls, beginning with device design, followed by engineering controls (ventilation) and administrative controls such as choice of filament composition and color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Yi
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan F. LeBouf
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Matthew G. Duling
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Timothy Nurkiewicz
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Bean T. Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- CONTACT Aleksandr B. Stefaniak, PhD, CIH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Respiratory Health Division, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV26505, USA
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82
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Greenberg N, Carel RS, Derazne E, Bibi H, Shpriz M, Tzur D, Portnov BA. Different effects of long-term exposures to SO2 and NO2 air pollutants on asthma severity in young adults. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:342-51. [PMID: 27092440 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1153548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrated that exposure to ambient air pollutants contributes to severity and frequency of asthma exacerbations. However, whether common air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), exert differential effects on asthma occurrence and severity is unclear. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether exposure to NO2 and/or SO2 may initiate different long-term effects on prevalence and severity of asthma in young adults. Medical records of 137,040 males, 17 years old, who underwent standard premilitary service health examinations during 1999-2008 were examined. Air-pollution data for NO2 and SO2 were linked to the place of residence of each subject. The influence of specific air pollutants on asthma prevalence and severity was evaluated using bivariate logistic regression, controlling for individuals' sociodemographic attributes. For both ambient air pollutants, there was a significant dose-response effect on severity of asthma at ambient concentrations below the current National Ambient Air Quality Standards. However, in residential areas with high levels of SO2 (13.3-592.7µg/m(3)) and high levels of NO2 (27.2-43.2µg/m(3)) the risk of asthma occurrence was significantly higher than that in residential areas with high levels of NO2 (27.2-43.2 µg/m(3)) and intermediate levels (6.7-13.3 µg/m(3)) of SO2 pollution. The effects of exposure to SO2 and NO2 air pollutants on the respiratory airways system appear to differ, with possible implications regarding medical management, even in cases of exposure to mixtures of these pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Greenberg
- a School of Public Health, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
- b Israel Defense Forces , Medical Corps Headquarters , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - Rafael S Carel
- a School of Public Health, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Estela Derazne
- b Israel Defense Forces , Medical Corps Headquarters , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - Haim Bibi
- c Pediatric Department, Barzilai Medical Center , Ben Gurion University of the Negev , Ashkelon , Israel
| | - Manor Shpriz
- b Israel Defense Forces , Medical Corps Headquarters , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - Dorit Tzur
- b Israel Defense Forces , Medical Corps Headquarters , Ramat-Gan , Israel
| | - Boris A Portnov
- d Department of Natural Resources and Environment Management , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
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83
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Tsai SS, Weng YH, Chiu YW, Yang CY. Short-Term Effect of Coarse Particles on Daily Mortality Rate in A Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1409-1420. [PMID: 26580668 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1093674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many studies examined the short-term effects of air pollution on frequency of daily mortality over the past two decades. However, information on the relationship between exposure to levels of coarse particles (PM(2.5-10)) and daily mortality rate is relatively sparse due to limited availability of monitoring data and findings are inconsistent. This study was undertaken to determine whether an association exists between PM(2.5-10) levels and rate of daily mortality in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, a large industrial city with a tropical climate. Daily mortality rate, air pollution parameters, and weather data for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 2006-2008. The relative risk (RR) of daily mortality occurrence was estimated using a time-stratified case-crossover approach, controlling for (1) weather variables, (2) day of the week, (3) seasonality, and (4) long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model without adjustment for other pollutants, PM(2.5-10) exposure levels showed significant correlation with total mortality rate both on warm and cool days, with an interquartile range increase associated with a 14% (95% CI = 5-23%) and 12% (95% CI = 5-20%) rise in number of total deaths, respectively. In two-pollutant models, PM(2.5-10) exerted significant influence on total mortality frequency after inclusion of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) on warm days. On cool days, PM(2.5-10) induced significant elevation in total mortality rate when SO(2) or ozone (O(3)) was added in the regression model. There was no apparent indication of an association between PM(2.5-10) exposure and deaths attributed to respiratory and circulatory diseases. This study provided evidence of correlation between short-term exposure to PM(2.5-10) and increased risk of death for all causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Shyue Tsai
- a Department of Healthcare Administration , I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Weng
- b Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chiu
- c Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- d Department of Public Health , College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- e Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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84
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Prueitt RL, Cohen JM, Goodman JE. Evaluation of atherosclerosis as a potential mode of action for cardiovascular effects of particulate matter. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:S1-15. [PMID: 26474868 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology studies have consistently reported associations between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality, but the epidemiology evidence for associations between PM2.5 and subclinical measures of atherosclerosis is unclear. We critically reviewed the experimental studies of PM2.5 and effects associated with acceleration and exacerbation of atherosclerosis and evaluated whether they support a biologically plausible, human-relevant mode of action (MoA) for the associations between PM2.5 exposure and adverse CV outcomes reported in epidemiology studies. We focused on outcomes related to atherosclerotic plaque development, thrombosis, and coagulation, and we examined whether these outcomes were correlated with measures of oxidative stress and systemic or pulmonary inflammation, to evaluate whether these processes are likely to be key early events for atherogenic effects of PM. While the current experimental evidence indicates that the acceleration and exacerbation of atherosclerosis is a biologically plausible MoA in experimental animal models, we found that the human relevance of the key events in the proposed MoA is unclear and not well supported by the existing data. Further studies are needed to fill several important data gaps before the human relevance of this MoA can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn L Prueitt
- Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Joel M Cohen
- Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Suite 1900, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
| | - Julie E Goodman
- Gradient, 20 University Road, Suite 5, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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85
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Cheng MH, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Coarse Particulate Air Pollution Associated with Increased Risk of Hospital Admissions for Respiratory Diseases in a Tropical City, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13053-68. [PMID: 26501308 PMCID: PMC4627016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121013053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between coarse particles (PM₂.₅-₁₀) levels and frequency of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RD) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for RD including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and pneumonia, and ambient air pollution data levels for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period from 2006 to 2010. The relative risk of hospital admissions for RD was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased rate of admissions for RD were significantly associated with higher coarse PM levels only on cool days (<25 °C), with a 10 µg/m³ elevation in PM₂.₅-₁₀ concentrations associated with a 3% (95% CI = 1%-5%) rise in COPD admissions, 4% (95% CI = 1%-7%) increase in asthma admissions, and 3% (95% CI = 2%-4%) rise in pneumonia admissions. No significant associations were found between coarse particle levels and the number of hospital admissions for RD on warm days. In the two-pollutant models, PM₂.₅-₁₀ levels remained significantly correlated with higher rate of RD admissions even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM₂.₅-₁₀ enhance the risk of hospital admissions for RD on cool days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Fen Chiu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaol 350, Taiwan.
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86
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Marino E, Caruso M, Campagna D, Polosa R. Impact of air quality on lung health: myth or reality? Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015; 6:286-98. [PMID: 26336597 DOI: 10.1177/2040622315587256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory system is a primary target of the harmful effects of key air pollutants of health concern. Several air pollutants have been implicated including particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It is well known that episodes of exposure to high concentrations of outdoor air pollutants can cause acute respiratory exacerbations. However, there is now increasing evidence suggesting that significant exposure to outdoor air pollutants may be also associated with development of lung cancer and with incident cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and respiratory allergies. Here we provide a critical appraisal of the impact of air pollution on respiratory diseases and discuss strategies for preventing excessive exposure to harmful air pollutants. However, the evidence that significant exposure to air pollutants is causing COPD, lung cancer or respiratory allergies is not conclusive and therefore regulators must be aware that execution of clean air policies may not be that cost-effective and may lead to unintended consequences. Addressing the lung health effects of air pollution must be considered work in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Marino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, and UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, and UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Campagna
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, and UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Università di Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- UOC di Medicina Interna e Immunologia Clinica, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95100, Catania, Italy
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87
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de Broucker V, Hulo S, Cherot-Kornobis N, Sobaszek A, Edme JL. Increased Levels of 8-Isoprostane in EBC of NO2-Exposed Rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:666-670. [PMID: 26039744 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1023915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have shown the impact on respiratory health of pollution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10), and ozone (O3) as an environmental mixture. However, the influence of individual components of airborne pollutants is less well known. Our study examined the cumulative effects of a single pollutant, NO2, on sensitized rats by measurement of isoprostane release in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Three groups of six rats were used: (1) controls (only exposed to air), (2) sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin and exposed to air, and (3) sensitized, challenged by ovalbumin, and exposed to NO(2). There was no marked change in 8-isoprostane levels in EBC of sensitized rats, whereas a significant increase of 8-isoprostane was found in rats sensitized and exposed to NO2. Data indicate effect of exposure to NO2 is evident as increased 8-isoprostane levels in EBC, a relevant marker for assessment of pulmonary inflammation or oxidant stress and conventionally found in EBC of asthmatic subjects.
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88
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Xiong Q, Ru Q, Chen L, Yue K, Tian X, Ma B, Liu L, Wu R, Xu C, Pi M, Li C. Combined effects of fine particulate matter and lipopolysaccharide on apoptotic responses in NR8383 macrophages. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:443-452. [PMID: 25785558 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.993490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are the predominant lung cells responsible for both ingestion and clearance of inhaled particulate matter (PM). The aims of this study were (1) to examine effects of fine PM on rat NR8383 cell line apoptosis, and (2) to determine whether NR8383 cell functions are further affected when exposed to fine PM in the presence of inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Standard Reference Material 2786 (SRM 2786) for fine PM was used to measure the following parameters: cytotoxicity, apoptotic rate, Bax/Bcl-2 expression, nitric oxide (NO) production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in NR8383 cells. Data showed that SRM 2786 alone induced damage and apoptosis in NR8383 cells in a concentration-dependent manner as demonstrated by significant decrease in expression of Bcl-2 and increase in expression of Bax, suggesting fine PM might trigger apoptosis involving a mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. In addition, there was elevated production of free radicals, such as NO and ROS, suggesting oxidative stress plays a role in the observed apoptotic responses. Further, LPS pretreatment enhanced apoptosis of NR8383 cells induced by SRM 2786. Consequently, data indicate that SRM 2786 triggered cell apoptosis in NR8383 cells, probably by mechanisms involving oxidative stress, as evidenced by elevated NO and ROS levels, while the degree of apoptosis was further aggravated by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- a Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University , Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone , Wuhan , P. R. China
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89
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Chen YC, Weng YH, Chiu YW, Yang CY. Short-Term Effects of Coarse Particulate Matter on Hospital Admissions for Cardiovascular Diseases: A Case-Crossover Study in a Tropical City. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2015; 78:1241-53. [PMID: 26408041 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1083520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether there was an association between coarse particles (PM2.5-10) levels and frequency of hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Hospital admissions for CVD, including ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, congestive heart failure (CHF), and arrhythmias, and ambient air pollution data levels for Kaohsiung were obtained for the period 2006-2010. The relative risk of hospital admissions for CVD was estimated using a case-crossover approach, controlling for weather variables, day of the week, seasonality, and long-term time trends. For the single-pollutant model (without adjustment for other pollutants), increased rates of admissions for CVD were significantly associated with higher coarse PM levels only on cool days (< 25°C), with a 10-μg/m(3) elevation in PM2.5-10 concentrations associated with a 3% (95% CI = 2-4%) rise in IHD admissions, 5% (95% CI = 4-6%) increase in stroke admissions, 3% (95% CI = 1-6%) elevation in CHF admissions, and 3% (95% CI = 0-6%) rise in arrhythmias admissions. No significant associations were found between coarse particle levels and number of hospital admissions for CVD on warm days. In the two-pollutant models, PM2.5-10 levels remained significantly correlated with higher rate of CVD admissions even controlling for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, or ozone on cool days. Compared to the effect estimate associated with a 10-μg/m(3) increase in PM2.5 levels, effect estimates of frequency of CVD-related admissions associated with a 10-μg/m(3) rise in coarse PM levels were weaker. This study provides evidence that higher levels of PM2.5-10 enhance the risk of hospital admissions for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Chen
- a Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Weng
- b Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chiu
- c Master Program in Global Health and Development, College of Public Health and Nutrition , Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- d Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, and Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine , National Health Research Institute , Miaoli , Taiwan
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90
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Shi Y, Tan S, Li S, Zhao J, Xia Y, Lv B, Li W. Inhibitory effect of SO2 on side reactions of NH3-SCR over olivine. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy01683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of SO2 on side reactions of NH3-SCR over olivine was thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Shan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Sujing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jingkai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yinfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Bihong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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