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Mooi-Reci I, Trinh TA, Vera-Toscano E, Wooden M. The impact of lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility intentions. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 48:101214. [PMID: 36565491 PMCID: PMC9762099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2022.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lockdown edicts during the COVID-19 pandemic have led to concerns about consequences for childbirth plans and decisions. Robust empirical research to either refute or confirm these concerns, however, is lacking. To evaluate the causal impact of lockdowns on fertility, we exploited a large sample of Australians (aged 18-45) from a nationally representative household panel survey and leveraged variation from a unique natural experiment that occurred in Australia in 2020: a lockdown imposed in the state of Victoria, but not elsewhere in Australia. Difference-in-differences models were estimated comparing changes in fertility intentions of persons who resided in Victoria during lockdown, or within four weeks of the lockdown being lifted, and those living elsewhere in Australia. Results revealed a significantly larger decline in reported intentions of having another child among women who lived through the protracted lockdown. The average effect was small, with fertility intentions estimated to fall by between 2.8% and 4.3% of the pre-pandemic mean. This negative effect was, however, more pronounced among those aged over 35 years, the less educated, and those employed on fixed-term contracts. Impacts on men's fertility intentions were generally negligible, but with a notable exception being Indigenous Australians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Mooi-Reci
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Trong-Anh Trinh
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Esperanza Vera-Toscano
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Mark Wooden
- Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Knuutila MT, Rautiainen L, Lehti TE, Karppinen H, Kautiainen H, Strandberg TE, Öhman H, Savikko NM, Jansson AH, Pitkälä KH. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older People's Loneliness: Findings from a Longitudinal Study between 2019 and 2021 among Older Home-Dwellers in Finland. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:619-625. [PMID: 37702334 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1949-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the change in feelings of loneliness among Finnish community-dwelling older people from before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 to during the pandemic in 2021. Moreover, we explore the changes in other dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB) during the study period. DESIGN Questionnaires were mailed in the 2019 Helsinki Aging Study, a repeated cohort study. A follow-up interview was carried on over the telephone during the year 2021. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A random sample of 2,917 home-dwelling older people aged 75-104 years residing in Helsinki, Finland were mailed the questionnaire. Altogether 898 participated in the follow-up. MEASUREMENTS Loneliness was measured using a single item question "Do you suffer from loneliness?". Other items of psychological well-being were measured: "Are you satisfied with your life?" (yes/no), "Do you feel useful?" (yes/no), "Do you have a zest for life?" (yes/no),"Do you have plans for the future?" (yes/no), and "Do you feel depressed?"("rarely or never"/ "sometimes"/ "often or always"). RESULTS Altogether 898 people participated both in 2019 and 2021. The subjects' mean age was 83 years and 66% were women. Between 2019 and 2021, the prevalence of experienced loneliness increased among older home-dwellers from 26% to 30%. During two years of the pandemic feelings of loneliness (RR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.46) and depression (RR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.67) increased even adjusted with various confounders. CONCLUSION Considering the impact loneliness has on health and well-being, the finding of increased feelings of loneliness among older people is alarming. Actions to combat loneliness need to be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Knuutila
- Mia Knuutila, Tammisalontie 20 as 4, 00830 Helsinki, Finland, , ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5220-103X
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Lepinteur A, Clark AE, Ferrer-I-Carbonell A, Piper A, Schröder C, D'Ambrosio C. Gender, loneliness and happiness during COVID-19. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS 2022; 101:101952. [PMID: 36339351 PMCID: PMC9617673 DOI: 10.1016/j.socec.2022.101952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We analyse a measure of loneliness from a representative sample of German individuals interviewed in both 2017 and at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Both men and women felt lonelier during the COVID-19 pandemic than they did in 2017. The pandemic more than doubled the gender loneliness gap: women were lonelier than men in 2017, and the 2017-2020 rise in loneliness was far larger for women. This rise is mirrored in life-satisfaction scores. Men's life satisfaction changed only little between 2017 and 2020; yet that of women fell dramatically, and sufficiently so to produce a female penalty in life satisfaction. We estimate that almost all of this female penalty is explained by the disproportionate rise in loneliness for women during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lepinteur
- University of Luxembourg, 11 Porte des Sciences, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4366, Luxembourg
| | - Andrew E Clark
- University of Luxembourg, 11 Porte des Sciences, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4366, Luxembourg
- Paris School of Economics - CNRS and University of Luxembourg, 48 Boulevard Jourdan, Paris 75014, France
| | - Ada Ferrer-I-Carbonell
- IAE-CSIC and Barcelona School of Economics, C/ de Ramon Trias Fargas, 25-27, Barcelona 08005, Spain
| | - Alan Piper
- Economics Department, Leeds University Business School, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Conchita D'Ambrosio
- University of Luxembourg, 11 Porte des Sciences, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4366, Luxembourg
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Gustafsson PE, Fonseca-Rodríguez O, Nilsson I, San Sebastián M. Intersectional inequalities in loneliness among older adults before and during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: A total population survey in the Swedish eldercare setting. Soc Sci Med 2022; 314:115447. [PMID: 36288648 PMCID: PMC9556960 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness among older adults is a public health problem that has received particular attention since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies to date have however found a rather modest psychosocial impact of the pandemic on older adults, and scarce research has analyzed this impact using a comprehensive equity lens. The present study used an intersectional approach to examine social inequalities in loneliness before and during the early phase of the pandemic among older adults receiving eldercare in Sweden. The study population (analytical N = 205,529) came from two waves (2019 and 2020) of a total population survey to all older adult (>65 years of age) home care recipients and nursing home residents in Sweden. Loneliness was self-reported by a single-item measure, and survey data were linked to population register data on age, gender, residential setting, income, and country of birth. Additive binomial regression models were used to estimate prevalence differences and discriminatory accuracy according to an analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (AIHDA) approach. Results showed inequalities in loneliness arising particularly in the intersection of country of birth, income, and residential setting. The inequalities widened slightly but ubiquitously following the emergence of the pandemic in 2020, with particularly nursing home residents emerging as a risk group. The discriminatory accuracy of inequalities was consistently low to moderate throughout the analyses but increased marginally during the pandemic in 2020. The study illustrates how social inequalities engenders heterogeneity in the psychosocial risk of older adults before and during the pandemic. These findings should stimulate more nuanced and equity-oriented depictions, research and policies about loneliness among older adults in the peri-pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E. Gustafsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, 901 87, Sweden,Corresponding author
| | | | - Ingeborg Nilsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Occupational Therapy, Umeå University, 901 87, Sweden
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Johansson-Pajala RM, Alam M, Gusdal A, Heideken Wågert PV, Löwenmark A, Boström AM, Hammar LM. Anxiety and loneliness among older people living in residential care facilities or receiving home care services in Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:927. [PMID: 36456904 PMCID: PMC9714409 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older people were subjected to significant restrictions on physical contacts with others during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social distancing impacts older people's experiences of anxiety and loneliness. Despite a large body of research on the pandemic, there is little research on its effects on older people in residential care facilities (RCF) and in home care services (HCS), who are the frailest of the older population. We aimed to investigate the effect of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in March-May 2020 on experiences of anxiety and loneliness among older people living in RCF or receiving HCS and the impact of the progression of the pandemic on these experiences. METHODS A retrospective cross-sectional design using data from the national user satisfaction survey (March - May 2020) by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Survey responses were retrieved from 27,872 older people in RCF (mean age 87 years) and 82,834 older people receiving HCS (mean age 84 years). Proportional-odds (cumulative logit) model was used to estimate the degree of association between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS Loneliness and anxiety were more prevalent among the older persons living in RCF (loneliness: 69%, anxiety: 63%) than those receiving HCS (53% and 47%, respectively). Proportional odds models revealed that among the RCF and HCS respondents, the cumulative odds ratio of experiencing higher degree of anxiety increased by 1.06% and 1.04%, respectively, and loneliness by 1.13% and 1.16%, respectively, for 1% increase in the COVID-19 infection rate. Poor self-rated health was the most influential factor for anxiety in both RCF and HCS. Living alone (with HCS) was the most influential factor affecting loneliness. Experiences of disrespect from staff were more strongly associated with anxiety and loneliness in RCF than in HCS. CONCLUSION Older people in RCF or receiving HCS experienced increasing levels of anxiety and loneliness as the first wave of the pandemic progressed. Older people' mental and social wellbeing should be recognized to a greater extent, such as by providing opportunities for social activities. Better preparedness for future similar events is needed, where restrictions on social interaction are balanced against the public health directives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Johansson-Pajala
- grid.411579.f0000 0000 9689 909XSchool of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, P.O 325, SE-63105 Eskilstuna/Västerås, Sweden
| | - Moudud Alam
- grid.411953.b0000 0001 0304 6002School of Information and Engineering/Statistics, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Annelie Gusdal
- grid.411579.f0000 0000 9689 909XSchool of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, P.O 325, SE-63105 Eskilstuna/Västerås, Sweden
| | - Petra von Heideken Wågert
- grid.411579.f0000 0000 9689 909XSchool of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, P.O 325, SE-63105 Eskilstuna/Västerås, Sweden
| | - Annica Löwenmark
- grid.411579.f0000 0000 9689 909XSchool of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, P.O 325, SE-63105 Eskilstuna/Västerås, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Boström
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Nursing, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626R&D unit, Stockholms Sjukhem, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Marmstål Hammar
- grid.411579.f0000 0000 9689 909XSchool of Health, Care and Social Welfare, Mälardalen University, P.O 325, SE-63105 Eskilstuna/Västerås, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division of Nursing, Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.411953.b0000 0001 0304 6002School of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
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Loneliness in Elderly Inpatients. Psychiatr Q 2022; 93:1017-1030. [PMID: 36350482 PMCID: PMC9644385 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-022-10006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Loneliness among the elderly is a widespread phenomenon and is connected to various negative health outcomes. Nevertheless, loneliness among elderly inpatients, especially those with a psychiatric diagnosis, has hardly been examined. Our study assessed loneliness in elderly inpatients, identified predictors, and compared levels of loneliness between inpatients on psychiatric and somatic wards. METHODS N = 100 elderly inpatients of a somatic and psychiatric ward were included. Levels of loneliness were assessed, as were potential predictors such as depression, psychological resilience, severity of mental illness, well-being, daily functioning, and psychiatric diagnosis. Analyses of group differences and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS 37% of all inpatients reported elevated levels of loneliness. Significant predictor variables were self-reported depressive symptoms, well-being, severity of mental illness, being single and living with a caregiver. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the full model explained 58% of variance in loneliness. Psychiatric inpatients' loneliness was significantly higher than loneliness in somatic inpatients. When analyzing group differences between inpatients with different main psychiatric diagnoses, highest levels were found in patients with an affective disorder, followed by those treated for organic mental disorder. Since the study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, potential influence of different measurement points (lockdown vs. no lockdown) were analyzed: Differences in loneliness depending on the phase of the pandemic were non-significant. CONCLUSION Elderly inpatients experience high levels of loneliness, especially those with a mental disorder. Interventions to reduce loneliness in this population should address predictors of loneliness, preferably through multiprofessional interventions.
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Arpino B, Mair CA, Quashie NT, Antczak R. Loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic-are unpartnered and childless older adults at higher risk? Eur J Ageing 2022; 19:1327-1338. [PMID: 36692762 PMCID: PMC9294803 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-022-00718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 mitigation efforts had the potential to exacerbate loneliness among older adults, particularly for the unpartnered or childless, yet specific studies on loneliness among these groups during the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) collected before (October 2019-March 2020) and during the pandemic (June-August 2020), we examine two loneliness outcomes: (1) "have you felt lonely recently?" (both datasets) and (2) "have you felt lonelier than before the pandemic?" (2020), and examine differences by partnership and parenthood status. Before COVID-19, those who lacked one tie but had the other (unpartnered parents or partnered childless) were at highest loneliness risk. During COVID-19, unpartnered and childless-especially unpartnered-remain at higher risk for loneliness, entering loneliness, and not "exiting" loneliness. We discuss these findings in light of family norms and needs in pandemic and non-pandemic times and provide recommendations for future research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00718-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Arpino
- University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 59, 50134, Florence, Italy.
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Hubenschmid L, Helmreich I, Köber G, Gilan D, Frenzel SB, van Dick R, Lieb K. Effects of general and corona-specific stressors on mental burden during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Germany. Front Public Health 2022; 10:991292. [PMID: 36483250 PMCID: PMC9724653 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.991292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic turned out to be a serious threat to mental and physical health. However, the relative contribution of corona-specific (DHs) and general stressors (DHg) on mental burden, and specific protective and risk factors for mental health are still not well understood. In a representative sample (N = 3,055) of the German adult population, mental health, potential risk, and protective factors as well as DHs and DHg exposure were assessed online during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (June and July 2020). The impact of these factors on mental health was analyzed using descriptive statistics, data visualizations, multiple regressions, and moderation analyses. The most burdensome DHg were financial and sleeping problems, respectively, and DHs corona-media reports and exclusion from recreational activities/important social events. 31 and 24% of total mental health was explained by DHg and DHs, respectively. Both predictors combined explained 36%, resulting in an increase in variance due to DHs of only 5% (R2 adjusted). Being female, older and a lower educational level were identified as general risk factors, somatic diseases as a corona-specific risk factor, and self-efficacy and locus of control (LOC) proved to be corona-specific protective factors. Further analyses showed that older age and being diagnosed with a somatic illness attenuated the positive influence of LOC, self-efficacy, and social support on resilience. Although the data showed that after the first easing restrictions, the stressor load was comparable to pre-pandemic data (with DHs not making a significant contribution), different risk and protective factors could be identified for general and corona-specific stressors. In line with observations from network analysis from other groups, the positive impact of resilience factors was especially diminished in the most vulnerable groups (elderly and somatically ill). This highlights the need to especially target these vulnerable groups to foster their resilience in upcoming waves of the corona pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Hubenschmid
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany,*Correspondence: Lara Hubenschmid
| | | | - Göran Köber
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany,Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Donya Gilan
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Svenja B. Frenzel
- Department of Psychology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf van Dick
- Department of Psychology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Lieb
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research (LIR), Mainz, Germany,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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MacNeil A, Birk S, Villeneuve PJ, Jiang Y, de Groh M, Fuller-Thomson E. Incident and Recurrent Depression among Adults Aged 50 Years and Older during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15032. [PMID: 36429749 PMCID: PMC9690838 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and accompanying public health measures have exacerbated many risk factors for depression in older adulthood. The objectives of the current study are: (1) to determine the risk of incident and recurrent depression during the COVID-19 pandemic among those with, or without, a history of depression; and (2) to identify factors that were predictive of depression in these two groups. The study population included 22,622 participants of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging who provided data at baseline (2011-2015), follow-up (2015-2018), and twice during the pandemic (April-May 2020, September-December 2020). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) was used to classify individuals with depression. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of depression during COVID across a series of risk factors. Individuals with a history of depression had four times the risk of depression during the pandemic when compared to those without a history of depression, even after controlling for relevant covariates. Other factors associated with depression during the pandemic include being female, having fewer savings, and experiencing COVID-19 related stressors, such as health stressors, difficulties accessing resources, and family conflict. Clinicians working with older adults should consider interventions to support high-risk groups, such as those with recurrent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andie MacNeil
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V4, Canada
- Institute for Life Course and Aging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V4, Canada
| | - Sapriya Birk
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Paul J. Villeneuve
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- CHAIM Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Ying Jiang
- Applied Research Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Margaret de Groh
- Applied Research Division, Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Esme Fuller-Thomson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V4, Canada
- Institute for Life Course and Aging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1V4, Canada
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Older Adults and Social Isolation and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrated Review of Patterns, Effects, and Interventions. Can J Aging 2022; 42:199-216. [PMID: 36345649 DOI: 10.1017/s0714980822000459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A scoping review was conducted to identify patterns, effects, and interventions to address social isolation and loneliness among community-dwelling older adult populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also integrated (1) data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) and (2) a scan of Canadian grey literature on pandemic interventions. CLSA data showed estimated relative increases in loneliness ranging between 33 and 67 per cent depending on age/gender group. International studies also reported increases in levels of loneliness, as well as strong associations between loneliness and depression during the pandemic. Literature has primarily emphasized the use of technology-based interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness. Application of socio-ecological and resilience frameworks suggests that researchers should focus on exploring the wider array of potential pandemic age-friendly interventions (e.g., outdoor activities, intergenerational programs, and other outreach approaches) and strength-based approaches (e.g., building community and system-level capacity) that may be useful for reducing social isolation and loneliness.
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Akhter-Khan SC, Prina M, Wong GHY, Mayston R, Li L. Understanding and Addressing Older Adults' Loneliness: The Social Relationship Expectations Framework. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022:17456916221127218. [PMID: 36322145 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221127218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness is an experience resulting from a perceived discrepancy between expected and actual social relationships. Although this discrepancy is widely considered the "core mechanism" of loneliness, previous research and interventions have not sufficiently addressed what older adults specifically expect from their social relationships. To address this gap and to help situate research on older adults' loneliness within broader life span developmental theories, we propose a theoretical framework that outlines six key social relationship expectations of older adults based on research from psychology, gerontology, and anthropology: availability of social contacts, receiving care and support, intimacy and understanding, enjoyment and shared interests, generativity and contribution, and being respected and valued. We further argue that a complete understanding of loneliness across the life span requires attention to the powerful impacts of contextual factors (e.g., culture, functional limitations, social network changes) on the expression and fulfillment of older adults' universal and age-specific relationship expectations. The proposed Social Relationship Expectations Framework may fruitfully inform future loneliness research and interventions for a heterogeneous aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia C Akhter-Khan
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London
| | - Matthew Prina
- Department of Health Service and Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London
| | - Gloria Hoi-Yan Wong
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Rosie Mayston
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Institute of Global Health, King's College London
| | - Leon Li
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University
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Derrer-Merk E, Ferson S, Mannis A, Bentall RP, Bennett KM. Belongingness challenged: Exploring the impact on older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276561. [PMID: 36264965 PMCID: PMC9584528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The sense of belonging is a fundamental human need. Enacting it through face-to-face social activities was no longer possible during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we investigate how the sense of belonging, and how it is enacted, changed longitudinally amongst older adults in the UK. In addition, we examine the interplay of the sense of belonging and resilience over time. METHODS We employed a longitudinal qualitative research design to explore the experiences of older adults during one year of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020-April 2021). The analysis was undertaken with constructivist grounded theory. FINDINGS Before the pandemic older adults were free to engage in social relationships with family and friends, often enacted within social activity groups where they felt valued and gained positive experiences. During the pandemic face to face enactment of belongingness was reduced; adjustments needed to be made to maintain the sense of belonging. The experience of older adults was heterogeneous. We examine three themes. First, how belongingness was enacted prior to the pandemic. Examples include: family holidays, visiting each other, sports activities, eating with friends and family, and visiting cultural events. Second, how participants adapted and maintained their social involvement. Examples include: distanced face-to-face activities; and learning new technology. Third, for some, a belongingness gap emerged and persisted. There was an irretrievable loss of family members or friends, the closure of social groups, or withdrawal from groups as priorities changed. As a consequence, of challenged belongingness, participants expressed increased loneliness, anxiety, social isolation, frustration and, feelings of depression. For many, the disrupted sense of belonging no longer fostered resilience, and some previously resilient participants were no longer resilient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elfriede Derrer-Merk
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott Ferson
- Institute for Risk and Uncertainty, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Mannis
- School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Bentall
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kate M. Bennett
- Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Iwuagwu AO, Lai DWL, Ndubuisi Ngwu C, Kalu ME. Social Workers' Involvement in Developing and Implementing Social Programs for Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nigeria: A Concept Paper and Suggestions for Action Plans. JOURNAL OF GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIAL WORK 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36259471 DOI: 10.1080/01634372.2022.2135657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Social workers, especially in the Global North/developed countries such as the United States of America, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, have been actively involved in implementing social programs to improve the psychosocial, health, and wellbeing of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this is not the case in the Global South/developing countries like Nigeria, Ghana, etc. This concept paper aims to describe the current state of Nigerian social workers' role in developing and implementing social programs for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify action plans for further strengthening their involvement. We systematically reviewed the literature to identify Nigerian social workers' role in developing and implementing social programs for older adults during COVID-19. Our review reflected that social workers are rarely involved in developing and implementing social programs; when involved, their involvement is on a consultation basis, which limits their active involvement in multidisciplinary team of COVID-19 prevention and vaccination ad hoc committees in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Obinna Iwuagwu
- School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Design & Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Social Work, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
- Emerging Researchers and Professionals in Ageing-African Network, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Daniel W L Lai
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Micheal Ebe Kalu
- Emerging Researchers and Professionals in Ageing-African Network, Abuja, Nigeria
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Dost K, Heinrich F, Graf W, Brennecke A, Kowalski V, Leider A, Kraus A, van Rüth V, Ondruschka B, Püschel K, König HH, Bertram F, Hajek A. Predictors of Loneliness among Homeless Individuals in Germany during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12718. [PMID: 36232018 PMCID: PMC9566392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to identify the frequency of loneliness and to examine the factors associated with loneliness among homeless individuals in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Data were taken from the 'national survey on the psychiatric and somatic health of homeless individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic'. The data collection took place from 26th July to 17th September 2021 (the analytical sample included n = 491 observations). The well-established UCLA-3 tool was used to quantify loneliness. Independent variables included sex, age, marital status, the existence of children and pets, level of education, country of origin, duration of homelessness, alcohol and drug consumption, mental health concerns and concerns regarding COVID-19 illness. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the predictors of loneliness. RESULTS The frequency of loneliness was 41.7% for the total sample. Multiple logistic regression analysis stratified by gender showed that a higher likelihood of loneliness was associated with being born in Germany, being middle aged (40 to 49 years compared to 18 to 29 years), having mental health problems and a short period of homelessness (1 month compared to longer periods) among women. In men, a higher likelihood of loneliness was associated with a higher fear of COVID-19 and a short period of homelessness. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a high frequency rate of loneliness among homeless individuals. The study results highlight the associations between some explanatory variables (i.e., the duration of homelessness and mental health problems). Identifying the factors associated with loneliness may help to adequately address the problems of homeless individuals at risk of loneliness. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Dost
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Heinrich
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Graf
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Brennecke
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Kowalski
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Leider
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anika Kraus
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victoria van Rüth
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Bertram
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529 Hamburg, Germany
| | - André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Acosta Benito MÁ, García Pliego RA, Baena Díez JM, Gorroñogoitia Iturbe A, Herreros Herreros Y, De Hoyos Alonso MDC, Magán Tapia P, Martin Lesende I. [PAPPS update on older people 2022]. Aten Primaria 2022; 54 Suppl 1:102438. [PMID: 36435582 PMCID: PMC9705221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2022.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines the latest available evidence on preventive activities in the elderly, including sleep disorders, physical exercise, deprescription, cognitive disorders and dementias, nutrition, social isolation and frailty.
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66
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Banik R, Islam MS, Ahmed M, Koly KN, Mubarak M, Rahman M, Zhai ZW, Sikder MT, Potenza MN. General psychiatric symptoms among Bangladeshi people approximately one year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:615. [PMID: 36123664 PMCID: PMC9483885 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has had negative physical and mental impacts on people globally. The current study examined general psychiatric symptoms (fear, anxiety, depression, and insomnia) and loneliness, and their interrelationships and correlates among Bangladeshi individuals approximately 1 year after the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS An internet-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1004 Bangladeshi people (51.8% male; mean age: 25.41 ± 7.80; age range: 18-60 years). Data were collected using a semi-structured e-questionnaire including informed consent, socio-demographics, lifestyle measures, and psychometric tools assessing loneliness, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and fear of COVID-19. RESULTS Sizeable participants screened positive for loneliness (63.5%), anxiety (26.3%), depression (46.4%), and insomnia (50.7%). Considerable numbers of respondents also reported fear of COVID-19. In hierarchical regression analyses, loneliness, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and fear of COVID-19 were associated with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors. Loneliness, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and fear of COVID-19 were positively correlated with each other (p < 0.001). In exploratory path analyses, anxiety, depression, and insomnia mediated the relationship between loneliness and fear of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that many people in Bangladesh have experienced psychiatric concerns approximately 1 year after the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak. Investigation into empirically supported interventions and their implementation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajon Banik
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saiful Islam
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
- Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Masruk Ahmed
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar Koly
- grid.414142.60000 0004 0600 7174Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Mubarak
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudur Rahman
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Zu Wei Zhai
- grid.260002.60000 0000 9743 9925Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT USA
| | - Md. Tajuddin Sikder
- grid.411808.40000 0001 0664 5967Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- grid.414671.10000 0000 8938 4936Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT USA
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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Gustafsson PE, Schröders J, Nilsson I, San Sebastián M. Surviving Through Solitude: A Prospective National Study of the Impact of the Early COVID-19 Pandemic and a Visiting Ban on Loneliness Among Nursing Home Residents in Sweden. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:2286-2295. [PMID: 36055339 PMCID: PMC9494329 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Targeted social distancing measures were widely implemented for nursing home residents when the extremely high coronavirus disease 2019 mortality in this setting became apparent. However, there is still scarce rigorous research examining how the pandemic and accompanying social distancing measures affected loneliness in this group. This prospective nationwide Swedish study of nursing home residents aimed to examine the impact on loneliness of the early phase of the pandemic and of a national visiting ban at nursing homes. METHODS A panel was selected from a total population survey of all nursing home residents in Sweden March-May 2019 and 2020 (N = 11,782; age range 70-110 years; mean age 88.2 years; 71% women). Prospective pretest-posttest and controlled interrupted time series (ITS) designs were employed, with time trends estimated by date of returned questionnaire. Generalized linear models were used for estimation of effects, adjusting for demographic-, survey-, and health-related covariates. RESULTS Loneliness prevalence increased from 17% to 19% from 2019 to 2020 (risk ratio, RR (95% confidence interval, CI) = 1.104 (1.060; 1.150)), but which was explained by self-reported health (RR (95% CI) = 1.023 (0.982; 1.066)). No additional impact of the visiting ban on loneliness trends was found in the ITS analyses (RR (95% CI) = 0.984 (0.961; 1.008)). DISCUSSION The moderate but health-dependent increased risk of loneliness, and the lack of impact of the nationwide visiting ban at nursing homes, suggests that this ostensibly vulnerable group of nursing home residents also shows signs of resilience, at least during the early phase of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E Gustafsson
- Address correspondence to: Per E. Gustafsson, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Julia Schröders
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ingeborg Nilsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Occupational Therapy, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Pascut S, Feruglio S, Crescentini C, Matiz A. Predictive Factors of Anxiety, Depression, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling and Institutionalized Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710913. [PMID: 36078630 PMCID: PMC9518057 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 health emergency and restrictive measures have increased psychological problems, particularly anxiety and depression, in the general population. However, little is known about mental health conditions and the possible risk and protective factors of specific population groups, such as institutionalized vs. community-dwelling elderly. We investigated the abovementioned aspects in a sample of 65-89-year-old people during the third wave of COVID-19 in Italy. We employed a sociodemographic survey and four questionnaires on health-related quality of life (SF-36), loneliness (UCLA), spirituality (FACIT-Sp), and anxiety/depression (HADS). Our findings suggest that the physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being of the elderly had not been seriously impaired by the events related to the pandemic, although most of the participants reported a worsening of their social life and a moderate/high fear of COVID-19. In regression analyses, these two latter aspects turned out to be predictors of higher anxiety, while spiritual well-being and the possibility to get out of the house/institution emerged as protective factors against anxiety and for preserving quality of life, respectively. Our findings help refine the picture of the condition of the elderly in the aftermath of the pandemic, giving some hints about how to continue supporting their well-being and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pascut
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- WHO Healthy Cities Project, Municipality of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Susanna Feruglio
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Crescentini
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessio Matiz
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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69
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Clayton D, Astell A. Social isolation and the role of AgeTech in a post-COVID world. Healthc Manage Forum 2022; 35:291-295. [PMID: 36036148 DOI: 10.1177/08404704221112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic particularly affected social connection through enforced social isolation and loss of regular activities. For healthcare systems, various initiatives have sprung up, leveraging existing technologies to connect people with services, activities, and loved ones. Here we review some AgeTech offerings to address social isolation for healthcare leadership and management to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Clayton
- 4487University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Arlene Astell
- 7938University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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70
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Hsu HC, Chao SF. Loneliness, loneliness literacy, and change in loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:707. [PMID: 36028799 PMCID: PMC9412798 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-022-03396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness has become a significant public health concern for older people. However, little is known about the association of loneliness, loneliness literacy, and changes in loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic with mental well-being. The purpose of this study was to explore whether loneliness literacy is related to a lower risk of loneliness, increased loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic, and improved mental well-being for community-based older adults. METHODS A telephone survey was conducted to collect data from older adults aged 65 years or older in Taiwan (n = 804). Loneliness, change in loneliness during COVID-19, and loneliness literacy were the main variables. Mental well-being was assessed by depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Related factors included personal level (demographics, health conditions, health behaviors, and problem-focused/ emotion-focused coping strategies), interpersonal level (marital status, living arrangements, social support, social participation, leisure activities, and social interactions during COVID-19), and societal level (areas and regions) factors. RESULTS Four dimensions of loneliness literacy were identified by factor analysis: self-efficacy, social support, socialization, and in-home support. Self-efficacy and in-home support were related to lower loneliness. Lower self-efficacy, higher social support, and higher socialization were related to changes (increases) in loneliness during COVID-19. In-home support may prevent depressive symptoms, while self-efficacy was beneficial for better life satisfaction. In addition, emotion-focused coping may increase loneliness during COVID-19, while satisfaction with family support would be a protective factor against loneliness. CONCLUSION Loneliness literacy is related to loneliness and increased loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Building up an age-friendly community with embedded services/information and learning positive coping and mental resilience strategies are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chuan Hsu
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wuxing Street, 11031, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.. .,Research Center of Health Equity, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Shiau-Fang Chao
- Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Nguyen TXT, Lal S, Abdul-Salam S, Yuktadatta P, McKinnon L, Khan MSR, Kadoya Y. Has Smartphone Use Influenced Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10540. [PMID: 36078251 PMCID: PMC9517931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The influence of smartphone use on increased risk of feeling lonely has been recognized as a global public health concern. However, it is unclear whether this influence has changed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, during which smartphones have become a particularly important means of communication due to health safety measures restricting personal interactions. We used Hiroshima University's online survey data collected from 18-28 February 2022, to assess the impact of smartphone use on loneliness in Japan. The final sample included 2630 participants aged over 20 years, with loneliness measured using the UCLA scale and smartphone use calculated as the duration of usage in minutes/day. Weighted logit regression analysis was used to examine the association between smartphone use and loneliness, with other demographic, socioeconomic, and psychological characteristics as explanatory variables. Contrary to conventional evidence, our findings show that smartphone use mitigated the risk of loneliness during the pandemic. This was especially true among females under 65 years old. We found that age, subjective health status, future anxiety, and depression impacted this relationship. The findings of this study can help guide policymaking by showing the importance of providing adequate digital platforms to manage loneliness and mental health during times of isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Xuan Thi Nguyen
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 7398525, Japan
| | - Sumeet Lal
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 7398525, Japan
| | - Sulemana Abdul-Salam
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 7398525, Japan
| | - Pattaphol Yuktadatta
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 7398525, Japan
| | - Louis McKinnon
- Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, 530 Evans Hall # 3880, Berkeley, CA 94720-3880, USA
| | | | - Yoshihiko Kadoya
- School of Economics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 7398525, Japan
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Miyake F, Odgerel CO, Hino A, Ikegami K, Nagata T, Tateishi S, Tsuji M, Matsuda S, Ishimaru T. Job stress and loneliness among desk workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: focus on remote working. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:33. [PMID: 35965100 PMCID: PMC9425057 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.22-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported an increase in loneliness since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but there are few data on the relationship between job stress and loneliness. This study aimed to assess the relationship between job stress and loneliness among desk workers, with a focus on the impact of remote working. Methods This study was part of the Collaborative Online Research on the Novel-coronavirus and Work (CORoNaWork) project in Japan. We extracted data from 13,468 workers who indicated that they were doing desk work. Loneliness was assessed using a single question and job stress was valuated using the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Multiple logistic regression was performed. Results Participants who worked remotely 4 or more days per week were marginally more likely to report feeling lonely compared with those who did not work remotely (adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.99–5.84, P = 0.066). Remote working did not explain the interaction between JCQ scale scores and loneliness. Among remote workers, the level of support provided by co-workers and supervisors was strongly associated with feelings of loneliness as well as non-remote workers (co-worker support: AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: 2.82–5.84, P < 0.001; supervisor support: AOR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.79–3.47, P < 0.001). Conclusions To reduce loneliness and the risk of associated mental health problems, high-frequency remote workers should interact with supervisors and co-workers using the information and communication technology developed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyu Miyake
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Hino
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Kazunori Ikegami
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Nagata
- Department of Occupational Health Practice and Management, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Tateishi
- Disaster Occupational Health Center, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Shinya Matsuda
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishimaru
- Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Jiwani Z, Raval VV, Steele M, Goldberg SB. Caste and COVID-19: Psychosocial disparities amongst rural Indian women during the coronavirus pandemic. THE JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES 2022; 79:JOSI12532. [PMID: 35945958 PMCID: PMC9353364 DOI: 10.1111/josi.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated preexisting mental health disparities. In India, marginalization based on caste membership, gender, and rural residence are critical determinants of inequity across the lifespan. Guided by the theoretical frameworks of minority stress and intersectionality, this study examined caste-based disparities in fear of coronavirus (FOC), mental health symptoms, and perceived loneliness amongst rural women in north India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants (N = 316) completed self-report measures and were classified into three groups based on their responses: General caste (GC, n = 124), other backward castes (OBC, n = 122), and scheduled caste or tribe (SC/ST, n = 71). Using a three-way ANOVA and Tukey t-tests, women in SC/ST and OBC groups reported greater FOC (OBC d = .37; SC/ST d = .40) and greater mental health symptoms (OBC d = .58; SC/ST d = .43) relative to the GC group. OBC, but not SC/ST, group also reported higher perceived loneliness (d = .32). The results were consistent after adjusting for demographic variables such as wealth and highlight caste as an important social determinant for well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic amongst rural Indian women.
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How the COVID-19 Pandemic Changed Adolescents’ Use of Technologies, Sense of Community, and Loneliness: A Retrospective Perception Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12070228. [PMID: 35877298 PMCID: PMC9311528 DOI: 10.3390/bs12070228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought important changes to how we engage in relationships of any kind. To combat the spread of the virus, schools resorted to remote-learning, and teenagers had to rely on various technologies to meet many of the needs that they used to satisfy offline (e.g., social, informational, and recreational/leisure purposes). This article was written to investigate the changes that the students at an Italian high school went through in terms of use of technologies, loneliness, and sense of community, through a survey focusing on their retrospective perceptions. The study was carried out on 917 students. In general, we have found that the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly increased the perception of loneliness in teenagers (especially in female respondents), as well as their use of technologies for social, informational, and leisure purposes. However, maybe thanks to the opportunities provided by ICTs and remote learning, the sense of community in Italian teenagers was only marginally impacted.
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75
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Psychological Wellbeing and Psychological Distress in the Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic. CONSORTIUM PSYCHIATRICUM 2022. [DOI: 10.17816/cp176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The elderly population is deemed to be the most vulnerable to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. From March 2020 to April 2022, the implementation of psychological distancing is still being applied in Indonesia. In the light of the pandemic, mental health problems among the elderly require further exploration. This study examines the mental health status of the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia and the factors that affect their mental health, such as loneliness and attachment to God.
METHODS: A sequential explanatory type of the mixed-method approach was adopted for the purposes of this study. In particular, the researchers first conducted a quantitative survey, analyzed its results, and then explained them in more detail using qualitative research.
RESULTS: The results show that loneliness is a predictor of mental health in the elderly, while attachment to God does not correlate with mental health. More specifically, we described that minimal activity, inability to meet children and grandchildren, and inability to recite the Quran were the main factors triggering sadness among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, we defined that elderly people use productive and religious activities, and communication as main coping strategies.
CONCLUSION: Loneliness has been a serious problem for the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting their mental health. The findings of this research can be used as a basis or reference for maintaining the mental health of the elderly during the pandemic.
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76
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Lonely and sad and/or sad and lonely? Int Psychogeriatr 2022; 34:613-616. [PMID: 35331344 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610222000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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77
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Wallinheimo AS, Evans SL. Patterns of Internet Use, and Associations with Loneliness, amongst Middle-Aged and Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10071179. [PMID: 35885706 PMCID: PMC9324051 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10071179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness among older adults is a major societal problem with consequences for health and wellbeing; this has been exacerbated by the coronavirus pandemic. The present study investigated associations between internet use, including frequency and type of use, and loneliness in a large UK sample of middle-aged and older adults, aged 55–75 (n = 3500) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) cohort study. Our findings indicated a clear relationship between the frequency of internet use and subjective loneliness. Those who used the internet more than once a day reported feeling less lonely than those who used the internet once a week or less. We also found that those who used the internet for e-mail communication were less lonely. However, individuals indicated higher levels of loneliness when the internet was used for information searches about health. Regarding sociodemographic factors underlying internet usage, less frequent use was seen amongst individuals who lived alone, people who were not employed, who had lower education levels, and lower sociodemographic status. Additionally, gender differences were found in the type of internet use: males report using the internet for e-mail communication more than females, while females’ internet use for health-related information searches was higher than in males. In sum, findings suggest that intervention strategies that promote internet access amongst middle-aged and older people could be useful for tackling loneliness and point to the groups within society that should be the focus of such interventions.
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Clifford AM, Ni Bhriain O, Byrne S, Cheung PS, Louw Q, Glynn L, Moss H, O'Neill D, Woods CB, Sheikhi A, Gowran RJ, Maher C, Kennelly B, Salsberg J, Thabane L. Music and Movement for Health: Protocol for a pragmatic cluster-randomised feasibility pilot trial of an arts-based programme for the health and wellbeing of older adults. HRB Open Res 2022; 5:42. [PMID: 36726486 PMCID: PMC9843089 DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13535.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Arts-based health programmes (ABHP) can enhance the physical and psychosocial health and wellbeing of older people. However, the feasibility and usefulness of such programmes in Ireland are currently unknown. The primary aim of this study is to examine the feasibility of the study design, its application to a music and movement for health programme and associated costs. The secondary aim is to obtain preliminary effect estimates of an ABHP on health and wellbeing in older adults. Methods: This study is a pragmatic cluster-randomised controlled feasibility trial. Community-dwelling adults, aged 65 years or older will be recruited in the mid-west region of Ireland via methods including social prescription, traditional and social media. The clusters, based on geographical region, will be block randomised to either the ABHP or control using 1:1 allocation ratio. The programme will comprise a 1.5-hour music and dance session each week for 12-weeks together with a 1-hour home-based music and movement programme for 12-weeks. A qualitative and quantitative process evaluation of the arts-based health programme will be performed. Outcomes: Primary outcomes for feasibility include recruitment rates (the number of participants recruited per cluster per month); retention rate (the number of participants who complete measures at baseline and at follow up post intervention, and minimum average attendance. Secondary outcomes will include physical function, balance, physical activity, loneliness, social isolation, cognition, mood, as well as quality of life and cost. Conclusions: If this pioneering study finds evidence to support feasibility and acceptability, a future larger-scale definitive trial will be conducted to examine the effectiveness of an arts-based health programme for older adults. This research aims to strengthen collaborative efforts to implement effective, sustainable and cost-effective programmes for older adults to support community connection, enhancing health and wellbeing, in turn reducing demands on the healthcare system. ISRCTN registration: ISRCTN35313497 (18/02/2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Clifford
- School Of Allied Health, Ageing Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland,
| | - Orfhlaith Ni Bhriain
- Irish World Academy of Music and Dance, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94DK18, Ireland
| | - Steven Byrne
- School Of Allied Health, Ageing Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Pui-Sze Cheung
- School Of Allied Health, Ageing Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
| | - Quinette Louw
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liam Glynn
- School of Medicine, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hilary Moss
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Desmond O'Neill
- Centre for Ageing, Neuroscience and the Humanities, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine B. Woods
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ali Sheikhi
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rosemary Joan Gowran
- School Of Allied Health, Ageing Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland,Assisting Living and Learning (ALL) Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland
| | - Catherine Maher
- Rehabilitation Unit, Community Hospital of the Assumption, Thurles, Tipperary, Ireland
| | - Brendan Kennelly
- Cairnes School of Business and Economics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jon Salsberg
- School of Medicine, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Institute for Research in Ageing, McMaster University, Canada
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79
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Gustafsson PE, Nilsson I, San Sebastian M. Venerable vulnerability or remarkable resilience? A prospective study of the impact of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine measures on loneliness in Swedish older adults with home care. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060209. [PMID: 35613816 PMCID: PMC9130667 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the early impact of the pandemic and of quarantine measures targeting older adults introduced in March 2020 on loneliness among older adults in Sweden.Design Prospective pretest-posttest and controlled interrupted time series designs. SETTING The population of older adults receiving home care before and during the emergence of the first COVID-19 pandemic wave in Sweden in Spring 2020. PARTICIPANTS Respondents (n=45 123, mean age 85.6 years, 67.6% women) came from two waves of a total population survey targeting all community-dwelling older adults receiving home care for older adults in Sweden in Spring 2019 and 2020. OUTCOME Self-reported loneliness. RESULTS Results estimated 14% (95% CI: 10 to 19) higher loneliness in Spring 2020 compared with 2019, taking covariates into account. No impact of the quarantine measure was found (1% increase, 95% CI: -1 to 4). CONCLUSIONS The results illustrate the broader public health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for older adults, but also suggest a relative resilience among older adults in home care to quarantine measures, at least during the first months of the pandemic. Future studies should examine the long-term effects of sustained pandemic and social distancing measures on loneliness among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per E Gustafsson
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Ingeborg Nilsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Occupational Therapy, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
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80
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Khan MSR, Yuktadatta P, Kadoya Y. Who Became Lonely during the COVID-19 Pandemic? An Investigation of the Socioeconomic Aspects of Loneliness in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106242. [PMID: 35627778 PMCID: PMC9140939 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted social and economic aspects of people’s lives in different ways, causing them to experience different levels of loneliness. This study examines the extent of loneliness among men and women of various ages in Japan during the pandemic and attempts to determine the underlying causes. We used data from Hiroshima University’s nationwide survey conducted before and during the pandemic in Japan. The sample consists of 3755 participants, of which 67% are men and 33% are women with an average age of 51 years (SD = 13.64). Using mean comparison tests and probit regression models, we show that loneliness is a common occurrence among the Japanese population and that a significant number of people became lonely for the first time during the pandemic. In general, loneliness was greater among younger respondents, but older people became lonelier during the pandemic. Simultaneously, we observed significant differences in loneliness across age and gender subsamples. Although depression and subjective health status contributed to loneliness, we found no single explanation for the loneliness experienced by people during the pandemic; rather, subsample analysis revealed that the causes of loneliness for each group differed. Nevertheless, we discovered that older people are at a higher risk of developing loneliness during the pandemic due to a variety of socioeconomic and behavioral factors. The findings of this study suggest that health authorities should not generalize cases of loneliness, but rather intervene individually in each group to avoid further complications.
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81
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Medievals and Moderns in Conversation: Co-Designing Creative Futures for Under-Used Historic Churches in Rural Communities. MULTIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/mti6050040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For many living in rural areas, the loss of traditional community assets and increased social fragmentation are a common feature of everyday life. The empty village church is a poignant symbol of these challenges; yet, these are sites that hold considerable potential for new placemaking solutions that respond to the needs of communities today. This means looking beyond “the traditional village church” to recognise a longer history of church adaptation and resilience within the lives of communities. In this paper we ask: how can co-design, projected through a Wicked problems and Clumsy solutions lens, help imagine new futures for communities and their historic churches today? Clumsy solutions consider a plurality of different perspectives on the nature of problems and their resolution to deliver more effective solutions with broad appeal. In the search for clumsiness, we turn to ‘long history’ and ‘slow technology’ for inspiration, uncovering deeper resonance with historical communities of place and anchoring that continuity within church sites themselves. Our paper demonstrates how Wicked/Clumsy thinking can account for the challenges faced by rural communities today, bootstrap co-design activities in the development of clumsy solutions, and uncover clumsiness in long history and slow technology dimensions—together laying the foundation for new placemaking strategies.
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82
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Decat Bergerot C, Costas-Muñiz R, Lee D, Philip EJ. Social support as a protective factor for patients with cancer during the pandemic. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:473-474. [PMID: 35510567 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2074410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Decat Bergerot
- Instituto Unity de Ensino e Pesquisa. Centro de Câncer de Brasília (CETTRO), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - David Lee
- University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Errol J Philip
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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83
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Askarizad R, He J. Post-pandemic urban design: The equilibrium between social distancing and social interactions within the built environment. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 124:103618. [PMID: 35153361 PMCID: PMC8816640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2022.103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The previous arguments in respect to the COVID-19 pandemic tend to support the lockdown and closure policy in order to prevent widespread infection of the epidemic within urban spaces. Using semi-structured interviews, the present study identifies that there are some serious consequences by adopting this policy due to the indispensable social interactions and uncooperative attitude of the general public to the harsh isolation approaches. These negative impacts on people's psychological health are partly caused by the inflexible urban design of the built environment in the pre-pandemic period. To create a balance between social distancing and social interactions within urban spaces, the paper proposes a general framework of post-pandemic street furniture design. It provides an innovative approach using a grid-based method, which can be applied to other cities across the world in order to deal with the potential analogous pandemic perils in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Askarizad
- The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, Institute of Urban Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jinliao He
- The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, Institute of Urban Development, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Stuart A, Katz D, Stevenson C, Gooch D, Harkin L, Bennasar M, Sanderson L, Liddle J, Bennaceur A, Levine M, Mehta V, Wijesundara A, Talbot C, Bandara A, Price B, Nuseibeh B. Loneliness in older people and COVID-19: Applying the social identity approach to digital intervention design. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022; 6:100179. [PMID: 35233473 PMCID: PMC8872705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is worsening loneliness for many older people through the challenges it poses in engaging with their social worlds. Digital technology has been offered as a potential aid, however, many popular digital tools have not been designed to address the needs of older adults during times of limited contact. We propose that the Social Identity Model of Identity Change (SIMIC) could be a foundation for digital loneliness interventions. While SIMIC is a well-established approach for maintaining wellbeing during life transitions, it has not been rigorously applied to digital interventions. There are known challenges to integrating psychological theory in the design of digital technology to enable efficacy, technology acceptance, and continued use. The interdisciplinary field of Human Computer Interaction has a history of drawing on models originating from psychology to improve the design of digital technology and to design technologies in an appropriate manner. Drawing on key lessons from this literature, we consolidate research and design guidelines for multidisciplinary research applying psychological theory such as SIMIC to digital social interventions for loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avelie Stuart
- University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Corresponding author. Washington Singer Labs, University of Exeter, Perry Road, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Dmitri Katz
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Gooch
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Harkin
- Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jacki Liddle
- The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Mark Levine
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Vikram Mehta
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Blaine Price
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Bashar Nuseibeh
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom,Lero - the Irish Software Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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85
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Somé NH, Wells S, Felsky D, Hamilton HA, Ali S, Elton-Marshall T, Rehm J. Self-reported mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and its association with alcohol and cannabis use: a latent class analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:306. [PMID: 35490222 PMCID: PMC9055215 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health problems and substance use co-morbidities during and after the COVID-19 pandemic are a public health priority. Identifying individuals at high-risk of developing mental health problems and potential sequela can inform mitigating strategies. We aimed to identify distinct groups of individuals (i.e., latent classes) based on patterns of self-reported mental health symptoms and investigate their associations with alcohol and cannabis use. METHODS We used data from six successive waves of a web-based cross-sectional survey of adults aged 18 years and older living in Canada (6,021 participants). We applied latent class analysis to three domains of self-reported mental health most likely linked to effects of the pandemic: anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Logistic regression was used to characterize latent class membership, estimate the association of class membership with alcohol and cannabis use, and perform sex-based analyses. RESULTS We identified two distinct classes: (1) individuals with low scores on all three mental health indicators (no/low-symptoms) and (2) those reporting high scores across the three measures (high-symptoms). Between 73.9 and 77.1% of participants were in the no/low-symptoms class and 22.9-26.1% of participants were in the high-symptom class. We consistently found across all six waves that individuals at greater risk of being in the high-symptom class were more likely to report worrying about getting COVID-19 with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) between 1.72 (95%CI:1.17-2.51) and 3.51 (95%CI:2.20-5.60). Those aged 60 + were less likely to be in this group with aORs (95%CI) between 0.26 (0.15-0.44) and 0.48 (0.29-0.77) across waves. We also found some factors associated with class membership varied at different time points. Individuals in the high-symptom class were more likely to use cannabis at least once a week (aOR = 2.28, 95%CI:1.92-2.70), drink alcohol heavily (aOR = 1.71, 95%CI:1.49-1.96); and increase the use of cannabis (aOR = 3.50, 95%CI:2.80-4.37) and alcohol (aOR = 2.37, 95%CI:2.06-2.74) during the pandemic. Women in the high-symptom class had lower odds of drinking more alcohol during the pandemic than men. CONCLUSIONS We identified the determinants of experiencing high anxiety, depression, and loneliness symptoms and found a significant association with alcohol and cannabis consumption. This suggests that initiatives and supports are needed to address mental health and substance use multi-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibene Habib Somé
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Collip Circle, Suite 200, ON, N6G 4X8, London, Canada. .,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Samantha Wells
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Collip Circle, Suite 200, ON N6G 4X8 London, Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079School of Psychology, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Felsky
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Krembil Centre for Neuroinformatics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Hayley A. Hamilton
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Collip Circle, Suite 200, ON N6G 4X8 London, Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Shehzad Ali
- grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Schulich Interfaculty Program in Public Health, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada ,grid.5685.e0000 0004 1936 9668Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia ,grid.418792.10000 0000 9064 3333Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Collip Circle, Suite 200, ON N6G 4X8 London, Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.39381.300000 0004 1936 8884Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.28046.380000 0001 2182 2255School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada ,grid.258900.60000 0001 0687 7127Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 100 Collip Circle, Suite 200, ON N6G 4X8 London, Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Social Isolation in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study on the Social Dimensions of Group Outdoor Health Walks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095353. [PMID: 35564752 PMCID: PMC9103571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Physical distancing practices during the COVID-19 global pandemic contributed to a high degree of social isolation among older adults. To reduce loneliness and other ill effects of social isolation, public health experts recommended outdoor social gathering, with physical distancing. Adopting a case study approach, we explored how social aspects of group outdoor health walks (GOHWs) mitigate social isolation for older adults and improve individual social wellbeing. We used semi-structured interviews to understand the experiences of social isolation and social relationships in nine older (50–80 s) adults participating in a GOHW in Scotland, United Kingdom (UK). Verbatim transcripts were analysed through an iterative process of thematic analysis carried out by an interdisciplinary team of qualitative researchers from environmental psychology, medicine, and geography. Themes provide insight into the social dimensions of GOHWs, the mediating effects of social experiences, and the contribution these make to individual social wellbeing. GOHWs provide opportunities to be part of a group and attend to the needs of inexperienced or physically challenged individuals. Being part of the group walk fosters casual interpersonal interactions through spontaneous mixing during and after the walk. This programmatic structure counters loneliness, engenders pleasurable anticipation of regular contact with others, supports physical activity, and fosters group cohesion. These in turn contribute to individual social wellbeing, including expanding social networks, meaningful relationships, a sense of belonging, and acting on empathy for others. GOWHs may be beneficial for mitigation of social isolation as we emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings were used to propose a conceptual model to parse social constructs and inform selection or development of quantitative social measures for future studies of nature-based interventions such as GOHWs.
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87
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Prigent C, Morgan T, Wiles J, Morgan K, Williams L, Gott M. Intergenerational Tension or Cohesion during the COVID-19 Pandemic?: A Letter-writing Study with Older New Zealanders. JOURNAL OF INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15350770.2022.2064387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa Morgan
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janine Wiles
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Merryn Gott
- The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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88
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Lin T, Horta M, Heald K, Heemskerk A, Darboh B, Levi A, Spreng RN, Turner GR, Ebner NC. Loneliness Progression Among Older Adults During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States and Canada. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:e23-e29. [PMID: 34905015 PMCID: PMC8974322 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Older adults are at high risk for complications from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Health guidelines recommend limiting physical contact during the pandemic, drastically reducing opportunities for in-person social exchange. Older adults are also susceptible to negative consequences from loneliness, and the COVID-19 pandemic has likely exacerbated this age-related vulnerability. METHODS In 107 community-dwelling older individuals (65-90 years, 70.5% female) from Florida, the United States, and Ontario, Canada, we examined change in loneliness over the course of the pandemic after implementation of COVID-19-related physical distancing guidelines (March-September 2020; T1-T5; biweekly concurrent self-report) using multilevel modeling. We also explored gender differences in loneliness during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic at both data collection sites. RESULTS Consistent across the 2 sites, levels of loneliness remained stable over time for the full sample (T1-T5). However, our exploratory moderation analysis suggested gender differences in the trajectory of loneliness between the United States and Canada, in that older men in Florida and older women in Ontario reported an increase in loneliness over time. DISCUSSION Leveraging a longitudinal, binational data set collected during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study advances understanding of stability and change in loneliness among a North American sample of individuals aged 65 and older faced with the unique challenges of social isolation. These results can inform public health policy in anticipation of future pandemics and highlight the need for targeted intervention to address acute loneliness among older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marilyn Horta
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kristen Heald
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amber Heemskerk
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Bri Darboh
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adina Levi
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natalie C Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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89
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Savage RD, Di Nicolo S, Wu W, Li J, Lawson A, Grieve J, Goel V, Rochon PA. Factors Associated with Non-Use of Social Media or Video Communications to Connect with Friends and Family During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Older Adults: Online Survey Study. JMIR Aging 2022; 5:e34793. [PMID: 35344502 PMCID: PMC9177172 DOI: 10.2196/34793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Digital technologies have enabled social connection during prolonged periods of physical distancing and travel restrictions throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. These solutions may exclude older adults, who are at higher risk for social isolation, loneliness, and severe outcomes if infected with SARS-CoV-2. Objective This study investigated factors associated with nonuse of social media or video communications to connect with friends and family among older adults during the pandemic’s first wave. Methods A web-based, cross-sectional survey was administered to members of a national retired educators’ organization based in Ontario, Canada, between May 6 and 19, 2020. Respondents (N=4879) were asked about their use of social networking websites or apps to communicate with friends and family, their internet connection and smartphone access, loneliness, and sociodemographic characteristics. Factors associated with nonuse were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression. A thematic analysis was performed on open-ended survey responses that described experiences with technology and virtual connection. Results Overall, 15.4% (751/4868) of respondents did not use social networking websites or apps. After adjustment, male gender (odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% CI 1.33-1.92), advanced age (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.38-2.55), living alone (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.39-2.02), poorer health (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.04-1.71), and lower social support (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.20-1.71) increased the odds of nonuse. The reliability of internet connection and access to a smartphone also predicted nonuse. Many respondents viewed these technologies as beneficial, especially for maintaining pre–COVID-19 social contacts and routines, despite preferences for in-person connection. Conclusions Several factors including advanced age, living alone, and low social support increased the odds of nonuse of social media in older adults to communicate with friends and family during COVID-19’s first wave. Our findings identified socially vulnerable subgroups who may benefit from intervention (eg, improved access, digital literacy, and telephone outreach) to improve social connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel D Savage
- Women's College Research Institute, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, CA.,ICES, Toronto, CA
| | - Sophia Di Nicolo
- University of Toronto - University of Trinity College, Toronto, CA
| | - Wei Wu
- Women's College Research Institute, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, CA
| | - Joyce Li
- Women's College Research Institute, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, CA
| | - Andrea Lawson
- Women's College Research Institute, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, CA
| | | | - Vivek Goel
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA.,ICES, Toronto, CA
| | - Paula A Rochon
- Women's College Research Institute, 76 Grenville Street, Toronto, CA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA.,ICES, Toronto, CA.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, CA
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90
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Ghazi SN, Anderberg P, Berglund JS, Berner J, Dallora AL. Psychological Health and Digital Social Participation of the Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Blekinge, Sweden-An Exploratory Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063711. [PMID: 35329398 PMCID: PMC8954168 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has affected the psychological health of older adults directly and indirectly through recommendations of social distancing and isolation. Using the internet or digital tools to participate in society, one might mitigate the effects of COVID-19 on psychological health. This study explores the social participation of older adults through internet use as a social platform during COVID-19 and its relationship with various psychological health aspects. In this study, we used the survey as a research method, and we collected data through telephonic interviews; and online and paper-based questionnaires. The results showed an association of digital social participation with age and feeling lack of company. Furthermore, in addition, to the increase in internet use in older adults in Sweden during COVID-19, we conclude that digital social participation is essential to maintain psychological health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nauman Ghazi
- Department of Health, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden; (P.A.); (J.S.B.); (J.B.); (A.L.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Peter Anderberg
- Department of Health, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden; (P.A.); (J.S.B.); (J.B.); (A.L.D.)
- School of Health Sciences, University of Skövde, SE-541 28 Skövde, Sweden
| | - Johan Sanmartin Berglund
- Department of Health, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden; (P.A.); (J.S.B.); (J.B.); (A.L.D.)
| | - Jessica Berner
- Department of Health, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden; (P.A.); (J.S.B.); (J.B.); (A.L.D.)
| | - Ana Luiza Dallora
- Department of Health, Blekinge Institute of Technology, SE-371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden; (P.A.); (J.S.B.); (J.B.); (A.L.D.)
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91
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Ávila-Villanueva M, Gómez-Ramírez J, Ávila J, Fernández-Blázquez MA. Loneliness as risk factor for Alzheimer´s disease. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:293-296. [PMID: 35249519 DOI: 10.2174/1874609815666220304195049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable empirical evidence that unequivocally points to loneliness as a modifiable risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease and other related dementias. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdown and social distancing, there has been renewed interest in studying this topic. The present review examines the links between loneliness and Alzheimer's disease, with particular emphasis on the mechanisms common to both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ávila-Villanueva
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Campus de Somosaguas, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Ávila
- Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Fernández-Blázquez
- Department of Biological Psychology and Health, Autonomous University of Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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92
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Creativity, Boredom Proneness and Well-Being in the Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12030068. [PMID: 35323387 PMCID: PMC8945222 DOI: 10.3390/bs12030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout the course of the pandemic, it has become clear that the strictures of social isolation and various levels of lockdown constraints have impacted people’s well-being. Here, our aim was to explore relations between trait dispositions associated with boredom proneness, self-regulation and well-being using data collected early in the pandemic. Specifically, we explored whether the tendency to engage in everyday creative pursuits (e.g., making your own greeting cards) would act as a prophylactic against poor well-being. Results showed that well-being was higher for those individuals who increased engagement with creative pursuits during the early stages of the pandemic. That is, people who engaged more in everyday creative activities also reported higher levels of self-esteem, optimism, and positive affect. In contrast, those who pursued fewer creative outlets had higher levels of depression and anxiety, were higher in boredom proneness, and reported experiencing more negative affect. As we emerge from the pandemic, these data provide a clue as to how people might plan to cope adaptively with the restrictive circumstances this extreme world event engendered. More generally, these data provide support for the notion that everyday creativity (and not necessarily creative expertise) has positive associations for well-being.
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93
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Magnet S, Orr CE. Feminist Loneliness Studies: an introduction. FEMINIST THEORY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/14647001211062734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Writing about loneliness has been a struggle in the midst of the pandemic. Characterized by loneliness, isolation, anxiety, and fear, the COVID-19 pandemic is an exceptionally challenging time. At various points while navigating this loneliness project amid a particularly lonely time, we lamented the seeming futility of it all. A main goal of developing a Feminist Loneliness Studies in this introduction is to understand the ways that systems of oppression – white supremacy, settler colonialism, anti-queer bias, misogyny, neoliberal capitalism, and so on – create our lonely world. To date, there remains no comprehensive feminist analysis of the structural conditions that both produce and intensify experiences of loneliness. We aim to remedy this gap. That is, we seek to address what a Feminist Loneliness Studies can contribute to understanding the complexities of this complicated emotion. For example, what is the unique loneliness of the feminist killjoy who calls out, or calls in, existing forms of queerphobia, racism, and sexism? What does it mean to be a politicized person and how does that result in both alienation and isolation? What might the relationship be between white supremacy and loneliness? How is loneliness both individual and systemic, and what is the relationship between the two? What distinctive forms of loneliness are created by ableism, sanism, neoliberalism, capitalism, globalization, and the gig economy? Ought loneliness be avoided at all costs? What are the ethics of loneliness? In our introduction to this special issue, we unpack and theorize the potential perils and generative possibilities offered up by this profound emotion. Establishing a Feminist Loneliness Studies provides us with the space we need to begin addressing and comprehending loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Magnet
- Institute of Feminist and Gender Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Celeste E. Orr
- Gender and Sexuality Studies Department, St Lawrence University, USA
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94
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Ernst M, Beutel ME, Brähler E. Cancer as a risk factor for distress and its interactions with sociodemographic variables in the context of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2021. [PMID: 35132127 PMCID: PMC8821553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a psychological challenge, especially for individuals with chronic illnesses. The aim of this study was to investigate associations of cancer with distress, including its interplay with further risk and protective factors. We conducted a representative survey of the German population (N = 2503, including N = 144 with a cancer diagnosis) during the first wave of the pandemic. In multiple linear and logistic regression analyses, we tested associations of cancer with depression and anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation. We also investigated moderating effects of age, gender, income, living situation, marital status, and loneliness. Individuals with cancer were more likely to report anxiety symptoms (φ = .061), suicidal ideation (φ = .050), and loneliness (φ = .044) than other participants. In regression analyses that controlled for sociodemographic differences, cancer was still associated with anxiety symptoms. We also observed interaction effects, indicating that this relation was especially strong in men with cancer and that cancer survivors with a low income were particularly likely to report anxiety symptoms. The findings demonstrate that cancer survivors are a vulnerable group and that factors of different life domains interact in shaping well-being in the population, necessitating comprehensive risk assessment and support offers during the pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Ernst
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Manfred E Beutel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Integrated Research and Treatment Center Adiposity Diseases, Behavioral Medicine Research Unit, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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95
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van der Velpen IF, Melis RJF, Hussainali RF, Perry M, Vernooij-Dassen MJF, Ikram MA, Luik AI, Vernooij MW. Determinants of social health trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in older adults: the Rotterdam Study. Int Psychogeriatr 2022:1-15. [PMID: 35086605 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610221002891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and accompanying lockdown restrictions impacted social life significantly. We studied associations of sociodemographic factors, mental and social health markers, and brain structure with social health trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN Prospective longitudinal population-based cohort study. SETTING Community-dwelling inhabitants of Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PARTICIPANTS Repeated questionnaires including questions on social health were sent to Rotterdam Study participants from April 2020 onwards. Social health data at study baseline were available for 5017 participants (mean age: 68.7 ± 11.3; 56.9% women). MEASUREMENTS Determinants were assessed in routine Rotterdam Study follow-up (1990-2020), including global brain volumes in a subset of participants (N = 1720). We applied linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations to quantify associations between determinants and trajectories of loneliness, perceived social isolation and social connectedness over three time points from April 22nd to July 31st 2020. RESULTS Loneliness prevalence was 27.9% in April 2020 versus 12.6% prepandemic. Social isolation (baseline mean 4.7 ± 2.4) and loneliness scores (baseline mean 4.9 ± 1.5) decreased over time, whereas social connectedness trajectories remained stable. Depressive symptoms, female sex, prepandemic loneliness, living alone, and not owning a pet were independently associated with lower social connectedness and higher social isolation and loneliness at COVID-19 baseline, but recovery of social health was similar for all determinants. Larger intracranial volume was associated with higher social connectedness. CONCLUSIONS Despite baseline differences for specific determinants, older adults showed similar recovery of loneliness and social isolation alongside stable social connectedness over time during the pandemic. Social health is multidimensional, especially during a global health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle F van der Velpen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René J F Melis
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rowina F Hussainali
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Perry
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Radboudumc Alzheimer Center, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Primary and Community Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie I Luik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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96
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Goldenberg I, Denomme WJ, Lee JEC. Pandemic-Related Challenges and Organizational Support Among Personnel in Canada's Defense Establishment. Front Public Health 2022; 9:789912. [PMID: 35155349 PMCID: PMC8829139 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.789912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the final week of March 2020, 2.8 million Canadians were away from their usual places of work and engaging in remote and/or telework to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 (Statistics Canada, 2020). The Government of Canada's Department of National Defence (DND) and the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) were no exception, with most members from the regular force (Reg F), the primary reserve force (P Res), and the DND public service (DND PS) working from home. The COVID-19 Defence Team Survey was administered from April 29th, 2020, and May 22nd, 2020, to gain insight into work, health, and family-related challenges since the onset of the pandemic and change in work arrangements. Responses from five open-ended questions were qualitatively analyzed to determine general themes of concern regarding work, personal, and family related challenges, stress-management and coping strategies, and recommendations for improving the work situation and personal well-being. Given the different roles and conditions of employment, responses of the different groups or “components” of respondents (Reg F, P Res, DND PS) were compared to identify common and unique challenges to inform targeted organizational responses. A total of 26,207 members (Reg F = 13,668, 52.2%; P Res = 5,052, 19.3%; DND PS = 7,487, 28.6%) responded to the survey's five open-ended questions, which yielded a total of 75,000 open-ended responses. When asked about work-related challenges, respondents' most common challenges included dissatisfaction with technology/software, work arrangements, ergonomics, work-life balance, communication within the organization, and the uncertainties regarding career development. In terms of personal and/or family-related challenges, the most common challenges included social isolation, the impact of the pandemic on mental health, school closures and homeschooling, caring for vulnerable family members, and childcare concerns. The most common stress-management and coping strategies included exercise, spending time outdoors, communicating or spending time with family members, household chores/projects, mind-body wellness exercises, and playing games. The most common recommendations made by respondents to improve their work- or personal-related situations included improving technological capabilities, streamlining communication, providing hardware and software necessary to ensure comfortable ergonomics, the provision of flexibility in terms of telework schedules, return-to-work decisions, and the expansion of benefits and access to childcare services. In terms of differences among the components, DND PS personnel were most likely to report dissatisfaction with technological changes and ergonomics, and to recommend improving these technological limitations to maximize productivity. Reg F members, on the other hand, were most likely to recommend increased support and access to childcare, and both Reg F and P Res members were more likely to mention that increased benefits and entitlements in response to the COVID-19 pandemic would be ameliorative. The results of this study highlight several important facts about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on personnel working in large, diverse organizations. For example, advancements in organizational technological capabilities were highlighted herein, and these are likely to grow to maintain productivity should remote work come to be used more extensively in the long-term. This study also highlighted the importance of flexibility and accommodation in relation to individual needs – a trend that was already underway but has taken on greater relevance and urgency in light of the pandemic. This is clearly essential to the organization's role in supporting the well-being of personnel and their families. Clear and streamlined communication regarding organizational changes and support services is also essential to minimize uncertainty and to provide useful supports for coping with this and other stressful situations.
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97
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Cohen M, Yagil D, Aviv A, Soffer M, Bar-Sela G. Cancer patients attending treatment during COVID-19: intolerance of uncertainty and psychological distress. J Cancer Surviv 2022; 16:1478-1488. [PMID: 35066775 PMCID: PMC8783796 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-021-01126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miri Cohen
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Dana Yagil
- Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Aviv
- Hematology Unit, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Michal Soffer
- School of Social Work, University of Haifa, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave., Mount Carmel, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Bar-Sela
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
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98
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Karakose T, Ozdemir TY, Papadakis S, Yirci R, Ozkayran SE, Polat H. Investigating the Relationships between COVID-19 Quality of Life, Loneliness, Happiness, and Internet Addiction among K-12 Teachers and School Administrators-A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031052. [PMID: 35162075 PMCID: PMC8833909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is well acknowledged that the roles of both school administrators and teachers have changed due to the global education crisis caused by COVID-19. During this challenging and critical period, it is essential to investigate how those working in the education sector who undertake strategic tasks for sustainable education are affected by the new conditions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the interrelationships between COVID-19 quality of life, loneliness, happiness, and Internet addiction. The research was designed according to the relational survey model, was conducted with 432 school administrators and teachers working in K-12 schools. The research data was collected through online questionnaires, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test and analyze proposed hypotheses. The study’s results revealed a positive relationship between the COVID-19 related quality of life and loneliness, and that loneliness significantly positively predicts Internet addiction. In this context, due to the impact of COVID-19 on the life quality, the participants’ loneliness levels significantly increased, and this increase in loneliness caused them to become addicted to using the Internet. Interestingly, it was also determined that a positive relationship exists between loneliness and happiness and that as the loneliness of individuals increased, their level of happiness also increased. In many studies conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a negative relationship was revealed between loneliness and happiness. In the current study conducted during the pandemic, the relationship between the two variables was positive. SEM results revealed that COVID-19 directly affects the quality of life, Internet addiction, loneliness, and happiness of school administrators and teachers. Furthermore, it was determined that Internet addiction indirectly affects the relationship between loneliness and happiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Karakose
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Kutahya 43100, Turkey;
| | - Tuncay Yavuz Ozdemir
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey; (T.Y.O.); (H.P.)
| | - Stamatios Papadakis
- Department of Education, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymno, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Ramazan Yirci
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Sutcuimam University, Kahramanmaras 46050, Turkey;
| | - Secil Eda Ozkayran
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Bartin University, Bartin 74100, Turkey;
| | - Hakan Polat
- Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Education, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey; (T.Y.O.); (H.P.)
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99
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Kulmala J, Tiilikainen E, Lisko I, Ngandu T, Kivipelto M, Solomon A. Personal Social Networks of Community-Dwelling Oldest Old During the Covid-19 Pandemic-A Qualitative Study. Front Public Health 2022; 9:770965. [PMID: 35004583 PMCID: PMC8739883 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.770965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and its related restrictions have affected the everyday life of older people. Advanced age is a significant predisposing factor for a more severe COVID-19 infection, increasing the risk for hospitalization and mortality. Even though restrictions have been, thus, well-grounded, they may also have had detrimental effects on the social well-being of older people. Personal networks and social activity are known protective factors against the premature decline in health and functioning, and it is widely acknowledged that social isolation increases feelings of loneliness, poor quality of life, and even the risk for diseases and disabilities among older adults. This qualitative study investigated changes in personal networks among community-dwelling oldest-old individuals (persons aged 80 and over) during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland. The data is part of the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging, and Dementia (CAIDE85+) study, which is an ongoing large longitudinal population-based study in Finland. In this qualitative sub-study, we analyzed fifteen in-depth telephone interviews using directed content analyses and identified five types of changes in personal social networks during the pandemic. In type 1, all social contacts were significantly reduced due to official recommendations and fear of the virus. Type 2 included modified ways of being socially active i.e., by deploying new technology, and in type 3, social contacts increased during the lockdown. In type 4, personal social networks were changed unexpectedly or dramatically due to a death of a spouse, for example. In type 5, we observed stable social networks, which had not been affected by the pandemic. At an individual level, one person could have had different types of changes during the pandemic. These results highlight the heterogeneity of the oldest olds' personal social networks and changes related to them during the exceptional times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social activity and personal networks play an important role in the well-being of the oldest old, but individual situations, needs, and preferences toward personal social networks should be taken into account when planning social activities, policies, and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kulmala
- Faculty of Social Sciences (Health Sciences) and Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisa Tiilikainen
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Inna Lisko
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center (GEREC), University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiia Ngandu
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia Kivipelto
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Clinical Trials Unit, Theme Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Helsinki, Finland.,Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alina Solomon
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Chamberlain SA, Bronskill SE, Hsu Z, Youngson E, Gruneir A. Resident loneliness, social isolation and unplanned emergency department visits from supportive living facilities: a population-based study in Alberta, Canada. BMC Geriatr 2022; 22:21. [PMID: 34979960 PMCID: PMC8725434 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02718-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supportive living (SL) facilities are intended to provide a residential care setting in a less restrictive and more cost-effective way than nursing homes (NH). SL residents with poor social relationships may be at risk for increased health service use. We describe the demographic and health service use patterns of lonely and socially isolated SL residents and to quantify associations between loneliness and social isolation on unplanned emergency department (ED) visits. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study using population-based linked health administrative data from Alberta, Canada. All SL residents aged 18 to 105 years who had at least one Resident Assessment Instrument-Home Care (RAI-HC) assessment between April 1, 2013 and March 31, 2018 were observed. Loneliness and social isolation were measured as a resident indicating that he/she feels lonely and if the resident had neither a primary nor secondary caregiver, respectively. Health service use in the 1 year following assessment included unplanned ED visits, hospital admissions, admission to higher levels of SL, admission to NH and death. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models examined the association between loneliness and social isolation on the time to first unplanned ED visit. RESULTS We identified 18,191 individuals living in Alberta SL facilities. The prevalence of loneliness was 18% (n = 3238), social isolation was 4% (n = 713). Lonely residents had the greatest overall health service use. Risk of unplanned ED visit increased with loneliness (aHR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.15) but did not increase with social isolation (aHR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.84-1.06). CONCLUSIONS Lonely residents had a different demographic profile (older, female, cognitively impaired) from socially isolated residents and were more likely to experience an unplanned ED visit. Our findings suggest the need to develop interventions to assist SL care providers with how to identify and address social factors to reduce risk of unplanned ED visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Chamberlain
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 6-50 University Terrace, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2T4, Canada.
| | - Susan E Bronskill
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Management & Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Institute of Health Policy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoe Hsu
- Data and Research Services, Alberta SPOR Support Unit and Provincial Research Data Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erik Youngson
- Data and Research Services, Alberta SPOR Support Unit and Provincial Research Data Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea Gruneir
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, 6-50 University Terrace, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2T4, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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