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Luo S, Xie C, Lin N, Lin D, Gu D, Lin S, Huang X, Xu X, Weng X. Cost-effectiveness analysis of an orphan drug tebentafusp in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma and a call for value-based pricing. Melanoma Res 2023; 33:525-531. [PMID: 37650713 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The normative regimens recommendations for treating metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) are absent in the US. Recently, a phase III randomized clinical trial revealed that tebentafusp yielded a conspicuously longer overall survival than the control group. Based on the prominent efficacy, this study aimed to assess whether tebentafusp is cost-effective compared to the control group in patients with untreated mUM. A three-state partitioned survival model was developed to assess the costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) from the perspective of US payers. Scenario analyses and sensitivity analyses were conducted to explore the conclusion uncertainty. Compared with control group, tebentafusp therapy yielded an additional 0.47 QALYs (1.19 vs. 0.72 QALYs) and an incremental cost of $444 280 ($633 822 vs. $189 542). The resultant ICER of $953 230/QALY far outweighed the willingness-to-pay threshold of $200 000/QALY. The ICER was always more than $750 000/QALY in all the univariable and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Scenario analyses indicated that reducing the unit price of tebentafusp to $33.768/µg was associated with a favorable result of tebentafusp being cost-effective. For treatment-naive patients with mUM, the cost of tebentafusp therapy was not worth the improvement in survival benefits at the current price compared to the investigator's choice of therapy. The cost-effectiveness of tebentafusp could be promoted using value-based pricing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ningning Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dian Gu
- Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shen Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiongwei Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuhua Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University
- Department of Pharmacy, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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52
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Simal I, Bauters T, Paepens C, Clottens N, Ramaut P, Kestens E. Developing a flowchart to evaluate the use of Closed System Drug-Transfer Devices with monoclonal antibodies: Focus on the clinical trial setting. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023; 29:2014-2022. [PMID: 37680124 DOI: 10.1177/10781552231199412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Available guidelines are ambiguous about safe handling monoclonal antibodies (MABs) and whether or not to use a Closed System Drug-Transfer Device (CSTD). In this article we want to describe a standardized working method on handling MABs in a clinical trial setting. DATA SOURCES The current workflow at the clinical trial unit of the Ghent University Hospital was critically analyzed, after which an extensive literature review was performed using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Working Group guidelines and the database PubMed (Keywords: monoclonal antibodies, closed system transfer devices, safety guidelines, safe handling, management, administration, (bio)compatibility, volume loss, contamination, clinical trial unit. Period: 2020-2022). DATA SUMMARY Literature data are ambiguous. CSTDs can reduce cross-contamination and minimize exposure to potential hazardous drugs for healthcare professionals. However, in recent years more questions have been raised about their in-use compatibility and their impact on final product quality. This makes the debate on implementing CSTDs a hot topic in daily pharmacy practice and demands a holistic and standardized approach when deciding whether or not to use a CSTD when handling MABs. In a clinical trial setting, where safety data are frequently not available and the compatibility of CSTDs and investigational product is often unknown, this poses additional challenges that need to be taken into account. CONCLUSION We developed a flowchart which standardizes the use of a CSTD when handling MABs. It allows other healthcare professionals and clinical trial sponsors to define and evaluate the necessary criteria when standardizing the position of a CSTD in their safe handling procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Simal
- Pharmacy Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tiene Bauters
- Pharmacy Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Nele Clottens
- Pharmacy Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Ramaut
- Pharmacy Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Kestens
- Pharmacy Department, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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53
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Kuwahara A, Nazuka M, Kuroki Y, Ito K, Watanabe S, Kumagai I, Asano R. Functional integration of protein A binding ability to antibody fragments for convenient and tag-free purification. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2259093. [PMID: 37732741 PMCID: PMC10515673 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2259093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the development of small therapeutic antibodies is important, the affinity tags used for their purification often result in heterogeneous production and immunogenicity. In this study, we integrated Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) binding ability into antibody fragments for convenient and tag-free purification. SpA affinity chromatography is used as a global standard purification method for conventional antibodies owing to its high binding affinity to the Fc region. SpA also has a binding affinity for some variable heavy domains (VH) classified in the VH3 subfamily. Through mutagenesis based on alignment and structural modeling results using the SpA-VH3 cocrystal structure, we integrated the SpA-binding ability into the anti-CD3 single-chain Fv. Furthermore, we applied this mutagenesis approach to more complicated small bispecific antibodies and successfully purified the antibodies using SpA affinity chromatography. The antibodies retained their biological function after purification. Integration of SpA-binding ability into conventional antibody fragments simplifies the purification and monitoring of the production processes and, thus, is an ideal strategy for accelerating the development of small therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because of its immunoactivity, the anti-CD3 variable region with SpA-binding ability is an effective building block for developing engineered cancer therapeutic antibodies without the Fc region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kuwahara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misae Nazuka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Kuroki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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54
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Knödler M, Frank K, Kerpen L, Buyel JF. Design, optimization, production and activity testing of recombinant immunotoxins expressed in plants and plant cells for the treatment of monocytic leukemia. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2244235. [PMID: 37598369 PMCID: PMC10444015 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2244235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) can improve therapeutic indices compared to plain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, ADC synthesis is complex because the components are produced separately in CHO cells (mAb) and often by chemical synthesis (drug). They are individually purified, coupled, and then the ADC is purified, increasing production costs compared to regular mAbs. In contrast, it is easier to produce recombinant fusion proteins consisting of an antibody derivative, linker and proteinaceous toxin, i.e. a recombinant immunotoxin (RIT). Plants are capable of the post-translational modifications needed for functional antibodies and can also express active protein toxins such as the recombinant mistletoe lectin viscumin, which is not possible in prokaryotes and mammalian cells respectively. Here, we used Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum plants as well as tobacco BY-2 cell-based plant cell packs (PCPs) to produce effective RITs targeting CD64 as required for the treatment of myelomonocytic leukemia. We compared RITs with different subcellular targeting signals, linkers, and proteinaceous toxins. The accumulation of selected candidates was improved to ~ 40 mg kg-1 wet biomass using a design of experiments approach, and corresponding proteins were isolated with a purity of ~ 80% using an optimized affinity chromatography method with an overall yield of ~ 84%. One anti-CD64 targeted viscumin-based drug candidate was characterized in terms of storage stability and cytotoxicity test in vitro using human myelomonocytic leukemia cell lines. We identified bottlenecks in the plant-based expression platform that require further improvement and assessed critical process parameters that should be considered during process development for plant-made RITs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Knödler
- Bioprocess Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katharina Frank
- Bioprocess Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lucy Kerpen
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Felix Buyel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering (IBSE), Vienna, Austria
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55
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Tulika T, Pedersen RW, Rimbault C, Ahmadi S, Rivera‐de‐Torre E, Fernández‐Quintero ML, Loeffler JR, Bohn M, Ljungars A, Ledsgaard L, Voldborg BG, Ruso‐Julve F, Andersen JT, Laustsen AH. Phage display assisted discovery of a pH-dependent anti-α-cobratoxin antibody from a natural variable domain library. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4821. [PMID: 37897425 PMCID: PMC10659949 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Recycling IgG antibodies bind to their target antigen at physiological pH in the blood stream and release them upon endocytosis when pH levels drop, allowing the IgG antibodies to be recycled into circulation via FcRn-mediated cellular pathways, while the antigens undergo lysosomal degradation. This enables recycling antibodies to achieve comparable therapeutic effect at lower doses than their non-recycling counterparts. The development of such antibodies is typically achieved by histidine doping of their variable regions or by performing in vitro antibody selection campaigns utilizing histidine doped libraries. Both are strategies that may introduce sequence liabilities. Here, we present a methodology that employs a naïve antibody phage display library, consisting of natural variable domains, to discover antibodies that bind α-cobratoxin from the venom of Naja kaouthia in a pH-dependent manner. As a result, an antibody was discovered that exhibits a 7-fold higher off-rate at pH 5.5 than pH 7.4 in bio-layer interferometry experiments. Interestingly, no histidine residues were found in its variable domains, and in addition, the antibody showed pH-dependent binding to a histidine-devoid antigen mutant. As such, the results demonstrate that pH-dependent antigen-antibody binding may not always be driven by histidine residues. By employing molecular dynamics simulations, different protonation states of titratable residues were found, which potentially could be responsible for the observed pH-dependent antigen binding properties of the antibody. Finally, given the typically high diversity of naïve antibody libraries, the methodology presented here can likely be applied to discover recycling antibodies against different targets ab initio without the need for histidine doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Tulika
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Rasmus W. Pedersen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Charlotte Rimbault
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Shirin Ahmadi
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | | | - Monica L. Fernández‐Quintero
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Department of GeneralInorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Johannes R. Loeffler
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Department of GeneralInorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Markus‐Frederik Bohn
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Anne Ljungars
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Line Ledsgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Bjørn G. Voldborg
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Fulgencio Ruso‐Julve
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of ImmunologyOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Precision Immunotherapy AllianceUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of ImmunologyOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway
- Precision Immunotherapy AllianceUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
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56
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Beattie JW, Rowland-Jones RC, Farys M, Bettany H, Hilton D, Kazarian SG, Byrne B. Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Dynamic Binding Capacity Analysis. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1393-1400. [PMID: 37908083 PMCID: PMC10683347 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231210293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein A affinity chromatography is a key step in isolation of biotherapeutics (BTs) containing fragment crystallizable regions, including monoclonal and bispecific antibodies. Dynamic binding capacity (DBC) analysis assesses how much BT will bind to a protein A column. DBC reduces with column usage, effectively reducing the amount of recovered product over time. Drug regulatory bodies mandate chromatography resin lifetime for BT isolation, through measurement of parameters including DBC, so this feature is carefully monitored in industrial purification pipelines. High-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) is typically used to assess the concentration of BT, which when loaded to the column results in significant breakthrough of BT in the flowthrough. HPAC gives an accurate assessment of DBC and how this changes over time but only reports on protein concentration, requires calibration for each new BT analyzed, and can only be used offline. Here we utilized Raman spectroscopy and revealed that this approach is at least as effective as both HPAC and ultraviolet chromatogram methods at monitoring DBC of protein A resins. In addition to reporting on protein concentration, the chemical information in the Raman spectra provides information on aggregation status and protein structure, providing extra quality controls to industrial bioprocessing pipelines. In combination with partial least square (PLS) analysis, Raman spectroscopy can be used to determine the DBC of a BT without prior calibration. Here we performed Raman analysis offline in a 96-well plate format, however, it is feasible to perform this inline. This study demonstrates the power of Raman spectroscopy as a significantly improved approach to DBC monitoring in industrial pipelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Beattie
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth C. Rowland-Jones
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Monika Farys
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Hamish Bettany
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David Hilton
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicine Development and Supply, GSK R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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57
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Ranchon F, Chatelut É, Lambert J, Sesques P, Thibault C, Madelaine I, Rioufol C, Diéras V, Cazin JL. [Antibody drug conjugates (ADC) and bispecific antibodies in oncology - report of the 2022 Saint Louis day]. Bull Cancer 2023; 110:1343-1351. [PMID: 37827964 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADC) and bispecific antibodies are booming and were the subject of the scientific event proposed by the French Society of Oncological Pharmacy, October 13, 2022. An ADC is composed of the antibody targeting a receptor expressed on the tumor cell, the spacer making it possible to attach the cytotoxic to the antibody and to control its distribution in the body, and the cytotoxic. Therapeutic antibodies, monoclonal and conjugated, have particular pharmacokinetics. Unlike monoclonal antibodies for which the standard dose is most often fixed, this is expressed in mg/m2 (or mg/kg) and capped at 2m2 (or 100kg) for conjugates. The linked cytotoxics are powerful cytotoxics: mitotic spindle poisons (emtansine, monomethyl auristatin E or vedotin), topoisomerase I inhibitors (deruxtecan, SN 38) or antibiotics (ozogamicin). In senology, trastuzumab deruxtecan (anti-HER2) and sacituzumab govitecan (anti-Trop 2) are now modifying treatment standards for patients with metastatic breast cancer, respectively HER2 3X or HER2 low and triple negative. In metastatic bladder cancer, enfortumab vedotin (anti-nectin 4) is positioned as the 2nd line of treatment. Bispecific antibodies, on the other hand, are able to target two epitopes, an antigen specific to a tumor cell and one to an immune cell, allowing a bridge between the killer immune cells and the tumor cells. For lymphoma proliferation, many bispecific antibodies are in development. The most advanced are glofitamab, epcoritamab and mosunetuzumab, which target the CD20 of B lymphocytes and the CD3 of T lymphocytes. Bispecific antibodies are also emerging in the treatment of myeloma with teclistamab and elranatamab (anti-CD3 and anti-BCMA) or talquetamab (anti-GPRC5D and anti-CD3). Conjugated antibodies, and more recently bispecific antibodies, are potential game changers in cancer treatment and researchs are needed to improve their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Ranchon
- Hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, unité de pharmacie clinique oncologique, Pierre-Bénite, France; Université Lyon 1, EA 3738, CICLY centre pour l'innovation en cancérologie de Lyon, 69921 Lyon, Oullins cedex, France; Société française de pharmacie oncologique (SFPO), Paris, France
| | - Étienne Chatelut
- Université Paul Sabatier, institut Claudius-Regaud, institut universitaire du cancer Toulouse - Oncopole ; CRCT, centre de recherche en cancérologie de Toulouse, Inserm U1037, Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Lambert
- Centre hospitalier de Versailles, service d'hématologie, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Pierre Sesques
- Hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, unité d'hématologie clinique, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Constance Thibault
- AP-HP, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, institut du cancer Paris CARPEM, centre, service d'oncologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Madelaine
- AP-HP, hôpital Saint-Louis, pharmacie, Paris, France; Société française de pharmacie oncologique (SFPO), Paris, France
| | - Catherine Rioufol
- Hospices civils de Lyon, groupement hospitalier Sud, unité de pharmacie clinique oncologique, Pierre-Bénite, France; Université Lyon 1, EA 3738, CICLY centre pour l'innovation en cancérologie de Lyon, 69921 Lyon, Oullins cedex, France; Société française de pharmacie oncologique (SFPO), Paris, France
| | - Véronique Diéras
- Centre Eugène-Marquis, département d'oncologie médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Louis Cazin
- UFR 3S (université de Lille), centre Oscar-Lambret, faculté de pharmacie, Lille, France; Société française de pharmacie oncologique (SFPO), Paris, France.
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58
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Hoerschinger V, Waibl F, Pomarici ND, Loeffler JR, Deane CM, Georges G, Kettenberger H, Fernández-Quintero ML, Liedl KR. PEP-Patch: Electrostatics in Protein-Protein Recognition, Specificity, and Antibody Developability. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:6964-6971. [PMID: 37934909 PMCID: PMC10685443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The electrostatic properties of proteins arise from the number and distribution of polar and charged residues. Electrostatic interactions in proteins play a critical role in numerous processes such as molecular recognition, protein solubility, viscosity, and antibody developability. Thus, characterizing and quantifying electrostatic properties of a protein are prerequisites for understanding these processes. Here, we present PEP-Patch, a tool to visualize and quantify the electrostatic potential on the protein surface in terms of surface patches, denoting separated areas of the surface with a common physical property. We highlight its applicability to elucidate protease substrate specificity and antibody-antigen recognition and predict heparin column retention times of antibodies as an indicator of pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin
J. Hoerschinger
- Department
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Franz Waibl
- Department
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nancy D. Pomarici
- Department
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes R. Loeffler
- Department
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Charlotte M. Deane
- Department
of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Georges
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Roche
Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Department
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Department
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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59
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Leal-Lopes C, D'Angelo S, Erasmus MF, Teixeira AAR, Temples G, Zhou J, Bradbury ARM, Ferrara F. High throughput purification of monoclonal recombinant antibodies using a Protein-A coated membrane plate system. N Biotechnol 2023; 77:111-119. [PMID: 37648151 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ranges from cancer treatment to immune-mediated conditions, covering infectious and cardiovascular disorders, among others. The development of improved methods for therapeutic antibody discovery has accelerated the identification of numerous mAbs: a discovery campaign can be deeply mined, resulting in hundreds, even thousands, of potential antibody leads for a given target of interest. High throughput mAb expression and purification methods are required for the rapid validation of those leads. In this work, we describe the implementation of a Protein-A coated membrane plate system, the Purexa™ AHT membrane plate, for robust preparative purification of hundreds of recombinant mAbs, without the need for automation. The high efficiency (>80%) recovery generated sufficient mAb for downstream screening analyses such as ELISA and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). This new system allows the functional validation of hundreds of lead antibodies from discovery campaigns in a timely manner regardless of operational size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Leal-Lopes
- New Mexico Consortium, 4200 W. Jemez Rd, Suite 301, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Sara D'Angelo
- Specifica Inc, a Q2 Solution Company, 1607 Alcaldesa Street, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - M Frank Erasmus
- Specifica Inc, a Q2 Solution Company, 1607 Alcaldesa Street, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Andre A R Teixeira
- New Mexico Consortium, 4200 W. Jemez Rd, Suite 301, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Graham Temples
- Purilogics, a Donaldson Brand, 900B W Faris Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Jinxiang Zhou
- Purilogics, a Donaldson Brand, 900B W Faris Rd., Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Andrew R M Bradbury
- Specifica Inc, a Q2 Solution Company, 1607 Alcaldesa Street, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
| | - Fortunato Ferrara
- Specifica Inc, a Q2 Solution Company, 1607 Alcaldesa Street, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA.
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60
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Lin Y, Moyle AB, Beaumont VA, Liu LL, Polleck S, Liu H, Shi H, Rouse JC, Kim HY, Zhang Y, Gross ML. Characterization of Higher Order Structural Changes of a Thermally Stressed Monoclonal Antibody via Mass Spectrometry Footprinting and Other Biophysical Approaches. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16840-16849. [PMID: 37933954 PMCID: PMC10909587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing changes in the higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies upon stressed conditions is critical to gaining a better understanding of the product and process. One single biophysical approach may not be best suited to assess HOS comprehensively; thus, the synergy from multiple, complementary approaches improves characterization accuracy and resolution. In this study, we employed two mass spectrometry (MS )-based footprinting techniques, namely, fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP)-MS and hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX)-MS, supported by dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), circular dichroism (CD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study changes to the HOS of a mAb upon thermal stress. The biophysical techniques report a nuanced characterization of the HOS in which CD detects no changes to the secondary or tertiary structure, yet DLS measurements show an increase in the hydrodynamic radius. DSC indicates that the stability decreases, and chemical or conformational changes accumulate with incubation time according to NMR. Furthermore, whereas HDX-MS does not indicate HOS changes, FPOP-MS footprinting reveals conformational changes at residue resolution for some amino acids. The local phenomena observed with FPOP-MS indicate that several residues show various patterns of degradation during thermal stress: no change, an increase in solvent exposure, and a biphasic response to solvent exposure. All evidences show that FPOP-MS efficiently resolves subtle structural changes and novel degradation pathways upon thermal stress treatment at residue-level resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63105, United States
| | - Austin B Moyle
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63105, United States
| | - Victor A Beaumont
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Sandwich CT13 9FF, U.K
| | - Lucy L Liu
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Sharon Polleck
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63105, United States
| | - Heliang Shi
- Global Product Development, Rare Disease Statistics, Pfizer, Inc., New York, New York 10017, United States
| | - Jason C Rouse
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri 63105, United States
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Skórzewska M, Gęca K, Polkowski WP. A Clinical Viewpoint on the Use of Targeted Therapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5490. [PMID: 38001751 PMCID: PMC10670421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of therapies for advanced gastric cancer (GC) has made significant progress over the past few years. The identification of new molecules and molecular targets is expanding our understanding of the disease's intricate nature. The end of the classical oncology era, which relied on well-studied chemotherapeutic agents, is giving rise to novel and unexplored challenges, which will cause a significant transformation of the current oncological knowledge in the next few years. The integration of established clinically effective regimens in additional studies will be crucial in managing these innovative aspects of GC. This study aims to present an in-depth and comprehensive review of the clinical advancements in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for advanced GC.
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Lee SM, Min SW, Kwon HS, Bae GD, Jung JH, Park HI, Lee SH, Lim CS, Ko BJ, Lee JC, Jung ST. Effective clearance of rituximab-resistant tumor cells by breaking the mirror-symmetry of immunoglobulin G and simultaneous binding to CD55 and CD20. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18275. [PMID: 37880350 PMCID: PMC10600224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which eliminates aberrant target cells through the assembly and complex formation of serum complement molecules, is one of the major effector functions of anticancer therapeutic antibodies. In this study, we discovered that breaking the symmetry of natural immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies significantly increased the CDC activity of anti-CD20 antibodies. In addition, the expression of CD55 (a checkpoint inhibitor in the CDC cascade) was significantly increased in a rituximab-resistant cell line generated in-house, suggesting that CD55 overexpression might be a mechanism by which cancer cells acquire rituximab resistance. Based on these findings, we developed an asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) that simultaneously targets both CD55 and CD20 to effectively eliminate rituximab-resistant cancer cells. In various cancer cell lines, including rituximab-resistant lymphoma cells, the SBU-CD55 × CD20 antibody showed significantly higher CDC activity than either anti-CD20 IgG antibody alone or a combination of anti-CD20 IgG antibody and anti-CD55 IgG antibody. Furthermore, the asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) exhibited significantly higher CDC activity against rituximab-resistant cancer cells compared to other bispecific antibodies with symmetric features. These results demonstrate that enhancing CDC with an asymmetric CD55-binding bispecific antibody could be a new strategy for developing therapeutics to treat patients with relapsed or refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Min
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Sun Kwon
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Gong-Deuk Bae
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Jung
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye In Park
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Su Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation 123, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Science, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobonng-Ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk, Seoul, 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Chul Lee
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Fernández-Quintero ML, Pomarici ND, Fischer ALM, Hoerschinger VJ, Kroell KB, Riccabona JR, Kamenik AS, Loeffler JR, Ferguson JA, Perrett HR, Liedl KR, Han J, Ward AB. Structure and Dynamics Guiding Design of Antibody Therapeutics and Vaccines. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:67. [PMID: 37873864 PMCID: PMC10594513 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and other new antibody-like formats have emerged as one of the most rapidly growing classes of biotherapeutic proteins. Understanding the structural features that drive antibody function and, consequently, their molecular recognition is critical for engineering antibodies. Here, we present the structural architecture of conventional IgG antibodies alongside other formats. We emphasize the importance of considering antibodies as conformational ensembles in solution instead of focusing on single-static structures because their functions and properties are strongly governed by their dynamic nature. Thus, in this review, we provide an overview of the unique structural and dynamic characteristics of antibodies with respect to their antigen recognition, biophysical properties, and effector functions. We highlight the numerous technical advances in antibody structure prediction and design, enabled by the vast number of experimentally determined high-quality structures recorded with cryo-EM, NMR, and X-ray crystallography. Lastly, we assess antibody and vaccine design strategies in the context of structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L. Fernández-Quintero
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nancy D. Pomarici
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena M. Fischer
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentin J. Hoerschinger
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katharina B. Kroell
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakob R. Riccabona
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna S. Kamenik
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes R. Loeffler
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - James A. Ferguson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hailee R. Perrett
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Edelmann MR, Bredack C, Belli S, Mohr P, Imhoff MP, Reggiani F, Kusznir EA, Rufer AC, Holt DP, Valentine H, Wong DF, Dannals RF, Honer M, Gobbi LC. Evaluation of Tetrazine Tracers for Pretargeted Imaging within the Central Nervous System. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1882-1893. [PMID: 37710950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The pretargeting approach separates the biological half-life of an antibody from the physical half-life of the radioisotope label, providing a strategy for reducing the radiation burden. A widely explored pretargeting approach makes use of the bioorthogonal click reaction between tetrazines (Tzs) and trans-cyclooctenes (TCOs), combining the targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the rapid clearance and precise reaction of Tzs and TCOs. Such a strategy can allow for the targeting and imaging (e.g., by positron emission tomography (PET)) of molecular markers, which cannot be addressed by solely relying on small molecules. Tz derivatives that undergo inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reactions with an antibody bearing TCO moieties have been investigated. This study describes the synthesis and characterization of 11 cold Tz imaging agent candidates. These molecules have the potential to be radiolabeled with 18F or 3H, and with the former label, they could be of use as imaging tracers for positron emission tomography studies. Selection was made using a multiparameter optimization score for the central nervous system (CNS) PET tracers. Novel tetrazines were tested for their pH-dependent chemical stability. Those which turned out to be stable in a pH range of 6.5-8 were further characterized in in vitro assays with regard to their passive permeability, microsomal stability, and P-glycoprotein transport. Furthermore, selected Tzs were examined for their systemic clearance and CNS penetration in a single-dose pharmacokinetic study in rats. Two tetrazines were successfully labeled with 18F, one of which showed brain penetration in a biodistribution study in mice. Another Tz was successfully tritium-labeled and used to demonstrate a bioorthogonal click reaction on a TCO-modified antibody. As a result, we identified one Tz as a potential fluorine-18-labeled CNS-PET agent and a second as a 3H-radioligand for an IEDDA-based reaction with a modified brain-penetrating antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Edelmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Isotope Synthesis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Christoph Bredack
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Biomarker and Translational Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Sara Belli
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Pharmaceutical Science, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Peter Mohr
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Medicinal Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Paule Imhoff
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Medicinal Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Flore Reggiani
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Medicinal Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Eric A Kusznir
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Lead Discovery, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Arne C Rufer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Lead Discovery, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Daniel P Holt
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Heather Valentine
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Section of High Resolution Brain PET, PET Center, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Dean F Wong
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Section of High Resolution Brain PET, PET Center, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Section of High Resolution Brain PET, PET Center, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21218, United States
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- ⧫Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Robert F Dannals
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Michael Honer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Discovery & Translational Medicine Area, Biomarker and Translational Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | - Luca C Gobbi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Therapeutic Modalities, Small Molecule Research, Medicinal Chemistry, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
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65
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Rodak A, Stadlbauer K, Bobbili MR, Smrzka O, Rüker F, Wozniak Knopp G. Development of a Cytotoxic Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting Membrane Immunoglobulin E-Positive Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14997. [PMID: 37834445 PMCID: PMC10573690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High numbers of membrane immunoglobulin E (IgE)-positive cells are characteristic of allergic conditions, atopic dermatitis, or IgE myeloma. Antibodies targeting the extracellular membrane-proximal domain of the membranous IgE-B-cell receptor (BCR) fragment can be used for specific depletion of IgE-BCR-positive cells. In this study, we derivatized such an antibody with a toxin and developed an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) that showed strong cytotoxicity for an IgE-positive target cell line. Site-specific conjugation with maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzoyloxycarbonyl-monomethyl-auristatin E via a newly introduced single cysteine residue was used to prepare a compound with a drug-antibody ratio of 2 and favorable biophysical properties. The antibody was rapidly taken up by the target cells, showing almost complete internalization after 4 h of treatment. Its cytotoxic effect was potentiated upon cross-linking mediated by an anti-human IgG F(ab')2 fragment. Because of its fast internalization and strict target specificity, this antibody-drug conjugate presents a valuable starting point for the further development of an anti-IgE cell-depleting agent, operating by the combined action of receptor cross-linking and toxin-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rodak
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Katharina Stadlbauer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Madhusudhan Reddy Bobbili
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oskar Smrzka
- Ablevia Biotech GmbH, Maria Jacobi Gasse 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Florian Rüker
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
| | - Gordana Wozniak Knopp
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (A.R.); (K.S.); (M.R.B.); (F.R.)
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66
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Pang KT, Yang YS, Zhang W, Ho YS, Sormanni P, Michaels TCT, Walsh I, Chia S. Understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms of protein aggregation in mAb therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108192. [PMID: 37290583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In antibody development and manufacturing, protein aggregation is a common challenge that can lead to serious efficacy and safety issues. To mitigate this problem, it is important to investigate its molecular origins. This review discusses (1) our current molecular understanding and theoretical models of antibody aggregation, (2) how various stress conditions related to antibody upstream and downstream bioprocesses can trigger aggregation, and (3) current mitigation strategies employed towards inhibiting aggregation. We discuss the relevance of the aggregation phenomenon in the context of novel antibody modalities and highlight how in silico approaches can be exploited to mitigate it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuin Tian Pang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore
| | - Yuan Sheng Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Wei Zhang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Chemistry of Health, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas C T Michaels
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland; Bringing Materials to Life Initiative, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Sean Chia
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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67
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Yano Y, Tada R, Hamano N, Haruta K, Kobayashi T, Sato M, Kikkawa Y, Endo-Takahashi Y, Nomizu M, Negishi Y. Development of a concise and reliable method for quantifying the antibody loaded onto lipid nanoparticles modified with Herceptin. J Immunol Methods 2023; 521:113554. [PMID: 37661049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies are essential components of the immune system with a wide range of molecular targets. They have been recognized as modalities for treating several diseases and more than 130 approved antibody-based therapeutics are available for clinical use. However, limitations remain associated with its efficacy, tissue permeability, and safety, especially in cancer treatment. Nanoparticles, particularly those responsive to external stimuli, have shown promise in improving the efficacy of antibody-based therapeutics and tissue-selective delivery. In this study, we developed a reliable and accurate method for quantifying the amount of antibody loaded onto lipid nanoparticles modified with Herceptin® (Trastuzumab), an antibody-based therapeutic used to treat HER2-positive cancers, using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by silver staining. This method proved to be a suitable alternative to commonly used protein quantification techniques, which are limited by lipid interference present in the samples. Furthermore, the amount of Herceptin modified on the liposomes, measured by this method, was confirmed by Herceptin's antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity. Our results demonstrate the potential of this method as a critical tool for developing tissue-selective antibody delivery systems, leading to improved efficacy and reduced side effects of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yano
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Rui Tada
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Hamano
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Kenshin Haruta
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kobayashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sato
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yamato Kikkawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoko Endo-Takahashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nomizu
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
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68
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Strasser R. Plant glycoengineering for designing next-generation vaccines and therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108197. [PMID: 37315875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has a huge impact on biological processes in all domains of life. The type of glycan present on a recombinant glycoprotein depends on protein intrinsic features and the glycosylation repertoire of the cell type used for expression. Glycoengineering approaches are used to eliminate unwanted glycan modifications and to facilitate the coordinated expression of glycosylation enzymes or whole metabolic pathways to furnish glycans with distinct modifications. The formation of tailored glycans enables structure-function studies and optimization of therapeutic proteins used in different applications. While recombinant proteins or proteins from natural sources can be in vitro glycoengineered using glycosyltransferases or chemoenzymatic synthesis, many approaches use genetic engineering involving the elimination of endogenous genes and introduction of heterologous genes to cell-based production systems. Plant glycoengineering enables the in planta production of recombinant glycoproteins with human or animal-type glycans that resemble natural glycosylation or contain novel glycan structures. This review summarizes key achievements in glycoengineering of plants and highlights current developments aiming to make plants more suitable for the production of a diverse range of recombinant glycoproteins for innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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Liu YD, Beardsley MI, Yang F. Expanding the Analytical Toolbox: Developing New Lys-C Peptide Mapping Methods with Minimized Assay-Induced Artifacts to Fully Characterize Antibodies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1327. [PMID: 37765135 PMCID: PMC10536426 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide mapping is an important tool used to confirm that the correct sequence has been expressed for a protein and to evaluate protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) that may arise during the production, processing, or storage of protein drugs. Our new orally administered drug (Ab-1), a single-domain antibody, is highly stable and resistant to proteolysis. Analysis via the commonly used tryptic mapping method did not generate sufficient sequence coverage. Alternative methods were needed to study the Ab-1 drug substance (75 mg/mL) and drug product (3 mg/mL). To meet these analytical needs, we developed two new peptide mapping methods using lysyl endopeptidase (Lys-C) digestion. These newly developed protein digestion protocols do not require desalting/buffer-exchange steps, thereby reducing sample preparation time and improving method robustness. Additionally, the protein digestion is performed under neutral pH with methionine acting as a scavenger to minimize artifacts, such as deamidation and oxidation, which are induced during sample preparation. Further, the method for low-concentration samples performs comparably to the method for high-concentration samples. Both methods provide 100% sequence coverage for Ab-1, and, therefore, enable comprehensive characterization for its product quality attribute (PQA) assessment. Both methods can be used to study other antibody formats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Yang
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech/Roche, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (Y.D.L.); (M.I.B.)
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70
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Lee W, Lee SM, Jung ST. Unlocking the Power of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity: Engineering Strategies for the Development of Potent Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Treatments. BioDrugs 2023; 37:637-648. [PMID: 37486566 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial part of the innate immune response, providing defense against invading pathogens and cancer cells. Recently, it has become evident that the complement system plays a significant role in anticancer activities, particularly through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), alongside antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP). With the discovery of new roles for serum complement molecules in the human immune system, various approaches are being pursued to develop CDC-enhanced antibody therapeutics. In this review, we focus on successful antibody engineering strategies for enhancing CDC, analyzing the lessons learned and the limitations of each approach. Furthermore, we outline potential pathways for the development of antibody therapeutics specifically aimed at enhancing CDC for superior therapeutic efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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71
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Guo M, Xiong M, Peng J, Guan T, Su H, Huang Y, Yang CG, Li Y, Boraschi D, Pillaiyar T, Wang G, Yi C, Xu Y, Chen C. Multi-omics for COVID-19: driving development of therapeutics and vaccines. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad161. [PMID: 37936830 PMCID: PMC10627145 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has raised global concern for public health and economy. The development of therapeutics and vaccines to combat this virus is continuously progressing. Multi-omics approaches, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenomics and metallomics, have helped understand the structural and molecular features of the virus, thereby assisting in the design of potential therapeutics and accelerating vaccine development for COVID-19. Here, we provide an up-to-date overview of the latest applications of multi-omics technologies in strategies addressing COVID-19, in order to provide suggestions towards the development of highly effective knowledge-based therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Muya Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinying Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haixia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 528107, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Centre for Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, and China-Italy Joint Laboratory of Pharmacobiotechnology for Medical Immunomodulation, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Research Council, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Guanbo Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Centre, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute for Cell Analysis, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 528107, China
| | - Chengqi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department of Chemical Biology and Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- GBA National Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Guangzhou 510700, China
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72
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Mao L, Schneider JW, Robinson AS. Use of single analytic tool to quantify both absolute N-glycosylation and glycan distribution in monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3365. [PMID: 37221987 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins represent almost half of the top selling therapeutics-with over a hundred billion dollars in global sales-and their efficacy and safety strongly depend on glycosylation. In this study, we showcase a simple method to simultaneously analyze N-glycan micro- and macroheterogeneity of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) by quantifying glycan occupancy and distribution. Our approach is linear over a wide range of glycan and glycoprotein concentrations down to 25 ng/mL. Additionally, we present a case study demonstrating the effect of small molecule metabolic regulators on glycan heterogeneity using this approach. In particular, sodium oxamate (SOD) decreased Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) glucose metabolism and reduced IgG glycosylation by 40% through upregulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing the UDP-GlcNAc pool, while maintaining a similar glycan profile to control cultures. Here, we suggest glycan macroheterogeneity as an attribute should be included in bioprocess screening to identify process parameters that optimize culture performance without compromising antibody quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leran Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James W Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne S Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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73
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Guarra F, Colombo G. Computational Methods in Immunology and Vaccinology: Design and Development of Antibodies and Immunogens. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:5315-5333. [PMID: 37527403 PMCID: PMC10448727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The design of new biomolecules able to harness immune mechanisms for the treatment of diseases is a prime challenge for computational and simulative approaches. For instance, in recent years, antibodies have emerged as an important class of therapeutics against a spectrum of pathologies. In cancer, immune-inspired approaches are witnessing a surge thanks to a better understanding of tumor-associated antigens and the mechanisms of their engagement or evasion from the human immune system. Here, we provide a summary of the main state-of-the-art computational approaches that are used to design antibodies and antigens, and in parallel, we review key methodologies for epitope identification for both B- and T-cell mediated responses. A special focus is devoted to the description of structure- and physics-based models, privileged over purely sequence-based approaches. We discuss the implications of novel methods in engineering biomolecules with tailored immunological properties for possible therapeutic uses. Finally, we highlight the extraordinary challenges and opportunities presented by the possible integration of structure- and physics-based methods with emerging Artificial Intelligence technologies for the prediction and design of novel antigens, epitopes, and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Guarra
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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74
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Lin F, Yu B, Deng B, He R. The efficacy and safety of tezepelumab in the treatment of uncontrolled asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34746. [PMID: 37565847 PMCID: PMC10419598 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tezepelumab is a human thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) antibody with effects in asthma. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the overall efficacy and safety of tezepelumab for the treatment of uncontrolled asthma. METHODS The databases Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials were searched from inception to April 1, 2022. Only randomized controlled trial (RCTs) that evaluated tezepelumab and a comparator for treating uncontrolled asthma were included. Additionally, articles were limited to English. The primary outcome was clinical efficacy, and the secondary outcome was adverse events. The risk of bias and quality were assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration bias assessment tool. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager Version 5.3. RESULTS Four RCTs with a total of 1600 patients were included in the study. Pooled analysis indicated that tezepelumab had significantly decreased annualized asthma exacerbations (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.57, -0.80], P < .00001) and the asthma control questionnaire score of 6 (ACQ-6) among the patients (standard mean difference [SMD] = -0.29, 95% CI = [-0.39, -0.20], P < .00001) compared to placebo. Furthermore, tezepelumab treatment significantly improved forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1, SMD = 0.28, 95% CI = [0.11, 0.45], P = .001). Regarding safety, the pooled analysis indicated that patients treated with tezepelumab showed no significant difference in adverse events that led to discontinuation of the treatment, but they experienced some other (non-serious) adverse events compared to the placebo group. However, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of serious adverse events and any adverse events in the tezepelumab group. Tezepelumab use was associated with adverse events, including nasopharyngitis, headache, and bronchitis, despite effectively treating asthma. CONCLUSION Tezepelumab effectively improved FEV1, reduced the disease symptom score, and decreased the risk of exacerbations in uncontrolled asthma patients. Tezepelumab was associated with some adverse events compared to placebo. This suggests that careful management of adverse events is required if tezepelumab is used to treat asthma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Clinical Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China
| | - Bowen Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Clinical Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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75
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Bauer J, Rajagopal N, Gupta P, Gupta P, Nixon AE, Kumar S. How can we discover developable antibody-based biotherapeutics? Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1221626. [PMID: 37609373 PMCID: PMC10441133 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1221626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based biotherapeutics have emerged as a successful class of pharmaceuticals despite significant challenges and risks to their discovery and development. This review discusses the most frequently encountered hurdles in the research and development (R&D) of antibody-based biotherapeutics and proposes a conceptual framework called biopharmaceutical informatics. Our vision advocates for the syncretic use of computation and experimentation at every stage of biologic drug discovery, considering developability (manufacturability, safety, efficacy, and pharmacology) of potential drug candidates from the earliest stages of the drug discovery phase. The computational advances in recent years allow for more precise formulation of disease concepts, rapid identification, and validation of targets suitable for therapeutic intervention and discovery of potential biotherapeutics that can agonize or antagonize them. Furthermore, computational methods for de novo and epitope-specific antibody design are increasingly being developed, opening novel computationally driven opportunities for biologic drug discovery. Here, we review the opportunities and limitations of emerging computational approaches for optimizing antigens to generate robust immune responses, in silico generation of antibody sequences, discovery of potential antibody binders through virtual screening, assessment of hits, identification of lead drug candidates and their affinity maturation, and optimization for developability. The adoption of biopharmaceutical informatics across all aspects of drug discovery and development cycles should help bring affordable and effective biotherapeutics to patients more quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joschka Bauer
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nandhini Rajagopal
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Andrew E. Nixon
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- In Silico Team, Boehringer Ingelheim, Hannover, Germany
- Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
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76
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Li A, Swanson M, Sullivan N, Homan Y, Nahas D, Mukhopadhyay S, Li HH, Cao Y, Xu W, Tang H, Vora KA, Chen Z. Phage-derived anti-idiotype and anti-YTE antibodies in development of MK-1654 pharmacokinetic and immune response assays. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1049-1067. [PMID: 37515532 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MK-1654 is a fully human monoclonal antibody with YTE mutations currently in phase III clinical trials for prophylactic use in protecting infants from human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Materials & methods: We generated anti-idiotype (anti-ID) and anti-YTE antibodies against MK-1654 by panning with MorphoSys HuCal phage libraries, and used the antibodies in the development of MK-1654 pharmacokinetic (PK) and immune response (IR) assays. Results: Detection of MK-1654 in nonhuman primate and human nasal wash samples showed combined use of anti-ID and anti-YTE antibodies can deliver desired sensitivity and accuracy in PK studies. IR studies showed anti-ID can serve as suitable positive control in neutralizing antibody assays. Conclusion: Phage-derived anti-IDs and anti-YTEs are suitable for PK and IR assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Li
- PCD Regulated Immunogenicity and Molecular, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Michael Swanson
- PCD Regulated Immunogenicity and Molecular, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
- Current address: Janssen Pharmaceutical, Ambler, PA 19002, USA
| | - Nicole Sullivan
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ying Homan
- PCD Regulated Immunogenicity and Molecular, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Debbie Nahas
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Shreya Mukhopadhyay
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Hualin Helen Li
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- PCD Regulated Immunogenicity and Molecular, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Weifeng Xu
- PCD Regulated Immunogenicity and Molecular, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Huaping Tang
- PCD Regulated Immunogenicity and Molecular, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
- Current address: GSK Pharmaceutical, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA
| | - Kalpit A Vora
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Khanolkar A, Spiczka A, Bonfield TL, Alexander TS, Schmitz JL, Boras D, Fong K, Nandiwada SL, Miller GC, Tebo AE. Diplomate in Medical Laboratory Immunology Certification Examination: A New Chapter for Medical Laboratory Immunology. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:600-610. [PMID: 37639224 PMCID: PMC10587505 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is indeed a privilege to be an immunologist in what is arguably the golden age of immunology. From astounding advances in fundamental knowledge to groundbreaking immunotherapeutic offerings, immunology has carved out an enviable niche for itself in basic science and clinical medicine. The need and the vital importance of appropriate education, training, and certification in clinical immunology was recognized by the World Health Organization as far back as 1972. In the United States, Ph.D. scientists with board certification in medical laboratory immunology have served as directors of high-complexity Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments- and College of American Pathologists-certified clinical immunology laboratories since 1977. From 1977 to 2017, board certification for medical laboratory immunology was administered by the American Society for Microbiology through the American Board of Medical Laboratory Immunology examination. The American Board of Medical Laboratory Immunology examination was phased out in 2017, and in the fall of 2019, the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) Board of Certification (BOC) examination committee took on the responsibility of developing a new doctoral-level certification examination for medical laboratory immunology. This transition to the ASCP BOC represents a well-deserved and much-needed recognition of the rapid advances in and the highly specialized nature of medical laboratory immunology and its ever-increasing relevance to patient care. This new ASCP BOC certification is called the Diplomate in Medical Laboratory Immunology, and, as of April 1, 2023, it is now available to potential examinees. In this report, we describe the examination, eligibility routes, and potential career pathways for successful diplomates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaruni Khanolkar
- Department of Pathology, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Amy Spiczka
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, IL
| | - Tracey L. Bonfield
- Department of Genomics and Genome Sciences & Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - John L. Schmitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Diana Boras
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, IL
| | - Karen Fong
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, IL
| | - Sarada L. Nandiwada
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy & Immunology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Anne E. Tebo
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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78
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Chenoweth AM, Esparon S, Wines BD, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Hogarth PM. Mutation of the TGN1412 anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody lower hinge confers specific FcγRIIb binding and retention of super-agonist activity. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:657-662. [PMID: 36997299 PMCID: PMC10952187 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The agonistic action of several immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) requires both target antigen binding and clustering of this mAb:target complex by the Fcs interacting with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), in particular FcγRIIb, on neighboring bystander cells. Fc mutations were made in the immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-based TGN1412 anti-CD28 mAb to define the role of FcγR interactions in its "super-agonist" activity. The dual mutation, IgG4-ED269,270 AA, ablated interaction with all human FcγRs and agonistic action was consequentially lost, confirming the FcγR dependence on the action of TGN1412. The IgG4 lower hinge region (F234 L235 G236 G237 ) was modified by L235 E mutation (F234 E235 G236 G237 ), a mutation commonly used to ablate FcγR binding, including in approved therapeutic mAbs. However, rather than ablating all FcγR binding, IgG4-L235 E conferred specific binding to FcγRIIb, the inhibitory Fc receptor. Furthermore, in combination with the core hinge-stabilizing mutation (IgG4-S228 P, L235 E), this mutation increased affinity for FcγRIIb compared with wild-type IgG4. In addition to having FcγRIIb specificity, these engineered TGN1412 antibodies retained their super-agonistic ability, demonstrating that CD28- and FcγRIIb-specific binding are together sufficient for agonistic function. The FcγRIIb-specific nature of IgG4-L235 E has utility for mAb-mediated immune agonism therapies that are dependent on FcγRIIb interaction and of anti-inflammatory mAbs in allergy and autoimmunity that harness FcγRIIb inhibitory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Chenoweth
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Present address:
St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical BiosciencesBreast Cancer Now Research Unit, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sandra Esparon
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Bruce D Wines
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
| | | | | | - P Mark Hogarth
- Immune Therapies GroupBurnet InstituteMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Department of Clinical PathologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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79
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Nimmerjahn F, Vidarsson G, Cragg MS. Effect of posttranslational modifications and subclass on IgG activity: from immunity to immunotherapy. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1244-1255. [PMID: 37414906 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immune responses are characterized by complex mixtures of polyclonal antibody species varying in their isotype, target epitope specificity and affinity. Posttranslational modifications occurring during antibody production in both the antibody variable and constant domain create further complexity and can modulate antigen specificity and antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, respectively. Finally, modifications of the antibody backbone after secretion may further impact antibody activity. An in-depth understanding of how these posttranslational modifications impact antibody function, especially in the context of individual antibody isotypes and subclasses, is only starting to emerge. Indeed, only a minute proportion of this natural variability in the humoral immune response is currently reflected in therapeutic antibody preparations. In this Review, we summarize recent insights into how IgG subclass and posttranslational modifications impact IgG activity and discuss how these insights may be used to optimize therapeutic antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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80
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Qiu XR, Shen CR, Jiang LW, Ji P, Zhang Y, Hou WT, Zhang W, Shen H, An MM. Ssa1-targeted antibody prevents host invasion by Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1182914. [PMID: 37560525 PMCID: PMC10407798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Candida albicans is a commensal fungus that colonizes most healthy individuals' skin and mucosal surfaces but can also cause life-threatening invasive infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Despite antifungal treatment availability, drug resistance is increasing, and mortality rates remain unacceptably high. Heat shock protein Ssa1, a conserved member of the Hsp70 family in yeast, is a novel invasin that binds to host cell cadherins, induces host cell endocytosis, and enables C. albicans to cause maximal damage to host cells and induces disseminated and oropharyngeal disease. RESULT Here we discovered a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 13F4) that targeting C. albicans Ssa1 with high affinity (EC50 = 39.78 ng/mL). mAb 13F4 prevented C. albicans from adhering to and invading human epithelial cells, displayed antifungal activity, and synergized with fluconazole in proof of concept in vivo studies. mAb 13F4 significantly prolonged the survival rate of the hematogenous disseminated candidiasis mice to 75%. We constructed a mAb 13F4 three-dimensional structure using homology modeling methods and found that the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) interacts with the Ssa1 N-terminus. DISCUSSION These results suggest that blocking Ssa1 cell surface function may effectively control invasive C. albicans infections and provide a potential new treatment strategy for invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ran Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Rui Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Wen Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Tong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao-Mao An
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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81
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Dos Santos ACF, Ahmadzadegan A, Ximenes E, Vlachos P, Ardekani A, Kapur S, Corvari V, Ladisch MR. Concentration-dependent diffusion of unlabeled protein within an in vitro hyaluronic acid matrix. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023. [PMID: 37466320 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion and movement of subcutaneously injected biologics and high-concentration immunoglobulin G (IgG) therapeutics away from the injection site and through the subcutaneous (SC) tissue may be concentration dependent. This possibility was confirmed by in situ measurement of diffusion coefficients of unlabeled bovine IgG in phosphate-buffered saline within an in vitro hyaluronic acid matrix that represents the SC electrostatic environment. Diffusion decreased from 2.67 to 0.05 × 10-7 cm2 /s when IgG concentration increased from 25 to 73 mg/mL. The results demonstrated that in situ detection of unlabeled proteins within an in vitro SC environment provides another useful tool for the preclinical characterization of injectable biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C F Dos Santos
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Adib Ahmadzadegan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Eduardo Ximenes
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Pavlos Vlachos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Arezoo Ardekani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Shiven Kapur
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Vince Corvari
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Michael R Ladisch
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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82
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Olsen TH, Abanades B, Moal IH, Deane CM. KA-Search, a method for rapid and exhaustive sequence identity search of known antibodies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11612. [PMID: 37463925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38108-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies with similar amino acid sequences, especially across their complementarity-determining regions, often share properties. Finding that an antibody of interest has a similar sequence to naturally expressed antibodies in healthy or diseased repertoires is a powerful approach for the prediction of antibody properties, such as immunogenicity or antigen specificity. However, as the number of available antibody sequences is now in the billions and continuing to grow, repertoire mining for similar sequences has become increasingly computationally expensive. Existing approaches are limited by either being low-throughput, non-exhaustive, not antibody specific, or only searching against entire chain sequences. Therefore, there is a need for a specialized tool, optimized for a rapid and exhaustive search of any antibody region against all known antibodies, to better utilize the full breadth of available repertoire sequences. We introduce Known Antibody Search (KA-Search), a tool that allows for the rapid search of billions of antibody variable domains by amino acid sequence identity across either the variable domain, the complementarity-determining regions, or a user defined antibody region. We show KA-Search in operation on the [Formula: see text]2.4 billion antibody sequences available in the OAS database. KA-Search can be used to find the most similar sequences from OAS within 30 minutes and a representative subset of 10 million sequences in less than 9 seconds. We give examples of how KA-Search can be used to obtain new insights about an antibody of interest. KA-Search is freely available at https://github.com/oxpig/kasearch .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H Olsen
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Brennan Abanades
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK
| | - Iain H Moal
- GSK Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline plc, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Charlotte M Deane
- Oxford Protein Informatics Group, Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK.
- Exscientia plc, Oxford, OX4 4GE, UK.
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83
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Xue X, Truong B, Qian J. Adverse event reporting of marketed biosimilar and biological monoclonal antibody cancer treatments in the United States. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:841-849. [PMID: 36892184 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2189007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By 8 September 2022, 10 biological monoclonal antibody (mAb) biosimilar products for cancer treatment had been approved and marketed in the United States (US). This study examined adverse event (AE) reporting patterns and disproportionate reporting signals for mAb biosimilars in the US compared to their originator biologics. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The US Food and Drug Adverse Event Reporting System database was used to identify AE reports for biological rituximab, bevacizumab, trastuzumab, and their marketed biosimilars. Proportions of patient age, sex and type of reporters of AEs were described for these reports. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to compare reporting disproportionality in serious, death, and specific AEs between mAb biologics/biosimilars (index) and all other drugs. Breslow-Day statistic was used to determine homogeneity in RORs between each mAb biologic-biosimilar pair at p < 0.05. RESULTS We observed no risk signals of serious or death AE reporting for all three mAb biosimilars. A signal of disproportionate reporting of death was detected between biological and biosimilar bevacizumab (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the similarity in signals of disproportionate AE reporting between mAb originator biologics and biosimilars, except for death between biological and biosimilar bevacizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhong Xue
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Bang Truong
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Jingjing Qian
- Department of Health Outcomes Research and Policy, Auburn University Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA
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84
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Xavier NF, Lucena DT, Cruz AAV. Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Graves Orbitopathy: Precision Medicine? Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 39:307-315. [PMID: 36727923 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To summarize the development, nomenclature, and rationale of the reported use of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) in Graves Orbitopathy (GO) and to undertake a systematic review of the management of GO with Mabs. METHODS The Pubmed and Embase databases and the Federal Brazilian searching site (Periódicos-CAPES) were screened. The authors searched all the keywords "monoclonal antibodies," "adalimumab," "belimumab," "infliximab," "rituximab," "teprotumumab," and "tocilizumab" combined with the terms "Graves Orbitopathy," "Graves eye disease" and "thyroid eye disease." All the articles published in English, French, and Spanish from 2000 to May 2022 were screened. Only publications with quantitative data on the activity of orbitopathy, proptosis, or both were included. RESULTS Seventy-six articles of the 954 screened records met the inclusion criteria. Seven Mabs were described for treating GO. The three most reported Mabs were Rituximab, Tocilizumab, and Teprotumumab. Only eight randomized clinical trials compared the effect of these three Mabs and Belimumab with the effect of steroids or placebos. Adalimumab, Infliximab, and K1-70 only appeared in a few case series and case reports. Frequent mild-to-moderate and few major side effects occurred with the three most used Mabs. Relapse rates ranged from 7.4% for Tocilizumab to at least 29.4% for Teprotumumab. No randomized clinical trials compared Mabs head-to-head. CONCLUSION Considering the lack of head-to-head comparisons between Mabs, the relapse rate, the possibility of severe collateral effects, and the cost of Mabs, it is not clear which Mab is the safest and most useful to treat GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara F Xavier
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo, Brasil
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85
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Chang J, Rader C, Peng H. A mammalian cell display platform based on scFab transposition. Antib Ther 2023; 6:157-169. [PMID: 37492588 PMCID: PMC10365156 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro display technologies have been successfully utilized for the discovery and evolution of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, with phage display and yeast display being the most commonly used platforms due to their simplicity and high efficiency. As their prokaryotic or lower eukaryotic host organisms typically have no or different post-translational modifications, several mammalian cell-based display and screening technologies for isolation and optimization of mAbs have emerged and are being developed. We report here a novel and useful mammalian cell display platform based on the PiggyBac transposon system to display mAbs in a single-chain Fab (scFab) format on the surface of HEK293F cells. Immune rabbit antibody libraries encompassing ~7 × 107 independent clones were generated in an all-in-one transposon vector, stably delivered into HEK293F cells and displayed as an scFab with rabbit variable and human constant domains. After one round of magnetic activated cell sorting and two rounds of fluorescence activated cell sorting, mAbs with high affinity in the subnanomolar range and cross-reactivity to the corresponding human and mouse antigens were identified, demonstrating the power of this platform for antibody discovery. We developed a highly efficient mammalian cell display platform based on the PiggyBac transposon system for antibody discovery, which could be further utilized for humanization as well as affinity and specificity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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86
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Mills BJ, Godamudunage MP, Ren S, Laha M. Predictive Nature of High-Throughput Assays in ADC Formulation Screening. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1821-1831. [PMID: 37037342 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of high-throughput biophysical screening techniques during early screening studies is warranted due to the limited amount of material and large number of samples. But the predictability of the data to longer-term storage stability is critical as the high-throughput methods assist in defining the design space for the longer-term studies. In this study, the biophysical properties of two ADCs in 16 formulation conditions were evaluated using high-throughput techniques. Conformational stability and colloidal stability were evaluated by determining Tm values, kD, B22, and Tagg. In addition, the samples were placed on stability and the extent of aggregate formation over the 8-week interval was determined. The rank order of the 16 different formulations in the high-throughput assays was compared to the rank order observed during the stability studies to assess the predictive capabilities of the screening methods. It was demonstrated that similar rank orders can be expected between high-throughput physical stability indicating assays such as Tagg and B22 and traditional aggregation by SEC data, whereas conformational stability read-outs (Tm) are less predictive. In addition, the high-throughput assays appropriately identified the poor performing formulation conditions, which is ultimately what is desired of screening assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
| | - Malika P Godamudunage
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Siyuan Ren
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Malabika Laha
- Biologics CMC Drug Product Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
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87
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Jayawickrama Withanage T, Krieger R, Wachtel E, Patchornik G. Efficient separation of IgG from IgM antibodies via conjugated surfactant micelles. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1226:123805. [PMID: 37354733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin-G (IgG) (∼150 kDa) antibodies confer longer term immunity against bacterial or viral infections than the heavier IgM's (∼900 kDa), which are generally detectable in blood circulation in response to more recently acquired infections. There may be, however, a time overlap, which is problematic for diagnostic purposes, in the interests of which it is essential to separate IgM's from IgG's. We describe a purification platform, functioning at pH 6.5, containing Tween-20, or Brij-O20, non-ionic detergent micelles, mixed with the sugar-rich detergent dodecyl maltoside (DDM), amino acid monomer tyrosine (Tyr), and conjugated by the amphiphilic complex [(bathophenanthroline)3: Fe2+]. Using conjugated Brij-O20 micelles, with input molar ratio IgG: IgM 9:1, IgG is recovered at 10 °C with 85-90% yield, (by SDS-PAGE densitometry) and ≥95% purity (also by SDS-PAGE), while IgM's are recovered at lower yields (28-34%) and contain small amounts of co-extracted IgG's. Addition of E. coli lysate as an artificial contamination background does not reduce the yield or purity of the recovered IgG. Tween-20/DDM/Tyr micelles lead to IgG purity ≥95% similar to that of Brij-O20, but with lower process yields (64-70%, by densitometry). Chromatographic separation with Protein A or Protein G resins leads to yields comparable to those obtained with Brij-O20 micelles, but with lower purity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rami Krieger
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, 70400 Ariel, Israel
| | - Ellen Wachtel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guy Patchornik
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, 70400 Ariel, Israel.
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88
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Solomon TL, Chao K, Gingras G, Aubin Y, O'Dell WB, Marino JP, Brinson RG. Backbone NMR assignment of the yeast expressed Fab fragment of the NISTmAb reference antibody. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:75-81. [PMID: 36856943 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody (mAb) protein class has become a primary therapeutic platform for the production of new life saving drug products. MAbs are comprised of two domains: the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and crystallizable fragment (Fc). Despite the success in the clinic, NMR assignments of the complete Fab domain have been elusive, in part due to problems in production of properly folded, triply-labeled 2H,13C,15N Fab domain. Here, we report the successful recombinant expression of a triply-labeled Fab domain, derived from the standard IgG1κ known as NISTmAb, in yeast. Using the 2H,13C,15N Fab domain, we assigned 94% of the 1H, 13C, and 15N backbone atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsega L Solomon
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kinlin Chao
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Genevieve Gingras
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologics and Radiotherapeutic Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, K1A 0K9, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologics and Radiotherapeutic Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, K1A 0K9, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William B O'Dell
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - John P Marino
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Robert G Brinson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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89
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Moises JE, Regl C, Hinterholzer A, Huber CG, Schubert M. Unambiguous Identification of Glucose-Induced Glycation in mAbs and other Proteins by NMR Spectroscopy. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1341-1353. [PMID: 36510116 PMCID: PMC10338404 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glycation is a non-enzymatic and spontaneous post-translational modification (PTM) generated by the reaction between reducing sugars and primary amine groups within proteins. Because glycation can alter the properties of proteins, it is a critical quality attribute of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and should therefore be carefully monitored. The most abundant product of glycation is formed by glucose and lysine side chains resulting in fructoselysine after Amadori rearrangement. In proteomics, which routinely uses a combination of chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze PTMs, there is no straight-forward way to distinguish between glycation products of a reducing monosaccharide and an additional hexose within a glycan, since both lead to a mass difference of 162 Da. METHODS To verify that the observed mass change is indeed a glycation product, we developed an approach based on 2D NMR spectroscopy spectroscopy and full-length protein samples denatured using high concentrations of deuterated urea. RESULTS The dominating β-pyranose form of the Amadori product shows a characteristic chemical shift correlation pattern in 1H-13C HSQC spectra suited to identify glucose-induced glycation. The same pattern was observed in spectra of a variety of artificially glycated proteins, including two mAbs, as well as natural proteins. CONCLUSION Based on this unique correlation pattern, 2D NMR spectroscopy can be used to unambiguously identify glucose-induced glycation in any protein of interest. We provide a robust method that is orthogonal to MS-based methods and can also be used for cross-validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Moises
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christof Regl
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Arthur Hinterholzer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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90
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Obiorah I, Courville EL. Diagnostic Flow Cytometry in the Era of Targeted Therapies: Lessons from Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Adoptive Immunotherapy. Surg Pathol Clin 2023; 16:423-431. [PMID: 37149367 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (therapeutic mAb) and adoptive immunotherapy have become increasingly more common in the treatment of hematolymphoid neoplasms, with practical implications for diagnostic flow cytometry. Their use can reduce the sensitivity of flow cytometry for populations of interest owing to downregulation/loss of the target antigen, competition for the target antigen, or lineage switch. Expanded flow panels, marker redundancy, and exhaustive gating strategies can overcome this limitation. Therapeutic mAb have been reported to cause pseudo-light chain restriction, and awareness of this potential artifact is key. Established guidelines do not yet exist for antigen expression by flow cytometry for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeyinwa Obiorah
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health, PO Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Courville
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health, PO Box 800214, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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91
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Abanades B, Wong WK, Boyles F, Georges G, Bujotzek A, Deane CM. ImmuneBuilder: Deep-Learning models for predicting the structures of immune proteins. Commun Biol 2023; 6:575. [PMID: 37248282 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune receptor proteins play a key role in the immune system and have shown great promise as biotherapeutics. The structure of these proteins is critical for understanding their antigen binding properties. Here, we present ImmuneBuilder, a set of deep learning models trained to accurately predict the structure of antibodies (ABodyBuilder2), nanobodies (NanoBodyBuilder2) and T-Cell receptors (TCRBuilder2). We show that ImmuneBuilder generates structures with state of the art accuracy while being far faster than AlphaFold2. For example, on a benchmark of 34 recently solved antibodies, ABodyBuilder2 predicts CDR-H3 loops with an RMSD of 2.81Å, a 0.09Å improvement over AlphaFold-Multimer, while being over a hundred times faster. Similar results are also achieved for nanobodies, (NanoBodyBuilder2 predicts CDR-H3 loops with an average RMSD of 2.89Å, a 0.55Å improvement over AlphaFold2) and TCRs. By predicting an ensemble of structures, ImmuneBuilder also gives an error estimate for every residue in its final prediction. ImmuneBuilder is made freely available, both to download ( https://github.com/oxpig/ImmuneBuilder ) and to use via our webserver ( http://opig.stats.ox.ac.uk/webapps/newsabdab/sabpred ). We also make available structural models for ~150 thousand non-redundant paired antibody sequences ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7258553 ).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wing Ki Wong
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Fergus Boyles
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy Georges
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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92
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Andreescu M. Risk of Infections Secondary to the Use of Targeted Therapies in Hematological Malignancies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1272. [PMID: 37374055 DOI: 10.3390/life13061272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Concurrent infections in hematological malignancies (HM) are major contributors to adverse clinical outcomes, including prolonged hospitalization and reduced life expectancy. Individuals diagnosed with HM are particularly susceptible to infectious pathogens due to immunosuppression, which can either be inherent to the hematological disorder or induced by specific therapeutic strategies. Over the years, the treatment paradigm for HM has witnessed a tremendous shift, from broad-spectrum treatment approaches to more specific targeted therapies. At present, the therapeutic landscape of HM is constantly evolving due to the advent of novel targeted therapies and the enhanced utilization of these agents for treatment purposes. By initiating unique molecular pathways, these agents hinder the proliferation of malignant cells, consequently affecting innate and adaptive immunity, which increases the risk of infectious complications. Due to the complexity of novel targeted therapies and their associated risks of infection, it often becomes a daunting task for physicians to maintain updated knowledge in their clinical practice. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that most of the initial clinical trials on targeted therapies provide inadequate information to determine the associated risk of infection. In such a scenario, a cumulative body of evidence is paramount in guiding clinicians regarding the infectious complications that can arise following targeted therapies. In this review, I summarize the recent knowledge on infectious complications arising in the context of targeted therapies for HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Andreescu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University of Bucharest, 040051 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
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93
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Qian L, Lin X, Gao X, Khan RU, Liao JY, Du S, Ge J, Zeng S, Yao SQ. The Dawn of a New Era: Targeting the "Undruggables" with Antibody-Based Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37186942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The high selectivity and affinity of antibodies toward their antigens have made them a highly valuable tool in disease therapy, diagnosis, and basic research. A plethora of chemical and genetic approaches have been devised to make antibodies accessible to more "undruggable" targets and equipped with new functions of illustrating or regulating biological processes more precisely. In this Review, in addition to introducing how naked antibodies and various antibody conjugates (such as antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, antibody-enzyme conjugates, etc.) work in therapeutic applications, special attention has been paid to how chemistry tools have helped to optimize the therapeutic outcome (i.e., with enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects) or facilitate the multifunctionalization of antibodies, with a focus on emerging fields such as targeted protein degradation, real-time live-cell imaging, catalytic labeling or decaging with spatiotemporal control as well as the engagement of antibodies inside cells. With advances in modern chemistry and biotechnology, well-designed antibodies and their derivatives via size miniaturization or multifunctionalization together with efficient delivery systems have emerged, which have gradually improved our understanding of important biological processes and paved the way to pursue novel targets for potential treatments of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Qian
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuefen Lin
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rizwan Ullah Khan
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Yu Liao
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shubo Du
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Center, & Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544
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94
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Jiang J, Yang G, Ma F. Fluorescence coupling strategies in fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) for ultrahigh-throughput screening of enzymes, metabolites, and antibodies. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108173. [PMID: 37169102 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS) has emerged as a powerful tool for ultrahigh-throughput screening of enzymes, metabolites, and antibodies. Fluorescence coupling strategies (FCSs) are key to the development of new FADS methods through their coupling of analyte properties such as concentration, activities, and affinity with fluorescence signals. Over the last decade, a series of FCSs have been developed, greatly expanding applications of FADS. Here, we review recent advances in FCS for different analyte types, providing a critical comparison of the available FCSs and further classification into four categories according to their principles. We also summarize successful FADS applications employing FCSs in enzymes, metabolites, and antibodies. Further, we outline possible future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Jiang
- Medical Enzyme Engineering Center, CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Fuqiang Ma
- Medical Enzyme Engineering Center, CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
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95
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Ausserwöger H, Krainer G, Welsh TJ, Thorsteinson N, de Csilléry E, Sneideris T, Schneider MM, Egebjerg T, Invernizzi G, Herling TW, Lorenzen N, Knowles TPJ. Surface patches induce nonspecific binding and phase separation of antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210332120. [PMID: 37011217 PMCID: PMC10104583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210332120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific interactions are a key challenge in the successful development of therapeutic antibodies. The tendency for nonspecific binding of antibodies is often difficult to reduce by rational design, and instead, it is necessary to rely on comprehensive screening campaigns. To address this issue, we performed a systematic analysis of the impact of surface patch properties on antibody nonspecificity using a designer antibody library as a model system and single-stranded DNA as a nonspecificity ligand. Using an in-solution microfluidic approach, we find that the antibodies tested bind to single-stranded DNA with affinities as high as KD = 1 µM. We show that DNA binding is driven primarily by a hydrophobic patch in the complementarity-determining regions. By quantifying the surface patches across the library, the nonspecific binding affinity is shown to correlate with a trade-off between the hydrophobic and total charged patch areas. Moreover, we show that a change in formulation conditions at low ionic strengths leads to DNA-induced antibody phase separation as a manifestation of nonspecific binding at low micromolar antibody concentrations. We highlight that phase separation is driven by a cooperative electrostatic network assembly mechanism of antibodies with DNA, which correlates with a balance between positive and negative charged patches. Importantly, our study demonstrates that both nonspecific binding and phase separation are controlled by the size of the surface patches. Taken together, these findings highlight the importance of surface patches and their role in conferring antibody nonspecificity and its macroscopic manifestation in phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Ausserwöger
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Georg Krainer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. Welsh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Nels Thorsteinson
- Research and Development, Chemical Computing Group, Montreal, QuebecH3A 2R7, Canada
| | - Ella de Csilléry
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Sneideris
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias M. Schneider
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Egebjerg
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S2760Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Therese W. Herling
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolai Lorenzen
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S2760Måløv, Denmark
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, Centre for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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96
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Rosace A, Bennett A, Oeller M, Mortensen MM, Sakhnini L, Lorenzen N, Poulsen C, Sormanni P. Automated optimisation of solubility and conformational stability of antibodies and proteins. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1937. [PMID: 37024501 PMCID: PMC10079162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biologics, such as antibodies and enzymes, are crucial in research, biotechnology, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Often, biologics with suitable functionality are discovered, but their development is impeded by developability issues. Stability and solubility are key biophysical traits underpinning developability potential, as they determine aggregation, correlate with production yield and poly-specificity, and are essential to access parenteral and oral delivery. While advances for the optimisation of individual traits have been made, the co-optimization of multiple traits remains highly problematic and time-consuming, as mutations that improve one property often negatively impact others. In this work, we introduce a fully automated computational strategy for the simultaneous optimisation of conformational stability and solubility, which we experimentally validate on six antibodies, including two approved therapeutics. Our results on 42 designs demonstrate that the computational procedure is highly effective at improving developability potential, while not affecting antigen-binding. We make the method available as a webserver at www-cohsoftware.ch.cam.ac.uk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Rosace
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
- Master in Bioinformatics for Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anja Bennett
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Mammalian Expression, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
- BRIC, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Oeller
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mie M Mortensen
- Department of Purification Technologies, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Laila Sakhnini
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biophysics and Injectable Formulation 2, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, 2760, Denmark
| | - Nikolai Lorenzen
- Department of Biophysics and Injectable Formulation 2, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, 2760, Denmark
| | - Christian Poulsen
- Department of Mammalian Expression, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK.
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97
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Cuypers ML, Geukens N, Hollevoet K, Declerck P, Dewilde M. Exploring the Fate of Antibody-Encoding pDNA after Intramuscular Electroporation in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041160. [PMID: 37111645 PMCID: PMC10146361 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-based antibody therapy seeks to administer the encoding nucleotide sequence rather than the antibody protein. To further improve the in vivo monoclonal antibody (mAb) expression, a better understanding of what happens after the administration of the encoding plasmid DNA (pDNA) is required. This study reports the quantitative evaluation and localization of the administered pDNA over time and its association with corresponding mRNA levels and systemic protein concentrations. pDNA encoding the murine anti-HER2 4D5 mAb was administered to BALB/c mice via intramuscular injection followed by electroporation. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were taken at different time points (up to 3 months). In muscle, pDNA levels decreased 90% between 24 h and one week post treatment (p < 0.0001). In contrast, mRNA levels remained stable over time. The 4D5 antibody plasma concentrations reached peak levels at week two followed by a slow decrease (50% after 12 weeks, p < 0.0001). Evaluation of pDNA localization revealed that extranuclear pDNA was cleared fast, whereas the nuclear fraction remained relatively stable. This is in line with the observed mRNA and protein levels over time and indicates that only a minor fraction of the administered pDNA is ultimately responsible for the observed systemic mAb levels. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that durable expression is dependent on the nuclear uptake of the pDNA. Therefore, efforts to increase the protein levels upon pDNA-based gene therapy should focus on strategies to increase both cellular entry and migration of the pDNA into the nucleus. The currently applied methodology can be used to guide the design and evaluation of novel plasmid-based vectors or alternative delivery methods in order to achieve a robust and prolonged protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lynn Cuypers
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick Geukens
- PharmAbs-The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin Hollevoet
- PharmAbs-The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Declerck
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- PharmAbs-The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Dewilde
- Laboratory for Therapeutic and Diagnostic Antibodies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- PharmAbs-The KU Leuven Antibody Center, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 Box 820, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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98
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Luo L, Duan C, Shen J, Wang Z. Application of germline antibody features to vaccine development, antibody discovery, antibody optimization and disease diagnosis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108143. [PMID: 37023966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the efficacy and commercial success of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies have been tremendous, designing and discovering new drug candidates remains a labor-, time- and cost-intensive endeavor with high risks. The main challenges of vaccine development are inducing a strong immune response in broad populations and providing effective prevention against a group of highly variable pathogens. Meanwhile, antibody discovery faces several great obstacles, especially the blindness in antibody screening and the unpredictability of the developability and druggability of antibody drugs. These challenges are largely due to poorly understanding of germline antibodies and the antibody responses to pathogen invasions. Thanks to the recent developments in high-throughput sequencing and structural biology, we have gained insight into the germline immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and germline antibodies and then the germline antibody features associated with antigens and disease manifestation. In this review, we firstly outline the broad associations between germline antibodies and antigens. Moreover, we comprehensively review the recent applications of antigen-specific germline antibody features, physicochemical properties-associated germline antibody features, and disease manifestation-associated germline antibody features on vaccine development, antibody discovery, antibody optimization, and disease diagnosis. Lastly, we discuss the bottlenecks and perspectives of current and potential applications of germline antibody features in the biotechnology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changfei Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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99
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Conner CM, van Fossan D, Read K, Cowley DO, Alvarez O, Xu SXR, Webb DR, Jarnagin K. A precisely humanized FCRN transgenic mouse for preclinical pharmacokinetics studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115470. [PMID: 36870576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the fastest-growing classes of drugs and have been approved to treat several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. Preclinical pharmacokinetics studies are performed to determine the therapeutically meaningful dosages and efficacy of candidate drugs. These studies are typically performed in non-human primates; however, using primates is costly and raises ethical considerations. As a result, rodent models that better mimic human-like pharmacokinetics have been generated and remain an area of active investigation. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of a candidate drug, such as half-life, are partly controlled by antibody binding to the human neonatal receptor hFCRN. Due to the abnormally high binding of human antibodies to mouse FCRN, traditional laboratory rodents do not accurately model the pharmacokinetics of human mAbs. In response, humanized rodents expressing hFCRN have been generated. However, these models generally use large inserts randomly integrated into the mouse genome. Here, we report the production and characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated hFCRN transgenic mouse termed SYNB-hFCRN. Using CRISPR/Cas9-assisted gene targeting, we prepared a strain with a simultaneous knockout of mFcrn and insertion of a hFCRN mini-gene under the control of the endogenous mouse promoter. These mice are healthy and express hFCRN in the appropriate tissues and immune cell subtypes. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of human IgG and adalimumab (Humira®) demonstrate hFCRN-mediated protection. These newly generated SYNB-hFCRN mice provide another valuable animal model for use in preclinical pharmacokinetics studies during early drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Don van Fossan
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Kristen Read
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Dale O Cowley
- TransViragen, Inc., PO Box 110301, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Oscar Alvarez
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | | | - David R Webb
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Kurt Jarnagin
- Synbal, Inc. 1759 Yorktown Rd., San Mateo, CA 94402, USA.
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100
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Lee JH, Chapman DV, Saltzman WM. Nanoparticle Targeting with Antibodies in the Central Nervous System. BME FRONTIERS 2023; 4:0012. [PMID: 37849659 PMCID: PMC10085254 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for disease in the central nervous system (CNS) are limited because of difficulties in agent penetration through the blood-brain barrier, achieving optimal dosing, and mitigating off-target effects. The prospect of precision medicine in CNS treatment suggests an opportunity for therapeutic nanotechnology, which offers tunability and adaptability to address specific diseases as well as targetability when combined with antibodies (Abs). Here, we review the strategies to attach Abs to nanoparticles (NPs), including conventional approaches of chemisorption and physisorption as well as attempts to combine irreversible Ab immobilization with controlled orientation. We also summarize trends that have been observed through studies of systemically delivered Ab-NP conjugates in animals. Finally, we discuss the future outlook for Ab-NPs to deliver therapeutics into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Mark Saltzman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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