51
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Abstract
The Slit family of secreted proteins and their transmembrane receptor, Robo, were originally identified in the nervous system where they function as axon guidance cues and branching factors during development. Since their discovery, a great number of additional roles have been attributed to Slit/Robo signaling, including regulating the critical processes of cell proliferation and cell motility in a variety of cell and tissue types. These processes are often deregulated during cancer progression, allowing tumor cells to bypass safeguarding mechanisms in the cell and the environment in order to grow and escape to new tissues. In the past decade, it has been shown that the expression of Slit and Robo is altered in a wide variety of cancer types, identifying them as potential therapeutic targets. Further, studies have demonstrated dual roles for Slits and Robos in cancer, acting as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors. This bifunctionality is also observed in their roles as axon guidance cues in the developing nervous system, where they both attract and repel neuronal migration. The fact that this signaling axis can have opposite functions depending on the cellular circumstance make its actions challenging to define. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the dual roles that Slit/Robo signaling play in development, epithelial tumor progression, and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimmi S. Ballard
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz CA 95064
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52
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Abstract
Drosophila represents a paradigm for the analysis of the cellular, molecular and genetic mechanisms of development and is an ideal model system to study the contribution of Adherens Junctions (AJs) and their major components, cadherins, to morphogenesis. The combination of different techniques and approaches has allowed researchers to identify the requirements of these epithelial junctions in vivo in the context of a whole organism. The functional analysis of mutants for AJ core components, particularly for Drosophila DE-cadherin, has shown that AJs play critical roles in virtually all stages of development. For instance, AJs maintain tissue integrity while allowing the remodelling and homeostasis of many tissues. They control cell shape, contribute to cell polarity, facilitate cell-cell recognition during cell sorting, orient cell divisions, or regulate cell rearrangements, among other activities. Remarkably, these activities require a very fine control of the organisation and turnover of AJs during development. In addition, AJs engage in diverse and complex interactions with the cytoskeleton, signalling networks, intracellular trafficking machinery or polarity cues to perform these functions. Here, by summarising the requirements of AJs and cadherins during Drosophila morphogenesis, we illustrate the capital contribution of this model system to our knowledge of the mechanisms and biology of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Developmental Biology, Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain,
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53
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54
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Nicholson TB, Su H, Hevi S, Wang J, Bajko J, Li M, Valdez R, Loureiro J, Cheng X, Li E, Kinzel B, Labow M, Chen T. Defective heart development in hypomorphic LSD1 mice. Cell Res 2011:cr2011194. [PMID: 22143567 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/AOF2/KDM1A), the first enzyme with specific lysine demethylase activity to be described, demethylates histone and non-histone proteins and is essential for mouse embryogenesis. LSD1 interacts with numerous proteins through several different domains, most notably the tower domain, an extended helical structure that protrudes from the core of the protein. While there is evidence that LSD1-interacting proteins regulate the activity and specificity of LSD1, the significance and roles of such interactions in developmental processes remain largely unknown. Here we describe a hypomorphic LSD1 allele that contains two point mutations in the tower domain, resulting in a protein with reduced interaction with known binding partners and decreased enzymatic activity. Mice homozygous for this allele die perinatally due to heart defects, with the majority of animals suffering from ventricular septal defects. Transcriptional profiling revealed altered expression of a limited subset of genes in the hearts. This includes an increase in calmodulin kinase (CK) 2β, the regulatory subunit of the CK2 kinase, which correlates with E-cadherin hyperphosphorylation. These results identify a previously unknown role for LSD1 in heart development, perhaps partly through the control of E-cadherin phosphorylation.Cell Research advance online publication 6 December 2011; doi:10.1038/cr.2011.194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Nicholson
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hui Su
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sarah Hevi
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeff Bajko
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mei Li
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Reginald Valdez
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph Loureiro
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - En Li
- Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bernd Kinzel
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG Forum 1 Novartis Campus CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark Labow
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Taiping Chen
- 1] Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Epigenetics Program, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [3] Current address: Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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55
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Drosophila metalloproteases in development and differentiation: The role of ADAM proteins and their relatives. Eur J Cell Biol 2011; 90:770-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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56
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Abstract
The asymmetric polarization of cells allows specialized functions to be performed at discrete subcellular locales. Spatiotemporal coordination of polarization between groups of cells allowed the evolution of metazoa. For instance, coordinated apical-basal polarization of epithelial and endothelial cells allows transport of nutrients and metabolites across cell barriers and tissue microenvironments. The defining feature of such tissues is the presence of a central, interconnected luminal network. Although tubular networks are present in seemingly different organ systems, such as the kidney, lung, and blood vessels, common underlying principles govern their formation. Recent studies using in vivo and in vitro models of lumen formation have shed new light on the molecular networks regulating this fundamental process. We here discuss progress in understanding common design principles underpinning de novo lumen formation and expansion.
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57
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Xu K, Cleaver O. Tubulogenesis during blood vessel formation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:993-1004. [PMID: 21624487 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability to form and maintain a functional system of contiguous hollow tubes is a critical feature of vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Lumen formation, or tubulogenesis, occurs in blood vessels during both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in the embryo. Formation of vascular lumens takes place prior to the establishment of blood flow and to vascular remodeling which results in a characteristic hierarchical vessel organization. While epithelial lumen formation has received intense attention in past decades, more recent work has only just begun to elucidate the mechanisms controlling the initiation and morphogenesis of endothelial lumens. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models, including zebrafish and mammals, are beginning to paint an emerging picture of how blood vessels establish their characteristic morphology and become patent. In this article, we review and discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving the formation of vascular tubes, primarily in vivo, and we compare and contrast proposed models for blood vessel lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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58
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Weyers JJ, Milutinovich AB, Takeda Y, Jemc JC, Van Doren M. A genetic screen for mutations affecting gonad formation in Drosophila reveals a role for the slit/robo pathway. Dev Biol 2011; 353:217-28. [PMID: 21377458 PMCID: PMC3635084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis is a complex process requiring multiple cell types to associate with one another through correct cell contacts and in the correct location to achieve proper organ morphology and function. To better understand the mechanisms underlying gonad formation, we performed a mutagenesis screen in Drosophila and identified twenty-four genes required for gonadogenesis. These genes affect all different aspects of gonad formation and provide a framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms that control these processes. We find that gonad formation is regulated by multiple, independent pathways; some of these regulate the key cell adhesion molecule DE-cadherin, while others act through distinct mechanisms. In addition, we discover that the Slit/Roundabout pathway, best known for its role in regulating axonal guidance, is essential for proper gonad formation. Our findings shed light on the complexities of gonadogenesis and the genetic regulation required for proper organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill J Weyers
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD, USA.
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59
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Abstract
Functional blood vessels are essential for vertebrate development, but how endothelial cells initiate lumen formation during vasculogenesis is not known. A new study now reveals that electrostatic repulsion is key.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Robbins
- Northwestern University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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60
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Knox J, Moyer K, Yacoub N, Soldaat C, Komosa M, Vassilieva K, Wilk R, Hu J, Vazquez Paz LDL, Syed Q, Krause HM, Georgescu M, Jacobs JR. Syndecan contributes to heart cell specification and lumen formation during Drosophila cardiogenesis. Dev Biol 2011; 356:279-90. [PMID: 21565181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane proteoglycan Syndecan contributes to cell surface signaling of diverse ligands in mammals, yet in Drosophila, genetic evidence links Syndecan only to the Slit receptor Roundabout and to the receptor tyrosine phosphatase LAR. Here we characterize the requirement for syndecan in the determination and morphogenesis of the Drosophila heart, and reveal two phases of activity, indicating that Syndecan is a co-factor in at least two signaling events in this tissue. There is a stochastic failure to determine heart cell progenitors in a subset of abdominal hemisegments in embryos mutant for syndecan, and subsequent to Syndecan depletion by RNA interference. This phenotype is sensitive to gene dosage in the FGF receptor (Heartless), its ligand, Pyramus, as well as BMP-ligand Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and co-factor Sara. Syndecan is also required for lumen formation during assembly of the heart vessel, a phenotype shared with mutations in the Slit and Integrin signaling pathways. Phenotypic interactions of syndecan with slit and Integrin mutants suggest intersecting function, consistent with Syndecan acting as a co-receptor for Slit in the Drosophila heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Knox
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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61
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Fish JE, Wythe JD, Xiao T, Bruneau BG, Stainier DYR, Srivastava D, Woo S. A Slit/miR-218/Robo regulatory loop is required during heart tube formation in zebrafish. Development 2011; 138:1409-19. [PMID: 21385766 PMCID: PMC3050667 DOI: 10.1242/dev.060046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Slit family of secreted ligands interact with Roundabout (Robo) receptors to provide guidance cues for many cell types. For example, Slit/Robo signaling elicits repulsion of axons during neural development, whereas in endothelial cells this pathway inhibits or promotes angiogenesis depending on the cellular context. Here, we show that miR-218 is intronically encoded in slit2 and slit3 and that it suppresses Robo1 and Robo2 expression. Our data indicate that miR-218 and multiple Slit/Robo signaling components are required for heart tube formation in zebrafish and that this network modulates the previously unappreciated function of Vegf signaling in this process. These findings suggest a new paradigm for microRNA-based control of ligand-receptor interactions and provide evidence for a novel signaling pathway regulating vertebrate heart tube assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. Fish
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L8, Canada
| | - Joshua D. Wythe
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tong Xiao
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Benoit G. Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stephanie Woo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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62
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Zhou WJ, Geng ZH, Chi S, Zhang W, Niu XF, Lan SJ, Ma L, Yang X, Wang LJ, Ding YQ, Geng JG. Slit-Robo signaling induces malignant transformation through Hakai-mediated E-cadherin degradation during colorectal epithelial cell carcinogenesis. Cell Res 2011; 21:609-26. [PMID: 21283129 PMCID: PMC3203654 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Slit family of guidance cues binds to Roundabout (Robo) receptors and modulates cell migration. We report here that ectopic expression of Slit2 and Robo1 or recombinant Slit2 treatment of Robo1-expressing colorectal epithelial carcinoma cells recruited an ubiquitin ligase Hakai for E-cadherin (E-cad) ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and tumor growth and liver metastasis, which were rescued by knockdown of Hakai. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous Robo1 or specific blockade of Slit2 binding to Robo1 prevented E-cad degradation and reversed EMT, resulting in diminished tumor growth and liver metastasis. Ectopic expression of Robo1 also triggered a malignant transformation in Slit2-positive human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Importantly, the expression of Slit2 and Robo1 was significantly associated with an increased metastatic risk and poorer overall survival in colorectal carcinoma patients. We conclude that engagement of Robo1 by Slit2 induces malignant transformation through Hakai-mediated E-cad ubiquitination and lysosomal degradation during colorectal epithelial cell carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen H Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shan Chi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shu-Jue Lan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qing Ding
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Jian-Guo Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
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63
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Bauer K, Dowejko A, Bosserhoff AK, Reichert TE, Bauer R. Slit-2 facilitates interaction of P-cadherin with Robo-3 and inhibits cell migration in an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:935-43. [PMID: 21459757 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Slits are a group of secreted glycoproteins that act as molecular guidance cues in cellular migration. Recently, several studies demonstrated that Slit-2 can operate as candidate tumour suppressor protein in various tissues. In this study, we show Slit-2 expression in basal cell layers of normal oral mucosa colocalized with P-cadherin expression. In contrast, there is a loss of Slit-2 and P-cadherin expression in mucosa of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Our in vitro investigations reveal a correlation of P-cadherin and Slit-2 expression: OSCC cells with induced P-cadherin expression (PCI52_PC) display an increased Slit-2 expression. However, abrogating P-cadherin function with a function-blocking antibody decreases Slit-2 secretion confirming a direct link between P-cadherin and Slit-2. Moreover, experiments with OSCC cells show that Slit-2 interferes with a Wnt related signalling pathway, which in turn affects Slit-2 expression in a feedback loop. Functionally, transwell migration assays demonstrate a Slit-2 dose-dependent decrease of PCI52_PC cell migration. However, there is no influence on migration in mock control cells. Responsible for this migration block might be an interaction of P-cadherin with Roundabout (Robo)-3, a high affinity receptor of Slit-2. Indeed, proximity ligation assays exhibit P-cadherin/Robo-3 interactions on PCI52_PC cells. Additionally, we detect a modulation of this interaction by addition of recombinant Slit-2. Down-regulation of Robo-3 expression via small interfering RNA neutralizes Slit-2 induced migration block in PCI52_PC cells. In summary, our experiments show antitumorigenic effects of Slit-2 on P-cadherin expressing OSCC cells supposedly via modulation of Robo-3 interaction.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Cadherins/genetics
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Laryngeal Neoplasms/pathology
- Mouth Mucosa/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta Catenin/antagonists & inhibitors
- beta Catenin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Bauer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, D-93053Regensburg, Germany
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64
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Piazza N, Wessells RJ. Drosophila models of cardiac disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:155-210. [PMID: 21377627 PMCID: PMC3551295 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a useful model for cardiac diseases, both developmental abnormalities and adult functional impairment. Using the tools of both classical and molecular genetics, the study of the developing fly heart has been instrumental in identifying the major signaling events of cardiac field formation, cardiomyocyte specification, and the formation of the functioning heart tube. The larval stage of fly cardiac development has become an important model system for testing isolated preparations of living hearts for the effects of biological and pharmacological compounds on cardiac activity. Meanwhile, the recent development of effective techniques to study adult cardiac performance in the fly has opened new uses for the Drosophila model system. The fly system is now being used to study long-term alterations in adult performance caused by factors such as diet, exercise, and normal aging. The fly is a unique and valuable system for the study of such complex, long-term interactions, as it is the only invertebrate genetic model system with a working heart developmentally homologous to the vertebrate heart. Thus, the fly model combines the advantages of invertebrate genetics (such as large populations, facile molecular genetic techniques, and short lifespan) with physiological measurement techniques that allow meaningful comparisons with data from vertebrate model systems. As such, the fly model is well situated to make important contributions to the understanding of complicated interactions between environmental factors and genetics in the long-term regulation of cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Piazza
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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65
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Medioni C, Bertrand N, Mesbah K, Hudry B, Dupays L, Wolstein O, Washkowitz AJ, Papaioannou VE, Mohun TJ, Harvey RP, Zaffran S. Expression of Slit and Robo genes in the developing mouse heart. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:3303-11. [PMID: 20941780 PMCID: PMC2996720 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the mammalian heart is mediated by complex interactions between myocardial, endocardial, and neural crest-derived cells. Studies in Drosophila have shown that the Slit-Robo signaling pathway controls cardiac cell shape changes and lumen formation of the heart tube. Here, we demonstrate by in situ hybridization that multiple Slit ligands and Robo receptors are expressed in the developing mouse heart. Slit3 is the predominant ligand transcribed in the early mouse heart and is expressed in the ventral wall of the linear heart tube and subsequently in chamber but not in atrioventricular canal myocardium. Furthermore, we identify that the homeobox gene Nkx2-5 is required for early ventral restriction of Slit3 and that the T-box transcription factor Tbx2 mediates repression of Slit3 in nonchamber myocardium. Our results suggest that patterned Slit-Robo signaling may contribute to the control of oriented cell growth during chamber morphogenesis of the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Medioni
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer, CNRS UMR 6543, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose Nice, France
| | - Nicolas Bertrand
- Inserm UMR_S910, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Karim Mesbah
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Hudry
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR 6216, Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy Case 907, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Dupays
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Orit Wolstein
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Washkowitz
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Virginia E. Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Timothy J. Mohun
- Division of Developmental Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- Inserm UMR_S910, Université de la Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, Marseille, France
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66
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Albrecht S, Altenhein B, Paululat A. The transmembrane receptor Uncoordinated5 (Unc5) is essential for heart lumen formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2010; 350:89-100. [PMID: 21094637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transport of liquids or gases in biological tubes is fundamental for many physiological processes. Our knowledge on how tubular organs are formed during organogenesis and tissue remodeling has increased dramatically during the last decade. Studies on different animal systems have helped to unravel some of the molecular mechanisms underlying tubulogenesis. Tube architecture varies dramatically in different organs and different species, ranging from tubes formed by several cells constituting the cross section, tubes formed by single cells wrapping an internal luminal space or tubes that are formed within a cell. Some tubes display branching whereas others remain linear without intersections. The modes of shaping, growing and pre-patterning a tube are also different and it is still not known whether these diverse architectures and modes of differentiation are realized by sharing common signaling pathways or regulatory networks. However, several recent investigations provide evidence for the attractive hypothesis that the Drosophila cardiogenesis and heart tube formation shares many similarities with primary angiogenesis in vertebrates. Additionally, another important step to unravel the complex system of lumen formation has been the outcome of recent studies that junctional proteins, matrix components as well as proteins acting as attractant and repellent cues play a role in the formation of the Drosophila heart lumen. In this study we show the requirement for the repulsively active Unc5 transmembrane receptor to facilitate tubulogenesis in the dorsal vessel of Drosophila. Unc5 is localized in the luminal membrane compartment of cardiomyocytes and animals lacking Unc5 fail to form a heart lumen. Our findings support the idea that Unc5 is crucial for lumen formation and thereby represents a repulsive cue acting during Drosophila heart tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Albrecht
- Universität Osnabrück, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie - Zoologie/Entwicklungsbiologie, Barbarastraße 11, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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67
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Pirraglia C, Walters J, Myat MM. Pak1 control of E-cadherin endocytosis regulates salivary gland lumen size and shape. Development 2010; 137:4177-89. [PMID: 21068057 DOI: 10.1242/dev.048827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Generating and maintaining proper lumen size and shape in tubular organs is essential for organ function. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1) in defining the size and shape of the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland lumen by regulating the size and elongation of the apical domain of individual cells. Pak1 mediates these effects by decreasing and increasing E-cadherin levels at the adherens junctions and basolateral membrane, respectively, through Rab5- and Dynamin-dependent endocytosis. We also demonstrate that Cdc42 and Merlin act together with Pak1 to control lumen size. A role for Pak1 in E-cadherin endocytosis is supported by our studies of constitutively active Pak1, which induces the formation of multiple intercellular lumens in the salivary gland in a manner dependent on Rab5, Dynamin and Merlin. These studies demonstrate a novel and crucial role for Pak1 and E-cadherin endocytosis in determining lumen size and shape, and also identify a mechanism for multiple lumen formation, a poorly understood process that occurs in normal embryonic development and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Pirraglia
- BCMB Program of Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences at Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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68
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Melani M, Weinstein BM. Common factors regulating patterning of the nervous and vascular systems. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2010; 26:639-65. [PMID: 19575651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.093008.093324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vascular and the nervous systems of vertebrates share many features with similar and often overlapping anatomy. The parallels between these two systems extend to the molecular level, where recent work has identified ever-increasing similarities between the molecular mechanisms employed in the specification, differentiation, and patterning of both systems. This review discusses some of the most recent literature on this subject, with particular emphasis on the roles that the Ephrin, Semaphorin, Netrin, and Slit signaling pathways play in vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Melani
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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69
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Strilić B, Kucera T, Lammert E. Formation of cardiovascular tubes in invertebrates and vertebrates. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3209-18. [PMID: 20490602 PMCID: PMC11115780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system developed early in evolution and is pivotal for the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products within the organism. It is composed of hollow tubular structures and has a high level of complexity in vertebrates. This complexity is, at least in part, due to the endothelial cell lining of vertebrate blood vessels. However, vascular lumen formation by endothelial cells is still controversially discussed. For example, it has been suggested that the lumen mainly forms via coalescence of large intracellular vacuoles generated by pinocytosis. Alternatively, it was proposed that the vascular lumen initiates extracellularly between adjacent apical endothelial cell surfaces. Here we discuss invertebrate and vertebrate cardiovascular lumen formation and highlight the possible modes of blood vessel formation. Finally, we point to the importance of a better understanding of vascular lumen formation for treating human pathologies, including cancer and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Strilić
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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70
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Nelson WJ. Remodeling epithelial cell organization: transitions between front-rear and apical-basal polarity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 1:a000513. [PMID: 20066074 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial cells have a distinctive apical-basal axis of polarity for vectorial transport of ions and solutes across the epithelium. In contrast, migratory mesenchymal cells have a front-rear axis of polarity. During development, mesenchymal cells convert to epithelia by coalescing into aggregates that undergo epithelial differentiation. Signaling networks and protein complexes comprising Rho family GTPases, polarity complexes (Crumbs, PAR, and Scribble), and their downstream effectors, including the cytoskeleton and the endocytic and exocytic vesicle trafficking pathways, together regulate the distributions of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal proteins between front-rear and apical-basal polarity. The challenge is to understand how these regulators and effectors are adapted to regulate symmetry breaking processes that generate cell polarities that are specialized for different cellular activities and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W James Nelson
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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71
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Ypsilanti AR, Zagar Y, Chédotal A. Moving away from the midline: new developments for Slit and Robo. Development 2010; 137:1939-52. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.044511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most tissues, the precise control of cell migration and cell-cell interaction is of paramount importance to the development of a functional structure. Several families of secreted molecules have been implicated in regulating these aspects of development, including the Slits and their Robo receptors. These proteins have well described roles in axon guidance but by influencing cell polarity and adhesion, they participate in many developmental processes in diverse cell types. We review recent progress in understanding both the molecular mechanisms that modulate Slit/Robo expression and their functions in neural and non-neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena R. Ypsilanti
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Yvrick Zagar
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- INSERM, U968, Paris F-75012, France
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, 17 rue Moreau, Paris F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR_7210, Paris F-75012, France
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72
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Yu L, Lee T, Lin N, Wolf MJ. Affecting Rhomboid-3 function causes a dilated heart in adult Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000969. [PMID: 20523889 PMCID: PMC2877733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila is a well recognized model of several human diseases, and recent investigations have demonstrated that Drosophila can be used as a model of human heart failure. Previously, we described that optical coherence tomography (OCT) can be used to rapidly examine the cardiac function in adult, awake flies. This technique provides images that are similar to echocardiography in humans, and therefore we postulated that this approach could be combined with the vast resources that are available in the fly community to identify new mutants that have abnormal heart function, a hallmark of certain cardiovascular diseases. Using OCT to examine the cardiac function in adult Drosophila from a set of molecularly-defined genomic deficiencies from the DrosDel and Exelixis collections, we identified an abnormally enlarged cardiac chamber in a series of deficiency mutants spanning the rhomboid 3 locus. Rhomboid 3 is a member of a highly conserved family of intramembrane serine proteases and processes Spitz, an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like ligand. Using multiple approaches based on the examination of deficiency stocks, a series of mutants in the rhomboid-Spitz-EGF receptor pathway, and cardiac-specific transgenic rescue or dominant-negative repression of EGFR, we demonstrate that rhomboid 3 mediated activation of the EGF receptor pathway is necessary for proper adult cardiac function. The importance of EGF receptor signaling in the adult Drosophila heart underscores the concept that evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanisms are required to maintain normal myocardial function. Interestingly, prior work showing the inhibition of ErbB2, a member of the EGF receptor family, in transgenic knock-out mice or individuals that received herceptin chemotherapy is associated with the development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Our results, in conjunction with the demonstration that altered ErbB2 signaling underlies certain forms of mammalian cardiomyopathy, suggest that an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism may be necessary to maintain post-developmental cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Teresa Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Matthew J. Wolf
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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73
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Banerjee S, Blauth K, Peters K, Rogers SL, Fanning AS, Bhat MA. Drosophila neurexin IV interacts with Roundabout and is required for repulsive midline axon guidance. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5653-67. [PMID: 20410118 PMCID: PMC2869042 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.6187-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit/Roundabout (Robo) signaling controls midline repulsive axon guidance. However, proteins that interact with Slit/Robo at the cell surface remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we report that the Drosophila transmembrane septate junction-specific protein Neurexin IV (Nrx IV) functions in midline repulsive axon guidance. Nrx IV is expressed in the neurons of the developing ventral nerve cord, and nrx IV mutants show crossing and circling of ipsilateral axons and fused commissures. Interestingly, the axon guidance defects observed in nrx IV mutants seem independent of its other binding partners, such as Contactin and Neuroglian and the midline glia protein Wrapper, which interacts in trans with Nrx IV. nrx IV mutants show diffuse Robo localization, and dose-dependent genetic interactions between nrx IV/robo and nrx IV/slit indicate that they function in a common pathway. In vivo biochemical studies reveal that Nrx IV associates with Robo, Slit, and Syndecan, and interactions between Robo and Slit, or Nrx IV and Slit, are affected in nrx IV and robo mutants, respectively. Coexpression of Nrx IV and Robo in mammalian cells confirms that these proteins retain the ability to interact in a heterologous system. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the extracellular region of Nrx IV is sufficient to rescue Robo localization and axon guidance phenotypes in nrx IV mutants. Together, our studies establish that Nrx IV is essential for proper Robo localization and identify Nrx IV as a novel interacting partner of the Slit/Robo signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimberly Peters
- Department of Biology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Cancer Center
| | - Stephen L. Rogers
- Department of Biology, Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, Lineberger Cancer Center
| | | | - Manzoor A. Bhat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology
- Curriculum in Neurobiology
- University of North Carolina Neuroscience Center, and
- Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545
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74
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Zovein AC, Luque A, Turlo KA, Hofmann JJ, Yee KM, Becker MS, Fassler R, Mellman I, Lane TF, Iruela-Arispe ML. Beta1 integrin establishes endothelial cell polarity and arteriolar lumen formation via a Par3-dependent mechanism. Dev Cell 2010; 18:39-51. [PMID: 20152176 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of single-layered endothelium, squamous endothelial cell shape, and formation of a patent vascular lumen all require defined endothelial cell polarity. Loss of beta1 integrin (Itgb1) in nascent endothelium leads to disruption of arterial endothelial cell polarity and lumen formation. The loss of polarity is manifested as cuboidal-shaped endothelial cells with dysregulated levels and mislocalization of normally polarized cell-cell adhesion molecules, as well as decreased expression of the polarity gene Par3 (pard3). beta1 integrin and Par3 are both localized to the endothelial layer, with preferential expression of Par3 in arterial endothelium. Luminal occlusion is also exclusively noted in arteries, and is partially rescued by replacement of Par3 protein in beta1-deficient vessels. Combined, our findings demonstrate that beta1 integrin functions upstream of Par3 as part of a molecular cascade required for endothelial cell polarity and lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C Zovein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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75
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Shiau CE, Bronner-Fraser M. N-cadherin acts in concert with Slit1-Robo2 signaling in regulating aggregation of placode-derived cranial sensory neurons. Development 2010; 136:4155-64. [PMID: 19934013 DOI: 10.1242/dev.034355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate cranial sensory ganglia have a dual origin from the neural crest and ectodermal placodes. In the largest of these, the trigeminal ganglion, Slit1-Robo2 signaling is essential for proper ganglion assembly. Here, we demonstrate a crucial role for the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin and its interaction with Slit1-Robo2 during gangliogenesis in vivo. A common feature of chick trigeminal and epibranchial ganglia is the expression of N-cadherin and Robo2 on placodal neurons and Slit1 on neural crest cells. Interestingly, N-cadherin localizes to intercellular adherens junctions between placodal neurons during ganglion assembly. Depletion of N-cadherin causes loss of proper ganglion coalescence, similar to that observed after loss of Robo2, suggesting that the two pathways might intersect. Consistent with this possibility, blocking or augmenting Slit-Robo signaling modulates N-cadherin protein expression on the placodal cell surface concomitant with alteration in placodal adhesion. Lack of an apparent change in total N-cadherin mRNA or protein levels suggests post-translational regulation. Co-expression of N-cadherin with dominant-negative Robo abrogates the Robo2 loss-of-function phenotype of dispersed ganglia, whereas loss of N-cadherin reverses the aberrant aggregation induced by increased Slit-Robo expression. Our study suggests a novel mechanism whereby N-cadherin acts in concert with Slit-Robo signaling in mediating the placodal cell adhesion required for proper gangliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia E Shiau
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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76
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Soplop NH, Patel R, Kramer SG. Preparation of embryos for electron microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube. J Vis Exp 2009:1630. [PMID: 20027180 PMCID: PMC3143026 DOI: 10.3791/1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine H Soplop
- Joint Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, UMDNJ-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA
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77
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Strilić B, Kucera T, Eglinger J, Hughes MR, McNagny KM, Tsukita S, Dejana E, Ferrara N, Lammert E. The molecular basis of vascular lumen formation in the developing mouse aorta. Dev Cell 2009; 17:505-15. [PMID: 19853564 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, endothelial cells (ECs) form blood vessels in every tissue. Here, we investigated vascular lumen formation in the developing aorta, the first and largest arterial blood vessel in all vertebrates. Comprehensive imaging, pharmacological manipulation, and genetic approaches reveal that, in mouse embryos, the aortic lumen develops extracellularly between adjacent ECs. We show that ECs adhere to each other, and that CD34-sialomucins, Moesin, F-actin, and non-muscle Myosin II localize at the endothelial cell-cell contact to define the luminal cell surface. Resultant changes in EC shape lead to lumen formation. Importantly, VE-Cadherin and VEGF-A act at different steps. VE-Cadherin is required for localizing CD34-sialomucins to the endothelial cell-cell contact, a prerequisite to Moesin and F-actin recruitment. In contrast, VEGF-A is required for F-actin-nm-Myosin II interactions and EC shape change. Based on these data, we propose a molecular mechanism of in vivo vascular lumen formation in developing blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Strilić
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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78
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Medioni C, Sénatore S, Salmand PA, Lalevée N, Perrin L, Sémériva M. The fabulous destiny of the Drosophila heart. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:518-25. [PMID: 19717296 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For the last 15 years the fly cardiovascular system has attracted developmental geneticists for its potential as a model system of organogenesis. Heart development in Drosophila indeed provides a remarkable system for elucidating the basic molecular and cellular mechanisms of morphogenesis and, more recently, for understanding the genetic control of cardiac physiology. The success of these studies can in part be attributed to multidisciplinary approaches, the multiplicity of existing genetic tools, and a detailed knowledge of the system. Striking similarities with vertebrate cardiogenesis have long been stressed, in particular concerning the conservation of key molecular regulators of cardiogenesis and the new data presented here confirm Drosophila cardiogenesis as a model not only for organogenesis but also for the study of molecular mechanisms of human cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Medioni
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy (IBDML), UMR 6216 CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy, Marseille Cedex 09, France
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79
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Wojtal KA, Diskar M, Herberg FW, Hoekstra D, van Ijzendoorn SCD. Regulatory subunit I-controlled protein kinase A activity is required for apical bile canalicular lumen development in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20773-80. [PMID: 19465483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.013599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via cAMP plays an important role in apical cell surface dynamics in epithelial cells. In hepatocytes, elevated levels of cAMP as well as extracellular oncostatin M stimulate apical lumen development in a manner that depends on protein kinase A (PKA) activity. However, neither the identity of PKA isoforms involved nor the mechanisms of the cross-talk between oncostatin M and cAMP/PKA signaling pathways have been elucidated. Here we demonstrate that oncostatin M and PKA signaling converge at the level of the PKA holoenzyme downstream of oncostatin M-stimulated MAPK activation. Experiments were performed with chemically modified cAMP analogues that preferentially target regulatory subunit (R) I or RII holoenzymes, respectively, in hepatocytes. The data suggest that the dissociation of RI- but not RII-containing holoenzymes, as well as catalytic activity of PKA, is required for apical lumen development in response to elevated levels of cAMP and oncostatin M. However, oncostatin M signaling does not stimulate PKA holoenzyme dissociation in living cells. Based on pharmacological and cell biological studies, it is concluded that RI-controlled PKA activity is essential for cAMP- and oncostatin M-stimulated development of apical bile canalicular lumens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper A Wojtal
- Department of Cell Biology, Section of Membrane Cell Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands
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80
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Iruela-Arispe ML, Davis GE. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Lumen Formation. Dev Cell 2009; 16:222-31. [PMID: 19217424 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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81
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Kučera T, Strilić B, Regener K, Schubert M, Laudet V, Lammert E. Ancestral vascular lumen formation via basal cell surfaces. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4132. [PMID: 19125185 PMCID: PMC2607016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular system of bilaterians developed from a common ancestor. However, no endothelial cells exist in invertebrates demonstrating that primitive cardiovascular tubes do not require this vertebrate-specific cell type in order to form. This raises the question of how cardiovascular tubes form in invertebrates? Here we discovered that in the invertebrate cephalochordate amphioxus, the basement membranes of endoderm and mesoderm line the lumen of the major vessels, namely aorta and heart. During amphioxus development a laminin-containing extracellular matrix (ECM) was found to fill the space between the basal cell surfaces of endoderm and mesoderm along their anterior-posterior (A-P) axes. Blood cells appear in this ECM-filled tubular space, coincident with the development of a vascular lumen. To get insight into the underlying cellular mechanism, we induced vessels in vitro with a cell polarity similar to the vessels of amphioxus. We show that basal cell surfaces can form a vascular lumen filled with ECM, and that phagocytotic blood cells can clear this luminal ECM to generate a patent vascular lumen. Therefore, our experiments suggest a mechanism of blood vessel formation via basal cell surfaces in amphioxus and possibly in other invertebrates that do not have any endothelial cells. In addition, a comparison between amphioxus and mouse shows that endothelial cells physically separate the basement membranes from the vascular lumen, suggesting that endothelial cells create cardiovascular tubes with a cell polarity of epithelial tubes in vertebrates and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Kučera
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Charles University in Prague, The First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Histology and Embryology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Boris Strilić
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathrin Regener
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Schubert
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Molecular Zoology team, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Institut Fédératif 128 Biosciences Gerland Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Université de Lyon, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Molecular Zoology team, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Institut Fédératif 128 Biosciences Gerland Lyon Sud, Lyon, France
| | - Eckhard Lammert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Institute of Animal Physiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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82
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Martín‐Belmonte F, Rodríguez‐Fraticelli AE. Chapter 3 Acquisition of Membrane Polarity in Epithelial Tube Formation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 274:129-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)02003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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83
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Baer MM, Chanut-Delalande H, Affolter M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of biological tubes. Curr Top Dev Biol 2009; 89:137-62. [PMID: 19737645 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(09)89006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological tubes are integral components of many organs. Based on their cellular organization, tubes can be divided into three types: multicellular, unicellular, and intracellular. The mechanisms by which these tubes form during development vary significantly, in many cases even for those sharing a similar final architecture. Here, we present recent advances in studying cellular and molecular aspects of tubulogenesis in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Baer
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
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84
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Wu M, Sato TN. On the mechanics of cardiac function of Drosophila embryo. PLoS One 2008; 3:e4045. [PMID: 19107195 PMCID: PMC2602980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a vital organ that provides essential circulation throughout the body. Malfunction of cardiac pumping, thus, leads to serious and most of the times, to fatal diseases. Mechanics of cardiac pumping is a complex process, and many experimental and theoretical approaches have been undertaken to understand this process. We have taken advantage of the simplicity of the embryonic heart of an invertebrate, Drosophila melanogaster, to understand the fundamental mechanics of the beating heart. We applied a live imaging technique to the beating embryonic heart combined with analytical imaging tools to study the dynamic mechanics of the pumping. Furthermore, we have identified one mutant line that exhibits aberrant pumping mechanics. The Drosophila embryonic heart consists of only 104 cardiac cells forming a simple straight tube that can be easily accessed for real-time imaging. Therefore, combined with the wealth of available genetic tools, the embryonic Drosophila heart may serve as a powerful model system for studies of human heart diseases, such as arrhythmia and congenital heart diseases. We, furthermore, believe our mechanistic data provides important information that is useful for our further understanding of the design of biological structure and function and for engineering the pumps for medical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wu
- The Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas N. Sato
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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85
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Abstract
How do animal cells assemble into tissues and organs? A diverse array of tissue structures and shapes can be formed by organizing groups of cells into different polarized arrangements and by coordinating their polarity in space and time. Conserved design principles underlying this diversity are emerging from studies of model organisms and tissues. We discuss how conserved polarity complexes, signalling networks, transcription factors, membrane-trafficking pathways, mechanisms for forming lumens in tubes and other hollow structures, and transitions between different types of polarity, such as between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, are used in similar and iterative manners to build all tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Bryant
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-2140, USA
| | - Keith E. Mostov
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-2140, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, California 94143-2140, USA
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86
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Weitzman M, Bayley EB, Naik UP. Robo4: a guidance receptor that regulates angiogenesis. Cell Adh Migr 2008; 2:220-2. [PMID: 19270536 DOI: 10.4161/cam.2.4.7061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weitzman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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87
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Leslie M. UNTYING TUBE FORMATION. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2008. [PMCID: PMC2483514 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.1822iti1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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88
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Helenius IT, Beitel GJ. The first "Slit" is the deepest: the secret to a hollow heart. J Cell Biol 2008; 182:221-3. [PMID: 18663138 PMCID: PMC2483525 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200806186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubular organs are essential for life, but lumen formation in nonepithelial tissues such as the vascular system or heart is poorly understood. Two studies in this issue (Medioni, C., M. Astier, M. Zmojdzian, K. Jagla, and M. Sémériva. 2008. J. Cell Biol. 182:249-261; Santiago-Martínez, E., N.H. Soplop, R. Patel, and S.G. Kramer. 2008. J. Cell Biol. 182:241-248) reveal unexpected roles for the Slit-Robo signaling system during Drosophila melanogaster heart morphogenesis. In cardioblasts, Slit and Robo modulate the cell shape changes and domains of E-cadherin-based adhesion that drive lumen formation. Furthermore, in contrast to the well-known paracrine role of Slit and Robo in guiding cell migrations, here Slit and Robo may act by autocrine signaling. In addition, the two groups demonstrate that heart lumen formation is even more distinct from typical epithelial tubulogenesis mechanisms because the heart lumen is bounded by membrane surfaces that have basal rather than apical attributes. As the D. melanogaster cardioblasts are thought to have significant evolutionary similarity to vertebrate endothelial and cardiac lineages, these findings are likely to provide insights into mechanisms of vertebrate heart and vascular morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iiro Taneli Helenius
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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