51
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Wu JN, Lin L, Luo SB, Qiu XZ, Zhu LY, Chen D, Wei ED, Fu ZH, Qin MB, Liang ZH, Huang JA, Liu SQ. SphK1-driven autophagy potentiates focal adhesion paxillin-mediated metastasis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6010-6021. [PMID: 34268882 PMCID: PMC8419751 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the main causes of colorectal cancer (CRC)‐related death. Accumulating evidence suggested that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) promoted the metastasis of CRC and autophagy played an important role in SphK1 promoting the metastasis of malignancy. However, the mechanism by which SphK1‐driven autophagy promotes invasion and metastasis in CRC remains to be clarified. In the present study, immunohistochemical detection showed the expression of SphK1 and paxillin was higher in human CRC tissues than those of normal colorectal mucosal tissues, they were both associated with TNM staging, lymphatic, and distance metastasis. In addition, study of in situ tumor transplantation model in nude mice showed that the suppression of SphK1 inhibited the growth of colonic orthotopic implantation tumors and the expression of paxillin, p‐paxillin, LC3 in the tumor. So, SphK1 may promote CRC metastasis via inducing the expression of paxillin expression and its phosphorylation, in vivo. Furthermore, results of CCK8 assay, transwell and wound healing assays showed that SphK1 promoted the viability, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells. Transmission electron microscopy detection showed that SphK1 is the key factor in autophagy induction in CRC cells. Moreover, western blot examination indicated that the expression of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, paxillin, p‐paxillin, MMP‐2, and vimentin was enhanced in SphK1‐overexpressed CRC cells and suppressed in SphK1 knockdown CRC cells, meanwhile, the expression of E‐cadherin was suppressed in SphK1‐overexpressed CRC cells and enhanced in SphK1 knockdown CRC cells. Suppression of autophagy by 3MA reversed the expression of paxillin and its phosphorylation in SphK1‐overexpressed CRC cells, indicated that SphK1‐driven autophagy induced the expression of paxillin and its phosphorylation in CRC cells. Together, these findings reveal that SphK1‐driven autophagy may promote the invasion and metastasis of CRC via promoting the expression of focal adhesion paxillin and its phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ni Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Lan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Bo Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Ze Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ye Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Da Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Er-Dan Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Hua Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Bin Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Hai Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jie-An Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Quan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
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Cui H, Weng Y, Ding N, Cheng C, Wang L, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Cui Y, Zhang W. Autophagy-Related Three-Gene Prognostic Signature for Predicting Survival in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650891. [PMID: 34336650 PMCID: PMC8321089 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive malignant tumors in China, and its prognosis remains poor. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process involved in the occurrence and development of ESCC. In this study, we described the expression profile of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in ESCC and developed a prognostic prediction model for ESCC patients based on the expression pattern of ARGs. We used four ESCC cohorts, GSE53624 (119 samples) set as the discovery cohort, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) ESCC set (95 samples) as the validation cohort, 155 ESCC cohort, and Oncomine cohort were used to screen and verify differentially expressed ARGs. We identified 34 differentially expressed genes out of 222 ARGs. In the discovery cohort, we divided ESCC patients into three groups that showed significant differences in prognosis. Then, we analyzed the prognosis of 34 differentially expressed ARGs. Three genes [poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), integrin alpha-6 (ITGA6), and Fas-associated death domain (FADD)] were ultimately obtained through random forest feature selection and were constructed as an ARG-related prognostic model. This model was further validated in TCGA ESCC set. Cox regression analysis confirmed that the three-gene signature was an independent prognostic factor for ESCC patients. This signature effectively stratified patients in both discovery and validation cohorts by overall survival (P = 5.162E-8 and P = 0.052, respectively). We also constructed a clinical nomogram with a concordance index of 0.713 to predict the survival possibility of ESCC patients by integrating clinical characteristics and the ARG signature. The calibration curves substantiated fine concordance between nomogram prediction and actual observation. In conclusion, we constructed a new ARG-related prognostic model, which shows the potential to improve the ability of individualized prognosis prediction in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyang Cui
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongjia Weng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongping Cui
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Institute, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (PKU-HKUST) Medical Center, Shenzhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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53
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Wang YY, Zhang J, Liu XM, Li Y, Sui J, Dong MQ, Ye K, Du LL. Molecular and structural mechanisms of ZZ domain-mediated cargo selection by Nbr1. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107497. [PMID: 34169534 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In selective autophagy, cargo selectivity is determined by autophagy receptors. However, it remains scarcely understood how autophagy receptors recognize specific protein cargos. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, a selective autophagy pathway termed Nbr1-mediated vacuolar targeting (NVT) employs Nbr1, an autophagy receptor conserved across eukaryotes including humans, to target cytosolic hydrolases into the vacuole. Here, we identify two new NVT cargos, the mannosidase Ams1 and the aminopeptidase Ape4, that bind competitively to the first ZZ domain of Nbr1 (Nbr1-ZZ1). High-resolution cryo-EM analyses reveal how a single ZZ domain recognizes two distinct protein cargos. Nbr1-ZZ1 not only recognizes the N-termini of cargos via a conserved acidic pocket, similar to other characterized ZZ domains, but also engages additional parts of cargos in a cargo-specific manner. Our findings unveil a single-domain bispecific mechanism of autophagy cargo recognition, elucidate its underlying structural basis, and expand the understanding of ZZ domain-mediated protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Man Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulu Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Keqiong Ye
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Lin Du
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Niklaus NJ, Tokarchuk I, Zbinden M, Schläfli AM, Maycotte P, Tschan MP. The Multifaceted Functions of Autophagy in Breast Cancer Development and Treatment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061447. [PMID: 34207792 PMCID: PMC8229352 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is a complex catabolic process characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. During this process, autophagosomes engulf and deliver their intracellular content to lysosomes, where they are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes. Thereby, autophagy provides energy and building blocks to maintain cellular homeostasis and represents a dynamic recycling mechanism. Importantly, the clearance of damaged organelles and aggregated molecules by autophagy in normal cells contributes to cancer prevention. Therefore, the dysfunction of autophagy has a major impact on the cell fate and can contribute to tumorigenesis. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and has the highest mortality rate among all cancers in women worldwide. Breast cancer patients often have a good short-term prognosis, but long-term survivors often experience aggressive recurrence. This phenomenon might be explained by the high heterogeneity of breast cancer tumors rendering mammary tumors difficult to target. This review focuses on the mechanisms of autophagy during breast carcinogenesis and sheds light on the role of autophagy in the traits of aggressive breast cancer cells such as migration, invasion, and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Niklaus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (N.J.N.); (I.T.); (M.Z.); (A.M.S.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Igor Tokarchuk
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (N.J.N.); (I.T.); (M.Z.); (A.M.S.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mara Zbinden
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (N.J.N.); (I.T.); (M.Z.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Anna M. Schläfli
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (N.J.N.); (I.T.); (M.Z.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Paola Maycotte
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente (CIBIOR), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Puebla 74360, Mexico;
| | - Mario P. Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland; (N.J.N.); (I.T.); (M.Z.); (A.M.S.)
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-632-87-80
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55
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Rabanal-Ruiz Y, Byron A, Wirth A, Madsen R, Sedlackova L, Hewitt G, Nelson G, Stingele J, Wills JC, Zhang T, Zeug A, Fässler R, Vanhaesebroeck B, Maddocks OD, Ponimaskin E, Carroll B, Korolchuk VI. mTORC1 activity is supported by spatial association with focal adhesions. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202004010. [PMID: 33635313 PMCID: PMC7923692 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates mitogenic and stress signals to control growth and metabolism. Activation of mTORC1 by amino acids and growth factors involves recruitment of the complex to the lysosomal membrane and is further supported by lysosome distribution to the cell periphery. Here, we show that translocation of lysosomes toward the cell periphery brings mTORC1 into proximity with focal adhesions (FAs). We demonstrate that FAs constitute discrete plasma membrane hubs mediating growth factor signaling and amino acid input into the cell. FAs, as well as the translocation of lysosome-bound mTORC1 to their vicinity, contribute to both peripheral and intracellular mTORC1 activity. Conversely, lysosomal distribution to the cell periphery is dispensable for the activation of mTORC1 constitutively targeted to FAs. This study advances our understanding of spatial mTORC1 regulation by demonstrating that the localization of mTORC1 to FAs is both necessary and sufficient for its activation by growth-promoting stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alexander Wirth
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralitsa Madsen
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lucia Sedlackova
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Graeme Hewitt
- DSB Repair Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Glyn Nelson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julian Stingele
- Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jimi C. Wills
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tong Zhang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - André Zeug
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Oliver D.K. Maddocks
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Viktor I. Korolchuk
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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56
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García-Miranda A, Solano-Alcalá KA, Montes-Alvarado JB, Rosas-Cruz A, Reyes-Leyva J, Navarro-Tito N, Maycotte P, Castañeda-Saucedo E. Autophagy Mediates Leptin-Induced Migration and ERK Activation in Breast Cancer Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:644851. [PMID: 33763424 PMCID: PMC7982408 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.644851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular recycling process active in eukaryotic cells that involves the formation of an autophagosome which delivers cytoplasmic components to the lysosome for degradation. This process occurs at low rates under basal conditions, but it can be induced by diverse types of stress such as starvation, hypoxia, metabolic disorders or in response to hormones, including leptin. Leptin is considered a pro-tumorigenic protein whose circulating levels have been related to bad prognosis in obese breast cancer patients. It has been recently demonstrated that leptin can induce autophagy in cancer cell lines from different tissues, suggesting that autophagy could modulate the pro-tumorigenic effects associated with leptin. In this study, the role of autophagy in leptin-induced proliferation, migration, apoptosis and ERK phosphorylation in breast cancer cell lines was evaluated. Although leptin differentially induced autophagy in the breast cancer cell lines tested, autophagy inhibition reduced leptin-induced cell proliferation in MCF7 cells and decreased cell migration, ERK activation, and impaired morphological changes in both cell lines. Our data demonstrates an important role for basal autophagy or leptin-induced autophagy in leptin-induced migration and ERK phosphorylation in breast cancer cell lines, suggesting a potential use for the inhibition of autophagy in breast cancer associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin García-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Karen Aylín Solano-Alcalá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico.,Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Coatzacoalcos, Coatzacoalcos, Mexico
| | | | - Arely Rosas-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio Reyes-Leyva
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
| | - Paola Maycotte
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Castañeda-Saucedo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Mexico
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57
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Zong H, Hazelbaker M, Moe C, Ems-McClung SC, Hu K, Walczak CE. Spatial regulation of MCAK promotes cell polarization and focal adhesion turnover to drive robust cell migration. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:590-604. [PMID: 33566676 PMCID: PMC8101467 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric distribution of microtubule (MT) dynamics in migrating cells is important for cell polarization, yet the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain underexplored. Here, we addressed this question by studying the role of the MT depolymerase, MCAK (mitotic centromere-associated kinesin), in the highly persistent migration of RPE-1 cells. MCAK knockdown leads to slowed migration and poor directional movement. Fixed and live cell imaging revealed that MCAK knockdown results in excessive membrane ruffling as well as defects in cell polarization and the maintenance of a major protrusive front. Additionally, loss of MCAK increases the lifetime of focal adhesions by decreasing their disassembly rate. These functions correlate with a spatial distribution of MCAK activity, wherein activity is higher in the trailing edge of cells compared with the leading edge. Overexpression of Rac1 has a dominant effect over MCAK activity, placing it downstream of or in a parallel pathway to MCAK function in migration. Together, our data support a model in which the polarized distribution of MCAK activity and subsequent differential regulation of MT dynamics contribute to cell polarity, centrosome positioning, and focal adhesion dynamics, which all help facilitate robust directional migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Zong
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Mark Hazelbaker
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Christina Moe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | | | - Ke Hu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Claire E Walczak
- Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine-Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405
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58
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Cerda-Troncoso C, Varas-Godoy M, Burgos PV. Pro-Tumoral Functions of Autophagy Receptors in the Modulation of Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 10:619727. [PMID: 33634029 PMCID: PMC7902017 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.619727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer progression involves a variety of pro-tumorigenic biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival. A cellular pathway implicated in these pro-tumorigenic processes is autophagy, a catabolic route used for recycling of cytoplasmic components to generate macromolecular building blocks and energy, under stress conditions, to remove damaged cellular constituents to adapt to changing nutrient conditions and to maintain cellular homeostasis. During autophagy, cells form a double-membrane sequestering a compartment termed the phagophore, which matures into an autophagosome. Following fusion with the lysosome, the cargo is degraded inside the autolysosomes and the resulting macromolecules released back into the cytosol for reuse. Cancer cells use this recycling system during cancer progression, however the key autophagy players involved in this disease is unclear. Accumulative evidences show that autophagy receptors, crucial players for selective autophagy, are overexpressed during cancer progression, yet the mechanisms whereby pro-tumorigenic biological processes are modulated by these receptors remains unknown. In this review, we summarized the most important findings related with the pro-tumorigenic role of autophagy receptors p62/SQSTM1, NBR1, NDP52, and OPTN in cancer progression. In addition, we showed the most relevant cargos degraded by these receptors that have been shown to function as critical regulators of pro-tumorigenic processes. Finally, we discussed the role of autophagy receptors in the context of the cellular pathways implicated in this disease, such as growth factors signaling, oxidative stress response and apoptosis. In summary, we highlight that autophagy receptors should be considered important players of cancer progression, which could offer a niche for the development of novel diagnosis and cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Cerda-Troncoso
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia V. Burgos
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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59
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Abstract
Autophagy is deregulated in many cancers and represents an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, the precise contributions of autophagy to metastatic progression, the principle cause of cancer-related mortality, is only now being uncovered. While autophagy promotes primary tumor growth, metabolic adaptation and resistance to therapy, recent studies have unexpectedly revealed that autophagy suppresses the proliferative outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells into overt and lethal macrometastases. These studies suggest autophagy plays unexpected and complex roles in the initiation and progression of metastases, which will undoubtedly impact therapeutic approaches for cancer treatment. Here, we discuss the intricacies of autophagy in metastatic progression, highlighting and integrating the pleiotropic roles of autophagy on diverse cell biological processes involved in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Marsh
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Bhairavi Tolani
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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60
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Bressan C, Saghatelyan A. Intrinsic Mechanisms Regulating Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:620379. [PMID: 33519385 PMCID: PMC7838331 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.620379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a fundamental brain development process that allows cells to move from their birthplaces to their sites of integration. Although neuronal migration largely ceases during embryonic and early postnatal development, neuroblasts continue to be produced and to migrate to a few regions of the adult brain such as the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). In the SVZ, a large number of neuroblasts migrate into the olfactory bulb (OB) along the rostral migratory stream (RMS). Neuroblasts migrate in chains in a tightly organized micro-environment composed of astrocytes that ensheath the chains of neuroblasts and regulate their migration; the blood vessels that are used by neuroblasts as a physical scaffold and a source of molecular factors; and axons that modulate neuronal migration. In addition to diverse sets of extrinsic micro-environmental cues, long-distance neuronal migration involves a number of intrinsic mechanisms, including membrane and cytoskeleton remodeling, Ca2+ signaling, mitochondria dynamics, energy consumption, and autophagy. All these mechanisms are required to cope with the different micro-environment signals and maintain cellular homeostasis in order to sustain the proper dynamics of migrating neuroblasts and their faithful arrival in the target regions. Neuroblasts in the postnatal brain not only migrate into the OB but may also deviate from their normal path to migrate to a site of injury induced by a stroke or by certain neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on the intrinsic mechanisms that regulate long-distance neuroblast migration in the adult brain and on how these pathways may be modulated to control the recruitment of neuroblasts to damaged/diseased brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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61
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De R, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U. Mediators of mitophagy that regulate mitochondrial quality control play crucial role in diverse pathophysiology. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:333-366. [PMID: 33067701 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are double membrane-bound cellular work-horses constantly functioning to regulate vital aspects of cellular metabolism, bioenergetics, proliferation and death. Biogenesis, homeostasis and regulated turnover of mitochondria are stringently regulated to meet the bioenergetic requirements. Diverse external and internal stimuli including oxidative stress, diseases, xenobiotics and even age profoundly affect mitochondrial integrity. Damaged mitochondria need immediate segregation and selective culling to maintain physiological homeostasis. Mitophagy is a specialised form of macroautophagy that constantly checks mitochondrial quality followed by elimination of rogue mitochondria by lysosomal targeting through multiple pathways tightly regulated and activated in context-specific manners. Mitophagy is implicated in diverse oxidative stress-associated metabolic, proliferating and degenerative disorders owing to the centrality of mitopathology in diseases as well as the common mandate to eliminate damaged mitochondria for restoring physiological homeostasis. With improved health care and growing demand for precision medicine, specifically targeting the keystone factors in pathogenesis, more exploratory studies are focused on mitochondrial quality control as underlying guardian of cellular pathophysiology. In this context, mitophagy emerged as a promising area to focus biomedical research for identifying novel therapeutic targets against diseases linked with physiological redox perturbation. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent developments on mitophagy along with precise discussion on its impact on major diseases and possibilities of therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudranil De
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
- Department of Zoology, Raja Peary Mohan College, 1 Acharya Dhruba Pal Road, Uttarpara, West Bengal, 712258, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India.
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Rd, Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India.
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62
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Bressan C, Pecora A, Gagnon D, Snapyan M, Labrecque S, De Koninck P, Parent M, Saghatelyan A. The dynamic interplay between ATP/ADP levels and autophagy sustain neuronal migration in vivo. eLife 2020; 9:56006. [PMID: 32985978 PMCID: PMC7556871 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a dynamic process that entails extensive protein synthesis and recycling, structural remodeling, and considerable bioenergetic demand. Autophagy is one of the pathways that maintain cellular homeostasis. Time-lapse imaging of autophagosomes and ATP/ADP levels in migrating cells in the rostral migratory stream of mouse revealed that decreases in ATP levels force cells into the stationary phase and induce autophagy. Pharmacological or genetic impairments of autophagy in neuroblasts using either bafilomycin, inducible conditional mice, or CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing decreased cell migration due to the longer duration of the stationary phase. Autophagy is modulated in response to migration-promoting and inhibiting molecular cues and is required for the recycling of focal adhesions. Our results show that autophagy and energy consumption act in concert in migrating cells to dynamically regulate the pace and periodicity of the migratory and stationary phases to sustain neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Bressan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Alessandra Pecora
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Dave Gagnon
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Marina Snapyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Simon Labrecque
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Paul De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, Canada.,Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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63
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Qu S, Liu S, Qiu W, Liu J, Wang H. Screening of autophagy genes as prognostic indicators for glioma patients. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5320-5331. [PMID: 33042422 PMCID: PMC7540153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although autophagy is reported to be involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression, its correlation with the prognosis of glioma patients remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify prognostic autophagy-related genes, analyze their correlation with clinicopathological features of glioma, and further construct a prognostic model for glioma patients. After 139 autophagy-related genes were obtained from the GeneCards database, their expression data in glioma patients were extracted from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses were performed to identify prognostic autophagy-related genes. Ten hub autophagy-related genes associated with prognosis were identified. The autophagy risk score (ARS) was only positively correlated with histopathology (P = 0.000) and World Health Organization grade (P = 0.000). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the overall survival of patients with a high ARS was significantly worse than that of patients with a low ARS (hazard ratio = 1.59, 95% confidence interval = 1.25-2.03, P = 0.0001). In addition, Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses revealed several common biological processes and signaling pathways related to the 10 hub genes in glioblastoma. A prediction model was developed for glioma patients, which demonstrated high prediction efficiency on calibration. Moreover, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for 1-, 3- and 5-year survival probabilities were 0.790, 0.861, and 0.853, respectively. In conclusion, we identified 10 autophagy-related genes that can serve as novel prognostic biomarkers for glioma patients. Our prediction model accurately predicted patient outcomes, and thus, may be a valuable tool in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqiang Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen 518107, China
| | - Weiwen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Lishui People’s Hospital (The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University)Lishui 323000, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lishui People’s Hospital (The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University)Lishui 323000, China
| | - Huafu Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Lishui People’s Hospital (The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University)Lishui 323000, China
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64
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LC3C-Mediated Autophagy Selectively Regulates the Met RTK and HGF-Stimulated Migration and Invasion. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4053-4068.e6. [PMID: 31851933 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Met/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is deregulated in many cancers and is a recognized target for cancer therapies. Following HGF stimulation, the signaling output of Met is tightly controlled by receptor internalization and sorting for degradation or recycling. Here, we uncover a role for autophagy in selective degradation of Met and regulation of Met-dependent cell migration and invasion. Met engagement with the autophagic pathway is dependent on complex formation with the mammalian ATG8 family member MAP1LC3C. LC3C deletion abrogates Met entry into the autophagy-dependent degradative pathway, allowing identification of LC3C domains required for rescue. Cancer cells with low LC3C levels show enhanced Met stability, signaling, and cell invasion. These findings provide mechanistic insight into RTK recruitment to autophagosomes and establish distinct roles for ATG8 proteins in this process, supporting that differential expression of ATG8 proteins can shape the functional consequences of autophagy in cancer development and progression.
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65
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Assar EA, Tumbarello DA. Loss of the Essential Autophagy Regulators FIP200 or Atg5 Leads to Distinct Effects on Focal Adhesion Composition and Organization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:733. [PMID: 32850845 PMCID: PMC7417463 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential catabolic intracellular pathway that maintains homeostasis by degrading long-lived proteins, damaged organelles, and provides an energy source during nutrient starvation. It is now understood that autophagy has discrete functions as a selective lysosomal degradation pathway targeting large cytosolic structural and signaling complexes to influence cell motility and adhesion. We provide evidence suggesting the primary autophagy regulators Atg5 and FIP200 both play a role in cell motility and extracellular matrix adhesion. However, their loss of function has a differential impact on focal adhesion composition and organization, as well as signaling in response to fibronectin induced cell spreading. This differential impact on focal adhesions is illustrated by smaller focal adhesion complexes and a decrease in FAK, paxillin, and vinculin expression associated with FIP200 loss of function. In contrast, Atg5 loss of function results in production of large and stable focal adhesions, characterized by their retention of phosphorylated FAK and Src, which correlates with increased vinculin and FAK protein expression. Importantly, autophagy is upregulated during processes associated with focal adhesion reorganization and their exhibits colocalization of autophagosomes with focal adhesion cargo. Interestingly, FIP200 localizes to vinculin-rich focal adhesions and its loss negatively regulates FAK phosphorylation. These data collectively suggest FIP200 and Atg5 may have both autophagy-dependent and -independent functions that provide distinct mechanisms and impacts on focal adhesion dynamics associated with cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelia A Assar
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David A Tumbarello
- Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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66
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Towers CG, Wodetzki D, Thorburn A. Autophagy and cancer: Modulation of cell death pathways and cancer cell adaptations. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201909033. [PMID: 31753861 PMCID: PMC7039213 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is intricately linked with many intracellular signaling pathways, particularly nutrient-sensing mechanisms and cell death signaling cascades. In cancer, the roles of autophagy are context dependent. Tumor cell-intrinsic effects of autophagy can be both tumor suppressive and tumor promotional. Autophagy can therefore not only activate and inhibit cell death, but also facilitate the switch between cell death mechanisms. Moreover, autophagy can play opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Preclinical data support a tumor-promotional role of autophagy in established tumors and during cancer therapy; this has led to the launch of dozens of clinical trials targeting autophagy in multiple cancer types. However, many questions remain: which tumors and genetic backgrounds are the most sensitive to autophagy inhibition, and which therapies should be combined with autophagy inhibitors? Additionally, since cancer cells are under selective pressure and are prone to adaptation, particularly after treatment, it is unclear if and how cells adapt to autophagy inhibition. Here we review recent literature addressing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Darya Wodetzki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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67
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Paul R, Bharambe H, Shirsat NV. Autophagy inhibition impairs the invasion potential of medulloblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5673-5680. [PMID: 32621115 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05603-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a highly malignant pediatric brain tumor, consists of four distinct molecular subgroups called WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 that differ in their clinical characteristics with the WNT subgroup having excellent survival rate. About 1/3rd medulloblastomas have metastasis at the time of diagnosis suggesting, high invasion potential of these tumors. We have earlier reported that the tumor-suppressive role of miR-204 and miR-30a is accompanied by inhibition of autophagy in medulloblastoma cells. In the present study, we have investigated the role of autophagy in medulloblastoma biology. Autophagy was inhibited in the medulloblastoma cell lines belonging to the SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 using the shRNA mediated knockdown of ATG5, an upstream regulator of autophagy. The effect of autophagy inhibition was studied on the growth and malignant behavior of medulloblastoma cells. ATG5 knockdown resulted in the autophagy inhibition in medulloblastoma cells as judged by the reduction in the flux of LC3B, a marker for autophagy. Autophagy inhibition did not result in a significant difference in the proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of the medulloblastoma cells. On the other hand, autophagy inhibition brought about a substantial reduction in the invasion potential of all three medulloblastoma cell lines studied. The present study suggests a therapeutic potential for autophagy inhibitors in the treatment of medulloblastoma. Autophagy inhibitors could be effective in reducing the dose of craniospinal radiation, thereby leading to a significant reduction in the treatment-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raikamal Paul
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Harish Bharambe
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - Neelam Vishwanath Shirsat
- Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, 410210, India. .,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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68
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Zhang H, Wang G, Zhou R, Li X, Sun Y, Li Y, Du W, Yan X, Yang J, Chang X, Liu Z, Ma Z. SPIB promotes anoikis resistance via elevated autolysosomal process in lung cancer cells. FEBS J 2020; 287:4696-4709. [PMID: 32129936 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis (detachment-induced cell death) is a specific type of programmed cell death which occurs in response to the loss of the correct extracellular matrix connections. Anoikis resistance is an important mechanism in cancer invasiveness and metastatic behavior. Autophagy, on the other hand, involves the degradation of damaged organelles and the recycling of misfolded proteins and intracellular components. However, the intersection of these two cellular responses in lung cancer cells has not been extensively studied. Here, we identified that upon matrix deprivation, the lymphocyte lineage-specific Ets transcription factor SPIB was activated and directly enhanced SNAP47 transcription in certain lung cancer cells. Loss of attachment-induced autophagy significantly increased anoikis resistance by SPIB activation. Consistent with this function, SPIB depletion by short hairpin RNA abrogated SNAP47 transcriptional activation upon matrix deprivation. Therefore, these data delineate an important role of SPIB in autophagy-mediated anoikis resistance in lung cancer cells. Accordingly, these findings suggest that manipulating SPIB-regulated pathways in vivo and evaluating the impact of anoikis resistance warrant further investigation. DATABASE: RNA sequencing and ChIP sequencing data are available in Gene Expression Omnibus database under the accession numbers GSE106592 and GSE125561, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Ruimin Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Yanzhe Li
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Xiaojie Yan
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Xinzhong Chang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, China
| | - Zhe Liu
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Zhenyi Ma
- Department of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, China
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69
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Gomboeva DE, Bragina EY, Nazarenko MS, Puzyrev VP. The Inverse Comorbidity between Oncological Diseases and Huntington’s Disease: Review of Epidemiological and Biological Evidence. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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70
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Marsh T, Kenific CM, Suresh D, Gonzalez H, Shamir ER, Mei W, Tankka A, Leidal AM, Kalavacherla S, Woo K, Werb Z, Debnath J. Autophagic Degradation of NBR1 Restricts Metastatic Outgrowth during Mammary Tumor Progression. Dev Cell 2020; 52:591-604.e6. [PMID: 32084360 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although autophagy is being pursued as a therapeutic target in clinical oncology trials, its effects on metastasis, the principal cause of cancer mortality, remain unclear. Here, we utilize mammary cancer models to temporally delete essential autophagy regulators during carcinoma progression. Though genetic ablation of autophagy strongly attenuates primary mammary tumor growth, impaired autophagy promotes spontaneous metastasis and enables the outgrowth of disseminated tumor cells into overt macro-metastases. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that autophagy deficiency elicits a subpopulation of otherwise luminal tumor cells exhibiting basal differentiation traits, which is reversed upon preventing accumulation of the autophagy cargo receptor, Neighbor to BRCA1 (NBR1). Furthermore, pharmacological and genetic induction of autophagy suppresses pro-metastatic differentiation and metastatic outgrowth. Analysis of human breast cancer data reveal that autophagy gene expression inversely correlates with pro-metastatic differentiation signatures and predicts overall and distant metastasis-free survival. Overall, these findings highlight autophagy-dependent control of NBR1 as a key determinant of metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Marsh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepthisri Suresh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hugo Gonzalez
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eliah R Shamir
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Wenbin Mei
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alexandra Tankka
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew M Leidal
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sandhya Kalavacherla
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kimberly Woo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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71
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Kang R, Zeh H, Lotze M, Tang D. The Multifaceted Effects of Autophagy on the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1225:99-114. [PMID: 32030650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35727-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is composed of cancer cells, noncancer cells (e.g., immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and adipocytes), and various mediators (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and humoral factors) that work together to support cancer growth, progression, and resistance to therapies. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation mechanism by which various cytosolic cargos (e.g., damaged organelles, unused molecules, or invaded pathogens) are engulfed by double-membrane autophagosomes, and then delivered into the lysosome for degradation and recycling. The level of autophagy is a crucial threshold to either promote cell survival or induce cell death in response to environmental stresses. Autophagy plays a context-dependent role in tumorigenesis and anticancer therapy via shaping the inflammatory, hypoxic, immunosuppressive, and metabolic tumor microenvironment. In particular, impaired autophagy flux is associated with chronic inflammation, immunosuppression, stromal formation, cancer stemness, angiogenesis, metastasis, and metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding the molecular machinery of autophagy and its communication with hallmarks of cancer could lead to potential new anticancer strategies or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Herbert Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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72
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Abstract
Metastasis is the most important biological potential of malignant tumour cells. A variety of mechanisms is involved in regulating tumour invasion and metastasis and interacts with each other, forming a large regulatory system. Autophagy plays an important role in organisms in maintaining environmental homoeostasis. A large amount of evidence has shown that autophagy is also involved in tumour development processes, including invasion and metastasis. Autophagy not only controls some biological processes in tumour cells but is also affected by the microenvironment. Therefore, the role of autophagy in tumours is far more important and complicated than previously estimated. The role of autophagy in tumour metastasis will be discussed in this chapter.
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73
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Nolasco P, Fernandes CG, Ribeiro-Silva JC, Oliveira PVS, Sacrini M, de Brito IV, De Bessa TC, Pereira LV, Tanaka LY, Alencar A, Laurindo FRM. Impaired vascular smooth muscle cell force-generating capacity and phenotypic deregulation in Marfan Syndrome mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165587. [PMID: 31678158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms whereby fibrillin-1 mutations determine thoracic aorta aneurysms/dissections (TAAD) in Marfan Syndrome (MFS) are unclear. Most aortic aneurysms evolve from mechanosignaling deregulation, converging to impaired vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) force-generating capacity accompanied by synthetic phenotype switch. However, little is known on VSMC mechanoresponses in MFS pathophysiology. Here, we investigated traction force-generating capacity in aortic VSMC cultured from 3-month old mg∆lpn MFS mice, together with morpho-functional and proteomic data. Cultured MFS-VSMC depicted marked phenotype changes vs. wild-type (WT) VSMC, with overexpressed cell proliferation markers but either lower (calponin-1) or higher (SM alpha-actin and SM22) differentiation marker expression. In parallel, the increased cell area and its complex non-fusiform shape suggested possible transition towards a mesenchymal-like phenotype, confirmed through several markers (e.g. N-cadherin, Slug). MFS-VSMC proteomic profile diverged from that of WT-VSMC particularly regarding lower expression of actin cytoskeleton-regulatory proteins. Accordingly, MFS-VSMC displayed lower traction force-generating capacity and impaired contractile moment at physiological substrate stiffness, and markedly attenuated traction force responses to enhanced substrate rigidity. Such impaired mechanoresponses correlated with decreased number, altered morphology and delocalization of focal adhesions, as well as disorganized actin stress fiber network vs. WT-VSMC. In VSMC cultured from 6-month-old mice, phenotype changes were attenuated and both WT-VSMC and MFS-VSMC generated less traction force, presumably involving VSMC aging, but without evident senescence. In summary, MFS-VSMC display impaired force-generating capacity accompanying a mesenchymal-like phenotype switch connected to impaired cytoskeleton/focal adhesion organization. Thus, MFS-associated TAAD involves mechanoresponse impairment common to other TAAD types, but through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Nolasco
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Gonçalves Fernandes
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Ribeiro-Silva
- Laboratorio de Genetica e Cardiologia Molecular, Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Percillia V S Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sacrini
- Laboratorio de Microrreologia e Fisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Física da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis Vasconcelos de Brito
- Laboratorio de Microrreologia e Fisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Física da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiphany Coralie De Bessa
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lygia V Pereira
- Laboratorio de Genetica Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Alencar
- Laboratorio de Microrreologia e Fisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Física da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo
- Laboratorio de Biologia Vascular, LIM-64 (Biologia Cardiovascular Translacional), Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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74
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Klimek C, Jahnke R, Wördehoff J, Kathage B, Stadel D, Behrends C, Hergovich A, Höhfeld J. The Hippo network kinase STK38 contributes to protein homeostasis by inhibiting BAG3-mediated autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1556-1566. [PMID: 31326538 PMCID: PMC6692498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) initiated by the cochaperone Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) represents an important mechanism for the disposal of misfolded and damaged proteins in mammalian cells. Under mechanical stress, the cochaperone cooperates with the small heat shock protein HSPB8 and the cytoskeleton-associated protein SYNPO2 to degrade force-unfolded forms of the actin-crosslinking protein filamin. This is essential for muscle maintenance in flies, fish, mice and men. Here, we identify the serine/threonine protein kinase 38 (STK38), which is part of the Hippo signaling network, as a novel interactor of BAG3. STK38 was previously shown to facilitate cytoskeleton assembly and to promote mitophagy as well as starvation and detachment induced autophagy. Significantly, our study reveals that STK38 exerts an inhibitory activity on BAG3-mediated autophagy. Inhibition relies on a disruption of the functional interplay of BAG3 with HSPB8 and SYNPO2 upon binding of STK38 to the cochaperone. Of note, STK38 attenuates CASA independently of its kinase activity, whereas previously established regulatory functions of STK38 involve target phosphorylation. The ability to exert different modes of regulation on central protein homeostasis (proteostasis) machineries apparently allows STK38 to coordinate the execution of diverse macroautophagy pathways and to balance cytoskeleton assembly and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Klimek
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ricarda Jahnke
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Judith Wördehoff
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kathage
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadel
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University Medical School, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Höhfeld
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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75
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Juanes MA, Isnardon D, Badache A, Brasselet S, Mavrakis M, Goode BL. The role of APC-mediated actin assembly in microtubule capture and focal adhesion turnover. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3415-3435. [PMID: 31471457 PMCID: PMC6781439 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201904165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin assembly by APC maintains proper organization and dynamics of F-actin at focal adhesions. This, in turn, impacts the organization of other molecular components and the responsiveness of focal adhesions to microtubule capture and autophagosome-induced disassembly. Focal adhesion (FA) turnover depends on microtubules and actin. Microtubule ends are captured at FAs, where they induce rapid FA disassembly. However, actin’s roles are less clear. Here, we use polarization-resolved microscopy, FRAP, live cell imaging, and a mutant of Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC-m4) defective in actin nucleation to investigate the role of actin assembly in FA turnover. We show that APC-mediated actin assembly is critical for maintaining normal F-actin levels, organization, and dynamics at FAs, along with organization of FA components. In WT cells, microtubules are captured repeatedly at FAs as they mature, but once a FA reaches peak maturity, the next microtubule capture event leads to delivery of an autophagosome, triggering FA disassembly. In APC-m4 cells, microtubule capture frequency and duration are altered, and there are long delays between autophagosome delivery and FA disassembly. Thus, APC-mediated actin assembly is required for normal feedback between microtubules and FAs, and maintaining FAs in a state “primed” for microtubule-induced turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Isnardon
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Brasselet
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Manos Mavrakis
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
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76
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Amaravadi RK, Kimmelman AC, Debnath J. Targeting Autophagy in Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1167-1181. [PMID: 31434711 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a multistep lysosomal degradation pathway that supports nutrient recycling and metabolic adaptation, has been implicated as a process that regulates cancer. Although autophagy induction may limit the development of tumors, evidence in mouse models demonstrates that autophagy inhibition can limit the growth of established tumors and improve response to cancer therapeutics. Certain cancer genotypes may be especially prone to autophagy inhibition. Different strategies for autophagy modulation may be needed depending on the cancer context. Here, we review new advances in the molecular control of autophagy, the role of selective autophagy in cancer, and the role of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment and tumor immunity. We also highlight clinical efforts to repurpose lysosomal inhibitors, such as hydroxychloroquine, as anticancer agents that block autophagy, as well as the development of more potent and specific autophagy inhibitors for cancer treatment, and review future directions for autophagy research. SIGNIFICANCE: Autophagy plays a complex role in cancer, but autophagy inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy in advanced cancer. A deeper understanding of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment has enabled the development of novel inhibitors and clinical trial strategies. Challenges and opportunities remain to identify patients most likely to benefit from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California
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77
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Cho HJ, Baek MO, Khaliq SA, Chon SJ, Son KH, Lee SH, Yoon MS. Microgravity inhibits decidualization via decreasing Akt activity and FOXO3a expression in human endometrial stromal cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12094. [PMID: 31431660 PMCID: PMC6702225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Decidualization is characterized by the differentiation of endometrial stromal cells (eSCs), which is critical for embryo implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. In the present study, we investigated the possible effect of simulated microgravity (SM) on the process of proliferation and in vitro decidualization using primary human eSCs. Exposure to SM for 36 h decreased the proliferation and migration of eSCs significantly, without inducing cell death and changes in cell cycle progression. The phosphorylation of Akt decreased under SM conditions in human eSCs, accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in the level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and FOXO3a. Treatment with Akti, an Akt inhibitor, decreased MMP-2 expression, but not FOXO3a expression. The decreased level of FOXO3a under SM conditions impeded autophagic flux by reducing the levels of autophagy-related genes. In addition, pre-exposure of eSCs to SM significantly inhibited 8-Br-cAMP induced decidualization, whereas restoration of the growth status under SM conditions by removing 8-Br-cAMP remained unchanged. Treatment of human eSCs with SC-79, an Akt activator, restored the reduced migration of eSCs and decidualization under SM conditions. In conclusion, exposure to SM inhibited decidualization in eSCs by decreasing proliferation and migration through Akt/MMP and FOXO3a/autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ock Baek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Sana Abdul Khaliq
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Sup Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea. .,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
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78
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Das CK, Banerjee I, Mandal M. Pro-survival autophagy: An emerging candidate of tumor progression through maintaining hallmarks of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 66:59-74. [PMID: 31430557 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that regulates the cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged cellular contents and organelles for lysosomal degradation and sustains genomic integrity, cellular metabolism, and cell survival during diverse stress and adverse conditions. Recently, the role of autophagy is extremely debated in the regulation of cancer initiation and progression. Although autophagy has a dichotomous role in the regulation of cancer, growing numbers of studies largely indicate the pro-survival role of autophagy in cancer progression and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the detailed mechanisms of autophagy, the role of pro-survival autophagy that positively drives several classical as well as emerging hallmarks of cancer for tumorigenic progression, and also we address various autophagy inhibitors that could be harnessed against pro-survival autophagy for effective cancer therapeutics. Finally, we highlight some outstanding problems that need to be deciphered extensively in the future to unravel the role of autophagy in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kanta Das
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Indranil Banerjee
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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79
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Panigrahi DP, Praharaj PP, Bhol CS, Mahapatra KK, Patra S, Behera BP, Mishra SR, Bhutia SK. The emerging, multifaceted role of mitophagy in cancer and cancer therapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 66:45-58. [PMID: 31351198 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process which selectively eliminates dysfunctional mitochondria by targeting them to the autophagosome for degradation. Dysregulated mitophagy results in the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, which plays an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The role of mitophagy receptors and adaptors including PINK1, Parkin, BNIP3, BNIP3L/NIX, and p62/SQSTM1, and the signaling pathways that govern mitophagy are impaired in cancer. Furthermore, the contribution of mitophagy in regulating the metabolic switch may establish a balance between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for cancer cell survival. Moreover, ROS-driven mitophagy achieves different goals depending on the stage of tumorigenesis. Mitophagy promotes plasticity in the cancer stem cell through the metabolic reconfiguration for better adaption to the tumor microenvironment. In addition, the present review sheds some light on the role of mitophagy in stemness and differentiation during the transition of cell's fate, which could have a crucial role in cancer progression and metastasis. In conclusion, this review deals with the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying mitophagy, along with highlighting the dual role of mitophagy in different aspects of cancer, suggesting it as a possible target in the mitophagy-modulated cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasna P Panigrahi
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Prakash P Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Chandra S Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Kewal K Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Bishnu P Behera
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya R Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit K Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India.
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80
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Simultaneous Detection of Autophagy and Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in the Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1854:87-103. [PMID: 29101677 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is increasingly identified as a central player in many cellular activities from cell proliferation to cell division, migration, and differentiation. However, it is also considered as a double-edged sword in cancer biology which either promotes oncogenesis/invasion or sensitizes the tumor cells to chemotherapy induced apoptosis. Recent investigations have provided direct evidence for regulation of cellular phenotype via autophagy pathway. One of the most important types of phenotype conversion is Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition (EMT), resulting in alteration of epithelial cell properties to a more mesenchymal form. In the current chapter, we provide a method which is established and being used in our laboratory for detection of autophagy and EMT in lung epithelial cells and show the involvement of autophagy in modulation of cellular phenotype.
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81
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The Cytoskeleton-A Complex Interacting Meshwork. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040362. [PMID: 31003495 PMCID: PMC6523135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton of animal cells is one of the most complicated and functionally versatile structures, involved in processes such as endocytosis, cell division, intra-cellular transport, motility, force transmission, reaction to external forces, adhesion and preservation, and adaptation of cell shape. These functions are mediated by three classical cytoskeletal filament types, as follows: Actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The named filaments form a network that is highly structured and dynamic, responding to external and internal cues with a quick reorganization that is orchestrated on the time scale of minutes and has to be tightly regulated. Especially in brain tumors, the cytoskeleton plays an important role in spreading and migration of tumor cells. As the cytoskeletal organization and regulation is complex and many-faceted, this review aims to summarize the findings about cytoskeletal filament types, including substructures formed by them, such as lamellipodia, stress fibers, and interactions between intermediate filaments, microtubules and actin. Additionally, crucial regulatory aspects of the cytoskeletal filaments and the formed substructures are discussed and integrated into the concepts of cell motility. Even though little is known about the impact of cytoskeletal alterations on the progress of glioma, a final point discussed will be the impact of established cytoskeletal alterations in the cellular behavior and invasion of glioma.
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82
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Smith AG, Macleod KF. Autophagy, cancer stem cells and drug resistance. J Pathol 2019; 247:708-718. [PMID: 30570140 DOI: 10.1002/path.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular survival mechanism that is induced by cancer therapy, among other stresses, and frequently contributes to cancer cell survival during long periods of dormancy and the eventual outgrowth of metastatic disease. Autophagy degrades large cellular structures that, once broken down, contribute to cellular survival through the recycling of their constituent metabolites. However, the extent to which this fuel function of autophagy is key to its role in promoting stemness, dormancy and drug resistance remains to be determined. Other roles for autophagy in determining cell fate more directly through targeted degradation of key transcription factors, such as p53 and FoxO3A, or by enforcing a reversible quiescent growth arrest, are discussed in this review. This review also highlights the need to parse out the roles of different forms of selective autophagy in stemness, CD44 expression and dormancy that, for example, are increasingly being attributed explicitly to mitophagy. The clinical relevance of this work and how an increased understanding of functions of autophagy in stemness, dormancy and drug resistance could be manipulated for increased therapeutic benefit, including eliminating minimal residual disease and preventing metastasis, are discussed. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Smith
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Multi-disciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Multi-disciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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83
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Yan T, Jiang X, Lin G, Tang D, Zhang J, Guo X, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Jia J, Huang Y. Autophagy is required for the directed motility of keratinocytes driven by electric fields. FASEB J 2018; 33:3922-3935. [PMID: 30509146 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801294r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous wound electric fields (EFs), an important and fundamental occurrence of wound healing, profoundly influence the directed migration of keratinocytes. Although numerous studies have unveiled the signals responsible for EF-biased direction, the mechanisms by which EFs promote keratinocyte motility remains to be elucidated. In our study, EFs enhanced the directed migratory speed of keratinocytes by inducing autophagic activity, thereby facilitating skin barrier restoration. Initially, we found that electrical signals directed keratinocytes to the cathode with enhanced motility parameters [ i.e., trajectory distance, trajectory speed, displacement distance, and displacement speed ( Td/ t)] and more efficient migration (directionality and Td/ t along the x axis, among others). Meanwhile, EFs induced a time-dependent increase in autophagic activity in keratinocytes, with constant autophagic flux, accompanied by increased transcription of numerous autophagy-related genes. Deficiency in Atg5, a key protein necessary for autophagosome formation, led to significant reduction of autophagy, which was accompanied by a substantial reduction in EF-stimulated directed motility. These results demonstrated a causal relationship between autophagy and EF-directed migratory speed. In addition, both cell migration under normal conditions and EF-biased directionality were autophagy independent. Thus, our findings define autophagy as an important functional regulator of electrically enhanced directed motility, adding to a growing understanding of EFs.-Yan, T., Jiang, X., Lin, G., Tang, D., Zhang, J., Guo, X., Zhang, D., Zhang, Q., Jia, J., Huang, Y. Autophagy is required for the directed motility of keratinocytes driven by electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Yan
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Military Burn Center, the 990th (159th) Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Zhumadian, China
| | - Xupin Jiang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Guoan Lin
- Military Burn Center, the 990th (159th) Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Zhumadian, China
| | - Di Tang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Junhui Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Guo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, the 205th Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Jiezhi Jia
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuesheng Huang
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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84
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Schoenherr C, Frame MC, Byron A. Trafficking of Adhesion and Growth Factor Receptors and Their Effector Kinases. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:29-58. [PMID: 30110558 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion to macromolecules in the microenvironment is essential for the development and maintenance of tissues, and its dysregulation can lead to a range of disease states, including inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. The biomechanical and biochemical mechanisms that mediate cell adhesion rely on signaling by a range of effector proteins, including kinases and associated scaffolding proteins. The intracellular trafficking of these must be tightly controlled in space and time to enable effective cell adhesion and microenvironmental sensing and to integrate cell adhesion with, and compartmentalize it from, other cellular processes, such as gene transcription, protein degradation, and cell division. Delivery of adhesion receptors and signaling proteins from the plasma membrane to unanticipated subcellular locales is revealing novel biological functions. Here, we review the expected and unexpected trafficking, and sites of activity, of adhesion and growth factor receptors and intracellular kinase partners as we begin to appreciate the complexity and diversity of their spatial regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schoenherr
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom;
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom;
| | - Adam Byron
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, United Kingdom;
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85
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Daskalaki I, Gkikas I, Tavernarakis N. Hypoxia and Selective Autophagy in Cancer Development and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:104. [PMID: 30250843 PMCID: PMC6139351 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen availability, a condition known as hypoxia, is a common feature of various pathologies including stroke, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. Hypoxia adaptation requires coordination of intricate pathways and mechanisms such as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), the unfolded protein response (UPR), mTOR, and autophagy. Recently, great effort has been invested toward elucidating the interplay between hypoxia-induced autophagy and cancer cell metabolism. Although novel types of selective autophagy have been identified, including mitophagy, pexophagy, lipophagy, ERphagy and nucleophagy among others, their potential interface with hypoxia response mechanisms remains poorly understood. Autophagy activation facilitates the removal of damaged cellular compartments and recycles components, thus promoting cell survival. Importantly, tumor cells rely on autophagy to support self-proliferation and metastasis; characteristics related to poor disease prognosis. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular crosstalk between hypoxia response mechanisms and autophagy could provide important insights with relevance to cancer and hypoxia-related pathologies. Here, we survey recent findings implicating selective autophagy in hypoxic responses, and discuss emerging links between these pathways and cancer pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Daskalaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ilias Gkikas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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86
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Fischer RS, Lam PY, Huttenlocher A, Waterman CM. Filopodia and focal adhesions: An integrated system driving branching morphogenesis in neuronal pathfinding and angiogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:86-95. [PMID: 30193787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single cell branching during development in vertebrates is typified by neuronal branching to form neurites and vascular branches formed by sprouting angiogenesis. Neurons and endothelial tip cells possess subcellular protrusions that share many common features from the morphological to the molecular level. Both systems utilize filopodia as their cellular protrusion organelles and depend on specific integrin-mediated adhesions to the local extracellular matrix for guidance in their pathfinding. We discuss the similar molecular machineries involved in these two types of cell branch formation and use their analogy to propose a new mechanism for angiogenic filopodia function, namely as adhesion assembly sites. In support of this model we provide primary data of angiogenesis in zebrafish in vivo showing that the actin assembly factor VASP participates in both filopodia formation and adhesion assembly at the base of the filopodia, enabling forward progress of the tip cell. The use of filopodia and their associated adhesions provide a common mechanism for neuronal and endothelial pathfinding during development in response to extracellular matrix cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Fischer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Pui-Ying Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, United States
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, United States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, United States.
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87
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Liu C, Shen W, Yang C, Zeng L, Gao C. Knowns and unknowns of plasma membrane protein degradation in plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:55-61. [PMID: 29807606 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membrane (PM) not only creates a physical barrier to enclose the intracellular compartments but also mediates the direct communication between plants and the ever-changing environment. A tight control of PM protein homeostasis by selective degradation is thus crucial for proper plant development and plant-environment interactions. Accumulated evidences have shown that a number of plant PM proteins undergo clathrin-dependent or membrane microdomain-associated endocytic routes to vacuole for degradation in a cargo-ubiquitination dependent or independent manner. Besides, several trans-acting determinants involved in the regulation of endocytosis, recycling and multivesicular body-mediated vacuolar sorting have been identified in plants. More interestingly, recent findings have uncovered the participation of selective autophagy in PM protein turnover in plants. Although great progresses have been made to identify the PM proteins that undergo dynamic changes in subcellular localizations and to explore the factors that control the membrane protein trafficking, several questions remain to be answered regarding the molecular mechanisms of PM protein degradation in plants. In this short review article, we briefly summarize recent progress in our understanding of the internalization, sorting and degradation of plant PM proteins. More specifically, we focus on discussing the elusive aspects underlying the pathways of PM protein degradation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenjin Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lizhang Zeng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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88
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Lin WJ, Ma XF, Hao M, Zhou HR, Yu XY, Shao N, Gao XY, Kuang HY. Liraglutide attenuates the migration of retinal pericytes induced by advanced glycation end products. Peptides 2018; 105:7-13. [PMID: 29746877 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Retinal pericyte migration represents a novel mechanism of pericyte loss in diabetic retinopathy (DR), which plays a crucial role in the early impairment of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been shown to protect the diabetic retina in the early stage of DR; however, the relationship between GLP-1 and retinal pericytes has not been discussed. In this study, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) significantly increased the migration of primary bovine retinal pericytes without influencing cell viability. AGEs also significantly enhanced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation, and changed the expressions of migration-related proteins, including phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and vinculin. PI3K inhibition significantly attenuated the AGEs-induced migration of retinal pericytes and reversed the overexpression of MMP-2. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (Glp1r) was expressed in retinal pericytes, and liraglutide, a GLP-1 analog, significantly attenuated the migration of pericytes by Glp1r and reversed the changes in p-Akt/Akt, p-FAK/FAK, vinculin and MMP-2 levels induced by AGEs, indicating that the protective effect of liraglutide was associated with the PI3K/Akt pathway. These results provided new insights into the mechanism underlying retinal pericyte migration. The early use of liraglutide exerts a potential bebefical effect on regulating pericyte migration, which might contribute to mechanisms that maintain the integrity of vascular barrier and delay the development of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jian Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Fei Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Hao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huan-Ran Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yang Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Yu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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89
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Dower CM, Wills CA, Frisch SM, Wang HG. Mechanisms and context underlying the role of autophagy in cancer metastasis. Autophagy 2018; 14:1110-1128. [PMID: 29863947 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1450020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental cellular degradation mechanism that maintains cell homeostasis, regulates cell signaling, and promotes cell survival. Its role in promoting tumor cell survival in stress conditions is well characterized, and makes autophagy an attractive target for cancer therapy. Emerging research indicates that autophagy also influences cancer metastasis, which is the primary cause of cancer-associated mortality. However, data demonstrate that the regulatory role of autophagy in metastasis is multifaceted, and includes both metastasis-suppressing and -promoting functions. The metastasis-suppressing functions of autophagy, in particular, have important implications for autophagy-based treatments, as inhibition of autophagy may increase the risk of metastasis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and context underlying the role of autophagy in metastasis, which include autophagy-mediated regulation of focal adhesion dynamics, integrin signaling and trafficking, Rho GTPase-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling, anoikis resistance, extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling, and tumor-stromal cell interactions. Through this, we aim to clarify the context-dependent nature of autophagy-mediated metastasis and provide direction for further research investigating the role of autophagy in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Dower
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
| | - Carson A Wills
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
| | - Steven M Frisch
- b WVU Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
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90
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Reina-Campos M, Shelton PM, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J. Metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment by p62 and its partners. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1870:88-95. [PMID: 29702207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concerted metabolic reprogramming across cancer and normal cellular compartments of the tumor microenvironment can favor tumorigenesis by increasing the survival and proliferating capacities of transformed cells. p62 has emerged as a critical signaling adaptor, beyond its role in autophagy, by playing an intricate context-dependent role in metabolic reprogramming of the cell types of the tumor and stroma, which shapes the tumor microenvironment to control tumor progression. Focusing on metabolic adaptations, we review the cellular processes upstream and downstream of p62 that regulate how distinct cell types adapt to the challenging and evolving environmental conditions during tumor initiation and progression. In addition, we describe partners of p62 that, in a collaborative or independent manner, can also rewire cell metabolism. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic implications of targeting p62 in cancer, considering its multifaceted roles in diverse cell types of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Burnham Prebys Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phillip M Shelton
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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91
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Raju GSR, Pavitra E, Merchant N, Lee H, Prasad GLV, Nagaraju GP, Huh YS, Han YK. Targeting autophagy in gastrointestinal malignancy by using nanomaterials as drug delivery systems. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:222-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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92
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Chang CH, Bijian K, Qiu D, Su J, Saad A, Dahabieh MS, Miller WH, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Endosomal sorting and c-Cbl targeting of paxillin to autophagosomes regulate cell-matrix adhesion turnover in human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31199-31214. [PMID: 28415719 PMCID: PMC5458201 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational mechanisms regulating cell-matrix adhesion turnover during cell locomotion are not fully elucidated. In this study, we uncovered an essential role of Y118 site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, an adapter protein of focal adhesion complexes, in paxillin recruitment to autophagosomes to trigger turnover of peripheral focal adhesions in human breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that the Rab-7 GTPase is a key upstream regulator of late endosomal sorting of tyrosine118-phosphorylated paxillin, which is subsequently recruited to autophagosomes via the cargo receptor c-Cbl. Essentially, this recruitment involves a direct and selective interaction between Y118-phospho-paxillin, c-Cbl, and LC3 and is independent from c-Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Interference with the Rab7-paxillin-autophagy regulatory network using genetic and pharmacological approaches greatly impacted focal adhesion stability, cell locomotion and progression to metastasis using a panel of human breast cancer cells. Together, these results provide novel insights into the requirement of phospho-site specific post-translational mechanism of paxillin for autophagy targeting to regulate cell-matrix adhesion turnover and cell locomotion in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hao Chang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Krikor Bijian
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dinghong Qiu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Amine Saad
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michael S Dahabieh
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and Segal Cancer Center, SMBD Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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93
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Alizadeh J, Glogowska A, Thliveris J, Kalantari F, Shojaei S, Hombach-Klonisch S, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Autophagy modulates transforming growth factor beta 1 induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:749-768. [PMID: 29481833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related death worldwide and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of all lung cancer cases. Autophagy is a cellular process responsible for the recycling of damaged organelles and protein aggregates. Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1) is involved in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and autophagy induction in different cancer models and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of NSCLC. It is not clear how autophagy can regulate EMT in NSCLC cells. In the present study, we have investigated the regulatory role of autophagy in EMT induction in NSCLC and show that TGFβ1 can simultaneously induce both autophagy and EMT in the NSCL lines A549 and H1975. Upon chemical inhibition of autophagy using Bafilomycin-A1, the expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin and N-cadherin was reduced. Immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry (ICC) showed that the mesenchymal marker vimentin was significantly downregulated upon TGFβ1 treatment in ATG7 knockdown cells when compared to corresponding cells treated with scramble shRNA (negative control), while E-cadherin was unchanged. Furthermore, autophagy inhibition (Bafilomycin A1 and ATG7 knockdown) decreased two important mesenchymal functions, migration and contraction, of NSCLC cells upon TGFβ1 treatment. This study identified a crucial role of autophagy as a potential positive regulator of TGFβ1-induced EMT in NSCLC cells and identifies inhibitors of autophagy as promising new drugs in antagonizing the role of EMT inducers, like TGFβ1, in the clinical progression of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - James Thliveris
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Forouh Kalantari
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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94
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Su W, Li S, Chen X, Yin L, Ma P, Ma Y, Su B. GABARAPL1 suppresses metastasis by counteracting PI3K/Akt pathway in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4449-4459. [PMID: 27966458 PMCID: PMC5354845 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis remains the primary cause of prostate cancer (CaP)-related death. Using a genome wide shRNA screen, we identified GABARAPL1 as a potential CaP metastasis suppressor. GABARAPL1 mRNA levels inversely correlate with the invasive potential of a panel of human CaP cell lines. Lower mRNA levels correlate with higher Gleason scores in clinical CaP tumor samples. Moreover, Kaplan-Meier curves analysis showed that GABARAPL1 down-regulation in cancer tissues is associated with decreased disease-free survival in CaP patients. Knockdown of GABARAPL1 in human LNCaP cells results in increased invasion in vitro and lymph node metastasis in vivo. Vice versa, ectopic expression of GABARAPL1 decreases the invasiveness of CWR22Rv1 cells. Our previous in vitro shRNA screening identified FOXO4, a PI3K/Akt-inactivating downstream target, as a potential CaP metastasis suppressor. We show here that silencing FOXOs leads to reduced GABARAPL1 expression and enhanced invasion in LNCaP cells. Transfection of constitutively-activated Akt (myr-Akt) increased the invasion of LNCaP cells, which is associated with the inactivation of FOXOs and decreased GABARAPL1 expression. Indeed, forced expression of GABARAPL1 reversed the increased invasiveness of LNCaP/myr-Akt cells. Finally, immunohistochemistry analysis shows that Akt phosphorylation is negatively correlated with GABARAPL1 expression in human CaP tissues. Taken together, our data indicate that the suppression of FOXOs-GABARAPL1 signaling by Akt is an important mechanism for CaP progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Shibao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaofan Chen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingyu Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingyu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bing Su
- Xinxiang Key Lab of Translational Cancer Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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95
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Mowers EE, Sharifi MN, Macleod KF. Functions of autophagy in the tumor microenvironment and cancer metastasis. FEBS J 2018; 285:1751-1766. [PMID: 29356327 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macro-autophagy is an ancient and highly conserved self-degradative process that plays a homeostatic role in normal cells by eliminating organelles, pathogens, and protein aggregates. Autophagy, as it is routinely referred to, also allows cells to maintain metabolic sufficiency and survive under conditions of nutrient stress by recycling the by-products of autophagic degradation, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides. Tumor cells are more reliant than normal cells on autophagy for survival in part due to their rapid growth rate, altered metabolism, and nutrient-deprived growth environment. How this dependence of tumor cells on autophagy affects their progression to malignancy and metastatic disease is an area of increasing research focus. Here, we review recent work identifying critical functions for autophagy in tumor cell migration and invasion, tumor stem cell maintenance and therapy resistance, and cross-talk between tumor cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mowers
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, Chicago, IL, USA.,Inter-disciplinary Scientist Training Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marina N Sharifi
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, Chicago, IL, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, Chicago, IL, USA.,The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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96
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Yao D, Wang P, Zhang J, Fu L, Ouyang L, Wang J. Deconvoluting the relationships between autophagy and metastasis for potential cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2018; 21:683-98. [PMID: 27003389 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosome-dependent degradation process that may digest some long-lived proteins and damaged organelles. As an essential homeostasis maintaining system in normal cells, autophagy plays a key role in several pathological settings, especially cancer. Metastasis, known as a crucial hallmark of cancer progression, is the primary cause of cancer lethality. The role of autophagy in metastasis is quite complex as supportive evidence has indicated both pro-metastatic and anti-metastatic functions of autophagy. Autophagy can inhibit metastasis by restricting necrosis and mediating autophagic cell death, whereas it may also promote metastasis by enhancing cancer cell fitness in response to stress. Moreover, the function of autophagy is context- and stage-dependent. Specifically, during the early steps of metastasis, autophagy mainly serves as a suppressor, while it plays a pro-metastatic role in the later steps. Here, we focus on highlighting the dual roles of autophagy in metastasis and address the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, which may provide a new insight into cancer biology. While, we also summarize several anti-metastatic agents manipulating autophagy, in the hope of shedding light on exploration of potential novel drugs for future cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Peiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Leilei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jinhui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
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97
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Drake LE, Springer MZ, Poole LP, Kim CJ, Macleod KF. Expanding perspectives on the significance of mitophagy in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 47:110-124. [PMID: 28450176 PMCID: PMC5654704 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective mode of autophagy in which mitochondria are specifically targeted for degradation at the autophagolysosome. Mitophagy is activated by stresses such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, DNA damage, inflammation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization and plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and function. Defects in mitophagy lead to mitochondrial dysfunction that can affect metabolic reprogramming in response to stress, alter cell fate determination and differentiation, which in turn affects disease incidence and etiology, including cancer. Here, we discuss how different mitophagy adaptors and modulators, including Parkin, BNIP3, BNIP3L, p62/SQSTM1 and OPTN, are regulated in response to physiological stresses and deregulated in cancers. Additionally, we explore how these different mitophagy control pathways coordinate with each other. Finally, we review new developments in understanding how mitophagy affects stemness, cell fate determination, inflammation and DNA damage responses that are relevant to understanding the role of mitophagy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Drake
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Maya Z Springer
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA; The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Logan P Poole
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA; The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Casey J Kim
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, USA; The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, USA.
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98
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Kawano S, Torisu T, Esaki M, Torisu K, Matsuno Y, Kitazono T. Autophagy promotes degradation of internalized collagen and regulates distribution of focal adhesions to suppress cell adhesion. Biol Open 2017; 6:1644-1653. [PMID: 28970230 PMCID: PMC5703610 DOI: 10.1242/bio.027458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via focal adhesions (FAs) is crucial for cell survival, migration, and differentiation. Although the regulation of FAs, including by integrins and the ECM, is important to cell behavior, how FAs are regulated is not well known. Autophagy is induced by both cell adhesion and cell detachment. Here, we showed that autophagosomes are located close to internalized collagen and paxillin, which is a well-known marker of FAs. Autophagy-deficient cells showed increased levels of internalized collagen compared with control cells. Moreover, paxillin exhibited a more peripheral distribution and the area of paxillin was increased, and adhesion-induced focal adhesion kinase signaling was impaired and adhesion was enhanced, in autophagy-deficient cells. These results suggest that autophagy suppressed cell adhesion by regulating internalized ECM and FAs. Summary: Autophagosomes localized close to internalized collagen and focal adhesions. In autophagy-deficient cells, internalized collagen and focal adhesion were increased, focal adhesion kinase signaling was impaired, and cell adhesion was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Kawano
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takehiro Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Motohiro Esaki
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kumiko Torisu
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuno
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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99
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Jia R, Guardia CM, Pu J, Chen Y, Bonifacino JS. BORC coordinates encounter and fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes. Autophagy 2017; 13:1648-1663. [PMID: 28825857 PMCID: PMC5640200 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1343768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas the mechanisms involved in autophagosome formation have been extensively studied for the past 2 decades, those responsible for autophagosome-lysosome fusion have only recently begun to garner attention. In this study, we report that the multisubunit BORC complex, previously implicated in kinesin-dependent movement of lysosomes toward the cell periphery, is required for efficient autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Knockout (KO) of BORC subunits causes not only juxtanuclear clustering of lysosomes, but also increased levels of the autophagy protein LC3B-II and the receptor SQSTM1. Increases in LC3B-II occur without changes in basal MTORC1 activity and autophagy initiation. Instead, LC3B-II accumulation largely results from decreased lysosomal degradation. Further experiments show that BORC KO impairs both the encounter and fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Reduced encounters result from an inability of lysosomes to move toward the peripheral cytoplasm, where many autophagosomes are formed. However, BORC KO also reduces the recruitment of the HOPS tethering complex to lysosomes and assembly of the STX17-VAMP8-SNAP29 trans-SNARE complex involved in autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Through these dual roles, BORC integrates the kinesin-dependent movement of lysosomes toward autophagosomes with HOPS-dependent autophagosome-lysosome fusion. These findings reveal a requirement for lysosome dispersal in autophagy that is independent of changes in MTORC1 signaling, and identify BORC as a novel regulator of autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- a Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Carlos M Guardia
- a Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jing Pu
- a Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Yu Chen
- a Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- a Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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100
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Kyriakakis E, Frismantiene A, Dasen B, Pfaff D, Rivero O, Lesch KP, Erne P, Resink TJ, Philippova M. T-cadherin promotes autophagy and survival in vascular smooth muscle cells through MEK1/2/Erk1/2 axis activation. Cell Signal 2017; 35:163-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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