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Komlósi ZI, van de Veen W, Kovács N, Szűcs G, Sokolowska M, O'Mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 85:100995. [PMID: 34364680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million children and young adults in Europe. Asthma is a complex, partially heritable disease with a marked heterogeneity. Its development is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. The most common, as well as the most well characterized subtype of asthma is allergic eosinophilic asthma, which is characterized by a type 2 airway inflammation. The prevalence of asthma has substantially increased in industrialized countries during the last 60 years. The mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are incompletely understood, however increased exposure to various environmental pollutants probably plays a role. Disease inception is thought to be enabled by a disadvantageous shift in the balance between protective and harmful lifestyle and environmental factors, including exposure to protective commensal microbes versus infection with pathogens, collectively leading to airway epithelial cell damage and disrupted barrier integrity. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines are one of the main drivers of the type 2 immune response against innocuous allergens, ultimately leading to infiltration of lung tissue with type 2 T helper (TH2) cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), M2 macrophages and eosinophils. This review outlines the mechanisms responsible for the orchestration of type 2 inflammation and summarizes the novel findings, including but not limited to dysregulated epithelial barrier integrity, alarmin release and innate lymphoid cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt I Komlósi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Lung Health Hospital, Munkácsy Mihály Str. 70, 2045, Törökbálint, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Tömő Str. 25-29, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:263. [PMID: 34248142 PMCID: PMC8273155 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 826] [Impact Index Per Article: 275.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer development and its response to therapy are regulated by inflammation, which either promotes or suppresses tumor progression, potentially displaying opposing effects on therapeutic outcomes. Chronic inflammation facilitates tumor progression and treatment resistance, whereas induction of acute inflammatory reactions often stimulates the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and antigen presentation, leading to anti-tumor immune responses. In addition, multiple signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT), toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, cGAS/STING, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK); inflammatory factors, including cytokines (e.g., interleukin (IL), interferon (IFN), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), chemokines (e.g., C-C motif chemokine ligands (CCLs) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligands (CXCLs)), growth factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β), and inflammasome; as well as inflammatory metabolites including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane, and specialized proresolving mediators (SPM), have been identified as pivotal regulators of the initiation and resolution of inflammation. Nowadays, local irradiation, recombinant cytokines, neutralizing antibodies, small-molecule inhibitors, DC vaccines, oncolytic viruses, TLR agonists, and SPM have been developed to specifically modulate inflammation in cancer therapy, with some of these factors already undergoing clinical trials. Herein, we discuss the initiation and resolution of inflammation, the crosstalk between tumor development and inflammatory processes. We also highlight potential targets for harnessing inflammation in the treatment of cancer.
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Coutant F, Pin JJ, Miossec P. Extensive Phenotype of Human Inflammatory Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Cells 2021; 10:1663. [PMID: 34359833 PMCID: PMC8307578 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs) have been described in several chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and are suspected to play a detrimental role by fueling inflammation and skewing adaptive immune responses. However, the characterization of their phenotype is still limited, as well as the comprehension of the factors that govern their differentiation. Here, we show that inflammatory Mo-DCs generated in vitro expressed a large and atypical panel of C-type lectin receptors, including isoforms of CD209 and CD206, CD303 and CD207, as well as intracellular proteins at their surfaces such as the lysosomal protein CD208. Combination of these markers allowed us to identify cells in the synovial fluid of RA patients with a close phenotype of inflammatory Mo-DCs generated in vitro. Finally, we found in coculture experiments that RA synoviocytes critically affected the phenotypic differentiation of monocytes into Mo-DCs, suggesting that the crosstalk between infiltrating monocytes and local mesenchymal cells is decisive for Mo-DCs generation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- B7 Antigens/genetics
- B7 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Coculture Techniques
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lectins, C-Type/genetics
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/genetics
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- Synoviocytes/immunology
- Synoviocytes/pathology
- Toll-Like Receptors/genetics
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Coutant
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Team, University of Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437 Lyon, France;
- Immunology Department, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69310 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Pin
- Eurobio Scientific/Dendritics—Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437 Lyon, France;
| | - Pierre Miossec
- Immunogenomics and Inflammation Research Team, University of Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437 Lyon, France;
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Edouard Herriot Hospital, 69437 Lyon, France
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Özkan M, Eskiocak YC, Wingender G. Macrophage and dendritic cell subset composition can distinguish endotypes in adjuvant-induced asthma mouse models. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250533. [PMID: 34061861 PMCID: PMC8168852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with neutrophilic and eosinophilic asthma as the main endotypes that are distinguished according to the cells recruited to the airways and the related pathology. Eosinophilic asthma is the treatment-responsive endotype, which is mainly associated with allergic asthma. Neutrophilic asthma is a treatment-resistant endotype, affecting 5-10% of asthmatics. Although eosinophilic asthma is well-studied, a clear understanding of the endotypes is essential to devise effective diagnosis and treatment approaches for neutrophilic asthma. To this end, we directly compared adjuvant-induced mouse models of neutrophilic (CFA/OVA) and eosinophilic (Alum/OVA) asthma side-by-side. The immune response in the inflamed lung was analyzed by multi-parametric flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. We found that eosinophilic asthma was characterized by a preferential recruitment of interstitial macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells, whereas in neutrophilic asthma plasmacytoid dendritic cells, exudate macrophages, and GL7+ activated B cells predominated. This differential distribution of macrophage and dendritic cell subsets reveals important aspects of the pathophysiology of asthma and holds the promise to be used as biomarkers to diagnose asthma endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Özkan
- Department of Genome Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova/Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Gerhard Wingender
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center (IBG), Balcova/Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Technologies, Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Balcova/Izmir, Turkey
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Miyake K, Shibata S, Yoshikawa S, Karasuyama H. Basophils and their effector molecules in allergic disorders. Allergy 2021; 76:1693-1706. [PMID: 33205439 DOI: 10.1111/all.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are the rarest granulocytes which represent <1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. Basophils bear several phenotypic similarities to tissue-resident mast cells and therefore had been erroneously considered as blood-circulating mast cells. However, recent researches have revealed that basophils play nonredundant roles in allergic inflammation, protective immunity against parasitic infections and regulation of innate and acquired immunity. Basophils are recruited to inflamed tissues and activated in an IgE-dependent or IgE-independent manner to release a variety of effector molecules. Such molecules, including IL-4, act on various types of cells and play versatile roles, including the induction and termination of allergic inflammation and the regulation of immune responses. Recent development of novel therapeutic agents has enabled us to gain further insights into basophil biology in human disorders. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the field of basophil biology with a particular focus on the role of basophils in allergic inflammation. Further studies on basophils and their effector molecules will help us identify novel therapeutic targets for treating allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyake
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Sho Shibata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Cell Physiology Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Okayama University Okayama Japan
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory TMDU Advanced Research Institute Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU) Tokyo Japan
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Miyake K, Karasuyama H. The Role of Trogocytosis in the Modulation of Immune Cell Functions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051255. [PMID: 34069602 PMCID: PMC8161413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is an active process, in which one cell extracts the cell fragment from another cell, leading to the transfer of cell surface molecules, together with membrane fragments. Recent reports have revealed that trogocytosis can modulate various biological responses, including adaptive and innate immune responses and homeostatic responses. Trogocytosis is evolutionally conserved from protozoan parasites to eukaryotic cells. In some cases, trogocytosis results in cell death, which is utilized as a mechanism for antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). In other cases, trogocytosis-mediated intercellular protein transfer leads to both the acquisition of novel functions in recipient cells and the loss of cellular functions in donor cells. Trogocytosis in immune cells is typically mediated by receptor–ligand interactions, including TCR–MHC interactions and Fcγ receptor-antibody-bound molecule interactions. Additionally, trogocytosis mediates the transfer of MHC molecules to various immune and non-immune cells, which confers antigen-presenting activity on non-professional antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the role of trogocytosis in immune modulation.
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Epithelial exosomal contactin-1 promotes monocyte-derived dendritic cell-dominant T-cell responses in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:1545-1558. [PMID: 33957164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes have emerged as a vital player in cell-cell communication; however, whether airway epithelial cell (AEC)-generated exosomes participate in asthma development remains unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aims were to characterize the AEC-secreted exosomes and the potentially functional protein(s) that may contribute to the proinflammatory effects of AEC exosomes in the dendritic cell (DC)-dominant airway allergic models and to confirm their clinical significance in patients with asthma. METHODS Mice were treated with exosomes derived from house dust mite (HDM)-stimulated AECs (HDM-AEC-EXOs) or monocyte-derived DCs primed by HDM and/or contactin-1 (CNTN1). The numbers of DCs in the lung were determined by flow cytometry. Proteomic analysis of purified HDM-AEC-EXOs was performed. CNTN1 small interfering RNA was designed to probe its role in airway allergy, and γ-secretase inhibitor was used to determine involvement of the Notch pathway. RESULTS HDM-AEC-EXOs facilitate the recruitment, proliferation, migration, and activation of monocyte-derived DCs in cell culture and in mice. CNTN1 in exosomes is a critical player in asthma pathology. RNA interference-mediated silencing and pharmaceutical inhibitors characterize Notch2 receptor as necessary for relaying the CNTN1 signal to activate TH2 cell/TH17 cell immune response. Studies of patients with asthma also support existence of the CNTN1-Notch2 axis that has been observed in cell and mouse models. CONCLUSION This study's findings reveal a novel role for CNTN1 in asthma pathogenesis mediated through exosome secretion, indicating a potential strategy for the treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
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Karasuyama H, Shibata S, Yoshikawa S, Miyake K. Basophils, a neglected minority in the immune system, have come into the limelight at last. Int Immunol 2021; 33:809-813. [PMID: 34038539 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils, the rarest granulocytes, were identified by Paul Ehrlich more than 140 years ago, much earlier than the discovery of T and B cells. Unfortunately, basophils were often mixed up with tissue-resident mast cells because of some phenotypic similarities between them and considered erroneously as minor relatives or blood-circulating precursors of mast cells. Moreover, basophil research was hindered by the rarity of basophils and the paucity of useful analytical tools, and therefore basophils had often been neglected in immunological studies. A series of studies using newly developed tools, including basophil-depleting antibodies and genetically engineered mice deficient only in basophils, have clearly defined previously unrecognized roles of basophils, that are distinct from those played by tissue-resident mast cells. In this mini-review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of basophil functions, particularly focusing on their roles in the regulation of innate and acquired immunity, allergic reactions, autoimmunity and protective immunity against parasitic infections, mainly based on animal studies. Further studies on human basophils would facilitate the development of new strategies for the treatment of basophil-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Sho Shibata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Basophils Orchestrating Eosinophils' Chemotaxis and Function in Allergic Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040895. [PMID: 33919759 PMCID: PMC8070740 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are well known to contribute significantly to Th2 immunity, such as allergic inflammations. Although basophils have often not been considered in the pathogenicity of allergic dermatitis and asthma, their role in Th2 immunity has become apparent in recent years. Eosinophils and basophils are present at sites of allergic inflammations. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that these two types of granulocytes interact in vivo. In various experimental allergy models, basophils and eosinophils appear to be closely linked by directly or indirectly influencing each other since they are responsive to similar cytokines and chemokines. Indeed, basophils are shown to be the gatekeepers that are capable of regulating eosinophil entry into inflammatory tissue sites through activation-induced interactions with endothelium. However, the direct evidence that eosinophils and basophils interact is still rarely described. Nevertheless, new findings on the regulation and function of eosinophils and basophils biology reported in the last 25 years have shed some light on their potential interaction. This review will focus on the current knowledge that basophils may regulate the biology of eosinophil in atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma.
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Liu JX, Zhang Y, Yuan HY, Liang J. The treatment of asthma using the Chinese Materia Medica. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113558. [PMID: 33186702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asthma is a costly global health problem that negatively influences the quality of life of patients. The Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) contains remedies that have been used for the treatment of asthma for millennia. This article strives to systematically summarize the current research progress so that more comprehensive examinations of various databases related to CMM anti-asthma drugs, can be performed, so as to sequentially provide effective basic data for development and application of anti-asthma drugs based on the CMM. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research data published over the past 20 years for asthma treatment based on traditional CMM remedies were retrieved and collected from libraries and online databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Spring Link, Web of Science, PubChem Compound, Wan Fang, CNKI, Baidu, and Google Scholar). Information was also added from classic CMM, literature, conference papers on classic herbal formulae, and dissertations (PhD or Masters) based on traditional Chinese medicine. RESULTS This review systematically summarizes the experimental studies on the treatment of asthma with CMM, covering the effective chemical components, typical asthma models, important mechanisms and traditional anti-asthma CMM formulae. The therapy value of the CMM for anti-asthma is clarified, and the original data and theoretical research foundation are provided for the development of new anti-asthmatic data and research for the CMM. CONCLUSIONS Substantial progress against asthma has been made through relevant experimental research based on the CMM. These advances improved the theoretical basis of anti-asthma drugs for CMM and provided a theoretical basis for the application of a asthma treatment that is unique. By compiling these data, it is expected that the CMM will now contain a clearer mechanism of action and a greater amount of practical data that can be used for future anti-asthma drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang Nursing College, 209 Academy Road, Harbin, 150086, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Hong-Yu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China
| | - Jun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, 24 Heping Road, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
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Johnathan M, Muhamad SA, Gan SH, Stanslas J, Mohd Fuad WE, Hussain FA, Wan Ahmad WAN, Nurul AA. Lignosus rhinocerotis Cooke Ryvarden ameliorates airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249091. [PMID: 33784348 PMCID: PMC8009377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignosus rhinocerotis Cooke. (L. rhinocerotis) is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in the treatment of asthma and several other diseases by the indigenous communities in Malaysia. In this study, the effects of L. rhinocerotis on allergic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness were investigated. L. rhinocerotis extract (LRE) was prepared by hot water extraction using soxhlet. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) study was performed in house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma in Balb/c mice while airway inflammation study was performed in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in Sprague-Dawley rats. Treatment with different doses of LRE (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly inhibited AHR in HDM-induced mice. Treatment with LRE also significantly decreased the elevated IgE in serum, Th2 cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and ameliorated OVA-induced histological changes in rats by attenuating leukocyte infiltration, mucus hypersecretion and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lungs. LRE also significantly reduced the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in BALF. Interestingly, a significant reduction of the FOXP3+ regulatory T lymphocytes was observed following OVA induction, but the cells were significantly elevated with LRE treatment. Subsequent analyses on gene expression revealed regulation of several important genes i.e. IL17A, ADAM33, CCL5, IL4, CCR3, CCR8, PMCH, CCL22, IFNG, CCL17, CCR4, PRG2, FCER1A, CLCA1, CHIA and Cma1 which were up-regulated following OVA induction but down-regulated following treatment with LRE. In conclusion, LRE alleviates allergy airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness, thus suggesting its therapeutic potential as a new armamentarium against allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malagobadan Johnathan
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aminah Muhamad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ezumi Mohd Fuad
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Asma Abdullah Nurul
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Parikh SV, Malvar A, Shapiro J, Turman JM, Song H, Alberton V, Lococo B, Mejia-Vilet JM, Madhavan S, Zhang J, Yu L, Satoskar AA, Birmingham D, Jarjour WN, Rovin BH, Ganesan LP. A Novel Inflammatory Dendritic Cell That Is Abundant and Contiguous to T Cells in the Kidneys of Patients With Lupus Nephritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621039. [PMID: 33659005 PMCID: PMC7919935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that promote local inflammatory injury during lupus nephritis (LN) flare are largely unknown. Understanding the key immune cells that drive intrarenal inflammation will advance our knowledge of disease pathogenesis and inform the development of new therapeutics for LN management. In this study, we analyzed kidney biopsies from patients with proliferative LN and identified a novel inflammatory dendritic cell (infDC) population that is highly expressed in the LN kidney, but minimally present in healthy human kidneys. During an agnostic evaluation of immune transcript expression in the kidneys of patients with proliferative LN, the most abundantly overexpressed transcript from isolated glomeruli was FCER1G, which encodes the Fc receptor gamma chain (FcRγ). To identify the cell types expressing FcRγ that infiltrate the kidney in LN, studies were done on kidney biopsies from patients with active LN using confocal immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy. This showed that FcRγ is abundantly present in the periglomerular (PG) region of the kidney and to a lesser extent in the tubulointerstitium (TI). Further investigation of the surface markers of these cells showed that they were FcRγ+, MHC II+, CD11c+, CD163+, CD5-, DC-SIGN+, CD64+, CD14+, CD16+, SIRPα+, CD206-, CD68-, CD123-, CD3-, and CD11b-, suggesting the cells were infDCs. Quantification of the infDCs showed an average 10-fold higher level of infDCs in the LN kidney compared to the healthy kidneys. Importantly, IF identified CD3+ T cells to be adjacent to these infDCs in the PG space of the LN kidney, whereas both cell types are minimally present in the healthy kidney. Thus, we have identified a previously undescribed DC in lupus kidneys that may interact with intrarenal T cells and play a role in the pathogenesis of kidney injury during LN flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir V. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ana Malvar
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Shapiro
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James M. Turman
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Huijuan Song
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Valeria Alberton
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno Lococo
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Mejia-Vilet
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sethu Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anjali A. Satoskar
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dan Birmingham
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wael N. Jarjour
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brad H. Rovin
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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Park SJ, Lee K, Kang MA, Kim TH, Jang HJ, Ryu HW, Oh SR, Lee HJ. Tilianin attenuates HDM-induced allergic asthma by suppressing Th2-immune responses via downregulation of IRF4 in dendritic cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 80:153392. [PMID: 33113503 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acacetin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (tilianin) is a major constituent of Agastache rugosa, a traditional medicine that has long been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. Tilianin has a wide variety of pharmacological properties such as cardioprotective, neuroprotective, and anti-atherogenic activities. We recently discovered that tilianin has the ability to suppress MUC5AC expression in vitro. In addition, we have established an in vivo model of allergic asthma using house dust mite (HDM) that can be applied to tilianin. PURPOSE We investigated the effects of tilianin on airway inflammation in a HDM-induced asthma mouse model and associated mechanisms. METHODS Tilianin was treated in splenocytes cultured in Th0 condition and HDM-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and their mRNA expression and cytokines production were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA. To evaluate the effects of tilianin in an allergic asthma model, mice were sensitized and challenged with HDM. Tilianin was administered prior to challenge by oral gavage and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) to methacholine, inflammatory cell infiltration, cytokine levels, and airway remodeling were assessed. RESULTS Tilianin inhibited the production of Th2-related cytokines in splenocytes, which play pivotal roles in allergic airway inflammation. When treated in HDM-stimulated BMDCs, tilianin decreased Th2-skewing cytokine IL-33 and transcription factor IRF4. On the contrary, tilianin increased Th1-skewing regulators, IL-12 and IRF1. In an HDM-induced asthmatic mouse model, tilianin attenuated AHR and airway inflammation. Tilianin suppressed the expression of Th2-related cytokines, IL-13 and IL-33 in lung tissues. As seen in HDM-stimulated BMDCs, tilianin also downregulated the expression of the transcription factor IRF4 but not IRF1. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that tilianin attenuates HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation by inhibiting Th2-mediated inflammation through the selective inhibition of the IRF4-IL-33 axis in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Kiram Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 341113, South Korea
| | - Min-Ah Kang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jae Jang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, South Korea.
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Hadebe S, Khumalo J, Mangali S, Mthembu N, Ndlovu H, Scibiorek M, Ngomti A, Kirstein F, Brombacher F. Deletion of IL-4Rα signaling on B cells limits hyperresponsiveness depending on antigen load. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 148:99-109.e5. [PMID: 33383090 PMCID: PMC8253118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B cells play an important role in allergies through secretion of IgE. IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) is key in allergic asthma and regulates type 2 cytokine production, IgE secretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-4 activation of B cells is essential for class switching and contributes to the induction of B effector 2 (Be2) cells. The role of Be2 cells and signaling via IL-4Rα in B cells is not clearly defined. OBJECTIVE We sought to find out whether IL-4Rα-responsive B cells or Be2 function was essential in experimental allergic asthma. METHODS Mice lacking IL-4Rα on B cells (mb1creIL-4Rα-/lox) or littermate controls (IL-4Rα-/lox) and mice lacking IL-4 or IL-4/IL-13 on B cells were sensitized and challenged with high-dose house dust mite (>10 μg) or with low-dose house dust mite (<3 μg). We also adoptively transferred naive IL-4Rα-/lox or IL-4Rα-/- B cells into μMT-/- mice a day before sensitization or a day before challenge. We analyzed lung inflammation, cellular infiltrate, and airway hyperresponsiveness. RESULTS We found that IL-4Rα signaling on B cells was important for optimal TH2 allergic immune responses mainly when the load of antigen is limited. IL-4Rα signaling on B cells was essential for germinal centers and in the effector phase of allergic responses. Be2 cells were essential in airway hyperresponsiveness, but not in other parameters. CONCLUSIONS IL-4Rα signaling on B cells is deleterious in allergic asthma because it is required for optimal TH2 responses, Be2 function, germinal center formation, and T follicular helper cells, especially when the load of the antigen is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabelo Hadebe
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Jermaine Khumalo
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandisiwe Mangali
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nontobeko Mthembu
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hlumani Ndlovu
- Division of Chemical and Systems Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martyna Scibiorek
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Kirstein
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Park SC, Shim D, Kim H, Bak Y, Choi DY, Yoon JH, Kim CH, Shin SJ. Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3-Independent Dendritic Cells Are Major Mediators of Th2 Immune Responses in Allergen-Induced Asthmatic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249508. [PMID: 33327561 PMCID: PMC7765069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the main mediators of Th2 immune responses in allergic asthma, and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) is an important growth factor for the development and homeostasis of DCs. This study identified the DC populations that primarily cause the initiation and development of allergic lung inflammation using Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) knockout (KO) mice with allergen-induced allergic asthma. We observed type 2 allergic lung inflammation with goblet cell hyperplasia in Flt3 KO mice, despite a significant reduction in total DCs, particularly CD103+ DCs, which was barely detected. In addition, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from Flt3 KO mice directed Th2 immune responses in vitro, and the adoptive transfer of these BMDCs exacerbated allergic asthma with more marked Th2 responses than that of BMDCs from wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, we found that Flt3L regulated the in vitro expression of OX40 ligand (OX40L) in DCs, which is correlated with DC phenotype in in vivo models. In conclusion, we revealed that Flt3-independent CD11b+ DCs direct Th2 responses with the elevated OX40L and are the primary cause of allergic asthma. Our findings suggest that Flt3 is required to control type 2 allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Chul Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea;
| | - Dahee Shim
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.S.); (H.K.); (Y.B.)
| | - Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.S.); (H.K.); (Y.B.)
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yeeun Bak
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (D.S.); (H.K.); (Y.B.)
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Da Yeon Choi
- Hallym University Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-3609 (C.-H.K.); +82-2-2228-1813 (S.J.S.)
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Brain Korea 21 Program for Leading Universities and Students (PLUS) Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Global Research Laboratory for Allergic Airway Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-H.K.); (S.J.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2228-3609 (C.-H.K.); +82-2-2228-1813 (S.J.S.)
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Fedoros EI, Baldueva IA, Perminova IV, Badun GA, Chernysheva MG, Grozdova ID, Melik-Nubarov NS, Danilova AB, Nekhaeva TL, Kuznetsova AI, Emelyanova NV, Ryakhovskiy AA, Pigarev SE, Semenov AL, Tyndyk ML, Gubareva EA, Panchenko AV, Bykov VN, Anisimov VN. Exploring bioactivity potential of polyphenolic water-soluble lignin derivative. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110049. [PMID: 32926891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many natural substances exhibit anti-inflammatory activity and considerable potential in prophylaxis and treatment of allergies. Knowing exact molecular targets, which is required for developing these as medicinal products, is often challenging for multicomponent compositions. In the present study we examined novel polyphenolic substance, a water-soluble fraction of wood lignin (laboratory code BP-Cx-1). In our previous study, a number of polyphenolic components of BP-Cx-1 (flavonoids, sapogenins, phenanthrenes etc.) were identified as the major carriers of biological activity of BP-Cx drug family, and several molecular targets involved in cancer and/or inflammation signaling pathways were proposed based on the results of the in vitro and in silico screening studies. In the present study, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of BP-Cx-1 was established with a radioligand method and a range of IC50 values between 22.8 and 40.3 μg/ml were obtained for adenosine receptors A1, A2A and prostaglandin receptors EP2, IP (PGI2). IC50 for serotonin 5-HT1 and for glucocorticoid GR receptors were 3.0 μg/ml and 12.6 μg/ml, respectively, both being within the range of BP-Cx-1 concentrations achievable in in vivo models. Further, distribution of [3H] labelled BP-Cx-1 in NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts and MCF7/R carcinoma cells was studied with autoradiography. [3H]-BP-Cx-1 (visualized as silver grains produced by tritium beta particles) was mainly localized along the cell membrane, in the perinuclear region and in the nucleus, suggesting ability of BP-Cx-1 to enter cells and bind to membrane or cytosol receptors. In our experiment, we observed the effect of BP-Cx-1 on maturation of dendritic cells (DCs): downregulation of expression of the lipid-presentation molecule CD1a, co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD83 and CD 40, decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α and increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. It is hypothesized that [3H]-BP-Cx-1 detectable in the nucleus is part of the activated GR complex, known to be involved in regulation of transcription of genes responsible for the anti-inflammatory response. Based on IC50, cell distribution data and results of the experiment with DCs it is suggested that the in vivo effects of BP-Cx-1 are mediated via GR and 5-HT1 receptors thus promoting development of tolerogenic effector function in dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Fedoros
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Nobel LTD, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - I A Baldueva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - G A Badun
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - I D Grozdova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A B Danilova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - T L Nekhaeva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A I Kuznetsova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - N V Emelyanova
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - S E Pigarev
- Nobel LTD, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Semenov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - M L Tyndyk
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Gubareva
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Panchenko
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia; FSBSI "Research Institute of Medical Primatology", Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - V N Bykov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - V N Anisimov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Obata-Ninomiya K, Domeier PP, Ziegler SF. Basophils and Eosinophils in Nematode Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583824. [PMID: 33335529 PMCID: PMC7737499 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths remain one of the most prolific pathogens in the world. Following infection helminths interact with various epithelial cell surfaces, including skin, lung, and gut. Recent works have shown that epithelial cells produce a series of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-33, and IL-25 that lead to the induction of innate and acquired type 2 immune responses, which we named Type 2 epithelial cytokines. Although basophils and eosinophils are relatively rare granulocytes under normal conditions (0.5% and 5% in peripheral blood, respectively), both are found with increased frequency in type 2 immunity, including allergy and helminth infections. Recent reports showed that basophils and eosinophils not only express effector functions in type 2 immune reactions, but also manipulate the response toward helminths. Furthermore, basophils and eosinophils play non-redundant roles in distinct responses against various nematodes, providing the potential to intervene at different stages of nematode infection. These findings would be helpful to establish vaccination or therapeutic drugs against nematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip P Domeier
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Steven F Ziegler
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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68
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Danov O, Wolff M, Bartel S, Böhlen S, Obernolte H, Wronski S, Jonigk D, Hammer B, Kovacevic D, Reuter S, Krauss-Etschmann S, Sewald K. Cigarette Smoke Affects Dendritic Cell Populations, Epithelial Barrier Function, and the Immune Response to Viral Infection With H1N1. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:571003. [PMID: 33240904 PMCID: PMC7678748 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.571003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Smokers with apparently “healthy” lungs suffer from more severe and frequent viral respiratory infections, but the mechanisms underlying this observation are still unclear. Epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DC) form the first line of defense against inhaled noxes such as smoke or viruses. We therefore aimed to obtain insight into how cigarette smoke affects DCs and epithelial cells and how this influences the response to viral infection. Female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) for 1 h daily for 24 days and then challenged i.n. with the viral mimic and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand poly (I:C) after the last exposure. DC subpopulations were analyzed 24 h later in whole lung homogenates by flow cytometry. Calu-3 cells or human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) cultured at air-liquid interface were exposed to CS or air and subsequently inoculated with influenza H1N1. At 48 h post infection cytokines were analyzed by multiplex technology. Cytotoxic effects were measured by release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and confocal imaging. In Calu-3 cells the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was assessed. Smoke exposure of mice increased numbers of inflammatory and plasmacytoid DCs in lung tissue. Additional poly (I:C) challenge further increased the population of inflammatory DCs and conventional DCs, especially CD11b+ cDCs. Smoke exposure led to a loss of the barrier function in Calu-3 cells, which was further exaggerated by additional influenza H1N1 infection. Influenza H1N1-induced secretion of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α2a, IFN-λ, interferon-γ-induced protein 10 [IP-10]), pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, as well as T cell-associated cytokines (e.g., I-TAC) were completely suppressed in both Calu-3 cells and human PCLS after smoke exposure. In summary, cigarette smoke exposure increased the number of inflammatory DCs in the lung and disrupted epithelial barrier functions, both of which was further enhanced by viral stimulation. Additionally, the antiviral immune response to influenza H1N1 was strongly suppressed by smoke. These data suggest that smoke impairs protective innate mechanisms in the lung, which could be responsible for the increased susceptibility to viral infections in “healthy” smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Danov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Wolff
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Sabine Bartel
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Böhlen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Sabine Wronski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Department of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Hanover, Germany
| | - Barbara Hammer
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Draginja Kovacevic
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reuter
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Essen - Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Susanne Krauss-Etschmann
- Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Asthma Research, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Centre for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Hanover, Germany
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El Ansari YS, Kanagaratham C, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and mast cells: The endogenous adjuvant. Adv Immunol 2020; 148:93-153. [PMID: 33190734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Sun S, Jiang S, Wang J, Chen C, Han S, Che H. Cholera toxin induces food allergy through Th2 cell differentiation which is unaffected by Jagged2. Life Sci 2020; 263:118514. [PMID: 33010283 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cholera toxin is often used to induce food allergies. However, its exact mode of action and effect remain ambiguous. In this study, we established a BALB/c mouse cholera toxin/ovalbumin-induced food allergy model to determine the molecular basis and signaling mechanisms of the immune regulation of cholera toxin during food allergy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The adjuvant activity of cholera toxin was analyzed by establishing mouse allergy model, and the allergic reaction of each group of mice was evaluated. The effect of cholera toxin on Th1/Th2 cell differentiation was analyzed to further explore the role of cholera toxin in allergen immune response. We stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with cholera toxin in vitro to investigate the effect of cholera toxin on Notch ligand expression. BMDCs and naive CD4+T cells were co-cultured in vitro, and their cytokine levels were examined to investigate whether cholera toxin regulates Th cell differentiation via the Jagged2 Notch signaling pathway. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that in the presence of allergens, cholera toxin promotes Th2 cell differentiation and enhances the body's immune response. Cholera toxin induces expression of the Notch ligand Jagged2, but Jagged2 Notch signaling pathway is not required to promote BMDCs-mediated differentiation of Th2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE This study initially revealed the mechanism by which cholera toxin plays an adjuvant role in food allergy, and provides reference for future related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Songsong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No.88 Daxue South Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shiwen Han
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huilian Che
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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71
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Marone G, Schroeder JT, Mattei F, Loffredo S, Gambardella AR, Poto R, de Paulis A, Schiavoni G, Varricchi G. Is There a Role for Basophils in Cancer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2103. [PMID: 33013885 PMCID: PMC7505934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils were identified in human peripheral blood by Paul Ehrlich over 140 years ago. Human basophils represent <1% of peripheral blood leukocytes. During the last decades, basophils have been described also in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys. There are many similarities, but also several immunological differences between human and mouse basophils. There are currently several strains of mice with profound constitutive or inducible basophil deficiency useful to prove that these cells have specific roles in vivo. However, none of these mice are solely and completely devoid of all basophils. Therefore, the relevance of these findings to humans remains to be established. It has been known for some time that basophils have the propensity to migrate into the site of inflammation. Recent observations indicate that tissue resident basophils contribute to lung development and locally promote M2 polarization of macrophages. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that lung-resident basophils exhibit a specific phenotype, different from circulating basophils. Activated human and mouse basophils synthesize restricted and distinct profiles of cytokines. Human basophils produce several canonical (e.g., VEGFs, angiopoietin 1) and non-canonical (i.e., cysteinyl leukotriene C4) angiogenic factors. Activated human and mouse basophils release extracellular DNA traps that may have multiple effects in cancer. Hyperresponsiveness of basophils has been demonstrated in patients with JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera. Basophils are present in the immune landscape of human lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer and can promote inflammation-driven skin tumor growth. The few studies conducted thus far using different models of basophil-deficient mice have provided informative results on the roles of these cells in tumorigenesis. Much more remains to be discovered before we unravel the hitherto mysterious roles of basophils in human and experimental cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Section of Hygiene, Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - John T Schroeder
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore", National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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72
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Wang B, Hu J, Liu Y, Liu Q, Li D. Food allergy promotes a Th2/Th17 response that drives house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in humanized mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:300-307. [PMID: 32757273 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is related to increasing risk of the development of allergic asthma, but the precise interplay between sensitization to different allergens in different compartments of the body is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to develop a novel humanized murine model of mixed food and respiratory allergy that recapitulates the human anaphylactic response and to more clearly understand the impact of food allergies on asthma. Immunodeficient mice transferred with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors with peanut and house dust mite (HDM) allergy were exposed and challenged to peanut. Between peanut exposure and challenge, mice were intranasally treated to HDM. Allergic parameters were analyzed. Allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E in sera could only be measured in mice treated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) plus allergen. A preceding peanut exposure increased IgE levels, histamine release, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and lung inflammation. Recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways was aggravated associated with an enhanced T helper type 2 (Th2)/Th17 cytokine secretion when the two allergies were present. A preceding peanut exposure amplifies allergic asthma in this humanized model, which may contribute to the understanding of underlying immunological mechanism of polysensitization occurring in allergic individuals and evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Liu
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Q Liu
- China Resources Healthcare College, Beijing, China
| | - D Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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73
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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74
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Akdis CA, Arkwright PD, Brüggen MC, Busse W, Gadina M, Guttman‐Yassky E, Kabashima K, Mitamura Y, Vian L, Wu J, Palomares O. Type 2 immunity in the skin and lungs. Allergy 2020; 75:1582-1605. [PMID: 32319104 DOI: 10.1111/all.14318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been extensive progress in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammation and immune regulation in allergic diseases of the skin and lungs during the last few years. Asthma and atopic dermatitis (AD) are typical diseases of type 2 immune responses. interleukin (IL)-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin are essential cytokines of epithelial cells that are activated by allergens, pollutants, viruses, bacteria, and toxins that derive type 2 responses. Th2 cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILC) produce and secrete type 2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. IL-4 and IL-13 activate B cells to class-switch to IgE and also play a role in T-cell and eosinophil migration to allergic inflammatory tissues. IL-13 contributes to maturation, activation, nitric oxide production and differentiation of epithelia, production of mucus as well as smooth muscle contraction, and extracellular matrix generation. IL-4 and IL-13 open tight junction barrier and cause barrier leakiness in the skin and lungs. IL-5 acts on activation, recruitment, and survival of eosinophils. IL-9 contributes to general allergic phenotype by enhancing all of the aspects, such as IgE and eosinophilia. Type 2 ILC contribute to inflammation in AD and asthma by enhancing the activity of Th2 cells, eosinophils, and their cytokines. Currently, five biologics are licensed to suppress type 2 inflammation via IgE, IL-5 and its receptor, and IL-4 receptor alpha. Some patients with severe atopic disease have little evidence of type 2 hyperactivity and do not respond to biologics which target this pathway. Studies in responder and nonresponder patients demonstrate the complexity of these diseases. In addition, primary immune deficiency diseases related to T-cell maturation, regulatory T-cell development, and T-cell signaling, such as Omenn syndrome, severe combined immune deficiencies, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked syndrome, and DOCK8, STAT3, and CARD11 deficiencies, help in our understanding of the importance and redundancy of various type 2 immune components. The present review aims to highlight recent advances in type 2 immunity and discuss the cellular sources, targets, and roles of type 2 mechanisms in asthma and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
| | - Peter D. Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Marie-Charlotte Brüggen
- Christine Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education Davos Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology University Hospital Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine University Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - William Busse
- Department of Medicine School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
| | - Massimo Gadina
- Translational Immunology Section Office of Science and Technology National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease NIH Bethesda MD USA
| | - Emma Guttman‐Yassky
- Department of Dermatology, and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS) Singapore Singapore
| | - Yasutaka Mitamura
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Zurich Davos Switzerland
| | - Laura Vian
- Translational Immunology Section Office of Science and Technology National Institute of Arthritis Musculoskeletal and Skin Disease NIH Bethesda MD USA
| | - Jianni Wu
- Department of Dermatology, and Laboratory of Inflammatory Skin Diseases Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology The Rockefeller University New York NY USA
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology School of Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain
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75
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Joubert AI, Geppert M, Johnson L, Mills-Goodlet R, Michelini S, Korotchenko E, Duschl A, Weiss R, Horejs-Höck J, Himly M. Mechanisms of Particles in Sensitization, Effector Function and Therapy of Allergic Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1334. [PMID: 32714326 PMCID: PMC7344151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have always been in contact with natural airborne particles from many sources including biologic particulate matter (PM) which can exhibit allergenic properties. With industrialization, anthropogenic and combustion-derived particles have become a major fraction. Currently, an ever-growing number of diverse and innovative materials containing engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are being developed with great expectations in technology and medicine. Nanomaterials have entered everyday products including cosmetics, textiles, electronics, sports equipment, as well as food, and food packaging. As part of natural evolution humans have adapted to the exposure to particulate matter, aiming to protect the individual's integrity and health. At the respiratory barrier, complications can arise, when allergic sensitization and pulmonary diseases occur in response to particle exposure. Particulate matter in the form of plant pollen, dust mites feces, animal dander, but also aerosols arising from industrial processes in occupational settings including diverse mixtures thereof can exert such effects. This review article gives an overview of the allergic immune response and addresses specifically the mechanisms of particulates in the context of allergic sensitization, effector function and therapy. In regard of the first theme (i), an overview on exposure to particulates and the functionalities of the relevant immune cells involved in allergic sensitization as well as their interactions in innate and adaptive responses are described. As relevant for human disease, we aim to outline (ii) the potential effector mechanisms that lead to the aggravation of an ongoing immune deviation (such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.) by inhaled particulates, including NPs. Even though adverse effects can be exerted by (nano)particles, leading to allergic sensitization, and the exacerbation of allergic symptoms, promising potential has been shown for their use in (iii) therapeutic approaches of allergic disease, for example as adjuvants. Hence, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is introduced and the role of adjuvants such as alum as well as the current understanding of their mechanisms of action is reviewed. Finally, future prospects of nanomedicines in allergy treatment are described, which involve modern platform technologies combining immunomodulatory effects at several (immuno-)functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Joubert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Mills-Goodlet
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Michelini
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evgeniia Korotchenko
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Höck
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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76
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Lohrmann F, Forde AJ, Merck P, Henneke P. Control of myeloid cell density in barrier tissues. FEBS J 2020; 288:405-426. [PMID: 32502309 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interface between the mammalian host and its environment is formed by barrier tissues, for example, of the skin, and the respiratory and the intestinal tracts. On the one hand, barrier tissues are colonized by site-adapted microbial communities, and on the other hand, they contain specific myeloid cell networks comprising macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These immune cells are tightly regulated in function and cell number, indicating important roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune balance in the presence of commensal microorganisms. The regulation of myeloid cell density and activation involves cell-autonomous 'single-loop circuits' including autocrine mechanisms. However, an array of microenvironmental factors originating from nonimmune cells and the microbiota, as well as the microanatomical structure, impose additional layers of regulation onto resident myeloid cells. This review discusses models integrating these factors into cell-specific programs to instruct differentiation and proliferation best suited for the maintenance and renewal of immune homeostasis in the tissue-specific environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florens Lohrmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School for Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.,IMM-PACT Clinician Scientist Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron J Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, university of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Merck
- Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany.,Institute for Immunodeficiency (IFI), Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany
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77
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Robinson MJ, Webster RH, Tarlinton DM. How intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of plasma cell survival might intersect for durable humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:87-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. Robinson
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Rosela H. Webster
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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78
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Khumalo J, Kirstein F, Scibiorek M, Hadebe S, Brombacher F. Therapeutic and prophylactic deletion of IL-4Ra-signaling ameliorates established ovalbumin induced allergic asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:1347-1360. [PMID: 31782803 PMCID: PMC7318634 DOI: 10.1111/all.14137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease driven predominantly by a TH2 immune response to environmental allergens. IL‐4Rα‐signaling is essential for driving TH2‐type immunity to allergens. Anti‐TH2 therapies have the potential to effectively reduce airway obstruction and inflammation in allergic asthma. Objective We investigated potential therapeutic effects of selective inhibition of this pathway in mice with established allergic airway disease. We further investigated whether IL‐4Rα disruption in systemically sensitized mice can prevent the onset of the disease. Methods We used RosacreERT2IL‐4Rα−/lox mice, a tamoxifen (TAM)‐inducible IL‐4Rα knockdown model to investigate the role of IL‐4/IL‐13 signaling prior to the onset of the disease and during the effector phase in the ovalbumin‐induced allergic airway disease. Results Inducible deletion of IL‐4Rα demonstrated therapeutic effects, on established allergic airway disease, and prevented the development of ovalbumin‐induced airway hyperreactivity, eosinophilia, and goblet cell metaplasia in allergen‐sensitized mice. Interestingly, IL‐4Rα knockdown after allergic sensitization did not induce TH17, a neutrophilic inflammatory response as observed in global IL‐4Rα‐deficient mice after intranasal allergen challenge. Conclusion Abrogation of IL‐4Rα signaling after allergic sensitization would have significant therapeutic benefit for TH2‐type allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine Khumalo
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases Department of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Division of Immunology Health Science Faculty International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM) University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Frank Kirstein
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases Department of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Martyna Scibiorek
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases Department of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Division of Immunology Health Science Faculty International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM) University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Sabelo Hadebe
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases Department of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases Department of Pathology Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Division of Immunology Health Science Faculty International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM) University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI‐Africa)Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM)University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa
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79
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Inflammatory Type 2 cDCs Acquire Features of cDC1s and Macrophages to Orchestrate Immunity to Respiratory Virus Infection. Immunity 2020; 52:1039-1056.e9. [PMID: 32392463 PMCID: PMC7207120 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypic and functional dichotomy between IRF8+ type 1 and IRF4+ type 2 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1s and cDC2s, respectively) is well accepted; it is unknown how robust this dichotomy is under inflammatory conditions, when additionally monocyte-derived cells (MCs) become competent antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using single-cell technologies in models of respiratory viral infection, we found that lung cDC2s acquired expression of the Fc receptor CD64 shared with MCs and of IRF8 shared with cDC1s. These inflammatory cDC2s (inf-cDC2s) were superior in inducing CD4+ T helper (Th) cell polarization while simultaneously presenting antigen to CD8+ T cells. When carefully separated from inf-cDC2s, MCs lacked APC function. Inf-cDC2s matured in response to cell-intrinsic Toll-like receptor and type 1 interferon receptor signaling, upregulated an IRF8-dependent maturation module, and acquired antigens via convalescent serum and Fc receptors. Because hybrid inf-cDC2s are easily confused with monocyte-derived cells, their existence could explain why APC functions have been attributed to MCs. Type I interferon drives differentiation of inf-cDC2s that closely resemble MCs Inf-cDC2s prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas MCs lack APC function Inf-cDC2s internalize antibody-complexed antigen via Fc receptors IRF8 controls maturation gene module in inf-cDC2s
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80
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Korotchenko E, Moya R, Scheiblhofer S, Joubert IA, Horejs‐Hoeck J, Hauser M, Calzada D, Iraola V, Carnés J, Weiss R. Laser-facilitated epicutaneous immunotherapy with depigmented house dust mite extract alleviates allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. Allergy 2020; 75:1217-1228. [PMID: 31880319 DOI: 10.1111/all.14164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin-based immunotherapy of type 1 allergies has recently been re-investigated as an alternative for subcutaneous injections. In the current study, we employed a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced lung inflammation to explore the potential of laser-facilitated epicutaneous allergen-specific treatment. METHODS Mice were sensitized against native Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract and repeatedly treated by application of depigmented D pteronyssinus extract via laser-generated skin micropores or by subcutaneous injection with or without alum. Following aerosol challenges, lung function was determined by whole-body plethysmography and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for cellular composition and cytokine levels. HDM-specific IgG subclass antibodies were determined by ELISA. Serum as well as cell-bound IgE was measured by ELISA, rat basophil leukemia cell assay, and ex vivo using a basophil activation test, respectively. Cultured lymphocytes were analyzed for cytokine secretion profiles and cellular polarization by flow cytometry. RESULTS Immunization of mice by subcutaneous injection or epicutaneous laser microporation induced comparable IgG antibody levels, but the latter preferentially induced regulatory T cells and in general downregulated T cell cytokine production. This effect was found to be a result of the laser treatment itself, independent from extract application. Epicutaneous treatment of sensitized animals led to induction of blocking IgG, and improvement of lung function, superior compared to the effects of subcutaneous therapy. During the whole therapy schedule, no local or systemic side effects occurred. CONCLUSION Allergen-specific immunotherapy with depigmented HDM extract via laser-generated skin micropores offers a safe and effective treatment option for HDM-induced allergy and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia Korotchenko
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Raquel Moya
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Sandra Scheiblhofer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Isabella A Joubert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs‐Hoeck
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - Michael Hauser
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
| | - David Calzada
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Víctor Iraola
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit Laboratorios LETI S.L.U Madrid Spain
| | - Richard Weiss
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Department of Biosciences University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria
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Core Concept: Cells nibble one another via the under-appreciated process of trogocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 116:17608-17610. [PMID: 31481628 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912252116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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82
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ncRNAs in Type-2 Immunity. Noncoding RNA 2020; 6:ncrna6010010. [PMID: 32155783 PMCID: PMC7151598 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological diseases, including asthma, autoimmunity and immunodeficiencies, affect a growing percentage of the population with significant unmet medical needs. As we slowly untangle and better appreciate these complex genetic and environment-influenced diseases, new therapeutically targetable pathways are emerging. Non-coding RNA species, which regulate epigenetic, transcriptional and translational responses are critical regulators of immune cell development, differentiation and effector function, and may represent one such new class of therapeutic targets. In this review we focus on type-2 immune responses, orchestrated by TH2 cell-derived cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which stimulate a variety of immune and tissue responses- commonly referred to as type-2 immunity. Evolved to protect us from parasitic helminths, type-2 immune responses are observed in individuals with allergic diseases, including Asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergy. A growing number of studies have identified the involvement of various RNA species, including microRNAs (miRNA) and long non-coding (lncRNA), in type-2 immune responses and in both clinical and pre-clinical disease settings. We highlight these recent findings, identify gaps in our understanding and provide a perspective on how our current understanding can be harnessed for novel treat opportunities to treat type-2 immune-mediated diseases.
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83
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Gu FF, Wu JJ, Liu YY, Hu Y, Liang JY, Zhang K, Li M, Wang Y, Zhang YA, Liu L. Human inflammatory dendritic cells in malignant pleural effusions induce Th1 cell differentiation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:779-788. [PMID: 32052078 PMCID: PMC7183501 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are crucial for the initiation and regulation of immune responses against cancer and pathogens. DCs are heterogeneous and highly specialized antigen-presenting cells. Human DCs comprise several subsets with different phenotypes and functional properties. In the steady state, human DC subsets have been well studied. However, the components of DC subsets and their immune functions during the inflamed setting are poorly understood. We identified and characterized DC subsets in the malignant pleural effusions of NSCLC patients. We analyzed the capacity of these DC subsets to induce T-cell differentiation. We observed the presence of inflammatory DCs (infDCs) and macrophages in the malignant pleural effusions of NSCLC patients, as identified by the CD11C+HLA-DR+CD16−BDCA1+ and CD11C+HLA-DR+CD16+BDCA1− phenotypes, respectively. InfDCs represented approximately 1% of the total light-density cells in the pleural effusion and were characterized by the expression of CD206, CD14, CD11b, and CD1α, which were absent on blood DCs. InfDCs also expressed CD80, although at a low level. As infDCs did not express CD40, CD83 and CD275, they remained functionally immature. We found that TLR agonists promoted the maturation of infDCs. Compared with macrophages, infDCs had a weaker capacity to phagocytose necrotic tumor cell lysates. However, only infDCs induced autologous memory CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Th1 cells. For the first time, we found that infDCs were present in the malignant pleural effusions of NSCLC patients. We conclude that infDCs represent a distinct human DC subset and induce Th1 cell differentiation in the presence of TLR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Gu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing-Jing Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yang-Yang Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jin-Yan Liang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ming Li
- Medical Oncology, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, 28 Baofeng Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Analysis and Testing Center, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 East Lake South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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84
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Moon HG, Kim SJ, Lee MK, Kang H, Choi HS, Harijith A, Ren J, Natarajan V, Christman JW, Ackerman SJ, Park GY. Colony-stimulating factor 1 and its receptor are new potential therapeutic targets for allergic asthma. Allergy 2020; 75:357-369. [PMID: 31385613 PMCID: PMC7002247 DOI: 10.1111/all.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new approach targeting aeroallergen sensing in the early events of mucosal immunity could have greater benefit. The CSF1-CSF1R pathway has a critical role in trafficking allergens to regional lymph nodes through activating dendritic cells. Intervention in this pathway could prevent allergen sensitization and subsequent Th2 allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVE To examine the therapeutic effectiveness of CSF1 and CSF1R inhibition for blocking the dendritic cell function of sensing aeroallergens. METHODS We adopted a model of chronic asthma induced by a panel of three naturally occurring allergens and novel delivery system of CSF1R inhibitor encapsulated nanoprobe. RESULTS Selective depletion of CSF1 in airway epithelial cells abolished the production of allergen-reactive IgE, resulting in prevention of new asthma development as well as reversal of established allergic lung inflammation. CDPL-GW nanoprobe containing GW2580, a selective CSF1R inhibitor, showed favorable pharmacokinetics for inhalational treatment and intranasal insufflation delivery of CDPL-GW nanoprobe ameliorated asthma pathologies including allergen-specific serum IgE production, allergic lung and airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) with minimal pulmonary adverse reaction. CONCLUSION The inhibition of the CSF1-CSF1R signaling pathway effectively suppresses sensitization to aeroallergens and consequent allergic lung inflammation in a murine model of chronic asthma. CSF1R inhibition is a promising new target for the treatment of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Geun Moon
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seung-jae Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Myoung Kyu Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anantha Harijith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jinhong Ren
- Center for Biomolecular Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John W. Christman
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Ohio State University, Davis Heart and Lung Research Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven J. Ackerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, and Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gye Young Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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85
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Hurdayal R, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Khutlang R, Brombacher F. Inflammatory Dendritic Cells, Regulated by IL-4 Receptor Alpha Signaling, Control Replication, and Dissemination of Leishmania major in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:479. [PMID: 32039054 PMCID: PMC6992597 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania parasites. Macrophages are considered the primary parasite host cell, but dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating adaptive immunity and controlling Leishmania infection. Accordingly, our previous study in CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox mice, which have impaired IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Rα) expression on CD11c+ cells including DCs, confirmed a protective role for IL-4/IL-13-responsive DCs in replication and dissemination of parasites during cutaneous leishmaniasis. However, it was unclear which DC subset/s was executing this function. To investigate this, we infected CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox and control mice with L. major GFP+ parasites and identified subsets of infected DCs by flow cytometry. Three days after infection, CD11b+ DCs and CD103+ DCs were the main infected DC subsets in the footpad and draining lymph node, respectively and by 4 weeks post-infection, Ly6C+ and Ly6C− CD11b+ DCs were the main infected DC populations in both the lymph nodes and footpads. Interestingly, Ly6C+CD11b+ inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs but not Ly6C−CD11b+ DCs hosted parasites in the spleen. Importantly, intracellular parasitism was significantly higher in IL-4Rα-deficient DCs. In terms of DC effector function, we found no change in the expression of pattern-recognition receptors (TLR4 and TLR9) nor in expression of the co-stimulatory marker, CD80, but MHCII expression was lower in CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox mice at later time-points compared to the controls. Interestingly, in CD11ccreIL-4Rα−/lox mice, which have reduced Th1 responses, CD11b+ DCs had impaired iNOS production, suggesting that DC IL-4Rα expression and NO production is important for controlling parasite numbers and preventing dissemination. Expression of the alternative activation marker arginase was unchanged in CD11b+ DCs in CD11creIL-4Rα−/lox mice compared to littermate controls, but RELM-α was upregulated, suggesting IL-4Rα-independent alternative activation. In summary, L. major parasites may use Ly6C+CD11b+ inflammatory DCs derived from monocytes recruited to infection as “Trojan horses” to migrate to secondary lymphoid organs and peripheral sites, and DC IL-4Rα expression is important for controlling infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Hurdayal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie Eva Nieuwenhuizen
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rethabile Khutlang
- Identity Authentication Research Group, Defence and Security, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council on Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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86
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Miki H, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Almeida MS, Hitomi K, Shibagaki S, Kanemaru K, Lin YH, Iwata K, Miyake S, Shibayama S, Sumida T, Shibuya K, Shibuya A. Allergin-1 Immunoreceptor Suppresses House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:753-762. [PMID: 31900344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) allergens are leading causes of allergic asthma characterized by Th2 responses. The lung-resident CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in Th2 cell development in HDM-induced allergic asthma. However, the regulatory mechanism of HDM-induced CD11b+ DC activation remains incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that mice deficient in an inhibitory immunoreceptor, Allergin-1, showed exacerbated HDM-induced airway eosinophilia and serum IgE elevation. By using bone marrow-chimeric mice that were sensitized with adoptively transferred HDM-stimulated wild-type or Allergin-1-deficient CD11b+ bone marrow-derived cultured DCs (BMDCs), followed by challenge with HDM, we show that Allergin-1 on the BMDCs suppressed HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. We also show that Allergin-1 suppressed HDM-induced PGE2 production from CD11b+ BMDCs by inhibiting Syk tyrosine kinase activation through recruitment of SHP-1, subsequently leading to negative regulation of Th2 responses. These results suggest that Allergin-1 plays an important role in regulation of HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Miki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoko Tahara-Hanaoka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; .,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mariana Silva Almeida
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaori Hitomi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shohei Shibagaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Kanemaru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; and
| | - Kanako Iwata
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shota Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shiro Shibayama
- Research Center of Immunology, Tsukuba Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; .,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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87
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Olivera A, Rivera J. Paradigm Shifts in Mast Cell and Basophil Biology and Function: An Emerging View of Immune Regulation in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2163:3-31. [PMID: 32766962 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0696-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the mast cell and basophil has for many years remained enigmatic. In this chapter, we briefly summarize some of the more recent studies that shed new light on the role of mast cells and basophils in health and disease. What we gain from these studies is a new appreciation for mast cells and basophils as sentinels in host defense and a further understanding that dysregulation of mast cell and basophil function can be a component of various diseases other than allergies. Perhaps the most important insight reaped from this work is the increasing awareness that mast cells and basophils can function as immunoregulatory cells that modulate the immune response in health and disease. Collectively, the recent knowledge provides new challenges and opportunities toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies to augment host protection and modify disease through manipulation of mast cell and basophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Juan Rivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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88
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Marone G, Gambardella AR, Mattei F, Mancini J, Schiavoni G, Varricchi G. Basophils in Tumor Microenvironment and Surroundings. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1224:21-34. [PMID: 32036602 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-35723-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Basophils represent approximately 1% of human peripheral blood leukocytes. Their effector functions were initially appreciated in the 1970s when basophils were shown to express the high-affinity receptor (FcεRI) for IgE and to release proinflammatory mediators (histamine and cysteinyl leukotriene C4) and immunoregulatory cytokines (i.e., IL-4 and IL-13). Basophils in the mouse were subsequently identified and immunologically characterized. There are many similarities but also several differences between human and mouse basophils. Basophil-deficient mice have enabled to examine the in vivo roles of basophils in several immune disorders and, more recently, in tumor immunity. Activated human basophils release several proangiogenic molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor-B (VEGF-B), CXCL8, angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). On the other side, basophils can exert anti-tumorigenic effects by releasing granzyme B, TNF-α, and histamine. Circulating basophils have been associated with certain human hematologic (i.e., chronic myeloid leukemia) and solid tumors. Basophils have been found in tumor microenvironment (TME) of human lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer. Basophils played a role in melanoma rejection in basophil-deficient mouse model. By contrast, basophils appear to play a pro-tumorigenic role in experimental and human pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, the roles of basophils in experimental and human cancers have been little investigated and remain largely unknown. The elucidation of the roles of basophils in tumor immunity will demand studies on increasing complexity beyond those assessing basophil density and their microlocalization in TME. There are several fundamental questions to be addressed in experimental models and clinical studies before we understand whether basophils are an ally, adversary, or even innocent bystanders in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Fabrizio Mattei
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Mancini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiavoni
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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89
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New insights into roles of basophils in initiating T helper type 2 immunity. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2020; 12:14-18. [PMID: 36117560 PMCID: PMC9476796 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases, mainly mediated by T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity, have become a worldwide public health problem. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been used in treating and preventing allergic symptoms. As the new target of anti-allergy TCM, basophils, after approximately 140 years since their discovery, are just now gaining respect as important contributors in the pathogenesis underlying allergic inflammation and disease. In addition to their role as effector cells, basophils can release early IL-4, migrate from circulatory system into draining lymph nodes, present antigen to naive CD4+T cells, and promote the differentiation of Th2 cells. Herein, we briefly summarized the recent research advances of the essential contributions of basophils in the initiation of Th2 immune responses.
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90
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Wang A, Bai Y. Dendritic cells: The driver of psoriasis. J Dermatol 2019; 47:104-113. [PMID: 31833093 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic skin inflammatory disorder, the immune mechanism of which has been profoundly elucidated in the past few years. The dominance of the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis is a significant breakthrough in the understanding of the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and treatment targeting IL-23 and IL-17 has successfully benefited patients with the disease. The skin contains a complex network of dendritic cells (DC) mainly composed of epidermal Langerhans cells, bone marrow-derived dermal conventional DC, plasmacytoid DC and inflammatory DC. As the prominent cellular source of α-interferon, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-12 and IL-23, DC play a pivotal role in psoriasis. Thus, targeting pathogenic DC subsets is a valid strategy for alleviating and preventing psoriasis and other DC-derived diseases. In this review, we survey the known role of DC in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Wang
- Clinical Institute of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - YanPing Bai
- Clinical Institute of China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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91
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Hinks TSC, Hoyle RD, Gelfand EW. CD8 + Tc2 cells: underappreciated contributors to severe asthma. Eur Respir Rev 2019; 28:28/154/190092. [PMID: 31748421 PMCID: PMC6887553 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0092-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of asthma is underscored by the number of cell types and mediators implicated in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous syndrome. Type 2 CD4+ T-cells (Th2) and more recently, type 2 innate lymphoid cells dominate current descriptions of asthma pathogenesis. However, another important source of these type 2 cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, are CD8+ T-cells, which are increasingly proposed to play an important role in asthma pathogenesis, because they are abundant and are comparatively insensitive to corticosteroids. Many common triggers of asthma exacerbations are mediated via corticosteroid-resistant pathways involving neutrophils and CD8+ T-cells. Extensive murine data reveal the plasticity of CD8+ T-cells and their capacity to enhance airway inflammation and airway dysfunction. In humans, Tc2 cells are predominant in fatal asthma, while in stable state, severe eosinophilic asthma is associated with greater numbers of Tc2 than Th2 cells in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsies. Tc2 cells strongly express CRTH2, the receptor for prostaglandin D2, the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 and the leukotriene B4 receptor. When activated, these elicit Tc2 cell chemotaxis and production of chemokines and type 2 and other cytokines, resulting directly or indirectly in eosinophil recruitment and survival. These factors position CD8+ Tc2 cells as important and underappreciated effector cells contributing to asthma pathogenesis. Here, we review recent advances and new insights in understanding the pro-asthmatic functions of CD8+ T-cells in eosinophilic asthma, especially corticosteroid-resistant asthma, and the molecular mechanisms underlying their pathologic effector function. Alongside Th2 and ILC2 cells, CD8+ T-cells are a cellular source of type 2 cytokines. We review recent findings and insights into the pathologic effector functions of type 2 CD8+ T-cells in eosinophilic asthma, especially steroid-resistant disease.http://bit.ly/2KbVGL2
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Dept of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ryan D Hoyle
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Nuffield Dept of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Dept of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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92
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Amon L, Lehmann CHK, Baranska A, Schoen J, Heger L, Dudziak D. Transcriptional control of dendritic cell development and functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 349:55-151. [PMID: 31759434 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major regulators of adaptive immunity, as they are not only capable to induce efficient immune responses, but are also crucial to maintain peripheral tolerance and thereby inhibit autoimmune reactions. DCs bridge the innate and the adaptive immune system by presenting peptides of self and foreign antigens as peptide MHC complexes to T cells. These properties render DCs as interesting target cells for immunomodulatory therapies in cancer, but also autoimmune diseases. Several subsets of DCs with special properties and functions have been described. Recent achievements in understanding transcriptional programs on single cell level, together with the generation of new murine models targeting specific DC subsets, advanced our current understanding of DC development and function. Thus, DCs arise from precursor cells in the bone marrow with distinct progenitor cell populations splitting the monocyte populations and macrophage populations from the DC lineage, which upon lineage commitment can be separated into conventional cDC1, cDC2, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). The DC populations harbor intrinsic programs enabling them to react for specific pathogens in dependency on the DC subset, and thereby orchestrate T cell immune responses. Similarities, but also varieties, between human and murine DC subpopulations are challenging, and will require further investigation of human specimens under consideration of the influence of the tissue micromilieu and DC subset localization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian H K Lehmann
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Baranska
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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93
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Bagadia P, Huang X, Liu TT, Murphy KM. Shared Transcriptional Control of Innate Lymphoid Cell and Dendritic Cell Development. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:381-406. [PMID: 31283378 PMCID: PMC6886469 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity consist of highly specialized immune lineages that depend on transcription factors for both function and development. In this review, we dissect the similarities between two innate lineages, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and dendritic cells (DCs), and an adaptive immune lineage, T cells. ILCs, DCs, and T cells make up four functional immune modules and interact in concert to produce a specified immune response. These three immune lineages also share transcriptional networks governing the development of each lineage, and we discuss the similarities between ILCs and DCs in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Bagadia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA;
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA;
| | - Tian-Tian Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA;
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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94
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Lambrecht BN, Hammad H, Fahy JV. The Cytokines of Asthma. Immunity 2019; 50:975-991. [PMID: 30995510 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease associated with type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, which promote airway eosinophilia, mucus overproduction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and immunogloubulin E (IgE) synthesis. However, only half of asthma patients exhibit signs of an exacerbated Type 2 response. "Type 2-low" asthma has different immune features: airway neutrophilia, obesity-related systemic inflammation, or in some cases, few signs of immune activation. Here, we review the cytokine networks driving asthma, placing these in cellular context and incorporating insights from cytokine-targeting therapies in the clinic. We discuss established and emerging paradigms in the context of the growing appreciation of disease heterogeneity and argue that the development of new and improved therapeutics will require understanding the diverse mechanisms underlying the spectrum of asthma pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John V Fahy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
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95
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Pellefigues C, Mehta P, Prout MS, Naidoo K, Yumnam B, Chandler J, Chappell S, Filbey K, Camberis M, Le Gros G. The Basoph8 Mice Enable an Unbiased Detection and a Conditional Depletion of Basophils. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2143. [PMID: 31552058 PMCID: PMC6746837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Basophils are granulocytes involved in parasite immunity and allergic diseases, known for their potent secretion of type 2 cytokines. Identifying their functions has proven to be controversial due to their relative rarity and their complex lineage phenotype. Here, we show that the expression of basophils lineage markers CD200R3 and FcεRIα is highly variable in inflammatory settings and hinders basophils identification by flow cytometry across multiple disease states or tissues. Fluorophore-conjugated antibody staining of these lineage markers strongly activates basophil type 2 cytokine expression, and represents a potential bias for coculture or in vivo transfer experiments. The Basoph8 is a mouse model where basophils specifically express a strong fluorescent reporter and the Cre recombinase. Basophils can be identified and FACS sorted unambiguously by their expression of the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) in these mice. We show that the expression of the eYFP is robust in vivo during inflammation, and in vitro on living basophils for at least 72 h, including during the induction of anaphylactoid degranulation. We bred and characterized the Basoph8xiDTR mice, in which basophils specifically express eYFP and the simian diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR). This model enables basophils conditional depletion relatively specifically ex vivo and in vivo during allergic inflammation and their detection as eYFP+ cells. In conclusion, we report underappreciated benefits of the commercially available Basoph8 mice to study basophils function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pellefigues
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Palak Mehta
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Sarah Prout
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Karmella Naidoo
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bibek Yumnam
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jodie Chandler
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sally Chappell
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kara Filbey
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Mali Camberis
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- The Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
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96
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Fan Z, Che H, Yang S, Chen C. Estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling promotes allergic immune responses: Effects on immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory factors involved in allergy. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2019; 47:506-512. [PMID: 31248582 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity occurs when the body is stimulated by an antigen, resulting in an immune response, and leads to a physiological disorder or abnormal tissue trauma. Various immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators are involved in the immune responses related to allergic diseases, which are the core of anaphylaxis. Estrogen receptors are widely distributed in immune cells, which combine with estrogen and participate in allergic responses by affecting immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory factors. We aimed to summarize the association between estrogen and allergic reactions to provide a scientific basis for understanding and studying the mechanisms of allergic diseases.
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97
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Karasuyama H, Miyake K, Yoshikawa S, Kawano Y, Yamanishi Y. How do basophils contribute to Th2 cell differentiation and allergic responses? Int Immunol 2019; 30:391-396. [PMID: 30169733 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basophils and mast cells share some features, including basophilic granules in the cytoplasm, cell surface expression of the high-affinity IgE receptor and release of chemical mediators such as histamine. Because of this similarity and their minority status, basophils had often been erroneously considered as minor relatives or blood-circulating precursors of tissue-resident mast cells, and therefore long been neglected or underestimated in immunological studies. Taking advantage of newly developed tools, such as basophil-depleting antibodies and engineered mice deficient for only basophils, recent studies have identified previously unappreciated roles for basophils, distinct from those played by mast cells, in allergic responses, protective immunity against parasitic infections and regulation of other immune cells. In this review, we focus on two topics that we presented and discussed in the 46th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Immunology held in Sendai in December 2017. The first topic is the function of basophils as antigen-presenting cells for driving Th2 cell differentiation. We demonstrated that basophils produce few or no MHC class II (MHC-II) proteins by themselves although they can acquire peptide-MHC-II complexes from dendritic cells through trogocytosis, and present them and provide IL-4 to naive CD4 T cells, promoting Th2 cell differentiation. The second topic is the basophil-specific effector molecules involved in allergic responses. Among mouse mast cell proteases (mMCPs), mMCP-8 and mMCP-11 are expressed almost exclusively by basophils. Analyses in vitro and in vivo revealed that both proteases can induce leukocyte migration through distinct mechanisms, contributing to the development of basophil-dependent allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Karasuyama
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soichiro Yoshikawa
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Kawano
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yamanishi
- Department of Immune Regulation, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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98
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Matthias J, Zielinski CE. Shaping the diversity of Th2 cell responses in epithelial tissues and its potential for allergy treatment. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1321-1333. [PMID: 31274191 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201848011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cells have evolved to protect from large helminth infections and to exert tissue protective functions in response to nonmicrobial noxious stimuli. The initiation, maintenance, and execution of these functions depend on the integration of diverse polarizing cues by cellular sensors and molecular programs as well as the collaboration with cells that are coopted for signal exchange. The complexity of input signals and cellular collaboration generates tissue specific Th2 cell heterogeneity and specialization. In this review, we aim to discuss the advances and recent breakthroughs in our understanding of Th2 cell responses and highlight developmental and functional differences among T cells within the diversifying field of type 2 immunity. We will focus on factors provided by the tissue microenvironment and highlight factors with potential implications for the pathogenesis of allergic skin and lung diseases. Especially new insights into the role of immunometabolism, the microbiota and ionic signals enhance the complexity of Th2 cell regulation and warrant a critical evaluation. Finally, we will discuss how this ensemble of established knowledge and recent breakthroughs about Th2 immunobiology advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases and how this could be exploited for future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Matthias
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina E Zielinski
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany.,TranslaTUM, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
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99
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ILC2s Induce Adaptive Th2-Type Immunity in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3140183. [PMID: 31320835 PMCID: PMC6610743 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3140183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of ILC2s on Th2-type adaptive immunity during the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), the study enrolled healthy people, stable COPD patients, and AECOPD patients. Flow cytometry was used to detect Th1, Th2, and ILC2 in the peripheral blood and CD80 and MHC II levels on ILC2. The mRNA levels of GATA3, RORα, and CRTH2 of ILC2s were detected by RT-PCR. In addition, ILC2s from the peripheral blood of AECOPD patients were cocultured with CD4+ T cells from the peripheral blood of healthy controls. Cytokine levels in serum of the three groups and the in vitro coculture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Compared with the stable COPD group or the healthy control group, Th2 in the peripheral blood of AECOPD group increased dramatically, inducing an increase of Th2/Th1 ratio in AECOPD patients. Meanwhile, the level of IL-4 in the serum of this group was also increased. However, we also detected ILC2s in the peripheral blood of the AECOPD group and found that it was also increased, alone with the increased GATA3, RORα, and CRTH2 mRNA levels. We also found that the CD80 and MHC II on ILC2 were significantly upregulated and the proportion of MHC II+ ILC2 cells was significantly positively correlated with the proportion of Th2 cells in AECOPD patients. To further demonstrate the effect of ILC2 on Th2 cells, we cocultured ILC2 with CD4+ T cells in vitro, which also showed a significant increase of Th2 ratio as well as Th2-associated cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. However, we found that this effect of ILC2s on Th2 cells could be inhibited by the addition of anti-MHC II. The Th2/Th1 balance shifts to Th2 in AECOPD. ILC2s may function as APC by the upregulation of MHC II and regulate adaptive immunity shift to Th2-type response in AECOPD.
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100
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Hyde EJ, Wakelin KA, Daniels NJ, Ghosh S, Ronchese F. Similar immune mechanisms control experimental airway eosinophilia elicited by different allergens and treatment protocols. BMC Immunol 2019; 20:18. [PMID: 31164097 PMCID: PMC6549380 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-019-0295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse models have been extremely valuable in identifying the fundamental mechanisms of airway inflammation that underlie human allergic asthma. Several models are commonly used, employing different methods and routes of sensitisation, and allergens of varying clinical relevance. Although all models elicit similar hallmarks of allergic airway inflammation, including airway eosinophilia, goblet cell hyperplasia and cellular infiltration in lung, it is not established whether they do so by involving the same mechanisms. Results We compared the impact of inactivation of various innate or adaptive immune genes, as well as sex, in different models of allergic airway inflammation in mice of C57BL/6 background. Chicken ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite (HDM) were used as allergens in settings of single or multiple intranasal (i.n.) challenges, after sensitisation in adjuvant or in adjuvant-free conditions. Eosinophil numbers in the broncho-alveolar lavage and lung histopathology were assessed in each model. We found that Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHCII) deficiency and lack of conventional CD4+ T cells had the most profound effect, essentially ablating airway eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia in all models. In contrast, Thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor (TSLPR) deficiency greatly reduced eosinophilia but had a variable effect on goblet cells. CD1d deficiency and lack of Natural Killer T (NKT) cells moderately impaired inflammation in OVA models but not HDM, whereas sex affected the response to HDM but not OVA. Lastly, defective Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 expression had only a relatively modest overall impact on inflammation. Conclusion All the models studied were comparably dependent on adaptive CD4+ T cell responses and TSLP. In contrast, sex, NKT cells and TLR4 appeared to play subtler and more variable roles that were dependent on the type of allergen and mode of immunization and challenge. These results are consistent with clinical data suggesting a key role of CD4+ T cells and TSLP in patients with allergic asthma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-019-0295-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn J Hyde
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty A Wakelin
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Naomi J Daniels
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Sayani Ghosh
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand.
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