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Gedda MR, Danaher P, Shao L, Ongkeko M, Chen L, Dinh A, Thioye Sall M, Reddy OL, Bailey C, Wahba A, Dzekunova I, Somerville R, De Giorgi V, Jin P, West K, Panch SR, Stroncek DF. Longitudinal transcriptional analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes in COVID-19 convalescent donors. J Transl Med 2022; 20:587. [PMID: 36510222 PMCID: PMC9742656 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV2 can induce a strong host immune response. Many studies have evaluated antibody response following SARS-CoV2 infections. This study investigated the immune response and T cell receptor diversity in people who had recovered from SARS-CoV2 infection (COVID-19). METHODS Using the nCounter platform, we compared transcriptomic profiles of 162 COVID-19 convalescent donors (CCD) and 40 healthy donors (HD). 69 of the 162 CCDs had two or more time points sampled. RESULTS After eliminating the effects of demographic factors, we found extensive differential gene expression up to 241 days into the convalescent period. The differentially expressed genes were involved in several pathways, including virus-host interaction, interleukin and JAK-STAT signaling, T-cell co-stimulation, and immune exhaustion. A subset of 21 CCD samples was found to be highly "perturbed," characterized by overexpression of PLAU, IL1B, NFKB1, PLEK, LCP2, IRF3, MTOR, IL18BP, RACK1, TGFB1, and others. In addition, one of the clusters, P1 (n = 8) CCD samples, showed enhanced TCR diversity in 7 VJ pairs (TRAV9.1_TCRVA_014.1, TRBV6.8_TCRVB_016.1, TRAV7_TCRVA_008.1, TRGV9_ENST00000444775.1, TRAV18_TCRVA_026.1, TRGV4_ENST00000390345.1, TRAV11_TCRVA_017.1). Multiplexed cytokine analysis revealed anomalies in SCF, SCGF-b, and MCP-1 expression in this subset. CONCLUSIONS Persistent alterations in inflammatory pathways and T-cell activation/exhaustion markers for months after active infection may help shed light on the pathophysiology of a prolonged post-viral syndrome observed following recovery from COVID-19 infection. Future studies may inform the ability to identify druggable targets involving these pathways to mitigate the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04360278 Registered April 24, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna R. Gedda
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.280030.90000 0001 2150 6316Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Patrick Danaher
- grid.510973.90000 0004 5375 2863NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Lipei Shao
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Martin Ongkeko
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Leonard Chen
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Blood Services Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Anh Dinh
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Mame Thioye Sall
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Opal L. Reddy
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Christina Bailey
- grid.510973.90000 0004 5375 2863NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Amy Wahba
- grid.510973.90000 0004 5375 2863NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Inna Dzekunova
- grid.510973.90000 0004 5375 2863NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Robert Somerville
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Infectious Disease Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Ping Jin
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Kamille West
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Blood Services Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sandhya R. Panch
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA ,grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Medicine (Hematology Division), University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - David F. Stroncek
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Center for Cellular Engineering, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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Torres-Ramirez CA, Timaran-Montenegro D, Mateo-Camacho YS, Morales-Jaramillo LM, Tapia-Rangel EA, Fuentes-Badillo KD, Morales-Dominguez V, Punzo-Alcaraz R, Feria-Arroyo GA, Parra-Guerrero LM, Saenz-Castillo PF, Hernandez-Rojas AM, Falla-Trujillo MG, Obando-Bravo DE, Contla-Trejo GS, Jacome-Portilla KI, Chavez-Sastre J, Govea-Palma J, Carrillo-Alvarez S, Bonifacio D, Orozco-Vazquez JDS. CT-based pathological lung opacities volume as a predictor of critical illness and inflammatory response severity in patients with COVID-19. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11908. [PMID: 36447748 PMCID: PMC9694356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to assess the impact of CT-based lung pathological opacities volume on critical illness and inflammatory response severity of patients with COVID-19. Methods A retrospective, single center, single arm study was performed over a 30-day period. In total, 138 patients (85.2%) met inclusion criteria. All patients were evaluated with non-contrast enhanced chest CT scan at hospital admission. CT-based lung segmentation was performed to calculate pathological lung opacities volume (LOV). At baseline, complete blood count (CBC) and inflammation response biomarkers were obtained. The primary endpoint of the study was the occurrence of critical illness, as defined as, the need of mechanical ventilation and/or ICU admission. Mann-Whitney U test was performed for univariate analysis. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of critical illness. Spearman analysis was performed to assess the correlation between inflammatory response biomarkers serum concentrations and LOV. Results Median LOV was 28.64% (interquartile range [IQR], 6.33-47.22%). Correlation analysis demonstrated that LOV was correlated with higher levels of D-dimer (r = 0.51, p < 0.01), procalcitonin (r = 0.47, p < 0.01) and IL6 (r = 0.48, p < 0.01). Critical illness occurred in 51 patients (37%). Univariate analysis demonstrated that inflammatory response biomarkers and LOV were associated with critical illness (p < 0.05). However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only D-dimer and LOV were independent predictors of critical illness. Furthermore, a ROC analysis demonstrated that a LOV equal or greater than 60% had a sensitivity of 82.1% and specificity of 70.2% to determine critical illness with an odds ratio of 19.4 (95% CI, 4.2-88.9). Conclusion Critical illness may occur in up to 37% of the patients with COVID-19. Among patients with critical illness, higher levels of inflammatory response biomarkers with larger LOVs were observed. Furthermore, multivariate analysis demonstrated that pathological lung opacities volume was an independent predictor of critical illness. In fact, patients with a pathological lung opacities volume equal or greater than 60% had 19.4-fold increased risk of critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Timaran-Montenegro
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin ST, MSB 2.130B, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yohana Sarahi Mateo-Camacho
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | | | - Edgar Alonso Tapia-Rangel
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Karla Daniela Fuentes-Badillo
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Valeria Morales-Dominguez
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Rafael Punzo-Alcaraz
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Feria-Arroyo
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Lina Marcela Parra-Guerrero
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Pedro Fernando Saenz-Castillo
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Ana Milena Hernandez-Rojas
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Manuel Gerardo Falla-Trujillo
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Daniel Ernesto Obando-Bravo
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Giovanni Saul Contla-Trejo
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | | | - Joshua Chavez-Sastre
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Jovanni Govea-Palma
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Santiago Carrillo-Alvarez
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
| | - Dulce Bonifacio
- Department of Radiology, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), México
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Zheng Q, Lin R, Chen Y, Lv Q, Zhang J, Zhai J, Xu W, Wang W. SARS-CoV-2 induces "cytokine storm" hyperinflammatory responses in RA patients through pyroptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1058884. [PMID: 36532040 PMCID: PMC9751040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease that threatens worldwide public health, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease. COVID-19 and RA are each strong risk factors for the other, but their molecular mechanisms are unclear. This study aims to investigate the biomarkers between COVID-19 and RA from the mechanism of pyroptosis and find effective disease-targeting drugs. Methods We obtained the common gene shared by COVID-19, RA (GSE55235), and pyroptosis using bioinformatics analysis and then did the principal component analysis(PCA). The Co-genes were evaluated by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and ClueGO for functional enrichment, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built by STRING, and the k-means machine learning algorithm was employed for cluster analysis. Modular analysis utilizing Cytoscape to identify hub genes, functional enrichment analysis with Metascape and GeneMANIA, and NetworkAnalyst for gene-drug prediction. Network pharmacology analysis was performed to identify target drug-related genes intersecting with COVID-19, RA, and pyroptosis to acquire Co-hub genes and construct transcription factor (TF)-hub genes and miRNA-hub genes networks by NetworkAnalyst. The Co-hub genes were validated using GSE55457 and GSE93272 to acquire the Key gene, and their efficacy was assessed using receiver operating curves (ROC); SPEED2 was then used to determine the upstream pathway. Immune cell infiltration was analyzed using CIBERSORT and validated by the HPA database. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) were used to explore and validate drug-gene relationships through computer-aided drug design. Results COVID-19, RA, and pyroptosis-related genes were enriched in pyroptosis and pro-inflammatory pathways(the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex, death-inducing signaling complex, regulation of interleukin production), natural immune pathways (Network map of SARS-CoV-2 signaling pathway, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19-and RA-related cytokine storm pathways (IL, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), TNF signaling pathway and regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling). Of these, CASP1 is the most involved pathway and is closely related to minocycline. YY1, hsa-mir-429, and hsa-mir-34a-5p play an important role in the expression of CASP1. Monocytes are high-caspase-1-expressing sentinel cells. Minocycline can generate a highly stable state for biochemical activity by docking closely with the active region of caspase-1. Conclusions Caspase-1 is a common biomarker for COVID-19, RA, and pyroptosis, and it may be an important mediator of the excessive inflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 in RA patients through pyroptosis. Minocycline may counteract cytokine storm inflammation in patients with COVID-19 combined with RA by inhibiting caspase-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcong Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongjie Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Department of Paediatrics, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Weihong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Weihong Xu, ; Wanming Wang,
| | - Wanming Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 900th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, Fuzhou, China,*Correspondence: Weihong Xu, ; Wanming Wang,
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Karami H, Karimi Z, Karami N. SARS-CoV-2 in brief: from virus to prevention. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2022; 13:394-406. [PMID: 36617546 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), ahighly transmissible virus with a likely animal origin, has posed major and unprecedentedchallenges to millions of lives across the affected nations of the world. This outbreak firstoccurred in China, and despite massive regional and global attempts shortly thereafter, itspread to other countries and caused millions of deaths worldwide. This review presents keyinformation about the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated disease (namely,coronavirus disease 2019) and briefly discusses the origin of the virus. Herein, we also brieflysummarize the strategies used against viral spread and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Karami
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Karimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Karami
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Yang R, Cheng J, Song X, Pan Y, Wang H, Li J, He X, Gou J, Zhang G. Characteristics of COVID-19 (Delta Variant)/HIV Co-infection: A Cross-sectional Study in Henan Province, China. INTENSIVE CARE RESEARCH 2022; 2:96-107. [PMID: 36407473 PMCID: PMC9666970 DOI: 10.1007/s44231-022-00018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Since the end of July 2021, SARS-CoV-2 (Delta variant) invaded Henan Province, China, causing a rapid COVID-19 spread in the province. Among them, the clinical features of COVID-19 (Delta Variant)/HIV co-infection have attracted our attention. Methods We included 12 COVID-19 patients living with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) from July 30, 2021 to September 17, 2021 in Henan Province, China. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and computed tomography (CT) imaging data were dynamically collected from first nucleic acid positive to hospital discharge. Laboratory findings included SARS-CoV-2 viral load, HIV viral load, IgM, IgG, cytokines, lymphocyte subpopulation, ferritin, etc. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 26·0 and GraphPad Prism version 9·0. Results It was founded that the low Ct value persisted for about 21 days, and the viral shedding time (turn negative time) of the patients was 32·36 ± 2·643 days. Furthermore, chest CT imaging revealed that lesions were obviously and rapidly absorbed. It was surprising that IgM levels were statistically higher in patients taking azvudine or convalescent plasma than in patients not taking these drugs (P < 0·001, P = 0·0002, respectively). IgG levels were significantly higher in patients treated with the combined medication of BRII/196 and BRII/198 than in those not treated with these drugs (P = 0·0029). IgM was significantly higher in those with low HIV viral load than those with high HIV viral load (P < 0·001). In addition, as treatment progressed and patients' condition improved, IL-17a showed a decreasing trend. Conclusions Based on this study, we found that HIV infection might not exacerbate COVID-19 severity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44231-022-00018-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiuling Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangjin Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanwei Pan
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xudong He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Gou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan People’s Republic of China
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Saikarthik J, Saraswathi I, Alarifi A, Al-Atram AA, Mickeymaray S, Paramasivam A, Shaikh S, Jeraud M, Alothaim AS. Role of neuroinflammation mediated potential alterations in adult neurogenesis as a factor for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Post-Acute COVID-19 syndrome-A narrative review. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14227. [PMID: 36353605 PMCID: PMC9639419 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of symptoms beyond the initial 3 to 4 weeks after infection is defined as post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS). A wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms like anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders and cognitive disturbances have been observed in PACS. The review was conducted based on PRISMA-S guidelines for literature search strategy for systematic reviews. A cytokine storm in COVID-19 may cause a breach in the blood brain barrier leading to cytokine and SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain. This triggers an immune response in the brain by activating microglia, astrocytes, and other immune cells leading to neuroinflammation. Various inflammatory biomarkers like inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, acute phase proteins and adhesion molecules have been implicated in psychiatric disorders and play a major role in the precipitation of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Impaired adult neurogenesis has been linked with a variety of disorders like depression, anxiety, cognitive decline, and dementia. Persistence of neuroinflammation was observed in COVID-19 survivors 3 months after recovery. Chronic neuroinflammation alters adult neurogenesis with pro-inflammatory cytokines supressing anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines favouring adult neurogenesis. Based on the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms/disorders in PACS, there is more possibility for a potential impairment in adult neurogenesis in COVID-19 survivors. This narrative review aims to discuss the various neuroinflammatory processes during PACS and its effect on adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayakumar Saikarthik
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilango Saraswathi
- Department of Physiology, Madha Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdulaziz Alarifi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Al-Atram
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Mickeymaray
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anand Paramasivam
- Department of Physiology, RVS Dental College and Hospital, Kumaran Kottam Campus, Kannampalayan, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Saleem Shaikh
- Department of Medical Education, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mathew Jeraud
- Department of Physiology, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S. Alothaim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Melero I, Villalba-Esparza M, Recalde-Zamacona B, Jiménez-Sánchez D, Teijeira Á, Argueta A, García-Tobar L, Álvarez-Gigli L, Sainz C, Garcia-Ros D, Toledo E, Abengozar-Muela M, Fernández-Alonso M, Rodríguez-Mateos M, Reina G, Carmona-Torre F, Quiroga JA, Del Pozo JL, Cross A, López-Janeiro Á, Hardisson D, Echeveste JI, Lozano MD, Ho LP, Klenerman P, Issa F, Landecho MF, de Andrea CE. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps, Local IL-8 Expression, and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Response in the Lungs of Patients With Fatal COVID-19. Chest 2022; 162:1006-1016. [PMID: 35714708 PMCID: PMC9197577 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive inflammation is pathogenic in the pneumonitis associated with severe COVID-19. Neutrophils are among the most abundantly present leukocytes in the inflammatory infiltrates and may form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) under the local influence of cytokines. NETs constitute a defense mechanism against bacteria, but have also been shown to mediate tissue damage in a number of diseases. RESEARCH QUESTION Could NETs and their tissue-damaging properties inherent to neutrophil-associated functions play a role in the respiratory failure seen in patients with severe COVID-19, and how does this relate to the SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, IL-8 (CXCL8) chemokine expression, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte infiltrates? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen lung biopsy samples obtained immediately after death were analyzed methodically as exploratory and validation cohorts. NETs were analyzed quantitatively by multiplexed immunofluorescence and were correlated with local levels of IL-8 messenger RNA (mRNA) and the density of CD8+ T-cell infiltration. SARS-CoV-2 presence in tissue was quantified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analysis. RESULTS NETs were found in the lung interstitium and surrounding the bronchiolar epithelium with interindividual and spatial heterogeneity. NET density did not correlate with SARS-CoV-2 tissue viral load. NETs were associated with local IL-8 mRNA levels. NETs were also detected in pulmonary thrombi and in only one of eight liver tissues. NET focal presence correlated negatively with CD8+ T-cell infiltration in the lungs. INTERPRETATION Abundant neutrophils undergoing NETosis are found in the lungs of patients with fatal COVID-19, but no correlation was found with viral loads. The strong association between NETs and IL-8 points to this chemokine as a potentially causative factor. The function of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 may be interfered with by the presence of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Villalba-Esparza
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alan Argueta
- Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Laura García-Tobar
- Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Sainz
- Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Garcia-Ros
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Toledo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IdiSNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mirian Fernández-Alonso
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariano Rodríguez-Mateos
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Reina
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco Carmona-Torre
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Jose L Del Pozo
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amy Cross
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | | | - David Hardisson
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - José I Echeveste
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria D Lozano
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, England
| | - Fadi Issa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
| | - Manuel F Landecho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos E de Andrea
- Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pathology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Sharif-Askari NS, Sharif-Askari FS, Hafezi S, Kalaji Z, Temsah M, Almuhsen S, Alsafar HS, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Airways tissue expression of type I interferons and their stimulated genes is higher in children than adults. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Badr EAE, El Sayed IE, Gabber MKR, Ghobashy EAE, Al-Sehemi AG, Algarni H, Elghobashy YAS. Are Antisense Long Non-Coding RNA Related to COVID-19? Biomedicines 2022; 10:2770. [PMID: 36359290 PMCID: PMC9687826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fighting external pathogens relies on the tight regulation of the gene expression of the immune system. Ferroptosis, which is a distinct form of programmed cell death driven by iron, is involved in the enhancement of follicular helper T cell function during infection. The regulation of RNA is a key step in final gene expression. The present study aimed to identify the expression level of antisense lncRNAs (A2M-AS1, DBH-AS1, FLVCR1-DT, and NCBP2AS2-1) and FLVCR1 in COVID-19 patients and its relation to the severity of the disease. COVID-19 patients as well as age and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study. The expression level of the antisense lncRNAs was measured by RT-PCR. Results revealed the decreased expression of A2M-AS1 and FLVCR1 in COVID-19 patients. Additionally, they showed the increased expression of DBH-AS1, FLVCR1-DT, and NCBP2AS2. Both FLVCR1-DT and NCBP2AS2 showed a positive correlation with interleukin-6 (IL-6). DBH-AS1 and FLVCR1-DT had a significant association with mortality, complications, and mechanical ventilation. A significant negative correlation was found between A2M-AS1 and NCBP2AS2-1 and between FLVCR1 and FLVCR1-DT. The study confirmed that the expression level of the antisense lncRNAs was deregulated in COVID-19 patients and correlated with the severity of COVID-19, and that it may have possible roles in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A E Badr
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi
- Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed Algarni
- Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasser AS Elghobashy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen El-Kom 32511, Egypt
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60
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Rondovic G, Djordjevic D, Udovicic I, Stanojevic I, Zeba S, Abazovic T, Vojvodic D, Abazovic D, Khan W, Surbatovic M. From Cytokine Storm to Cytokine Breeze: Did Lessons Learned from Immunopathogenesis Improve Immunomodulatory Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe COVID-19? Biomedicines 2022; 10:2620. [PMID: 36289881 PMCID: PMC9599155 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex immune response to infection has been highlighted, more than ever, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This review explores the immunomodulatory treatment of moderate-to-severe forms of this viral sepsis in the context of specific immunopathogenesis. Our objective is to analyze in detail the existing strategies for the use of immunomodulators in COVID-19. Immunomodulating therapy is very challenging; there are still underpowered or, in other ways, insufficient studies with inconclusive or conflicting results regarding a rationale for adding a second immunomodulatory drug to dexamethasone. Bearing in mind that a "cytokine storm" is not present in the majority of COVID-19 patients, it is to be expected that the path to the adequate choice of a second immunomodulatory drug is paved with uncertainty. Anakinra, a recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist, is a good choice in this setting. Yet, the latest update of the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (31 May 2022) claims that there is insufficient evidence to recommend either for or against the use of anakinra for the treatment of COVID-19. EMA's human medicines committee recommended extending the indication of anakinra to include treatment of COVID-19 in adult patients only recently (17 December 2021). It is obvious that this is still a work in progress, with few ongoing clinical trials. With over 6 million deaths from COVID-19, this is the right time to speed up this process. Our conclusion is that, during the course of COVID-19, the immune response is changing from the early phase to the late phase in individual patients, so immunomodulating therapy should be guided by individual responses at different time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Rondovic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Djordjevic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivo Udovicic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Stanojevic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snjezana Zeba
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Abazovic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dzihan Abazovic
- Biocell Hospital, Omladinskih Brigada 86a, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wasim Khan
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Maja Surbatovic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Demoliou C, Papaneophytou C, Nicolaidou V. SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1: So Different yet so Alike . Immune Response at the Cellular and Molecular Level. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1787-1795. [PMID: 36313221 PMCID: PMC9608044 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.73134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past half century, humanity has experienced two devastating pandemics; the HIV-1 pandemic and the recent pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Both emerged as zoonotic pathogens. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly migrated all over the world in less than two years, much as HIV-1 did almost 40 years ago. Despite these two RNA viruses being different in their mode of transmission as well as the symptoms they generate, recent evidence suggests that they cause similar immune responses. In this mini review, we compare the molecular basis for CD4+ T cell lymphopenia and other effects on the immune system induced by SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections. We considered features of the host immune response that are shared with HIV-1 and could account for the lymphopenia and other immune effects observed in COVID-19. The information provided herein, may cast the virus-induced lymphopenia and cytokine storm associated with the acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis in a different light for further research on host immune responses. It can also provide opportunities for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19. Furthermore, we provide some basic information to enable a comparative framework for considering the overlapping sets of immune responses caused by HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vicky Nicolaidou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Avenue, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Hejazian SS, Hejazian SM, Farnood F, Abedi Azar S. Dysregulation of immunity in COVID-19 and SLE. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1517-1531. [PMID: 36028612 PMCID: PMC9417079 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune response plays a crucial role in preventing diseases, such as infections. There are two types of immune responses, specific and innate immunity, each of which consists of two components: cellular immunity and humoral immunity. Dysfunction in any immune system component increases the risk of developing certain diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease in the human body, develops an immune response against its own components. In these patients, due to underlying immune system disorders and receipt of immunosuppressive drugs, the susceptibility to infections is higher than in the general population and is the single largest cause of mortality in this group. COVID-19 infection, which first appeared in late 2019, has caused several concerns in patients with SLE. However, there is no strong proof of additional risk of developing COVID-19 in patients with SLE, and in some cases, studies have shown less severity of the disease in these individuals. This review paper discusses the immune disorders in SLE and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Sina Hejazian
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farahnoosh Farnood
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sima Abedi Azar
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Al-Maiahy TJ, Alexiou A, Mukerjee N, Batiha GES. Prostaglandins and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in Covid-19. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-21. [PMID: 36098621 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In response to different viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2 infection, pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and bioactive lipids are released from infected and immune cells. One of the most critical bioactive lipids is prostaglandins (PGs) which favor perseverance of inflammation leading to chronic inflammation as PGs act as cytokine amplifiers. PGs trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, activate Th cells, recruit immune cells, and increase the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Therefore, PGs may induce acute and chronic inflammations in various inflammatory disorders and viral infections like SARS-CoV-2. PGs are mainly inhibited by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by blocking cyclooxygenase enzymes (COXs), which involve PG synthesis. NSAIDs reduce inflammation by selective or non-selective blocking activity of COX2 or COX1/2, respectively. In the Covid-19 era, there is a tremendous controversy regarding the use of NSAIDs in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As well, the possible role of PGs in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is not well-defined. Thus, the objective of the present study is to review the potential role of PGs and NSAIDs in Covid-19 in a narrative review regarding the preponderance of assorted views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyia University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Thabat J Al-Maiahy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department Of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, aghdad, Iraq
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Heber-sham, Australia
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Kathane PU, Vagha K. A Case Report on Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome After COVID-19 Infection in a 12-Year-Old Child. Cureus 2022; 14:e29061. [PMID: 36249663 PMCID: PMC9554494 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new diagnostic and management challenges have evolved as a result of limited knowledge about the incidence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MISC) and its natural history which is caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. There are no data on the long-term outcomes of the illness and MISC. A 12-year-old female child with no significant history was rushed to a emergency room with complaints of rashes all over her body for the past seven days, fever for the past five days, and altered sensorium for the last one day. The child tested negative for COVID-19 at first and then was found to be antibody positive for COVID-19. The child showed symptoms of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome, which involved the main alteration in liver functioning. This case is suggestive of how the COVID-19 virus causes alteration in liver functioning and its inflammation, including inflammation of other organs, which is called MISC.
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Hesperetin from Root Extract of Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Subunit-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome in A549 Lung Cells via Modulation of the Akt/MAPK/AP-1 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810346. [PMID: 36142258 PMCID: PMC9498987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of inflammatory responses from the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (Spike) by targeting NLRP3 inflammasome has recently been developed as an alternative form of supportive therapy besides the traditional anti-viral approaches. Clerodendrum petasites S. Moore (C. petasites) is a Thai traditional medicinal plant possessing antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, C. petasites ethanolic root extract (CpEE) underwent solvent-partitioned extraction to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction of C. petasites (CpEA). Subsequently, C. petasites extracts were determined for the flavonoid contents and anti-inflammatory properties against spike induction in the A549 lung cells. According to the HPLC results, CpEA significantly contained higher amounts of hesperidin and hesperetin flavonoids than CpEE (p < 0.05). A549 cells were then pre-treated with either C. petasites extracts or its active flavonoids and were primed with 100 ng/mL of spike S1 subunit (Spike S1) and determined for the anti-inflammatory properties. The results indicate that CpEA (compared with CpEE) and hesperetin (compared with hesperidin) exhibited greater anti-inflammatory properties upon Spike S1 induction through a significant reduction in IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18 cytokine releases in A549 cells culture supernatant (p < 0.05). Additionally, CpEA and hesperetin significantly inhibited the Spike S1-induced inflammatory gene expressions (NLRP3, IL-1β, and IL-18, p < 0.05). Mechanistically, CpEA and hesperetin attenuated inflammasome machinery protein expressions (NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1), as well as inactivated the Akt/MAPK/AP-1 pathway. Overall, our findings could provide scientific-based evidence to support the use of C. petasites and hesperetin in the development of supportive therapies for the prevention of COVID-19-related chronic inflammation.
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Martín M, Vallejo C, López-Campos F, Quereda C, Muñoz T, Sánchez-Conde M, Dominguez JA, Soriano C, Martín M, Suárez-Carantoña C, Muriel A, Garrido P, Acero J, Alvarez-Diaz A, de la Pinta C, Martínez-García L, Hernánz R, Fernández E, Alarza M, Hervás A, Sancho S. SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Cancer Patients: A New Unknown in an Unsolved Equation. Oncology 2022; 101:1-11. [PMID: 36063800 PMCID: PMC9747739 DOI: 10.1159/000525802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer patients are more susceptible to infections, and infection can be more severe than in patients without cancer diagnosis. We conducted this retrospective study in patients admitted for SARS-CoV-2 infection in order to find differences in inflammatory markers and mortality in cancer patients compared to others. METHODS We reviewed the electronic records of patients admitted for SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR from March to September 2020. Data on socio-demographics, comorbidities, inflammatory makers, and cancer-related features were analyzed. RESULTS 2,772 patients were admitted for SARS-CoV-2, to the Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal in Madrid during this period. Of these, 2,527 (91%) had no history of neoplastic disease, 164 (5.9%) patients had a prior history of cancer but were not undergoing oncological treatment at the time of infection, and 81 (2.9%) were in active treatment. Mortality in patients without a history of cancer was 19.5%, 28.6% for patients with a prior history of cancer, and 34% in patients with active cancer treatment. Patients in active oncology treatment with the highest mortality rate were those diagnosed with lung cancer (OR 5.6 95% CI: 2.2-14.1). In the multivariate study, active oncological treatment (OR 2.259 95% CI: 1.35-3.77) and chemotherapy treatment (OR 3.624 95% CI: 1.17-11.17), were statistically significant factors for the risk of death for the whole group and for the group with active oncological treatment, respectively. CONCLUSION Cancer patients on active systemic treatment have an increased risk of mortality after SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially with lung cancer or chemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Martín
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain,*Margarita Martín,
| | - Carmen Vallejo
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando López-Campos
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Quereda
- Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Sánchez-Conde
- Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cruz Soriano
- Intensive Medicine Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Martín
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Muriel
- Biostatistics Clinic Unit, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Garrido
- Médical Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Acero
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alvarez-Diaz
- Pharmacy Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina de la Pinta
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Raúl Hernánz
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Fernández
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Alarza
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Hervás
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Sancho
- Radiation Oncology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
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Morris G, Gevezova M, Sarafian V, Maes M. Redox regulation of the immune response. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:1079-1101. [PMID: 36056148 PMCID: PMC9508259 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe immune-inflammatory response is associated with increased nitro-oxidative stress. The aim of this mechanistic review is to examine: (a) the role of redox-sensitive transcription factors and enzymes, ROS/RNS production, and the activity of cellular antioxidants in the activation and performance of macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells; (b) the involvement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), and oxidized phospholipids in regulating the immune response; and (c) the detrimental effects of hypernitrosylation and chronic nitro-oxidative stress on the immune response. The redox changes during immune-inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the actions of nuclear factor-κB, HIF1α, the mechanistic target of rapamycin, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinases, 5' AMP-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. The performance and survival of individual immune cells is under redox control and depends on intracellular and extracellular levels of ROS/RNS. They are heavily influenced by cellular antioxidants including the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and the HDL/ApoA1/PON1 complex. Chronic nitro-oxidative stress and hypernitrosylation inhibit the activity of those antioxidant systems, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial functions, and the metabolism of immune cells. In conclusion, redox-associated mechanisms modulate metabolic reprogramming of immune cells, macrophage and T helper cell polarization, phagocytosis, production of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines, immune training and tolerance, chemotaxis, pathogen sensing, antiviral and antibacterial effects, Toll-like receptor activity, and endotoxin tolerance.
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Sun R, Zhao Z, Fu C, Wang Y, Guo Z, Zhang C, Liu L, Zhang C, Shu C, He J, Yang Y, Hua S, Gao Y, Hu Z. Humanized mice for investigating SARS-CoV-2 lung infection and associated human immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1640-1647. [PMID: 35976660 PMCID: PMC9538419 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for animal models of coronavirus disease 2019 to study immunopathogenesis and test therapeutic intervenes. In this study, we showed that NOD/SCID IL2rg-/- (NSG) mice engrafted with human lung (HL) tissue (NSG-L mice) could be infected efficiently by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and that live virus capable of infecting Vero cells was found in the HL grafts and multiple organs from infected NSG-L mice. RNA-Sequencing identified a series of differentially expressed genes, which are enriched in viral defense responses, chemotaxis, IFN stimulation and pulmonary fibrosis, between HL grafts from infected and control NSG-L mice. Furthermore, when infected with SARS-CoV-2, humanized mice with both human immune system (HIS) and autologous HL grafts (HISL mice) had bodyweight loss and hemorrhage and immune cell infiltration in HL grafts, which were not observed in immunodeficient NSG-L mice, indicating the development of anti-viral immune responses in these mice. In support of this possibility, the infected HISL mice showed bodyweight recovery and lack of detectable live virus at the later time. These results demonstrate that NSG-L and HISL mice are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, offering a useful in vivo model for studying SARS-CoV-2 infection and the associated immune response and immunopathology, and testing anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renren Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zongzheng Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Cong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yixin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina,Department of RespirationThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Chunmao Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Lina Liu
- College of Veterinary MedicineJilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary MedicineHebei Agricultural UniversityBaodingChina
| | - Chang Shu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Jin He
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yong‐Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina,Department of RespirationThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Educationand National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human DiseasesThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Agüera E, Caballero-Villarraso J, Galván A, Túnez I. SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple sclerosis patients: interaction with treatments, adjuvant therapies, and vaccines against COVID-19. J Neurol 2022; 269:4581-4603. [PMID: 35788744 PMCID: PMC9253265 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has raised particular concern for people with Multiple Sclerosis, as these people are believed to be at increased risk of infection, especially those being treated with disease-modifying therapies. Therefore, the objective of this review was to describe how COVID-19 affects people who suffer from Multiple Sclerosis, evaluating the risk they have of suffering an infection by this virus, according to the therapy to which they are subjected as well as the immune response of these patients both to infection and vaccines and the neurological consequences that the virus can have in the long term. The results regarding the increased risk of infection due to treatment are contradictory. B-cell depletion therapies may cause patients to have a lower probability of generating a detectable neutralizing antibody titer. However, more studies are needed to help understand how this virus works, paying special attention to long COVID and the neurological symptoms that it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz-Jurado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Begoña M. Escribano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBC), Cordoba, Spain
- Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Clinical Analysis Service, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alberto Galván
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba, (IMIBC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Cooperative Research Thematic Excellent Network on Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Madrid, Spain
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70
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Gelmez MY, Oktelik FB, Tahrali I, Yilmaz V, Kucuksezer UC, Akdeniz N, Cetin EA, Kose M, Cinar C, Oguz FS, Besisik S, Koksalan K, Ozdemir O, Senkal N, Gul A, Tuzun E, Deniz G. Immune modulation as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954391. [PMID: 36110850 PMCID: PMC9468265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erroneous immune responses in COVID-19 could have detrimental effects, which makes investigation of immune network underlying COVID-19 pathogenesis a requisite. This study aimed to investigate COVID-19 related alterations within the frame of innate and adaptive immunity. Thirty-four patients clinically diagnosed with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 disease were enrolled in this study. Decreased ILC1 and increased ILC2 subsets were detected in mild and moderate patients compared to healthy controls. NK cell subsets and cytotoxic capacity of NK cells were decreased in severe patients. Moreover, CD3+ T cells were reduced in severe patients and a negative correlation was found between CD3+ T cells and D-dimer levels. Likewise, moderate and severe patients showed diminished CD3+CD8+ T cells. Unlike T and NK cells, plasmablast and plasma cells were elevated in patients and IgG and IgA levels were particularly increased in severe patients. Severe patients also showed elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, reduced intracellular IFN-γ and increased intracellular IL-10 levels. Our findings emphasize that SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly alters immune responses and innate and acquired immunity are differentially modulated in line with the clinical severity of the disease. Elevation of IL-10 levels in NK cells and reduction of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells in severe patients might be considered as a protective response against the harmful effect of cytokine storm seen in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Yusuf Gelmez
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Betul Oktelik
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ilhan Tahrali
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Graduate Studies in Health Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vuslat Yilmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Can Kucuksezer
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Akdeniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Aktas Cetin
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kose
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Cinar
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Savran Oguz
- Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Besisik
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Medical Faculty Hospital Blood Center, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaya Koksalan
- Laboratory of Molecular Tuberculosis Epidemiology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozkan Ozdemir
- Genome Studies Program, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Naci Senkal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Tuzun
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gunnur Deniz
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Amorim MJB, Gomes SIL, Bicho RCS, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. On virus and nanomaterials - Lessons learned from the innate immune system - ACE activation in the invertebrate model Enchytraeus crypticus. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129173. [PMID: 35739709 PMCID: PMC9116975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current human research on COVID-19 - SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus) showed that ACE2 (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2) is a functional receptor to which the spike proteins attach. Invertebrates have been exposed to a wide array of threats for millennia and their immune system has evolved to deal with these efficiently. The annelid Enchytraeus crypticus, a standard ecotoxicological species, is an invertebrate species where extensive mechanisms of response studies are available, covering all levels from gene to population responses. Nanomaterials (NMs) are often perceived as invaders (e.g. virus) and can enter the cell covered by a corona, triggering similar responses. We created a database on E. crypticus ACE gene expression, aiming to analyse the potential knowledge transfer between invertebrates and vertebrates. Total exposure experiments sum 87 stress conditions for 18 different nanomaterials (NMs). ACE expression following TiO2 NM exposure was clearly different from other NMs showing a clear (6-7 fold) ACE down-regulation, not observed for any other NMs. Other NMs, notably Ag NMs, and to some extent Cu NMs, caused ACE up-regulation (up to 4 fold). The extensive knowledge from response to NMs can support the immuno-research community, especially to develop therapies for virus that trigger the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J B Amorim
- Departament of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - S I L Gomes
- Departament of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - R C S Bicho
- Departament of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Møllers Alle, DK-8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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72
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Kandeel EZ, Refaat L, Bayoumi A, Nooh HA, Hammad R, Khafagy M, Abdellateif MS. The Role of Lymphocyte Subsets, PD-1, and FAS (CD95) in COVID-19 Cancer Patients. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:491-502. [PMID: 35930238 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes are the main orchestrators that regulate the immune response in SARS-COV-2 infection. The exhaustion of T lymphocytes is a contributing factor to lymphopenia, which is responsible for the COVID-19 adverse outcome. However, it is still not demonstrated on a large scale, including cancer patients. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 83 SARS-CoV2 infected cancer patients, and 29 COVID-19 infected noncancer patients compared to 28 age-matched healthy controls. Lymphocyte subsets were assessed for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, PD-1, and CD95 using flow cytometry. The data were correlated to the patients' clinical features, COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Lymphopenia, and decreased CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells were significantly observed in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients compared to the control group (p < 0.001, for all). There was a significantly increased expression of CD95 and PD-1 on the NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients in comparison to the control group. The increased expression of CD95 on CD8+ T cells, as well as the increased expression of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells and NK cells are significantly associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection in cancer patients. The increased expression of CD95 and PD-1 on the CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells was observed significantly in nonsurviving patients and those who were admitted to the intensive care unit in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients. The increased expression of PD-1 and CD95 could be possible prognostic factors for COVID-19 severity and adverse outcomes in COVID-19 cancer and noncancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Z Kandeel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lobna Refaat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Bayoumi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend A Nooh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Reham Hammad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Medhat Khafagy
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona S Abdellateif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Sapir T, Averch Z, Lerman B, Bodzin A, Fishman Y, Maitra R. COVID-19 and the Immune Response: A Multi-Phasic Approach to the Treatment of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158606. [PMID: 35955740 PMCID: PMC9369212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral agent that causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a disease that causes flu-like symptoms that, when exacerbated, can have life-threatening consequences. COVID-19 has been linked to persistent symptoms, sequelae, and medical complications that can last months after the initial infection. This systematic review aims to elucidate the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved and identify potential characteristics of COVID-19 pathology that may increase symptom duration. We also describe he three different stages of COVID-19—viral replication, immune hyperactivation, and post-acute sequelae—as well as each phase’s corresponding immune response. Finally, we use this multiphasic approach to describe different treatment approaches for each of the three stages—antivirals, immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies, and continued immunosuppressants—to fully curate the treatment to the stage of disease.
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74
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Sun C, Zhao H, Han Y, Wang Y, Sun X. The Role of Inflammasomes in COVID-19: Potential Therapeutic Targets. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:406-420. [PMID: 35984324 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2022.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused massive morbidity and mortality worldwide. In severe cases, it is mainly associated with acute pneumonia, cytokine storm, and multi-organ dysfunction. Inflammasomes play a primary role in various pathological processes such as infection, injury, and cancer. However, their role in COVID-19-related complications has not been explored. In addition, the role of underlying medical conditions on COVID-19 disease severity remains unclear. Therefore, this review expounds on the mechanisms of inflammasomes following COVID-19 infection and provides recent evidence on the potential double-edged sword effect of inflammasomes during COVID-19 pathogenesis. The assembly and activation of inflammasomes are critical for inducing effective antiviral immune responses and disease resolution. However, uncontrolled activation of inflammasomes causes excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines (cytokine storm), increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Therefore, discoveries in the role of the inflammasome in mediating organ injury are key to identifying therapeutic targets and treatment modifications to prevent or reduce COVID-19-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hangyuan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunze Han
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Basic Medical Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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75
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Yang D, Li H, Chen Y, Ren W, Dong M, Li C, Jiao Q. Immunomodulatory mechanisms of abatacept: A therapeutic strategy for COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:951115. [PMID: 35957855 PMCID: PMC9357915 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.951115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has rapidly spread throughout the world and become a major threat to human beings. Cytokine storm is a major cause of death in severe patients. Abatacept can suppress cytokines used as antirheumatic drugs in clinical applications. This study analyzed the molecular mechanisms of abatacept treatment for COVID-19. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by analyzing expression profiling of abatacept treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and SARS-CoV-2 infection patients. We found that 59 DEGs were upregulated in COVID-19 patients and downregulated following abatacept treatment. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that immune and inflammatory responses were potential regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, we verified 8 targeting genes and identified 15 potential drug candidates for the treatment of COVID-19. Our study illustrated that abatacept could be a promising property for preventing severe COVID-19, and we predicted alternative potential drugs for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinglong Yang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hetong Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yujing Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiping Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mingjie Dong
- Second Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chunjiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qiang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Jiao
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Moraes ECDS, Martins-Gonçalves R, da Silva LR, Mandacaru SC, Melo RM, Azevedo-Quintanilha I, Perales J, Bozza FA, Souza TML, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Hottz ED, Bozza PT, Trugilho MRO. Proteomic Profile of Procoagulant Extracellular Vesicles Reflects Complement System Activation and Platelet Hyperreactivity of Patients with Severe COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:926352. [PMID: 35937696 PMCID: PMC9354812 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.926352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a valuable source of biomarkers and display the pathophysiological status of various diseases. In COVID-19, EVs have been explored in several studies for their ability to reflect molecular changes caused by SARS-CoV-2. Here we provide insights into the roles of EVs in pathological processes associated with the progression and severity of COVID-19. Methods In this study, we used a label-free shotgun proteomic approach to identify and quantify alterations in EV protein abundance in severe COVID-19 patients. We isolated plasma extracellular vesicles from healthy donors and patients with severe COVID-19 by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Then, flow cytometry was performed to assess the origin of EVs and to investigate the presence of circulating procoagulant EVs in COVID-19 patients. A total protein extraction was performed, and samples were analyzed by nLC-MS/MS in a Q-Exactive HF-X. Finally, computational analysis was applied to signify biological processes related to disease pathogenesis. Results We report significant changes in the proteome of EVs from patients with severe COVID-19. Flow cytometry experiments indicated an increase in total circulating EVs and with tissue factor (TF) dependent procoagulant activity. Differentially expressed proteins in the disease groups were associated with complement and coagulation cascades, platelet degranulation, and acute inflammatory response. Conclusions The proteomic data reinforce the changes in the proteome of extracellular vesicles from patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and suggest a role for EVs in severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilly Caroline dos Santos Moraes
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Remy Martins-Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luana Rocha da Silva
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel Coelho Mandacaru
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reynaldo Magalhães Melo
- Laboratory Protein Chemistry and Biochemistry and Laboratory of Gene Biology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Moreno Lopes Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eugenio D. Hottz
- Laboratory of Immunothrombosis, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monique R. O. Trugilho
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Exploring the management approaches of cytokines including viral infection and neuroinflammation for neurological disorders. Cytokine 2022; 157:155962. [PMID: 35853395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence supports that cytokines are important mediators of pathophysiologic processes within the central nervous system (CNS). Numerous studies have documented the increased production of various cytokines in the human CNS in various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Deciphering cytokine actions in the intact CNS has important implications for our understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders. The purpose of this study is to discuss the recent research on treating cytokine storm and amyloids, including stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's condition, Multi-sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Neuroinflammation observed in neurological disorders has a pivotal role in exacerbating Aβ burden and tau hyperphosphorylation, suggesting that stimulating cytokines in response to an undesirable external response could be a checkpoint for treating neurological disorders. Furthermore, the pro-inflammatory cytokines help our immune system through a neuroprotective mechanism in clearing viral infection by recruiting mononuclear cells. This study reveals that cytokine applications may play a vital role in providing novel regulation and methods for the therapeutic approach to neurological disorders and the causes of the deregulation, which is responsible for neuroinflammation and viral infection. However, it needs to be further investigated to clarify better the mechanisms of cytokine release in response to various stimuli, which could be the central point for treating neurological disorders.
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78
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KORKMAZ HA, CEYLAN İ. Evaluation of Perioperative Complications and Mortality in Covid-19 Patients Who Had Emergency Surgery. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1007516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The risk for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients necessitates further scrutiny in Covid 19 patients in providing appropriate surgical indications and perioperative surgical safety precautions. In this study, we aimed to contribute to elective surgery resumption about infection with early and late postoperative complications and mortality in patients with RT-PCR (+) and clinically suspicious COVID-19 who underwent emergency surgery in our hospital. Methods: A total of 86 patients who have been operated on in our institution for emergency surgery over the age of 18 who were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection seven days before or 30 days after surgery were enrolled in the study. In this retrospective study, the primary outcome has been established as mortality factors and survival within postoperative 30 days. Results: Regarding the primary outcome as 30-day survival, every 1-year increase in age increased the risk of death by two folds. Patients with one or more comorbidities have an increased risk of death 13 times and those with two or more have an increased risk of death 23 times. Patients in intensive care units increase the risk of death by 8.5 times compared to those who are not hospitalized. On the contrary, an increase in hemoglobin level was shown to reduce the risk of death by 0.8 times. Conclusion: The need for intensive care and mortality is high, especially after emergency surgery, in patients with COVID19 symptoms and more than one comorbidity. Surgical indications of such patients should be well investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Ayben KORKMAZ
- Sağlık Bilimler üniversitesi Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi,Anestezi ve Reanimasyon kliniği
| | - İlkay CEYLAN
- SBÜ. Bursa Yüksek İhtisas EAH - TC Sağlık Bakanlığı
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79
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Mohzari YA, Alamer A, Alattas M, Alrashed AA, Alshehab NA, Alkhaldi TK, Alamer AA, Asdaq SM, Aljefri D, Alajami HN, Alsowaida YS, Mathew M, AlMusawa MI, Alomar M, Alharbi RY, Khuwaja M, Bamogaddam RF, Alharthi AH, Faqihi AY, Alrumayyan BF, Alshareef A, Alhassan BM, Damfu NY, Alajmi GS, Albujaidy A, Alghalbi M, Alajlan SA, Abraham I, Almulhim AS. Tocilizumab effectiveness in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients (T-MVC-19 Study): a multicenter real-world evidence. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1037-1047. [PMID: 35209783 PMCID: PMC8935451 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2046462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of tocilizumab in mechanically ventilated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This retrospective multicenter study included adults (≥18 years) diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from nasopharyngeal swab, and requiring invasive mechanical ventilation during admission. Survival analyses with inverse propensity score treatment weighting (IPTW) and propensity score matching (PSM) were conducted. To account for immortal bias, we used Cox proportional modeling with time-dependent covariance. Competing risk analysis was performed for the extubation endpoint. RESULTS A total of 556 (tocilizumab = 193, control = 363) patients were included. Males constituted the majority of the participants (69.2% in tocilizumab arm,74.1% in control arm). Tocilizumab was not associated with a reduction in mortality with hazard ratio [(HR) = 0.82,95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.62-1.10] in the Inverse propensity score weighting (IPTW) analysis and (HR = 0.86,95% CI: 0.64-1.16) in the PSM analysis. However, tocilizumab was associated with an increased rate of extubation (33.6%) compared to the control arm (11.9%); subdistributional hazards (SHR) = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.86-5.16). CONCLUSIONS Although tocilizumab was not found to be effective in reducing mortality, extubation rate while on mechanical ventilation was higher among tocilizumab treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya A. Mohzari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alamer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Majda Alattas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Alrashed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Main hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Turkiah K. Alkhaldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Service, Main Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amnah A. Alamer
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infectious Diseases, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ohio, Canada
| | - Syed M.B Asdaq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa Aljefri
- Department of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdan N. Alajami
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yazed S. Alsowaida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hail University, Hail, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maya Mathew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I. AlMusawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtar Alomar
- Dammam Medical Complex, First Health Cluster in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad Y. Alharbi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Khuwaja
- Division of Pharmaceutical Care, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem F. Bamogaddam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashwaq H. Alharthi
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Y. Faqihi
- Department of Pharmacy, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abeer Alshareef
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batool M. Alhassan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahasa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nader Y. Damfu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada S. Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Albujaidy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Service, Prince Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Alghalbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alajlan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Abdulaziz S. Almulhim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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80
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Dailey J, Kozhaya L, Dogan M, Hopkins D, Lapin B, Herbst K, Brimacombe M, Grandonico K, Karabacak F, Schreiber J, Liang BTL, Salazar JC, Unutmaz D, Hyams JS. Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 After Infection or Vaccination in Children and Young Adults With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2022; 28:1019-1026. [PMID: 34528661 PMCID: PMC8499989 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of neutralization antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving biologic therapies is crucial. METHODS We performed a prospective longitudinal cohort study evaluating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD) IgG positivity along with consistent clinical symptoms in patients with IBD receiving infliximab or vedolizumab. Serum was also obtained following immunization with approved vaccines. The IgG antibody to the spike protein binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 was assayed with a fluorescent bead-based immunoassay that takes advantage of the high dynamic range of fluorescent molecules using flow cytometry. A sensitive and high-throughput neutralization assay that incorporates SARS-CoV-2 spike protein onto a lentivirus and measures pseudoviral entry into ACE2-angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expressing human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells was used. RESULTS There were 436 patients enrolled (mean age, 17 years, range 2-26 years; 58% male; 71% Crohn's disease, 29% ulcerative colitis, IBD-unspecified). Forty-four (10%) of enrolled subjects had SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG antibodies. Compared to non-IBD adults (ambulatory) and hospitalized pediatric patients with PCR documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, S-RBD IgG antibody levels were significantly lower in the IBD cohort and by 6 months post infection most patients lacked neutralizing antibody. Following vaccination (n = 33), patients had a 15-fold higher S-RBD antibody response in comparison with natural infection, and all developed neutralizing antibodies to both wild type and variant SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS The lower and less durable SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG response to natural infection in IBD patients receiving biologics puts them at risk of reinfection. The robust response to immunization is likely protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelynn Dailey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mikail Dogan
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Dena Hopkins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Blaine Lapin
- Division of Rheumatology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Katherine Herbst
- Division of Research, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael Brimacombe
- Division of Research, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Kristen Grandonico
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Fatih Karabacak
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - John Schreiber
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Bruce Tsan-Liang Liang
- Pat and Jim Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Hyams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT, USA
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81
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Rovito R, Augello M, Ben-Haim A, Bono V, d'Arminio Monforte A, Marchetti G. Hallmarks of Severe COVID-19 Pathogenesis: A Pas de Deux Between Viral and Host Factors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912336. [PMID: 35757770 PMCID: PMC9231592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two years into Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a comprehensive characterization of the pathogenesis of severe and critical forms of COVID-19 is still missing. While a deep dysregulation of both the magnitude and functionality of innate and adaptive immune responses have been described in severe COVID-19, the mechanisms underlying such dysregulations are still a matter of scientific debate, in turn hampering the identification of new therapies and of subgroups of patients that would most benefit from individual clinical interventions. Here we review the current understanding of viral and host factors that contribute to immune dysregulation associated with COVID-19 severity in the attempt to unfold and broaden the comprehension of COVID-19 pathogenesis and to define correlates of protection to further inform strategies of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rovito
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Augello
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Assaf Ben-Haim
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Bono
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella d'Arminio Monforte
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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82
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Wang G, Pan L, Zhao J, Tang J, Fang Y, Sun H, Seesaha PK, Chen W, Chen X. Case fatality rate of the adult in-patients with COVID-19 and digestive system tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29364. [PMID: 35758367 PMCID: PMC9276255 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, endoscopic screening for gastrointestinal tumors was suspended or delayed in most countries. Thus, our study aimed to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on the clinical outcomes of patients with digestive system tumors through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We systematically searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases as of March 7, 2021 to identify the case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 patients diagnosed with digestive system tumors. A random-effects model was used for meta-analysis, I2 was used to assess heterogeneity, and funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. RESULTS A total of 13 studies were included, involving 2943 tumor patients with COVID-19, of which 871 were digestive system tumors, and the CFR was 24% (95% CI, 18%-30%; I2 = 55.7%). The mortality rate of colorectal cancer was 21% (95% CI, 14%-27%; I2 = 0.0%), gastric cancer was 25% (95% CI, 6%-45%; I2 = 0.0%), and hepatobiliary cancer was 29%. In general, there was no significant difference in the CFR of digestive system tumors. CONCLUSION The combined CFR of digestive system tumors and COVID-19 patients was 24%, which is much higher than that of the general population. Under the premise of fully complying with the international guidelines to limit the spread of COVID-19, we call for the resumption of endoscopic screening programs and selective surgery as soon as possible. REGISTRATION INFORMATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021248194.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Pukou Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Lanlan Pan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Jie Tang
- Department of Oncology, Liyang People's Hospital, Liyang, China
| | - Yueyu Fang
- Department of Oncology, Pukou Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Oncology, Pukou Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, China
| | | | - Wensen Chen
- Office of Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiao tong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Oncology, Pukou Branch Hospital of Jiangsu Province Hospital (Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital), Nanjing, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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83
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Mohammed RN, Tamjidifar R, Rahman HS, Adili A, Ghoreishizadeh S, Saeedi H, Thangavelu L, Shomali N, Aslaminabad R, Marofi F, Tahavvori M, Danishna S, Akbari M, Ercan G. A comprehensive review about immune responses and exhaustion during coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:79. [PMID: 35655192 PMCID: PMC9162381 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00856-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. The infection was reported in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 and has become a major global concern due to severe respiratory infections and high transmission rates. Evidence suggests that the strong interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and patients' immune systems leads to various clinical symptoms of COVID-19. Although the adaptive immune responses are essential for eliminating SARS-CoV-2, the innate immune system may, in some cases, cause the infection to progress. The cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in adaptive immune responses demonstrated functional exhaustion through upregulation of exhaustion markers. In this regard, humoral immune responses play an essential role in combat SARS-CoV-2 because SARS-CoV-2 restricts antigen presentation through downregulation of MHC class I and II molecules that lead to the inhibition of T cell-mediated immune response responses. This review summarizes the exact pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the alteration of the immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we've explained the exhaustion of the immune system during SARS-CoV-2 and the potential immunomodulation approach to overcome this phenomenon. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebar N. Mohammed
- Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, College of Health Sciences, Cihlan University of Sulaimaniya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Rozita Tamjidifar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Heshu Sulaiman Rahman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sarchinar District, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Saeedi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Aslaminabad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Tahavvori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gülinnaz Ercan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Stem Cell, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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84
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Salehzadeh F, Pourfarzi F, Ataei S. The Impact of Colchicine on COVID-19 patients: A Clinical Trial Study. Mediterr J Rheumatol 2022; 33:232-236. [PMID: 36128202 PMCID: PMC9450200 DOI: 10.31138/mjr.33.2.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome due to COVID-19 infection has evolved into a global pandemic. This study has been designed to evaluate colchicine as an anti-inflammatory agent among COVID-19 patients regarding the disease course, duration of hospitalisation, and its morbidity and mortality rate. Methods This prospective randomised and double-blind clinical trial study included 100 COVID-19 hospitalized patients with moderate symptoms from May 21 to June 20, 2020. They were randomised in a 1:1 allocation to placebo and colchicine groups plus recommended standard guideline and protocol of health system. Colchicine 1 mg has been taken daily for 6 days. All data including associated symptoms, co-existed disease and duration of hospitalisation evaluated initially, and then 2 weeks after discharge; moreover, their mortality and morbidity, re-admission, and deteriorations of symptoms were assessed during this period. Results 59% were female with median age 56 years old. There was no significant difference between them in terms of age and sex. Two groups did not show significant difference about underlying diseases and various clinical and para clinical findings evaluation. However, there were significant difference in colchicine group regarding for shorter duration of fever (P<0.05) and hospitalisation (P<0.05). Although in colchicine group dyspnoea improved more rapidly than the placebo group, it was not meaningful. Conclusion Colchicine can be effective in amelioration of systemic symptoms and duration of hospitalisation probably by inhibition of inflammatory biomarkers in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Salehzadeh
- Pediatric Department, Bouali Children`s Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS), Ardabil, Iran
| | - Farhad Pourfarzi
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS), Ardabil, Iran
| | - Sobhan Ataei
- Pediatric Department, Bouali Children’s Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS), Ardabil, Iran
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85
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McLeish KR, Shrestha R, Vashishta A, Rane MJ, Barati MT, Brier ME, Lau MG, Hu X, Chen O, Wessel CR, Spalding T, Bush SE, Ijemere K, Hopkins CD, Cooke EA, Tandon S, Manning T, Uriarte SM, Huang J, Yan J. Differential Functional Responses of Neutrophil Subsets in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879686. [PMID: 35711435 PMCID: PMC9197482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a significant role in determining disease severity following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gene and protein expression defines several neutrophil clusters in COVID-19, including the emergence of low density neutrophils (LDN) that are associated with severe disease. The functional capabilities of these neutrophil clusters and correlation with gene and protein expression are unknown. To define host defense and immunosuppressive functions of normal density neutrophils (NDN) and LDN from COVID-19 patients, we recruited 64 patients with severe COVID-19 and 26 healthy donors (HD). Phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity, degranulation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and T-cell suppression in those neutrophil subsets were measured. NDN from severe/critical COVID-19 patients showed evidence of priming with enhanced phagocytosis, respiratory burst activity, and degranulation of secretory vesicles and gelatinase and specific granules, while NET formation was similar to HD NDN. COVID LDN response was impaired except for enhanced NET formation. A subset of COVID LDN with intermediate CD16 expression (CD16Int LDN) promoted T cell proliferation to a level similar to HD NDN, while COVID NDN and the CD16Hi LDN failed to stimulate T-cell activation. All 3 COVID-19 neutrophil populations suppressed stimulation of IFN-γ production, compared to HD NDN. We conclude that NDN and LDN from COVID-19 patients possess complementary functional capabilities that may act cooperatively to determine disease severity. We predict that global neutrophil responses that induce COVID-19 ARDS will vary depending on the proportion of neutrophil subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R. McLeish
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Kenneth R. McLeish, ; Jun Yan,
| | - Rejeena Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Madhavi J. Rane
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Michelle T. Barati
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Michael E. Brier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mario Gutierrez Lau
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Oscar Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Caitlin R. Wessel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Travis Spalding
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sarah E. Bush
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kenechi Ijemere
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - C. Danielle Hopkins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Cooke
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Shweta Tandon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Terri Manning
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Silvia M. Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, KY, United States
- Division of Immunotherapy, The Hiram C. Polk, Jr., MD Department of Surgery, Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Kenneth R. McLeish, ; Jun Yan,
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86
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Bigdelou B, Sepand MR, Najafikhoshnoo S, Negrete JAT, Sharaf M, Ho JQ, Sullivan I, Chauhan P, Etter M, Shekarian T, Liang O, Hutter G, Esfandiarpour R, Zanganeh S. COVID-19 and Preexisting Comorbidities: Risks, Synergies, and Clinical Outcomes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890517. [PMID: 35711466 PMCID: PMC9196863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated symptoms, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have rapidly spread worldwide, resulting in the declaration of a pandemic. When several countries began enacting quarantine and lockdown policies, the pandemic as it is now known truly began. While most patients have minimal symptoms, approximately 20% of verified subjects are suffering from serious medical consequences. Co-existing diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and others, have been shown to make patients more vulnerable to severe outcomes from COVID-19 by modulating host-viral interactions and immune responses, causing severe infection and mortality. In this review, we outline the putative signaling pathways at the interface of COVID-19 and several diseases, emphasizing the clinical and molecular implications of concurring diseases in COVID-19 clinical outcomes. As evidence is limited on co-existing diseases and COVID-19, most findings are preliminary, and further research is required for optimal management of patients with comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Bigdelou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Mohammad Reza Sepand
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Sahar Najafikhoshnoo
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Laboratory for Integrated Nano Bio Electronics Innovation, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jorge Alfonso Tavares Negrete
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Laboratory for Integrated Nano Bio Electronics Innovation, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mohammed Sharaf
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jim Q Ho
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ian Sullivan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
| | - Prashant Chauhan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Science, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Manina Etter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tala Shekarian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olin Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rahim Esfandiarpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Laboratory for Integrated Nano Bio Electronics Innovation, The Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Steven Zanganeh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, Dartmouth, MA, United States
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87
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Abdelkader H, El-Kassas M. Tailored treatment strategies for cancer patients during COVID-19 pandemic. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2022; 27:318-330. [PMID: 36299379 PMCID: PMC9591031 DOI: 10.5603/rpor.a2022.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of respiratory disease caused by the novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused indefinite global distress, uncertainty, and disturbance. This pandemic has had direct and indirect impacts for the healthcare systems across the world, but certain subgroups of patients have been particularly affected. Among these groups are patients with cancer, who as a result of their immunosuppressed status either from the disease itself or as a consequence of treatment, are at increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection and complications. The pandemic has also led to limited resources as medical services have been primarily directed to emergency care. In this context, physicians and healthcare providers have had to balance the importance of continuing treatment of cancer patients with the risk of virus infection. In this review, we outline the treatment strategies for cancer patients during this pandemic, focusing on tailored treatment in this challenging situation of varying risks and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham Abdelkader
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Kassas
- Endemic Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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88
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Stukova МА, Rydlovskaya AV, Proskurina OV, Mochalov SV, Shurygina APS, Nebolsin VE. <em>In vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> pharmacodynamic activity of the new compound XC221GI in models of the viral inflammation of the respiratory tract. MICROBIOLOGY INDEPENDENT RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.18527/2500-2236-2022-9-1-56-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The viruses most commonly affecting the human respiratory tract include rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, and coronaviruses (CoVs). The virus infection of the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract triggers an inflammation accompanied by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL6, IL8(CXCL8), IL1β, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). A subsequent acute inflammatory response in the lungs is accompanied by an increase in the production of cytokines and chemokines − CXCR3 receptor ligands – that are key players of acute inflammatory response that induce an influx of neutrophils and T cells into the lungs.We studied the pharmacodynamic activity of the new compound XC221GI to suppress the IL6 and IL8 of an experimental RSV infection in vitro in human lung carcinoma cells A549 and in vivo in the lungs of cotton rats. We also studied the effect of XC221GI on the production of the chemokines CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage as well as on the influx of neutrophils into the mouse lungs after the intranasal administration of interferon γ (IFNγ).The obtained results demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of XC221GI, which suppresses the production of excessive levels of the key inflammatory markers IL6, IL8, CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 as well as the influx of neutrophils into the lungs thereby reducing lung pathology. These data confirm the effectiveness of XC221GI as a means of preventive anti-inflammatory therapy during a viral infection of the respiratory tract.
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89
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Arruda LCM, Gaballa A, Da Silva Rodrigues R, Makower B, Uhlin M. SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)-specific T cell and B cell responses in convalescent rheumatoid arthritis: Monozygotic twins pair case observation. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13151. [PMID: 35212005 PMCID: PMC9115348 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients present higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19), and proper management of the disease in this population requires a better understanding of how the immune system controls the virus. We analyzed the T cell and B cell phenotypes, and their repertoire in a pair of monozygotic twins with RA mismatched for COVID-19 infection. Twin- was not infected, while Twin+ was infected and effectively controlled the infection. We found no significant changes on the αβ T cell composition, while γδ T cells and B cells presented considerable expansion of memory population in Twin+ and robust T/B cell responses to several SARS-CoV-2 peptides. T cell receptor β/γ-chain and immunoglobulin heavy chain next-generation sequencing depicted a remarkable higher diversity in Twin+ compared with Twin-, despite no significant changes being found in variable/joining family usage. Repertoire overlap analyses showed that, although being identical twins, very few clones were shared between them, indicating that COVID-19 may lead to deep changes on the immune cell repertoire in RA patients. Altogether, our results indicate that RA patients may develop robust and persistent COVID-19-specific T/B cell responses; γδ T cells and B cells may play a key role in the management of COVID-19 in RA, and the infection may lead to a profound reshaping of immune cell receptor specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C. M. Arruda
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Ahmed Gaballa
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Rui Da Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | | | - Michael Uhlin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Applied PhysicsScience for Life LaboratoryRoyal Institute of TechnologyStockholmSweden
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90
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Fiorito S, Soligo M, Gao Y, Ogulur I, Akdis C, Bonini S. Is the epithelial barrier hypothesis the key to understanding the higher incidence and excess mortality during COVID-19 pandemic? The case of Northern Italy. Allergy 2022; 77:1408-1417. [PMID: 35102595 PMCID: PMC9304271 DOI: 10.1111/all.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence and increased mortality of COVID-19 make Italy among the most impacted countries by SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. In the beginning of the pandemic, Northern regions accounted for 40% of cases and 45% of deaths from COVID-19 in Italy. Several factors have been suggested to explain the higher incidence and excess mortality from COVID-19 in these regions. It is noticed that Northern Italian regions, and particularly the cities in Po Valley, are the areas with the highest air pollution due to commercial vehicle traffic, industry and a stagnant meteorological condition, with one of the highest levels in Italy and Europe of fine particulate matter 2.5 micron or smaller in size (PM2.5). PM2.5, the major environmental pollutant deriving mainly by factory and automobile exhaust emissions and coal combustion, increases the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the epithelial cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and thus increase the susceptibility to this virus. The epithelial barrier hypothesis proposes that many diverse diseases may rise from the disruption of epithelial barrier of skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal system, including allergic diseases, metabolic and autoimmune diseases, and chronic neuropsychiatric conditions. There is evidence of a close correlation between air pollution and airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. Air pollution, causing lung epithelial barrier dysfunction, may contribute to local chronic inflammation, microbiome dysbiosis and impaired antiviral immune response against SARS-CoV-2, all of which contribute to the high incidence and excess mortality from COVID-19. In addition, air pollution and epithelial barrier dysfunction contribute also to the higher prevalence of several comorbidities of COVID-19, such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity, which have been identified as risk factors for mortality of COVID-19. In this article, on the basis of epidemiological and environmental monitoring data in Northern Italy, it is suggested that epithelial barrier hypothesis may help to understand the excess burden and mortality from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Fiorito
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of AllergologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Sergio Bonini
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
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91
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Farzi R, Aghbash PS, Eslami N, Azadi A, Shamekh A, Hemmat N, Entezari-Maleki T, Baghi HB. The role of antigen-presenting cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 233:153848. [PMID: 35338971 PMCID: PMC8941975 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.153848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the three lethal coronavirus outbreaks in the recent two decades and a serious threat to global health all over the world. The principal feature of the COVID-19 infection is the so-called "cytokine storm" exaggerated molecular response to virus distribution, which plays massive tissue and organ injury roles. Immunological treatments, including monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, have been suggested as the main approaches in treating and preventing this disease. Therefore, a proper investigation of the roles of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the aforementioned immunological responses appears essential. The present review will provide detailed information about APCs' role in the infection and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the effect of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Farzi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Eslami
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arezou Azadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Shamekh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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92
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Xiang M, Jing H, Wang C, Novakovic VA, Shi J. Persistent Lung Injury and Prothrombotic State in Long COVID. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862522. [PMID: 35464473 PMCID: PMC9021447 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung injury may persist during the recovery period of COVID-19 as shown through imaging, six-minute walk, and lung function tests. The pathophysiological mechanisms leading to long COVID have not been adequately explained. Our aim is to investigate the basis of pulmonary susceptibility during sequelae and the possibility that prothrombotic states may influence long-term pulmonary symptoms of COVID-19. The patient’s lungs remain vulnerable during the recovery stage due to persistent shedding of the virus, the inflammatory environment, the prothrombotic state, and injury and subsequent repair of the blood-air barrier. The transformation of inflammation to proliferation and fibrosis, hypoxia-involved vascular remodeling, vascular endothelial cell damage, phosphatidylserine-involved hypercoagulability, and continuous changes in serological markers all contribute to post-discharge lung injury. Considering the important role of microthrombus and arteriovenous thrombus in the process of pulmonary functional lesions to organic lesions, we further study the possibility that prothrombotic states, including pulmonary vascular endothelial cell activation and hypercoagulability, may affect long-term pulmonary symptoms in long COVID. Early use of combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy is a promising approach to reduce the incidence of pulmonary sequelae. Essentially, early treatment can block the occurrence of thrombotic events. Because impeded pulmonary circulation causes large pressure imbalances over the alveolar membrane leading to the infiltration of plasma into the alveolar cavity, inhibition of thrombotic events can prevent pulmonary hypertension, formation of lung hyaline membranes, and lung consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xiang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haijiao Jing
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Valerie A Novakovic
- Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jialan Shi
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Research, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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93
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Hsu RJ, Yu WC, Peng GR, Ye CH, Hu S, Chong PCT, Yap KY, Lee JYC, Lin WC, Yu SH. The Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832394. [PMID: 35464491 PMCID: PMC9021400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in countless infections and caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated mortality is caused by uncontrolled inflammation, aberrant immune response, cytokine storm, and an imbalanced hyperactive immune system. The cytokine storm further results in multiple organ failure and lung immunopathology. Therefore, any potential treatments should focus on the direct elimination of viral particles, prevention strategies, and mitigation of the imbalanced (hyperactive) immune system. This review focuses on cytokine secretions of innate and adaptive immune responses against COVID-19, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and other chemokines. In addition to the review focus, we discuss potential immunotherapeutic approaches based on relevant pathophysiological features, the systemic immune response against SARS-CoV-2, and data from recent clinical trials and experiments on the COVID-19-associated cytokine storm. Prompt use of these cytokines as diagnostic markers and aggressive prevention and management of the cytokine storm can help determine COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality. The prophylaxis and rapid management of the cytokine storm appear to significantly improve disease outcomes. For these reasons, this study aims to provide advanced information to facilitate innovative strategies to survive in the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jun Hsu
- Cancer Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Ru Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ye
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - SuiYun Hu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Kah Yi Yap
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Yu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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94
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Levy G, Guglielmelli P, Langmuir P, Constantinescu S. JAK inhibitors and COVID-19. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-002838. [PMID: 35459733 PMCID: PMC9035837 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the innate immune response can be inhibited or delayed, and the subsequent persistent viral replication can induce emergency signals that may culminate in a cytokine storm contributing to the severe evolution of COVID-19. Cytokines are key regulators of the immune response and virus clearance, and, as such, are linked to the—possibly altered—response to the SARS-CoV-2. They act via a family of more than 40 transmembrane receptors that are coupled to one or several of the 4 Janus kinases (JAKs) coded by the human genome, namely JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK2. Once activated, JAKs act on pathways for either survival, proliferation, differentiation, immune regulation or, in the case of type I interferons, antiviral and antiproliferative effects. Studies of graft-versus-host and systemic rheumatic diseases indicated that JAK inhibitors (JAKi) exert immunosuppressive effects that are non-redundant with those of corticotherapy. Therefore, they hold the potential to cut-off pathological reactions in COVID-19. Significant clinical experience already exists with several JAKi in COVID-19, such as baricitinib, ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, and nezulcitinib, which were suggested by a meta-analysis (Patoulias et al.) to exert a benefit in terms of risk reduction concerning major outcomes when added to standard of care in patients with COVID-19. Yet, only baricitinib is recommended in first line for severe COVID-19 treatment by the WHO, as it is the only JAKi that has proven efficient to reduce mortality in individual randomized clinical trials (RCT), especially the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-2) and COV-BARRIER phase 3 trials. As for secondary effects of JAKi treatment, the main caution with baricitinib consists in the induced immunosuppression as long-term side effects should not be an issue in patients treated for COVID-19. We discuss whether a class effect of JAKi may be emerging in COVID-19 treatment, although at the moment the convincing data are for baricitinib only. Given the key role of JAK1 in both type I IFN action and signaling by cytokines involved in pathogenic effects, establishing the precise timing of treatment will be very important in future trials, along with the control of viral replication by associating antiviral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levy
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Hematology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Signal Transduction on Molecular Hematology, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paola Guglielmelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy.,Center of Research and Innovation for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (CRIMM), Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Peter Langmuir
- Oncology Targeted Therapeutics, Incyte Corp, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Stefan Constantinescu
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Hematology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium .,Signal Transduction on Molecular Hematology, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium.,WELBIO, Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Oxford, UK
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95
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Albayrak N, Orte Cano C, Karimi S, Dogahe D, Van Praet A, Godefroid A, Del Marmol V, Grimaldi D, Bondue B, Van Vooren JP, Mascart F, Corbière V. Distinct Expression Patterns of Interleukin-22 Receptor 1 on Blood Hematopoietic Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:769839. [PMID: 35422799 PMCID: PMC9004465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.769839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The new pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by uncontrolled hyper-inflammation in severe cases. As the IL-22/IL-22R1 axis was reported to be involved in inflammation during viral infections, we characterized the expression of IL-22 receptor1, IL-22 and IL-22 binding protein in COVID-19 patients. Blood samples were collected from 19 non-severe and 14 severe patients on the day they presented (D0), at D14, and six months later, and from 6 non-infected controls. The IL-22R1 expression was characterized by flow cytometry. Results were related to HLA-DR expression of myeloid cells, to plasma concentrations of different cytokines and chemokines and NK cells and T lymphocytes functions characterized by their IFN-γ, IL-22, IL-17A, granzyme B and perforin content. The numbers of IL-22R1+ classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes and the proportions of IL-22R1+ plasmacytoid DC (pDC), myeloid DC1 and DC2 (mDC1, mDC2) were higher in patients than controls at D0. The proportions of IL-22R1+ classical and intermediate monocytes, and pDC and mDC2 remained high for six months. High proportions of IL-22R1+ non-classical monocytes and mDC2 displayed HLA-DRhigh expression and were thus activated. Multivariate analysis for all IL-22R1+ myeloid cells discriminated the severity of the disease (AUC=0.9023). However, correlation analysis between IL-22R1+ cell subsets and plasma chemokine concentrations suggested pro-inflammatory effects of some subsets and protective effects of others. The numbers of IL-22R1+ classical monocytes and pDC were positively correlated with pro-inflammatory chemokines MCP-1 and IP-10 in severe infections, whereas IL-22R1+ intermediate monocytes were negatively correlated with IL-6, IFN-α and CRP in non-severe infections. Moreover, in the absence of in vitro stimulation, NK and CD4+ T cells produced IFN-γ and IL-22, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells produced IL-17A. CD4+ T lymphocytes also expressed IL-22R1, the density of its expression defining two different functional subsets. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by an abnormal expression of IL22R1 on blood myeloid cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Our results suggest that the involvement of the IL-22R1/IL-22 axis could be protective at the beginning of SARS-CoV-2 infection but could shift to a detrimental response over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhan Albayrak
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen Orte Cano
- Department of Dermatology, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sina Karimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Dogahe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Van Praet
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Godefroid
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Grimaldi
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Bondue
- Department of Pneumology, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Van Vooren
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Immunodeficiency Unit, Hopital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Corbière
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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96
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Clark IA. Chronic cerebral aspects of long COVID, post-stroke syndromes and similar states share their pathogenesis and perispinal etanercept treatment logic. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00926. [PMID: 35174650 PMCID: PMC8850677 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic neurological aspects of traumatic brain injury, post-stroke syndromes, long COVID-19, persistent Lyme disease, and influenza encephalopathy having close pathophysiological parallels that warrant being investigated in an integrated manner. A mechanism, common to all, for this persistence of the range of symptoms common to these conditions is described. While TNF maintains cerebral homeostasis, its excessive production through either pathogen-associated molecular patterns or damage-associated molecular patterns activity associates with the persistence of the symptoms common across both infectious and non-infectious conditions. The case is made that this shared chronicity arises from a positive feedback loop causing the persistence of the activation of microglia by the TNF that these cells generate. Lowering this excess TNF is the logical way to reducing this persistent, TNF-maintained, microglial activation. While too large to negotiate the blood-brain barrier effectively, the specific anti-TNF biological, etanercept, shows promise when administered by the perispinal route, which allows it to bypass this obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Albert Clark
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
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97
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Chang T, Yang J, Deng H, Chen D, Yang X, Tang ZH. Depletion and Dysfunction of Dendritic Cells: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:843342. [PMID: 35265087 PMCID: PMC8898834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.843342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infection is closely related to disorders of the innate immune and delayed adaptive immune systems. Dendritic cells (DCs) “bridge” innate immunity and adaptive immunity. DCs have important roles in defending against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we summarize the latest research concerning the role of DCs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. We focus on the complex interplay between DCs and SARS-CoV-2: pyroptosis-induced activation; activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; and activation of dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin. We also discuss the decline in DC number, the impaired antigen-presentation capability, and the reduced production of type-I interferon of DCs in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, we discuss the potential mechanisms for pathological activation of DCs to understand the pattern of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lastly, we provide a brief overview of novel vaccination and immunotherapy strategies based on DC targeting to overcome SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teding Chang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji, China
| | - Jingzhi Yang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji, China
| | - Hai Deng
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji, China
| | - Deng Chen
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji, China
| | - XiangPing Yang
- Department of Immunology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji, China
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98
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Smatti MK, Alkhatib HA, Al Thani AA, Yassine HM. Will Host Genetics Affect the Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines? Historical Precedents. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:802312. [PMID: 35360730 PMCID: PMC8962369 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.802312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in genomics and bioinformatics technologies have allowed for the emergence of immunogenomics field. This intersection of immunology and genetics has broadened our understanding of how the immune system responds to infection and vaccination. While the immunogenetic basis of the huge clinical variability in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is currently being extensively studied, the host genetic determinants of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines remain largely unknown. Previous reports evidenced that vaccines may not protect all populations or individuals equally, due to multiple host- and vaccine-specific factors. Several studies on vaccine response to measles, rubella, hepatitis B, smallpox, and influenza highlighted the contribution of genetic mutations or polymorphisms in modulating the innate and adaptive immunity following vaccination. Specifically, genetic variants in genes encoding virus receptors, antigen presentation, cytokine production, or related to immune cells activation and differentiation could influence how an individual responds to vaccination. Although such knowledge could be utilized to generate personalized vaccine strategies to optimize the vaccine response, studies in this filed are still scarce. Here, we briefly summarize the scientific literature related to the immunogenetic determinants of vaccine-induced immunity, highlighting the possible role of host genetics in response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K. Smatti
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Hadi M. Yassine
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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99
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Peng B, Luo Y, Zhuang Q, Li J, Zhang P, Yang M, Zhang Y, Kong G, Cheng K, Ming Y. The Expansion of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Correlates With the Severity of Pneumonia in Kidney Transplant Patients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:795392. [PMID: 35242775 PMCID: PMC8885803 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.795392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pneumonia is one of the most frequent but serious infectious complications post kidney transplantation. Severe pneumonia induces sustained immunosuppression, but few parameters concerning immune status are used to assess the severity of pneumonia. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are induced under infection and have the strong immunosuppressive capacity, but the correlation between MDSCs and pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) is unknown. Methods Peripheral blood MDSCs were longitudinally detected in 58 KTRs diagnosed with pneumonia using flow cytometry and in 29 stable KTRs as a control. The effectors of MDSCs were detected in the plasma. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation between MDSCs and the severity of pneumonia as well as lymphopenia. Results The frequency of MDSCs and effectors, including arginase-1, S100A8/A9, and S100A12, were significantly increased in the pneumonia group compared with the stable group. CD11b+CD14+HLA-DRlow/−CD15− monocytic-MDSCs (M-MDSCs) were higher in the pneumonia group but showed no significant difference between the severe and non-severe pneumonia subgroups. CD11b+CD14−CD15+ low-density granulocytic-MDSCs (G-MDSCs) were specifically increased in the severe pneumonia subgroup and correlated with the severity of pneumonia as well as lymphopenia. During the study period of 2 weeks, the frequencies of MDSCs and G-MDSCs were persistently increased in the severe pneumonia subgroup. Conclusions MDSCs and G-MDSCs were persistently increased in KTRs with pneumonia. G-MDSCs were correlated with the severity of pneumonia and could thus be an indicator concerning immune status for assessing pneumonia severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Yulin Luo
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Zhuang
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Junhui Li
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Pengpeng Zhang
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Min Yang
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Gangcheng Kong
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- Transplantation Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Engineering and Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Health Commission, Changsha, China
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100
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Latif MB, Shukla S, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ribeiro SP, Sekaly RP, Sharma AA. Immune mechanisms in cancer patients that lead to poor outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Transl Res 2022; 241:83-95. [PMID: 34871809 PMCID: PMC8641406 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancers have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This is highlighted by the adverse outcomes in cancer patients with COVID-19 as well as by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer care. Patients with cancer constitute a heterogeneous population that exhibits distinct mechanisms of immune dysfunction, associated with distinct systemic features of hot (T-cell-inflamed/infiltrated) and cold (Non-T-cell-inflamed and/or infiltrated) tumors. The former show hyper immune activated cells and a highly inflammatory environment while, contrastingly, the latter show the profile of a senescent and/or quiescent immune system. Thus, the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different types of cancers can show distinct trajectories which could lead to a variety of clinical and pathophysiological outcomes. The altered immunological environment including cytokines that characterizes hot and cold tumors will lead to different mechanisms of immune dysfunction, which will result in downstream effects on the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review will focus on defining the known contributions of soluble pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators on immune function including altered T-cells and B-cells responses and as well on how these factors modulate the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2, TMPRSS2 expression, and lymph node fibrosis in cancer patients. We will propose immune mechanisms that underlie the distinct courses of SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients and impact on the success of immune based therapies that have significantly improved cancer outcomes. Better understanding of the immune mechanisms prevalent in cancer patients that are associated to the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection will help to identify the high-risk cancer patients and develop immune-based approaches to prevent significant adverse outcomes by targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Latif
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Perla Mariana Del Rio Estrada
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rafick Pierre Sekaly
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Ashish Arunkumar Sharma
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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