51
|
Iwakura H, Fujii K, Furutani Y, Takatani T, Ebata R, Nakanishi T, Mitsunaga T, Saito T, Kishimoto T, Yoshida H, Shimojo N. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome associated with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:64-6. [PMID: 26818569 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypoplastic nails, polydactyly, and achondroplasia. Patients usually exhibit normal cognitive function and no remarkable developmental delay. We herein present an unusual case of EVC syndrome. A Japanese 2-year-old boy was born at term, but immediately developed severe respiratory failure due to thorax deformity, postaxial polydactyly and nail hypoplasia. We identified a novel pattern of germinal compound heterozygous nonsense EVC2 mutations of c.1814C > A (p. S605X) and c.2653C > T (p. R885X), leading to the diagnosis of EVC syndrome. Interestingly, he also had severe developmental delay, and suddenly developed excessive abdominal distension at the age of 2. On surgery, extensive necrotic bowel with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction was noted. This is, to our knowledge, a most severe phenotype of EVC syndrome, illustrating that the specific pattern of EVC2 compound heterozygous mutations may cause severe developmental delay and intestinal malfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Iwakura
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujii
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Furutani
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomozumi Takatani
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryota Ebata
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mitsunaga
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kishimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideo Yoshida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Novel homozygous mutations in the EVC and EVC2 genes in two consanguineous families segregating autosomal recessive Ellis–van Creveld syndrome. Clin Dysmorphol 2016; 25:1-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
53
|
Novel mutations in EVC cause aberrant splicing in Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Mol Genet Genomics 2015; 291:863-72. [PMID: 26621368 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by disproportionate chondrodysplasia, postaxial polydactyly, nail dystrophy, dental abnormalities and in a proportion of patients, congenital cardiac malformations. Weyers acrofacial dysostosis (Weyers) is another dominantly inherited disorder allelic to EvC syndrome but with milder phenotypes. Both disorders can result from loss-of-function mutations in either EVC or EVC2 gene, and phenotypes associated with the two gene mutations are clinically indistinguishable. We present here a clinical and molecular analysis of a Chinese family manifested specific features of EvC syndrome. Sequencing of both EVC and EVC2 identified two novel heterozygous splice site mutations c.384+5G>C in intron 3 and c.1465-1G>A in intron 10 in EVC, which were inherited from mother and father, respectively. In vitro minigene expression assay, RT-PCR and sequencing analysis demonstrated that c.384+5G>C mutation abolished normal splice site and created a new cryptic acceptor site within exon 4, whereas c.1465-1G>A mutation affected consensus splice junction site and resulted in full exon 11 skipping. These two aberrant pre-mRNA splicing processes both produced in-frame abnormal transcripts that possibly led to abolishment of important functional domains. To our knowledge, this is the first report of EVC mutations that cause EvC syndrome in Chinese population. Our data revealed that EVC splice site mutations altered splicing pattern and helped elucidate the pathogenesis of EvC syndrome.
Collapse
|
54
|
Ajmi H, Ruiz Perez VL, Hassayoun S, Mabrouk S, Mahdoui S, Boughzela E, Zouari N, Abroug S. Ellis van Creveld syndrome in a Tunisian child revealed by an Eisenmenger syndrome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS AND ADOLESCENT MEDICINE 2015; 2:161-165. [PMID: 30805457 PMCID: PMC6372401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpam.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) is an autosomal recessive inherited disease resulting from mutations in EVC1 or EVC2. Patients with this condition normally have chondrodysplasia, postaxial polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia and congenital heart defects. We report the case of a 13-year-old Tunisian child who was admitted for cyanosis and acute heart failure. On clinical examination, he presented with typical features of EvC, cyanosis and dyspnea. EvC was confirmed by genetic tests, and echocardiography showed a partial atrioventricular canal defect with supra-systemic pulmonary artery pressure. The patient was treated; however, the evolution was fatal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houda Ajmi
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +216 73367438; fax: +216 73367451.
| | - Victor L. Ruiz Perez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíWcas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saida Hassayoun
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sameh Mabrouk
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sana Mahdoui
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Essia Boughzela
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Noura Zouari
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saoussan Abroug
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Sahloul, Sousse, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Zhang H, Takeda H, Tsuji T, Kamiya N, Rajderkar S, Louie K, Collier C, Scott G, Ray M, Mochida Y, Kaartinen V, Kunieda T, Mishina Y. Generation of Evc2/Limbin global and conditional KO mice and its roles during mineralized tissue formation. Genesis 2015. [PMID: 26219237 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome (OMIM 225500) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized with chondrodysplastic dwarfism in association with abnormalities in oral cavity. Ciliary proteins EVC and EVC2 have been identified as causative genes and they play an important role on Hedgehog signal transduction. We have also identified a causative gene LIMBIN for bovine chondrodysplastic dwarfism (bcd) that is later identified as the bovine ortholog of EVC2. Here, we report generation of conventional and conditional mutant Evc2/Limbin alleles that mimics mutations found in EvC patients and bcd cattle. Resulted homozygous mice showed no ciliary localization of EVC2 and EVC and displayed reduced Hedgehog signaling activity in association with skeletal and oral defects similar to the EvC patients. Cartilage-specific disruption of Evc2/Limbin resulted in similar but milder skeletal defects, whereas osteoblast-specific disruption did not cause overt changes in skeletal system. Neural crest-specific disruption of Evc2/Limbin resulted in defective incisor growth similar to that seen in conventional knockouts; however, differentiation of amelobolasts was relatively normal in the conditional knockouts. These results showcased functions of EVC2/LIMBIN during formation of mineralized tissues. Availability of the conditional allele for this gene should facilitate further detailed analyses of the role of EVC2/LIMBIN in pathogenesis of EvC syndrome. genesis 53:612-626, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 1 Avenue De L'hôpital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- The Graduate School of Environment and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan.,Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Sudha Rajderkar
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Ke'Ale Louie
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Crystal Collier
- College of Literature, Science and the Arts, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Greg Scott
- Knock out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Manas Ray
- Knock out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, 700 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vesa Kaartinen
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- The Graduate School of Environment and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Michigan.,Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.,Knock out Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Cortés CR, Metzis V, Wicking C. Unmasking the ciliopathies: craniofacial defects and the primary cilium. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:637-53. [PMID: 26173831 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the primary cilium has emerged as a pivotal sensory organelle that acts as a major signaling hub for a number of developmental signaling pathways. In that time, a vast number of proteins involved in trafficking and signaling have been linked to ciliary assembly and/or function, demonstrating the importance of this organelle during embryonic development. Given the central role of the primary cilium in regulating developmental signaling, it is not surprising that its dysfunction results in widespread defects in the embryo, leading to an expanding class of human congenital disorders known as ciliopathies. These disorders are individually rare and phenotypically variable, but together they affect virtually every vertebrate organ system. Features of ciliopathies that are often overlooked, but which are being reported with increasing frequency, are craniofacial abnormalities, ranging from subtle midline defects to full-blown orofacial clefting. The challenge moving forward is to understand the primary mechanism of disease given the link between the primary cilium and a number of developmental signaling pathways (such as hedgehog, platelet-derived growth factor, and WNT signaling) that are essential for craniofacial development. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of craniofacial abnormalities present in the ciliopathy spectrum, and reveal those defects in common across multiple disorders. Further, we discuss the molecular defects and potential signaling perturbations underlying these anomalies. This provides insight into the mechanisms leading to ciliopathy phenotypes more generally and highlights the prevalence of widespread dysmorphologies resulting from cilia dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Cortés
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vicki Metzis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Muscatello LV, Benazzi C, Dittmer KE, Thompson KG, Murgiano L, Drögemüller C, Avallone G, Gentile A, Edwards JF, Piffer C, Bolcato M, Brunetti B. Ellis–van Creveld Syndrome in Grey Alpine Cattle. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:957-66. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985815588610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ellis–van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is a human autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in either the EVC or EVC2 gene, and presents with short limbs, polydactyly, and ectodermal and heart defects. The aim of this study was to understand the pathologic basis by which deletions in the EVC2 gene lead to chondrodysplastic dwarfism and to describe the morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular hallmarks of EvC syndrome in cattle. Five Grey Alpine calves, with a known mutation in the EVC2 gene, were autopsied. Immunohistochemistry was performed on bone using antibodies to collagen II, collagen X, sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor 2, and Ki67. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze EVC1 and EVC2 gene expression. Autopsy revealed long bones that were severely reduced in length, as well as genital and heart defects. Collagen II was detected in control calves in the resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic zones and in the primary and secondary spongiosa, with a loss of labeling in the resting zone of 2 dwarfs. Collagen X was expressed in hypertrophic zone in the controls but was absent in the EvC cases. In affected calves and controls, sonic hedgehog labeled hypertrophic chondrocytes and primary and secondary spongiosa similarly. FGF2 was expressed in chondrocytes of all growth plate zones in the control calves but was lost in most EvC cases. The Ki67 index was lower in cases compared with controls. EVC and EVC2 transcripts were detected. Our data suggest that EvC syndrome of Grey Alpine cattle is a disorder of chondrocyte differentiation, with accelerated differentiation and premature hypertrophy of chondrocytes, and could be a spontaneous model for the equivalent human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Muscatello
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Benazzi
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - K. E. Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K. G. Thompson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - L. Murgiano
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C. Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G. Avallone
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Gentile
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - C. Piffer
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M. Bolcato
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - B. Brunetti
- DIMEVET, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Caparrós-Martín JA, De Luca A, Cartault F, Aglan M, Temtamy S, Otaify GA, Mehrez M, Valencia M, Vázquez L, Alessandri JL, Nevado J, Rueda-Arenas I, Heath KE, Digilio MC, Dallapiccola B, Goodship JA, Mill P, Lapunzina P, Ruiz-Perez VL. Specific variants in WDR35 cause a distinctive form of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome by disrupting the recruitment of the EvC complex and SMO into the cilium. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4126-37. [PMID: 25908617 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) are identified with pathogenic changes in EVC or EVC2, however further genetic heterogeneity has been suggested. In this report we describe pathogenic splicing variants in WDR35, encoding retrograde intraflagellar transport protein 121 (IFT121), in three families with a clinical diagnosis of EvC but having a distinctive phenotype. To understand why WDR35 variants result in EvC, we analysed EVC, EVC2 and Smoothened (SMO) in IFT-A deficient cells. We found that the three proteins failed to localize to Wdr35(-/-) cilia, but not to the cilium of the IFT retrograde motor mutant Dync2h1(-/-), indicating that IFT121 is specifically required for their entry into the ciliary compartment. Furthermore expression of Wdr35 disease cDNAs in Wdr35(-/-) fibroblasts revealed that the newly identified variants lead to Hedgehog signalling defects resembling those of Evc(-/-) and Evc2(-/-) mutants. Together our data indicate that splicing variants in WDR35, and possibly in other IFT-A components, underlie a number of EvC cases by disrupting targeting of both the EvC complex and SMO to cilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A Caparrós-Martín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro De Luca
- Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza Hospital, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - François Cartault
- CHU de la Réunion Hôpital Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis, Île de la Réunion, France
| | - Mona Aglan
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samia Temtamy
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada A Otaify
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mennat Mehrez
- Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, Centre of Excellence of Human Genetics, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - María Valencia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Vázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Alessandri
- CHU de la Réunion Hôpital Félix Guyon, Saint-Denis, Île de la Réunion, France
| | - Julián Nevado
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rueda-Arenas
- Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen E Heath
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Judith A Goodship
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK and
| | - Pleasantine Mill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular (INGEMM), Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor L Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Subasioglu A, Savas S, Kucukyilmaz E, Kesim S, Yagci A, Dundar M. Genetic background of supernumerary teeth. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:153-158. [PMID: 25713500 PMCID: PMC4319293 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.149670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Supernumerary teeth (ST) are odontostomatologic anomaly characterized by as the existence excessive number of teeth in relation to the normal dental formula. This condition is commonly seen with several congenital genetic disorders such as Gardner's syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis and cleft lip and palate. Less common syndromes that are associated with ST are; Fabry Disease, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Nance-Horan syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome and Trico–Rhino–Phalangeal syndrome. ST can be an important component of a distinctive disorder and an important clue for early diagnosis. Certainly early detecting the abnormalities gives us to make correct management of the patient and also it is important for making well-informed decisions about long-term medical care and treatment. In this review, the genetic syndromes that are related with ST were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Subasioglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Selcuk Savas
- Department of Pedodontics, Dentistry Faculty, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Ebru Kucukyilmaz
- Department of Pedodontics, Dentistry Faculty, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Servet Kesim
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Ahmet Yagci
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Munis Dundar
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
McInerney-Leo A, Harris J, Leo P, Marshall M, Gardiner B, Kinning E, Leong H, McKenzie F, Ong W, Vodopiutz J, Wicking C, Brown M, Zankl A, Duncan E. Whole exome sequencing is an efficient, sensitive and specific method for determining the genetic cause of short-rib thoracic dystrophies. Clin Genet 2015; 88:550-7. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A.M. McInerney-Leo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - J.E. Harris
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - P.J. Leo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - M.S. Marshall
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - B. Gardiner
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - E. Kinning
- West of Scotland Genetics Service; Southern General Hospital; Glasgow G51 4TF UK
| | - H.Y. Leong
- Genetics Department; Hospital Kuala Lumpur; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - F. McKenzie
- Genetic Services of Western Australia; Subiaco WA 6008 Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health; The University of Western Australia; Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - W.P. Ong
- Genetics Department; Hospital Kuala Lumpur; Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - J. Vodopiutz
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Medical University of Vienna; A-1090 Vienna Waehringerguertel 18-20 Vienna Austria
| | - C. Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - M.A. Brown
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - A. Zankl
- Discipline of Genetic Medicine; The University of Sydney; Sydney Australia
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics; Sydney Children's Hospital Network (Westmead); Sydney Australia
| | - E.L. Duncan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, James Mayne Building; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital; Butterfield Road Herston QLD 4029 Australia
- The University of Queensland, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research; Herston QLD 4029 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Primary cilia are essential cellular organelles projecting from the cell surface to sense and transduce developmental signaling. They are tiny but have complicated structures containing microtubule (MT)-based internal structures (the axoneme) and mother centriole formed basal body. Intraflagellar transport (Ift) operated by Ift proteins and motors are indispensable for cilia formation and function. Mutations in Ift proteins or Ift motors cause various human diseases, some of which have severe bone defects. Over the last few decades, major advances have occurred in understanding the roles of these proteins and cilia in bone development and remodeling by examining cilia/Ift protein-related human diseases and establishing mouse transgenic models. In this review, we describe current advances in the understanding of the cilia/Ift structure and function. We further summarize cilia/Ift-related human diseases and current mouse models with an emphasis on bone-related phenotypes, cilia morphology, and signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yuan
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
- Developmental Genomics Group, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 701 Ellicott St, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Verma PK, El-Harouni AA. Review of literature: genes related to postaxial polydactyly. Front Pediatr 2015; 3:8. [PMID: 25717468 PMCID: PMC4324078 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postaxial polydactyly (PAP) is one of the commonest congenital malformations and usually is associated to several syndromes. There is no primary investigational strategy for PAP cases with single gene disorder in literature. PAP cases with single gene disorder can be classified according to common pathways and molecular basis. Molecular classification may help in diagnostic approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS All single gene disorders associated with PAP reported on PubMed and OMIM are analyzed and classified according to molecular basis. RESULTS Majority of genes related to cilia structure and functions are associated with PAP, so we classified them as ciliopathies and non-ciliopathies groups. Genes related to Shh-Gli3 pathway was the commonest group in non-ciliopathies. CONCLUSION Genes related to cilia are most commonly related to PAP due to their indirect relationship to Shh-Gli3 signaling pathway. Initially, PAP may be the only clinical finding with ciliopathies so those cases need follow up. Proper diagnosis is helpful for management and genetic counseling. Molecular approach may help to define pleiotropy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar Verma
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf A El-Harouni
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ; Department of Clinical Genetics, National Research Center , Cairo , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Li C, Zhang Y, Li J, Kong L, Hu H, Pan H, Xu L, Deng Y, Li Q, Jin L, Yu H, Chen Y, Liu B, Yang L, Liu S, Zhang Y, Lang Y, Xia J, He W, Shi Q, Subramanian S, Millar CD, Meader S, Rands CM, Fujita MK, Greenwold MJ, Castoe TA, Pollock DD, Gu W, Nam K, Ellegren H, Ho SYW, Burt DW, Ponting CP, Jarvis ED, Gilbert MTP, Yang H, Wang J, Lambert DM, Wang J, Zhang G. Two Antarctic penguin genomes reveal insights into their evolutionary history and molecular changes related to the Antarctic environment. Gigascience 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 25671092 PMCID: PMC4322438 DOI: 10.1186/2047-217x-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Penguins are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The distinctive morphological and physiological features of penguins allow them to live an aquatic life, and some of them have successfully adapted to the hostile environments in Antarctica. To study the phylogenetic and population history of penguins and the molecular basis of their adaptations to Antarctica, we sequenced the genomes of the two Antarctic dwelling penguin species, the Adélie penguin [Pygoscelis adeliae] and emperor penguin [Aptenodytes forsteri]. RESULTS Phylogenetic dating suggests that early penguins arose ~60 million years ago, coinciding with a period of global warming. Analysis of effective population sizes reveals that the two penguin species experienced population expansions from ~1 million years ago to ~100 thousand years ago, but responded differently to the climatic cooling of the last glacial period. Comparative genomic analyses with other available avian genomes identified molecular changes in genes related to epidermal structure, phototransduction, lipid metabolism, and forelimb morphology. CONCLUSIONS Our sequencing and initial analyses of the first two penguin genomes provide insights into the timing of penguin origin, fluctuations in effective population sizes of the two penguin species over the past 10 million years, and the potential associations between these biological patterns and global climate change. The molecular changes compared with other avian genomes reflect both shared and diverse adaptations of the two penguin species to the Antarctic environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Li
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yong Zhang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Jianwen Li
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Lesheng Kong
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Haofu Hu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Hailin Pan
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Luohao Xu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yuan Deng
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Qiye Li
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lijun Jin
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Hao Yu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yan Chen
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Binghang Liu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Linfeng Yang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Shiping Liu
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yongshan Lang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Jinquan Xia
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Weiming He
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Qiong Shi
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Sankar Subramanian
- />Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Craig D Millar
- />Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Meader
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Chris M Rands
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Matthew K Fujita
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
- />Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Matthew J Greenwold
- />Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
- />Biology Department, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76016 USA
| | - David D Pollock
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Wanjun Gu
- />Research Centre of Learning Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Kiwoong Nam
- />Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- />Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, C.F.Møllers Allé 8, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Hans Ellegren
- />Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simon YW Ho
- />School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - David W Burt
- />Department of Genomics and Genetics, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus Midlothian, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG UK
| | - Chris P Ponting
- />MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Erich D Jarvis
- />Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC27710 USA
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- />Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102 Australia
| | - Huanming Yang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Wang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - David M Lambert
- />Environmental Futures Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111 Australia
| | - Jun Wang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- />Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- />Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai long, Taipa, Macau, 999078 China
- />Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guojie Zhang
- />China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
- />Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen, DK-2100 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Fischer AS, Weathers WM, Wolfswinkel EM, Bollo RJ, Hollier LH, Buchanan EP. Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome with Sagittal Craniosynostosis. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2014; 8:132-5. [PMID: 26000085 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1393733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EVC) is a rare disorder (the incidence is estimated at around 7/1,000,000) characterized by the clinical tetrad of chondrodystrophy, polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and cardiac anomalies. Sagittal synostosis is characterized by a dolichocephalic head shape resulting from premature fusion of the sagittal suture. Both are rare disorders, which have never been reported together. We present a case of EVC and sagittal synostosis. We report the clinical features of a Hispanic boy with EVC and sagittal craniosynostosis who underwent cranial vault remodeling. The presentation of this patient is gone over in detail. A never before reported case of EVC and sagittal synostosis is presented in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Fischer
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. Debakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - William M Weathers
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. Debakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Erik M Wolfswinkel
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. Debakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert J Bollo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Larry H Hollier
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. Debakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Edward P Buchanan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Michael E. Debakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Liu B, Chen S, Johnson C, Helms JA. A ciliopathy with hydrocephalus, isolated craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, and clefting caused by deletion of Kif3a. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:88-97. [PMID: 24887031 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of the facial midline are a consistent feature among individuals with defects in primary cilia. Here, we provide a framework in which to consider how these primary cilia-dependent facial anomalies occur. We generated mice in which the intraflagellar transport protein Kif3a was deleted in cranial neural crest cells. The Kif3a phenotypes included isolated metopic craniosynostosis, delayed closure of the anterior fontanelles, and hydrocephalus, as well as midline facial anomalies including hypertelorism, cleft palate, and bifid nasal septum. Although all cranial neural crest cells had truncated primary cilia as a result of the conditional deletion, only those in the midline showed evidence of hyper-proliferation and ectopic Wnt responsiveness. Thus, cranial neural crest cells do not rely on primary cilia for their migration but once established in the facial prominences, midline cranial neural crest cells require Kif3a function in order to integrate and respond to Wnt signals from the surrounding epithelia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - S Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - C Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - J A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Murgiano L, Jagannathan V, Benazzi C, Bolcato M, Brunetti B, Muscatello LV, Dittmer K, Piffer C, Gentile A, Drögemüller C. Deletion in the EVC2 gene causes chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Tyrolean Grey cattle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94861. [PMID: 24733244 PMCID: PMC3986253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the summer of 2013 seven Italian Tyrolean Grey calves were born with abnormally short limbs. Detailed clinical and pathological examination revealed similarities to chondrodysplastic dwarfism. Pedigree analysis showed a common founder, assuming autosomal monogenic recessive transmission of the defective allele. A positional cloning approach combining genome wide association and homozygosity mapping identified a single 1.6 Mb genomic region on BTA 6 that was associated with the disease. Whole genome re-sequencing of an affected calf revealed a single candidate causal mutation in the Ellis van Creveld syndrome 2 (EVC2) gene. This gene is known to be associated with chondrodysplastic dwarfism in Japanese Brown cattle, and dwarfism, abnormal nails and teeth, and dysostosis in humans with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of a 2 bp deletion in exon 19 (c.2993_2994ACdel) that led to a premature stop codon in the coding sequence of bovine EVC2, and was concordant with the recessive pattern of inheritance in affected and carrier animals. This loss of function mutation confirms the important role of EVC2 in bone development. Genetic testing can now be used to eliminate this form of chondrodysplastic dwarfism from Tyrolean Grey cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Murgiano
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Marilena Bolcato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Barbara Brunetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Keren Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Christian Piffer
- Servizio Veterinario dell'Azienda Sanitaria dell'Alto Adige, Bozen, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Liu B, Chen S, Cheng D, Jing W, Helms JA. Primary cilia integrate hedgehog and Wnt signaling during tooth development. J Dent Res 2014; 93:475-82. [PMID: 24659776 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514528211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many ciliopathies have clinical features that include tooth malformations but how these defects come about is not clear. Here we show that genetic deletion of the motor protein Kif3a in dental mesenchyme results in an arrest in odontogenesis. Incisors are completely missing, and molars are enlarged in Wnt1(Cre+)Kif3a(fl/fl) embryos. Although amelogenesis and dentinogenesis initiate in the molar tooth bud, both processes terminate prematurely. We demonstrate that loss of Kif3a in dental mesenchyme results in loss of Hedgehog signaling and gain of Wnt signaling in this same tissue. The defective dental mesenchyme then aberrantly signals to the dental epithelia, which prompts an up-regulation in the Hedgehog and Wnt responses in the epithelia and leads to multiple attempts at invagination and an expanded enamel organ. Thus, the primary cilium integrates Hedgehog and Wnt signaling between dental epithelia and mesenchyme, and this cilia-dependent integration is required for proper tooth development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Pusapati GV, Hughes CE, Dorn KV, Zhang D, Sugianto P, Aravind L, Rohatgi R. EFCAB7 and IQCE regulate hedgehog signaling by tethering the EVC-EVC2 complex to the base of primary cilia. Dev Cell 2014; 28:483-96. [PMID: 24582806 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway depends on primary cilia in vertebrates, but the signaling machinery within cilia remains incompletely defined. We report the identification of a complex between two ciliary proteins, EFCAB7 and IQCE, which positively regulates the Hh pathway. The EFCAB7-IQCE module anchors the EVC-EVC2 complex in a signaling microdomain at the base of cilia. EVC and EVC2 genes are mutated in Ellis van Creveld and Weyers syndromes, characterized by impaired Hh signaling in skeletal, cardiac, and orofacial tissues. EFCAB7 binds to a C-terminal disordered region in EVC2 that is deleted in Weyers patients. EFCAB7 depletion mimics the Weyers cellular phenotype-the mislocalization of EVC-EVC2 within cilia and impaired activation of the transcription factor GLI2. Evolutionary analysis suggests that emergence of these complexes might have been important for adaptation of an ancient organelle, the cilium, for an animal-specific signaling network. VIDEO ABSTRACT
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh V Pusapati
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Casey E Hughes
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Karolin V Dorn
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Priscilla Sugianto
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Weiner DS, Jonah D, Leighley B, Dicintio MS, Holmes Morton D, Kopits S. Orthopaedic manifestations of chondroectodermal dysplasia: the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. J Child Orthop 2013; 7:465-76. [PMID: 24432110 PMCID: PMC3886354 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-013-0541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ellis-van Creveld is a dwarfing syndrome transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The constant features of the condition include acromelic-micromelic dwarfism, ectodermal dysplasia involving the nails, teeth and gums, postaxial polydactyly of the hands and congenital heart disease. Congenital heart disease affects 50-60 % of all patients and nearly 50 % of patients die by 18 months of age from cardiopulmonary complications. This study is intended to characterise the orthopaedic manifestations of Ellis-van Creveld based on the authors' unique opportunity to interview and examine the largest group of patients to date in the literature. METHODS Detailed interviews, physical examinations and/or radiographs were available on 71 cases of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Data were collected from physical examinations, radiographs, computed tomography (CT) reconstruction and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee. Pathoanatomy of the knee was reinforced by the direct surgical observation of 25 limbs surgically managed during adolescence and puberty. RESULTS A number of interesting clinical and radiographic abnormalities were noted in the upper extremities and lower extremities, but by far the most significant orthopaedic finding was a severe and relentlessly progressive valgus deformity of the knee. Although many patients had difficulties making a "fist" with the hand, no patient reported any functional disability. The severe valgus deformity of the knee is the result of a combination of profound contractures of the iliotibial band, lateral quadriceps, lateral hamstrings and lateral collateral ligament, leading to lateral patellar subluxation and dislocation. The lateral portion of the upper tibial plateau presents with cupping and progressive depression of the lateral plateau, along with severe valgus angulation of the proximal tibia and fibula. A proximal medial tibial exostosis is seen in nearly all cases. CONCLUSION This is the largest group of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome patients identified in the literature. An understanding of the orthopaedic pathoanatomy of the knee deformity is critical to determining the appropriate surgical management. This paper characterises the orthopaedic manifestations of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and especially identifies the pathoanatomy of the severe and progressive valgus knee deformity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S. Weiner
- />Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Akron Children’s Hospital, 300 Locust Street, Ste. 160, Akron, OH 44302-1821 USA
- />Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH USA
- />Regional Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA
| | - David Jonah
- />Little People’s Research Fund, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA
| | - Bonnie Leighley
- />Regional Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA
- />Pediatric Orthopaedic Department, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA
| | - Martin S. Dicintio
- />Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Akron Children’s Hospital, Akron, OH 44308 USA
| | | | - Steven Kopits
- />International Center for Skeletal Dysplasia, Saint Joseph Hospital, Towson, MD 21204 USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Halbritter J, Bizet A, Schmidts M, Porath J, Braun D, Gee H, McInerney-Leo A, Krug P, Filhol E, Davis E, Airik R, Czarnecki P, Lehman A, Trnka P, Nitschké P, Bole-Feysot C, Schueler M, Knebelmann B, Burtey S, Szabó A, Tory K, Leo P, Gardiner B, McKenzie F, Zankl A, Brown M, Hartley J, Maher E, Li C, Leroux M, Scambler P, Zhan S, Jones S, Kayserili H, Tuysuz B, Moorani K, Constantinescu A, Krantz I, Kaplan B, Shah J, Hurd T, Doherty D, Katsanis N, Duncan E, Otto E, Beales P, Mitchison H, Saunier S, Hildebrandt F. Defects in the IFT-B component IFT172 cause Jeune and Mainzer-Saldino syndromes in humans. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:915-25. [PMID: 24140113 PMCID: PMC3824130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) depends on two evolutionarily conserved modules, subcomplexes A (IFT-A) and B (IFT-B), to drive ciliary assembly and maintenance. All six IFT-A components and their motor protein, DYNC2H1, have been linked to human skeletal ciliopathies, including asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD; also known as Jeune syndrome), Sensenbrenner syndrome, and Mainzer-Saldino syndrome (MZSDS). Conversely, the 14 subunits in the IFT-B module, with the exception of IFT80, have unknown roles in human disease. To identify additional IFT-B components defective in ciliopathies, we independently performed different mutation analyses: candidate-based sequencing of all IFT-B-encoding genes in 1,467 individuals with a nephronophthisis-related ciliopathy or whole-exome resequencing in 63 individuals with ATD. We thereby detected biallelic mutations in the IFT-B-encoding gene IFT172 in 12 families. All affected individuals displayed abnormalities of the thorax and/or long bones, as well as renal, hepatic, or retinal involvement, consistent with the diagnosis of ATD or MZSDS. Additionally, cerebellar aplasia or hypoplasia characteristic of Joubert syndrome was present in 2 out of 12 families. Fibroblasts from affected individuals showed disturbed ciliary composition, suggesting alteration of ciliary transport and signaling. Knockdown of ift172 in zebrafish recapitulated the human phenotype and demonstrated a genetic interaction between ift172 and ift80. In summary, we have identified defects in IFT172 as a cause of complex ATD and MZSDS. Our findings link the group of skeletal ciliopathies to an additional IFT-B component, IFT172, similar to what has been shown for IFT-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Halbritter
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Albane A. Bizet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan D. Porath
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniela A. Braun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aideen M. McInerney-Leo
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Pauline Krug
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Emilie Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erica E. Davis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rannar Airik
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter G. Czarnecki
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anna M. Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Peter Trnka
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Patrick Nitschké
- Bioinformatic Platform, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75270 Paris, France
| | | | - Markus Schueler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bertrand Knebelmann
- Department of Nephrology, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Burtey
- Centre de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital de la Conception, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Attila J. Szabó
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Tory
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul J. Leo
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Brooke Gardiner
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Fiona A. McKenzie
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
- Genetic Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Academic Department of Medical Genetics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | | | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Chunmei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michel R. Leroux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Peter J. Scambler
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Shing H. Zhan
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Steven J. Jones
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Hülya Kayserili
- Medical Genetics Department, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Beyhan Tuysuz
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Khemchand N. Moorani
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi 75510, Pakistan
| | | | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bernard S. Kaplan
- Division of Nephrology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399, USA
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA 02139, USA
- Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Toby W. Hurd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6320, USA
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emma L. Duncan
- Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Level 7, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, James Mayne Building, Butterfield Road, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Edgar A. Otto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Molecular Medicine Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U-983, Necker Hospital, 75015 Paris, France
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
McInerney-Leo A, Schmidts M, Cortés C, Leo P, Gener B, Courtney A, Gardiner B, Harris J, Lu Y, Marshall M, Scambler P, Beales P, Brown M, Zankl A, Mitchison H, Duncan E, Wicking C, Wicking C. Short-rib polydactyly and Jeune syndromes are caused by mutations in WDR60. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:515-23. [PMID: 23910462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPS I-V) are a group of lethal congenital disorders characterized by shortening of the ribs and long bones, polydactyly, and a range of extraskeletal phenotypes. A number of other disorders in this grouping, including Jeune and Ellis-van Creveld syndromes, have an overlapping but generally milder phenotype. Collectively, these short-rib dysplasias (with or without polydactyly) share a common underlying defect in primary cilium function and form a subset of the ciliopathy disease spectrum. By using whole-exome capture and massive parallel sequencing of DNA from an affected Australian individual with SRPS type III, we detected two novel heterozygous mutations in WDR60, a relatively uncharacterized gene. These mutations segregated appropriately in the unaffected parents and another affected family member, confirming compound heterozygosity, and both were predicted to have a damaging effect on the protein. Analysis of an additional 54 skeletal ciliopathy exomes identified compound heterozygous mutations in WDR60 in a Spanish individual with Jeune syndrome of relatively mild presentation. Of note, these two families share one novel WDR60 missense mutation, although haplotype analysis suggested no shared ancestry. We further show that WDR60 localizes at the base of the primary cilium in wild-type human chondrocytes, and analysis of fibroblasts from affected individuals revealed a defect in ciliogenesis and aberrant accumulation of the GLI2 transcription factor at the centrosome or basal body in the absence of an obvious axoneme. These findings show that WDR60 mutations can cause skeletal ciliopathies and suggest a role for WDR60 in ciliogenesis.
Collapse
|
72
|
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: its history. Pediatr Radiol 2013; 43:1030-6. [PMID: 23754541 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-013-2709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The story of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is one of serendipity. By chance, Simon van Creveld and Richard Ellis purportedly met on a train and combined their independently encountered patients with short stature, dental anomalies and polydactyly into one landmark publication in 1940. They included a patient used in work published previously by Rustin McIntosh without naming McIntosh as a coauthor. This patient was followed radiologically by Caffey for nearly two decades. In 1964, Victor McKusick felt compelled to investigate a brief report in an obscure pharmaceutical journal on an unusual geographic cluster of short-statured Amish patients in Pennsylvania. This review highlights the lives of the individuals involved in the discovery of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in their historic context.
Collapse
|
73
|
|
74
|
Kamal R, Dahiya P, Kaur S, Bhardwaj R, Chaudhary K. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: A rare clinical entity. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2013; 17:132-5. [PMID: 23798848 PMCID: PMC3687170 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.110716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome is a genetic disorder with autosomal recessive transmission, which may clinically present as small stature, short limbs, fine sparse hair, hypoplastic fingernails, multiple musculofibrous frenula, conical teeth, hypoplasia of the enamel, hypodontia, and malocclusion. Heart defects, especially abnormalities of atrial septation, have been found in about 60% of cases. The mutation in EVC and EVC2 gene is responsible for this syndrome. The presence of multiple orodental findings makes this syndrome important for dentists. The aim of this article is to present a rare case of EVC syndrome in a 10-year-old girl along with the review of literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reet Kamal
- Department of Oral Pathology, HP Government Dental College, (IGMC) Shimla, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
D'Asdia MC, Torrente I, Consoli F, Ferese R, Magliozzi M, Bernardini L, Guida V, Digilio MC, Marino B, Dallapiccola B, De Luca A. Novel and recurrent EVC and EVC2 mutations in Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and Weyers acrofacial dyostosis. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:80-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
76
|
Nakatomi M, Hovorakova M, Gritli-Linde A, Blair H, MacArthur K, Peterka M, Lesot H, Peterkova R, Ruiz-Perez V, Goodship J, Peters H. Evc Regulates a Symmetrical Response to Shh Signaling in Molar Development. J Dent Res 2013; 92:222-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512471826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth morphogenesis involves patterning through the activity of epithelial signaling centers that, among other molecules, secrete Sonic hedgehog (Shh). While it is known that Shh responding cells need intact primary cilia for signal transduction, the roles of individual cilia components for tooth morphogenesis are poorly understood. The clinical features of individuals with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome include various dental anomalies, and we show here that absence of the cilial protein Evc in mice causes various hypo- and hyperplasia defects during molar development. During first molar development, the response to Shh signaling is progressively lost in Evc-deficient embryos and, unexpectedly, the response consistently disappears in a buccal to lingual direction. The important role of Evc for establishing the buccal-lingual axis of the developing first molar is also supported by a displaced activity of the Wnt pathway in Evc mutants. The observed growth abnormalities eventually manifest in first molar microdontia, disruption of molar segmentation and symmetry, root fusions, and delayed differentiation. Analysis of our data indicates that both spatially and temporally disrupted activities of the Shh pathway are the primary cause for the variable dental anomalies seen in patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome or Weyers acrodental dysostosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nakatomi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- present address, Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274, Gakkocho-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - M. Hovorakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - A. Gritli-Linde
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H.J. Blair
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - K. MacArthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - M. Peterka
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - H. Lesot
- INSERM UMR 1109, Team “Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative NanoMedicine,” and Dental School, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67085 France
| | - R. Peterkova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
| | - V.L. Ruiz-Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Spain
- CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - J.A. Goodship
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - H. Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Chen CP, Chen CY, Chern SR, Su JW, Wang W. First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 51:643-8. [PMID: 23276573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the perinatal findings and first-trimester molecular and transabdominal ultrasound diagnosis of a fetus with Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old woman was referred for genetic counseling at 13 weeks of gestation because of a family history of skeletal dysplasia. She had experienced one spontaneous abortion, and delivered one male fetus and one female fetus with EvC syndrome. During this pregnancy, a prenatal transabdominal ultrasound at 13(+4) weeks of gestation revealed a nuchal translucency (NT) thickness of 2.0 mm, an endocardial cushion defect, postaxial polydactyly of bilateral hands, and mesomelic dysplasia of the long bones. Amniocentesis was performed at 13(+5) weeks of gestation. Results of a cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX and that of a molecular analysis revealed compound heterozygous mutations of c.1195C>T and c.871-2_894del26 in the EVC2 gene. Prenatal ultrasound at 16 weeks of gestation showed a fetus with short limbs, an endocardial cushion defect, and postaxial polydactyly of bilateral hands. The parents decided to terminate the pregnancy, and a 116-g female fetus was delivered with a narrow thorax, shortening limbs, and postaxial polydactyly of the hands. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of an endocardial cushion defect with postaxial polydactyly should include a differential diagnosis of EvC syndrome in addition to short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, orofaciodigital syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, and hydrolethalus syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Arts HH, Knoers NVAM. Current insights into renal ciliopathies: what can genetics teach us? Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:863-74. [PMID: 22829176 PMCID: PMC3631122 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of clinically and genetically overlapping disorders whose etiologies lie in defective cilia. These are antenna-like organelles on the apical surface of numerous cell types in a variety of tissues and organs, the kidney included. Cilia play essential roles during development and tissue homeostasis, and their dysfunction in the kidney has been associated with renal cyst formation and renal failure. Recently, the term "renal ciliopathies" was coined for those human genetic disorders that are characterized by nephronophthisis, cystic kidneys or renal cystic dysplasia. This review focuses on renal ciliopathies from a human genetics perspective. We survey the newest insights with respect to gene identification and genotype-phenotype correlations, and we reflect on candidate ciliopathies. The opportunities and challenges of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for genetic renal research and clinical DNA diagnostics are also reviewed, and we discuss the contribution of NGS to the development of personalized therapy for patients with renal ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H. Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nine V. A. M. Knoers
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
García-Martín P, Hernández-Martín A, Torrelo A. Ectodermal dysplasias: a clinical and molecular review. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2012; 104:451-70. [PMID: 23103118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The ectodermal dysplasias are a large group of hereditary disorders characterized by alterations of structures of ectodermal origin. Although some syndromes can have specific features, many of them share common clinical characteristics. Two main groups of ectodermal dysplasias can be distinguished. One group is characterized by aplasia or hypoplasia of ectodermal tissues, which fail to develop and differentiate because of a lack of reciprocal signaling between ectoderm and mesoderm, the other has palmoplantar keratoderma as its most striking feature, with additional manifestations when other highly specialized epithelia are also involved. In recent decades, the genes responsible for at least 30 different types of ectodermal dysplasia have been identified, throwing light on the pathogenic mechanisms involved and their correlation with clinical findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P García-Martín
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Infantil del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Caparrós-Martín JA, Valencia M, Reytor E, Pacheco M, Fernandez M, Perez-Aytes A, Gean E, Lapunzina P, Peters H, Goodship JA, Ruiz-Perez VL. The ciliary Evc/Evc2 complex interacts with Smo and controls Hedgehog pathway activity in chondrocytes by regulating Sufu/Gli3 dissociation and Gli3 trafficking in primary cilia. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:124-39. [PMID: 23026747 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is involved in patterning and morphogenesis of most organs in the developing mammalian embryo. Despite many advances in understanding core components of the pathway, little is known about how the activity of the Hh pathway is adjusted in organ- and tissue-specific developmental processes. Mutations in EVC or EVC2 disrupt Hh signaling in tooth and bone development. Using mouse models, we show here that Evc and Evc2 are mutually required for localizing to primary cilia and also for maintaining their normal protein levels. Consistent with Evc and Evc2 functioning as a complex, the skeletal phenotypes in either single or double homozygous mutant mice are virtually indistinguishable. Smo translocation to the cilium was normal in Evc2-deficient chondrocytes following Hh activation with the Smo-agonist SAG. However, Gli3 recruitment to cilia tips was reduced and Sufu/Gli3 dissociation was impaired. Interestingly, we found Smo to co-precipitate with Evc/Evc2, indicating that in some cells Hh signaling requires direct interaction of Smo with the Evc/Evc2 complex. Expression of a dominantly acting Evc2 mutation previously identified in Weyer's acrodental dysostosis (Evc2Δ43) caused mislocalization of Evc/Evc2Δ43 within the cilium and also reproduced the Gli3-related molecular defects observed in Evc2(-/-) chondrocytes. Moreover, Evc silencing in Sufu(-/-) cells attenuated the output of the Hh pathway, suggesting that Evc/Evc2 also promote Hh signaling in the absence of Sufu. Together our data reveal that the Hh pathway involves Evc/Evc2-dependent modulations that are necessary for normal endochondral bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Caparrós-Martín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Identification of one novel mutation in the EVC2 gene in a Chinese family with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Gene 2012; 511:380-2. [PMID: 23026208 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by short limbs, short ribs, postaxial polydactyly, and dysplastic nails and teeth. It is caused by biallelic mutations in the EVC or EVC2 gene. Here, we identified a novel nonsense mutation p.W828X (c.2484G>A) in exon 14 and a recurrent nonsense mutation p. R399X (c.1195C>T) in exon 10 of EVC2 gene in a Chinese boy with EvC. Identification of a novel genotype in EvC will provide clues to the phenotype-genotype relations and may assist not only in the clinical diagnosis of EvC but also in the interpretation of genetic information used for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
Collapse
|
82
|
Laugel-Haushalter V, Langer A, Marrie J, Fraulob V, Schuhbaur B, Koch-Phillips M, Dollé P, Bloch-Zupan A. From the transcription of genes involved in ectodermal dysplasias to the understanding of associated dental anomalies. Mol Syndromol 2012; 3:158-68. [PMID: 23239958 DOI: 10.1159/000342833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Orodental anomalies are one aspect of rare diseases and are increasingly identified as diagnostic and predictive traits. To understand the rationale behind gene expression during tooth or other ectodermal derivative development and the disruption of odontogenesis or hair and salivary gland formation in human syndromes we analyzed the expression patterns of a set of genes (Irf6, Nfkbia, Ercc3, Evc2, Map2k1) involved in human ectodermal dysplasias in mouse by in situ hybridization. The expression patterns of Nfkbia, Ercc3 and Evc2 during odontogenesis had never been reported previously. All genes were indeed transcribed in different tissues/organs of ectodermal origin. However, for Nfkbia, Ercc3, Evc2, and Map2k1, signals were also present in the ectomesenchymal components of the tooth germs. These expression patterns were consistent in timing and localization with the known dental anomalies (tooth agenesis, microdontia, conical shape, enamel hypoplasia) encountered in syndromes resulting from mutations in those genes. They could also explain the similar orodental anomalies encountered in some of the corresponding mutant mouse models. Translational approaches in development and medicine are relevant to gain understanding of the molecular events underlying clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Laugel-Haushalter
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U 964), Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Yang C, Chen W, Chen Y, Jiang J. Smoothened transduces Hedgehog signal by forming a complex with Evc/Evc2. Cell Res 2012; 22:1593-604. [PMID: 22986504 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays pivotal roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis in species ranging from Drosophila to mammals. The Hh signal is transduced by Smoothened (Smo), a seven-transmembrane protein related to G protein coupled receptors. Despite a conserved mechanism by which Hh activates Smo in Drosophila and mammals, how mammalian Hh signal is transduced from Smo to the Gli transcription factors is poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that two ciliary proteins, Evc and Evc2, the products of human disease genes responsible for the Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, act downstream of Smo to transduce the Hh signal. We found that loss of Evc/Evc2 does not affect Sonic Hedgehog-induced Smo phosphorylation and ciliary localization but impedes Hh pathway activation mediated by constitutively active forms of Smo. Evc/Evc2 are dispensable for the constitutive Gli activity in Sufu(-/-) cells, suggesting that Evc/Evc2 act upstream of Sufu to promote Gli activation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Hh stimulates binding of Evc/Evc2 to Smo depending on phosphorylation of the Smo C-terminal intracellular tail and that the binding is abolished in Kif3a(-/-) cilium-deficient cells. We propose that Hh activates Smo by inducing its phosphorylation, which recruits Evc/Evc2 to activate Gli proteins by antagonizing Sufu in the primary cilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Dorn KV, Hughes CE, Rohatgi R. A Smoothened-Evc2 complex transduces the Hedgehog signal at primary cilia. Dev Cell 2012; 23:823-35. [PMID: 22981989 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is initiated at primary cilia by the ligand-triggered accumulation of Smoothened (Smo) in the ciliary membrane. The underlying biochemical mechanisms remain unknown. We find that Hh agonists promote the association between Smo and Evc2, a ciliary protein that is defective in two human ciliopathies. The formation of the Smo-Evc2 complex is under strict spatial control, being restricted to a distinct ciliary compartment, the EvC zone. Mutant Evc2 proteins that localize in cilia but are displaced from the EvC zone are dominant inhibitors of Hh signaling. Disabling Evc2 function blocks Hh signaling at a specific step between Smo and the downstream regulators protein kinase A and Suppressor of Fused, preventing activation of the Gli transcription factors. Our data suggest that the Smo-Evc2 signaling complex at the EvC zone is required for Hh signal transmission and elucidate the molecular basis of two human ciliopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolin V Dorn
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Hitz MP, Lemieux-Perreault LP, Marshall C, Feroz-Zada Y, Davies R, Yang SW, Lionel AC, D'Amours G, Lemyre E, Cullum R, Bigras JL, Thibeault M, Chetaille P, Montpetit A, Khairy P, Overduin B, Klaassen S, Hoodless P, Nemer M, Stewart AFR, Boerkoel C, Scherer SW, Richter A, Dubé MP, Andelfinger G. Rare copy number variants contribute to congenital left-sided heart disease. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002903. [PMID: 22969434 PMCID: PMC3435243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Left-sided congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses a spectrum of malformations that range from bicuspid aortic valve to hypoplastic left heart syndrome. It contributes significantly to infant mortality and has serious implications in adult cardiology. Although left-sided CHD is known to be highly heritable, the underlying genetic determinants are largely unidentified. In this study, we sought to determine the impact of structural genomic variation on left-sided CHD and compared multiplex families (464 individuals with 174 affecteds (37.5%) in 59 multiplex families and 8 trios) to 1,582 well-phenotyped controls. 73 unique inherited or de novo CNVs in 54 individuals were identified in the left-sided CHD cohort. After stringent filtering, our gene inventory reveals 25 new candidates for LS-CHD pathogenesis, such as SMC1A, MFAP4, and CTHRC1, and overlaps with several known syndromic loci. Conservative estimation examining the overlap of the prioritized gene content with CNVs present only in affected individuals in our cohort implies a strong effect for unique CNVs in at least 10% of left-sided CHD cases. Enrichment testing of gene content in all identified CNVs showed a significant association with angiogenesis. In this first family-based CNV study of left-sided CHD, we found that both co-segregating and de novo events associate with disease in a complex fashion at structural genomic level. Often viewed as an anatomically circumscript disease, a subset of left-sided CHD may in fact reflect more general genetic perturbations of angiogenesis and/or vascular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Phillip Hitz
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christian Marshall
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yassamin Feroz-Zada
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robbie Davies
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shi Wei Yang
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Anath Christopher Lionel
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guylaine D'Amours
- Service of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Lemyre
- Service of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Bigras
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maryse Thibeault
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Chetaille
- Cardiology Service, Centre Mère-Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université de Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Montpetit
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Khairy
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bert Overduin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory–European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Klaassen
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pamela Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mona Nemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandre F. R. Stewart
- Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cornelius Boerkoel
- Child and Family Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics and Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Richter
- Service of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Meyer M, Kircher M, Gansauge MT, Li H, Racimo F, Mallick S, Schraiber JG, Jay F, Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Sudmant PH, Alkan C, Fu Q, Do R, Rohland N, Tandon A, Siebauer M, Green RE, Bryc K, Briggs AW, Stenzel U, Dabney J, Shendure J, Kitzman J, Hammer MF, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Patterson N, Andrés AM, Eichler EE, Slatkin M, Reich D, Kelso J, Pääbo S. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Science 2012; 338:222-6. [PMID: 22936568 DOI: 10.1126/science.1224344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1076] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We present a DNA library preparation method that has allowed us to reconstruct a high-coverage (30×) genome sequence of a Denisovan, an extinct relative of Neandertals. The quality of this genome allows a direct estimation of Denisovan heterozygosity indicating that genetic diversity in these archaic hominins was extremely low. It also allows tentative dating of the specimen on the basis of "missing evolution" in its genome, detailed measurements of Denisovan and Neandertal admixture into present-day human populations, and the generation of a near-complete catalog of genetic changes that swept to high frequency in modern humans since their divergence from Denisovans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Huber C, Cormier-Daire V. Ciliary disorder of the skeleton. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 160C:165-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
88
|
Lee JH, Silhavy JL, Lee JE, Al-Gazali L, Thomas S, Davis EE, Bielas SL, Hill KJ, Iannicelli M, Brancati F, Gabriel SB, Russ C, Logan CV, Sharif SM, Bennett CP, Abe M, Hildebrandt F, Diplas BH, Attié-Bitach T, Katsanis N, Rajab A, Koul R, Sztriha L, Waters ER, Ferro-Novick S, Woods CG, Johnson CA, Valente EM, Zaki MS, Gleeson JG. Evolutionarily assembled cis-regulatory module at a human ciliopathy locus. Science 2012; 335:966-9. [PMID: 22282472 DOI: 10.1126/science.1213506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Neighboring genes are often coordinately expressed within cis-regulatory modules, but evidence that nonparalogous genes share functions in mammals is lacking. Here, we report that mutation of either TMEM138 or TMEM216 causes a phenotypically indistinguishable human ciliopathy, Joubert syndrome. Despite a lack of sequence homology, the genes are aligned in a head-to-tail configuration and joined by chromosomal rearrangement at the amphibian-to-reptile evolutionary transition. Expression of the two genes is mediated by a conserved regulatory element in the noncoding intergenic region. Coordinated expression is important for their interdependent cellular role in vesicular transport to primary cilia. Hence, during vertebrate evolution of genes involved in ciliogenesis, nonparalogous genes were arranged to a functional gene cluster with shared regulatory elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Lee
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Pacheco M, Valencia M, Caparrós-Martín JA, Mulero F, Goodship JA, Ruiz-Perez VL. Evc works in chondrocytes and osteoblasts to regulate multiple aspects of growth plate development in the appendicular skeleton and cranial base. Bone 2012; 50:28-41. [PMID: 21911092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome protein homolog (Evc) was previously shown to mediate expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) downstream targets in chondrocytes. Consequently disruption of the Ihh/Pthrp axis was demonstrated in Evc(-/-) mice, but the full extent of Evc involvement in endochondral development was not totally characterized. Herein we have examined further the Evc(-/-) growth plate in a homogeneous genetic background and show that Evc promotes chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte hypertrophy and the differentiation of osteoblasts in the perichondrium, hence implicating Evc in both Pthrp-dependent and Pthrp-independent Ihh functions. We also demonstrate that Evc, which localizes to osteoblast primary cilia, mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the osteoblast lineage. In spite of this, bone collar development is mildly affected in Evc(-/-) mutants. The onset of perichondrial osteoblastogenesis is delayed at the initial stages of endochondral ossification in Evc(-/-) mice, and in later stages, the leading edge of expression of osteoblast markers and Wnt/β-catenin signaling components is located closer to the primary spongiosa in the Evc(-/-) perichondrium owing to impaired osteoblast differentiation. Additionally we have used Ptch1-LacZ reporter mice to learn about the different types of Hh-responsive cells that are present in the perichondrium of normal and Evc(-/-) mice. Evc mediates Hh target gene expression in inner perichondrial cells, but it is dispensable in the external layers of the perichondrium. Finally, we report cranial base defects in Evc(-/-) mice and reveal that Evc is essential for intrasphenoidal synchondrosis development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Ciber de enfermedades raras, Arturo Duperier 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and congenital heart defects: presentation of an additional 32 cases. Pediatr Cardiol 2011; 32:977-82. [PMID: 21533779 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-011-0006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome is a rare genetic abnormality that has been linked to a mutation in the EVC or EVC2 genes. Common atrium (CA) is an uncommon cardiac malformation, and yet it is commonly found in patients with EVC. We performed a retrospective review of the cases submitted to the Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium (PCCC) between 1982 and 2007. A review of the English-language literature for previously published cases, as well as current genetic research findings, was also performed. Thirty-two pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and EVC syndrome were identified in the PCCC database. Twenty-eight (88%) had an endocardial cushion defect, with 15 of these having primary failure of atrial septation resulting in CA. Persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC) and pulmonary venous connection abnormalities were common. The incidence of persistent LSVC and pulmonary venous abnormalities were greater than previously reported for patients with EVC. Our study reviews the reported literature and adds 32 additional cases from the PCCC database. Review of the cardiac phenotype in patients with EVC syndrome reveals a characteristic pattern of atrioventricular canal defects with systemic and pulmonary venous abnormalities. The frequent association of these abnormalities is strongly reminiscent of the cardiac phenotype found in patients with heterotaxy syndromes. Emerging molecular and developmental studies suggest that EVC and EVC2 proteins may be important for cilia function, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of heterotaxy syndromes. It is speculated that coordinate function between the EVC proteins is required for a cilia-dependent cardiac morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
91
|
Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Zerres K, Graul-Neumann L, Wiegand S, Mellerowicz H, Hehr U. Two Adult Patients with Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome Extending the Clinical Spectrum. Mol Syndromol 2011; 1:301-306. [PMID: 22190900 DOI: 10.1159/000331338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive malformation syndrome with the main features cardiac defects, postaxial hexadactyly, mesomelic shortening of the limbs, short ribs, dysplastic nails and teeth, oral frenula and various other abnormalities while mental function is normal. We describe 2 adult EvC patients with the cardinal skeletal features of mesomelic short stature and severe, progressive genu valgum deformity, resulting from loss of function mutations in the EVC genes. While the genu valgum was the predominating and disabling feature in patient 1, patient 2 showed acroosteolyses in the distal phalanges and a symmetrical synostosis of metacarpals in his hands. Moreover, patient 2 developed synostoses in the additional fingers in adolescence which had not been present at the age of 12 years, suggesting a further progression of skeletal disease. Joint fusion of phalanges so far has not been reported in EvC syndrome. Our data further expand the phenotypic spectrum of EvC related skeletal malformations and contribute important new information on the clinical course of EvC syndrome with increasing age.
Collapse
|
92
|
Shen W, Han D, Zhang J, Zhao H, Feng H. Two novel heterozygous mutations of EVC2 cause a mild phenotype of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in a Chinese family. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2131-6. [PMID: 21815252 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC, chondroectodermal dysplasia; OMIM 225500) is an autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia with associated multisystem involvement. The syndrome is characterized by short limbs, short ribs, postaxial polydactyly, dysplastic nails, and abnormal teeth. Congenital heart defects occur in 50-60% of cases. In this study, we report EvC in a 6-year-old Chinese girl with hypodontia and polydactyly, mild short stature, and abnormalities of the knee joints. No signs of short ribs, narrow thorax, or congenital heart defects were found in this patient. The EvC phenotype shares some similarity with Weyers acrofacial dysostosis (Weyer; OMIM 193530), an autosomal dominant disorder clinically characterized by mild short stature, postaxial polydactyly, nail dystrophy, and dysplastic teeth. Mutations in EVC or EVC2 are associated with both EvC syndrome and Weyers acrodental dysostosis, but the two conditions differ in the severity of the phenotype and their pattern of inheritance. In this study, two novel heterozygous EVC2 mutations, IVS5-2A > G and c.2653C > T (Arg885X), were identified in the patient. The IVS5-2A > G mutation was inherited from the patient's mother and the c.2653C > T from her father. Her parents have no phenotypic symptoms similar to those of the patient. These findings extend the mutation spectrum of this malformation syndrome and provide the possibility of prenatal diagnosis for future offspring in this family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Shen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Chen CP, Su YN, Hsu CY, Chern SR, Tsai FJ, Wu PC, Chen PT, Wang W. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: prenatal diagnosis, molecular analysis and genetic counseling. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 49:481-6. [PMID: 21199751 DOI: 10.1016/s1028-4559(10)60101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the perinatal findings and molecular genetic analysis of two siblings with Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome. MATERIALS, METHODS AND RESULTS A 33-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 1, was referred for genetic counseling at 18 gestational weeks because of recurrent fetal skeletal dysplasia. Two years previously, she had delivered a 1,316-g dead male baby at 28 gestational weeks with a karyotype of 46,XY, postaxial polydactyly of the hands, thoracic narrowness, endocardial cushion defects, transposition of the great arteries, shortening of the long bones, malposition of the toes, and hypoplastic nails. During this pregnancy, prenatal ultrasound at 18 gestational weeks revealed shortening of the long bones (equivalent to 15 weeks), postaxial polydactyly of both hands, thoracic narrowness, and endocardial cushion defects. The pregnancy was subsequently terminated, and a 236-g female fetus was delivered with a karyotype of 46,XX, postaxial polydactyly of the hands, thoracic dysplasia, endocardial cushion defects, shortening of the long bones, and malposition of the toes and hypoplastic nails. The phenotype of each of the two siblings was consistent with EVC syndrome. Molecular analysis of the EVC and EVC2 genes revealed heterozygous mutations in the EVC2 gene. A heterozygous deletion mutation of a 26-bp deletion of c.871-2_894del26 encompassing the junction between intron 7 and exon 8 of the EVC2 gene was found in the mother and two siblings, and a heterozygous nonsense mutation of c.1195C >T, p.R399X in exon 10 of the EVC2 gene was found in the father and two siblings. CONCLUSION Prenatal sonographic identification of endocardial cushion defects in association with shortening of the long bones should alert clinicians to the possibility of EvC syndrome and prompt a careful search of hexadactyly of the hands. Molecular analysis of the EVC and EVC2 genes is helpful in genetic counseling in cases with prenatally detected postaxial polydactyly, thoracic narrowness, short limbs and endocardial cushion defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Contemporary management of congenital malformations of the heart in infants with Ellis - van Creveld syndrome: a report of nine cases. Cardiol Young 2011; 21:145-52. [PMID: 21070693 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951110001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ellis - van Creveld syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder manifest by short-limb dwarfism, thoracic dystrophy, postaxial polydactyly, dysplastic nails and teeth, and an approximately 60% incidence of congenital malformations of the heart. Despite patients with Ellis - van Creveld syndrome being regarded as having a high surgical risk, few data are available regarding their outcomes following surgery for congenital malformations of the heart in the current era. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective report, we summarise the clinical observations and outcomes of nine infants with Ellis - van Creveld syndrome who underwent surgery for congenital malformations of the heart between 2004 and 2009. RESULTS We identified 15 patients with Ellis - van Creveld syndrome during the study period; 11 (73%) had haemodynamically significant congenital malformations of the heart warranting surgery. In two of these patients, surgery was not performed. Of the nine patients who underwent surgery, all of whom were infants, eight (89%) had various forms of an atrioventricular septal defect and one patient (11%) had hypoplastic left heart syndrome (mitral and aortic atresia). Among the nine patients who underwent surgery, four (44%) died at a median of 102 days with a range of 25-149 days post-operatively, mostly from respiratory failure. Respiratory morbidity was seen in all surviving patients, of whom three underwent tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS Surgery for congenital malformations of the heart can be successful in infants with Ellis - van Creveld syndrome, but mortality is high and post-operative respiratory morbidity should be expected.
Collapse
|
95
|
Blair HJ, Tompson S, Liu YN, Campbell J, MacArthur K, Ponting CP, Ruiz-Perez VL, Goodship JA. Evc2 is a positive modulator of Hedgehog signalling that interacts with Evc at the cilia membrane and is also found in the nucleus. BMC Biol 2011; 9:14. [PMID: 21356043 PMCID: PMC3052239 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evc is essential for Indian Hedgehog (Hh) signalling in the cartilage growth plate. The gene encoding Evc2 is in close proximity in divergent orientation to Evc and mutations in both human genes lead to the chondrodysplasia Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. RESULTS Bioinformatic analysis reveals that the Evc and Evc2 genes arose through a duplication event early in metazoan evolution and were subsequently lost in arthropods and nematodes. Here we demonstrate that Evc2 is essential for Hh pathway activation in response to the Smo agonist purmorphamine. A yeast two-hybrid screen using Evc as bait identified Evc2 as an Evc binding partner and we confirmed the interaction by immunoprecipitation. We developed anti-Evc2 antibodies and show that Evc2 and Evc co-localize at the basal body and also on primary cilia. In transfected cells, basal body and cilia localization is observed when Evc and Evc2 constructs are co-transfected but not when either construct is transfected individually. We show that Evc and Evc2 are cilia transmembrane proteins, the C-terminus for both being intracellular and Evc2, but not Evc, having an extracellular portion. Furthermore, Evc is absent at the basal body in Evc2 null cells. Using Western blots of cytoplasmic and nuclear protein, we also demonstrate that full length Evc2 but not Evc, is located in the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate for the first time that Evc2 is a positive regulator of the Hh signalling pathway and that it is located at the basal body of primary cilia. We show that the presence of Evc and Evc2 at the basal body and cilia membrane is co-dependent. In addition, Evc2, but not Evc, is present in the cell nucleus suggesting movement of Evc2 between the cilium and nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Blair
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Novelli G, Predazzi IM, Mango R, Romeo F, Mehta JL. Role of genomics in cardiovascular medicine. World J Cardiol 2010; 2:428-36. [PMID: 21191544 PMCID: PMC3011138 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v2.i12.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As all branches of science grow and new experimental techniques become readily accessible, our knowledge of medicine is likely to increase exponentially in the coming years. Recently developed technologies have revolutionized our analytical capacities, leading to vast knowledge of many genes or genomic regions involved in the pathogenesis of congenital heart diseases, which are often associated with other genetic syndromes, coronary artery disease and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. The knowledge-base of the genesis of cardiovascular diseases is likely going to be further revolutionized in this new era of genomic medicine. Here, we review the advances that have been made over the last several years in this field and discuss different genetic mechanisms that have been shown to underlie a variety of cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Novelli
- Giuseppe Novelli, Irene M Predazzi, Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Section of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Shawky RM, Sadik DI, Seifeldin NS. Ellis–van Creveld syndrome with facial dysmorphic features in an Egyptian child. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
98
|
Li Q, Zhang F, Li X, Chen F. Genome scan for locus involved in mandibular prognathism in pedigrees from China. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20844756 PMCID: PMC2937026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that genetic components play an important role in the etiology of mandibular prognathism, but few susceptibility loci have been mapped. Methodology In order to identify linkage regions for mandibular prognathism, we analyzed two Chinese pedigrees with 6,090 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from Illumina Linkage-12 DNA Analysis Kit (average spacing 0.58 cM). Multipoint parametric and non-parametric (model-free) linkage analyses were used for the pedigrees. Principal Finding The most statistically significant linkage results were with markers on chromosome 4 (LOD = 3.166 and NPL = 3.65 with rs 875864, 4p16.1, 8.38 cM). Candidate genes within the 4p16.1 include EVC, EVC2. Conclusion We detected a novel suggestive linkage locus for mandibular prognathism in two Chinese pedigrees, and this linkage region provides target for susceptibility gene identification, a process that will provide important insights into the molecular and cellular basis of mandibular prognathism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengshan Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Goetz SC, Anderson KV. The primary cilium: a signalling centre during vertebrate development. Nat Rev Genet 2010; 11:331-44. [PMID: 20395968 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1372] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium has recently stepped into the spotlight, as a flood of data show that this organelle has crucial roles in vertebrate development and human genetic diseases. Cilia are required for the response to developmental signals, and evidence is accumulating that the primary cilium is specialized for hedgehog signal transduction. The formation of cilia, in turn, is regulated by other signalling pathways, possibly including the planar cell polarity pathway. The cilium therefore represents a nexus for signalling pathways during development. The connections between cilia and developmental signalling have begun to clarify the basis of human diseases associated with ciliary dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Goetz
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Umm-E-Kalsoom, Wasif N, Tariq M, Ahmad W. A novel missense mutation in the EVC gene underlies Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in a Pakistani family. Pediatr Int 2010; 52:240-6. [PMID: 19744229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ellis-van Creveld (EVC) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by skeletal, ectodermal and cardiac defects. This syndrome is caused by mutations in EVC and EVC2 genes, which are separated by 2.6 kb of genomic sequence on chromosome 4p16. METHODS In the present study we ascertained a four-generation pedigree of Pakistani origin with features of EVC. Linkage was searched by genotyping microsatellite markers linked to chromosome 4p16. Affected individuals showed homozygosity to the microsatellite markers tightly linked to EVC and EVC2 genes on chromosome 4p16. It was then subjected to direct sequencing of the EVC and EVC2 genes. RESULTS Mutation analysis of the EVC and EVC2 genes identified a novel missense change (c.617G>A; p.S206N) in the EVC gene. CONCLUSIONS We herein report on the first family from Pakistan with a large number of individuals affected by EVC. DNA sequence analysis led to the identification of the fifth missense mutation in the EVC gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umm-E-Kalsoom
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|