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Himes BE, Klanderman B, Ziniti J, Senter-Sylvia J, Soto-Quiros ME, Avila L, Celedón JC, Lange C, Mariani TJ, Lasky-Su J, Hersh CP, Raby BA, Silverman EK, Weiss ST, DeMeo DL. Association of SERPINE2 with asthma. Chest 2011; 140:667-674. [PMID: 21436250 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "Dutch hypothesis" suggests that asthma and COPD have common genetic determinants. The serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E (nexin, plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1), member 2 (SERPINE2) gene previously has been associated with COPD. We sought to determine whether SERPINE2 is associated with asthma and asthma-related phenotypes. METHODS We measured the association of 39 SERPINE2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with asthma-related phenotypes in 655 parent-child trios from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP), and we measured the association of 19 SERPINE2 SNPs with asthma in a case-control design of 359 CAMP probands and 846 population control subjects. We attempted to replicate primary asthma-related phenotype findings in one independent population and primary asthma affection status findings in two independent populations. We compared association results with CAMP proband expression quantitative trait loci. RESULTS Nine of 39 SNPs had P < .05 for at least one phenotype in CAMP, and two of these replicated in an independent population of 426 people with childhood asthma. Six of 19 SNPs had P < .05 for association with asthma in CAMP/Illumina. None of these replicated in two independent populations. The expression quantitative trait loci revealed that five SNPs associated with asthma in CAMP/Illumina and one SNP associated with FEV(1) in CAMP are strongly correlated with SERPINE2 expression levels. Comparison of results to previous COPD studies identified five SNPs associated with both asthma- and COPD-related phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results weakly support SERPINE2 as a Dutch hypothesis candidate gene through nominally significant associations with asthma and related traits. Further study of SERPINE2 is necessary to verify its involvement in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca E Himes
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Boston, MA.
| | - Barbara Klanderman
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John Ziniti
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jody Senter-Sylvia
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Manuel E Soto-Quiros
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Lydiana Avila
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Hospital Nacional de Niños, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Juan C Celedón
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christoph Lange
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Craig P Hersh
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Hoffmann TJ, Vansteelandt S, Lange C, Silverman EK, DeMeo DL, Laird NM. Combining disease models to test for gene-environment interaction in nuclear families. Biometrics 2011; 67:1260-70. [PMID: 21401569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is useful to have robust gene-environment interaction tests that can utilize a variety of family structures in an efficient way. This article focuses on tests for gene-environment interaction in the presence of main genetic and environmental effects. The objective is to develop powerful tests that can combine trio data with parental genotypes and discordant sibships when parents' genotypes are missing. We first make a modest improvement on a method for discordant sibs (discordant on phenotype), but the approach does not allow one to use families when all offspring are affected, e.g., trios. We then make a modest improvement on a Mendelian transmission-based approach that is inefficient when discordant sibs are available, but can be applied to any nuclear family. Finally, we propose a hybrid approach that utilizes the most efficient method for a specific family type, then combines over families. We utilize this hybrid approach to analyze a chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder dataset to test for gene-environment interaction in the Serpine2 gene with smoking. The methods are freely available in the R package fbati.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Schaller J, Gerber SS. The plasmin-antiplasmin system: structural and functional aspects. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:785-801. [PMID: 21136135 PMCID: PMC11115092 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The plasmin-antiplasmin system plays a key role in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Plasmin and α(2)-antiplasmin are primarily responsible for a controlled and regulated dissolution of the fibrin polymers into soluble fragments. However, besides plasmin(ogen) and α(2)-antiplasmin the system contains a series of specific activators and inhibitors. The main physiological activators of plasminogen are tissue-type plasminogen activator, which is mainly involved in the dissolution of the fibrin polymers by plasmin, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which is primarily responsible for the generation of plasmin activity in the intercellular space. Both activators are multidomain serine proteases. Besides the main physiological inhibitor α(2)-antiplasmin, the plasmin-antiplasmin system is also regulated by the general protease inhibitor α(2)-macroglobulin, a member of the protease inhibitor I39 family. The activity of the plasminogen activators is primarily regulated by the plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2, members of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Schaller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, Bern, Switzerland.
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Wu W, Kaminski N. Chronic lung diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 1:298-308. [PMID: 20835999 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases often have high morbidity and mortality rate and have posed a serious threat to human health. The incidence of many chronic lung diseases such as asthma has been on the rise in the past decade, which causes serious economic burden. Despite many efforts which employed traditional experimental approaches to elucidate the mechanisms of the diseases have been made, little is known about the pathogenesis of complex lung diseases. Systems biology approaches which aim to integrate and analyze information gathered from multiple sources offer a great opportunity to examine complex human diseases from a new angle. Many attempts have been made using high-throughput technologies such as microarrays to study chronic lung diseases; although compared with the full-fledged systems biology approach, research strategies employed in most of these investigations still have much room to improve, promising findings have already emerged from these efforts, which demonstrates the potential of implementing systems biology in pulmonary biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Mizuno S, Yasuo M, Bogaard HJ, Kraskauskas D, Natarajan R, Voelkel NF. Inhibition of histone deacetylase causes emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L402-13. [PMID: 21224215 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00207.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression and activity are reduced in the lung tissue. However, whether HDAC activity controls the maintenance of the lung alveolar septal structures has not been investigated. To explore the consequences of HDAC inhibition and address the question of whether HDAC inhibition causes lung cell apoptosis and emphysema, male Sprague-Dawley rats and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC) were treated with trichostatin A (TSA), a specific inhibitor of HDACs. Chronic TSA treatment increased the alveolar air space area, mean linear intercept, and the number of caspase-3-positive cells in rat lungs. TSA suppressed hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), VEGF, and lysyl oxidase (LOX) and increased microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 (LC3), p53, and miR34a microRNA expression in both rat lungs and cultured HPMVEC. Gene silencing of HDAC2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cultured HPMVEC resulted in the suppression of HIF-1α, VEGF, and LOX and an increase of p53 expression. These data indicate that HDAC inhibition causes emphysema and that HDAC-dependent mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of the adult lung structure. Our results also suggest that the increase in apoptosis, as a consequence of HDAC inhibition, is associated with decreased VEGF and HIF-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Mizuno
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Victoria Johnson Center for Obstructive Lung Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Genetic influences on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – A twin study. Respir Med 2010; 104:1890-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fujimoto K, Ikeda S, Arai T, Tanaka N, Kumasaka T, Ishii T, Kida K, Muramatsu M, Sawabe M. Polymorphism of SERPINE2 gene is associated with pulmonary emphysema in consecutive autopsy cases. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:159. [PMID: 21067581 PMCID: PMC2994839 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The SERPINA1, SERPINA3, and SERPINE2 genes, which encode antiproteases, have been proposed to be susceptible genes for of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and related phenotypes. Whether they are associated with emphysema is not known. Methods Twelve previously reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SERPINA1 (rs8004738, rs17751769, rs709932, rs11832, rs1303, rs28929474, and rs17580), SERPINA3 (rs4934, rs17473, and rs1800463), and SERPINE2 (rs840088 and rs975278) were genotyped in samples obtained from 1,335 consecutive autopsies of elderly Japanese people. The association between these SNPs and the severity of emphysema, as assessed using macroscopic scores, was determined. Results Emphysema of more than moderate degree was detected in 189 subjects (14.1%) and showed a significant gender difference (males, 20.5% and females, 7.0%; p < 0.0001). Among the 12 examined SNPs, only rs975278 in the SERPINE2 gene was positively associated with emphysema. Unlike the major alleles, homozygous minor alleles of rs975278 were associated with emphysema (odds ratio (OR) = 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-2.30; p = 0.037) and the association was very prominent in smokers (OR = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.29-3.15; p = 0.002). Conclusions SERPINE2 may be a risk factor for the development of emphysema and its association with emphysema may be stronger in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Fujimoto
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Lee BY, Cho S, Shin DH, Kim H. Genome-wide association study of copy number variations associated with pulmonary function measures in Korea Associated Resource (KARE) cohorts. Genomics 2010; 97:101-5. [PMID: 21059387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is an attractive emerging approach to study the association with various diseases. We performed a CNV-based genome-wide association study of pulmonary function measures (FEV(1), FVC, and FEV(1)/FVC) in KARE cohorts. Affymetrix Genome-wide Human SNP Array 5.0 was used to measure genome-wide variation and CNV segmentation was performed using Golden Helix SVS 7.0. Single and multivariate regressions were used for the association study using the R statistical package and the Dabatase for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated (DAVID v6.7b) tool for the functional annotation. We identified significantly associated 1260 CNVs with pulmonary function measures of FEV(1) and FVC. Functional gene classification and annotation analysis found 5 highly enriched clusters, the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily, myosin, serpin peptidase inhibitor, protein tyrosine phosphatase, and olfactory receptors. According to the functional annotation, gene-based CNVs are likely to be involved in the pathogenesis and inflammatory responsiveness of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Young Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Kim WJ, Hoffman E, Reilly J, Hersh C, Demeo D, Washko G, Silverman EK. Association of COPD candidate genes with computed tomography emphysema and airway phenotypes in severe COPD. Eur Respir J 2010; 37:39-43. [PMID: 20525719 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00173009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The principal determining factors influencing the development of the airway disease and emphysema components of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have not been clearly defined. Genetic variability in COPD patients might influence the varying degrees of involvement of airway disease and emphysema. Therefore, we investigated the genetic association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COPD candidate genes for association with emphysema severity and airway wall thickness phenotypes. Polymorphisms in six candidate genes were analysed in 379 subjects of the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Genetics Ancillary Study with quantitative chest computed tomography (CT) data. Genetic association with per cent of lung area below -950 HU (LAA950), airway wall thickness, and derived square root wall area (SRWA) of 10-mm internal perimeter airways were investigated. Three SNPs in EPHX1, five SNPs in SERPINE2 and one SNP in GSTP1 were significantly associated with LAA950. Five SNPs in TGFB1, two SNPs in EPHX1, one SNP in SERPINE2 and two SNPs in ADRB2 were associated with airway wall phenotypes in NETT. In conclusion, several COPD candidate genes showed evidence for association with airway wall thickness and emphysema severity using CT in a severe COPD population. Further investigation will be required to replicate these genetic associations for emphysema and airway wall phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Kim
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
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60
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Hersh CP, Pillai SG, Zhu G, Lomas DA, Bakke P, Gulsvik A, DeMeo DL, Klanderman BJ, Lazarus R, Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, Reilly JJ, Agusti A, Calverley PMA, Donner CF, Levy RD, Make BJ, Paré PD, Rennard SI, Vestbo J, Wouters EFM, Scholand MB, Coon H, Hoidal J, Silverman EK. Multistudy fine mapping of chromosome 2q identifies XRCC5 as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease susceptibility gene. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:605-13. [PMID: 20463177 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200910-1586oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Several family-based studies have identified genetic linkage for lung function and airflow obstruction to chromosome 2q. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that merging results of high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mapping in four separate populations would lead to the identification of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) susceptibility genes on chromosome 2q. METHODS Within the chromosome 2q linkage region, 2,843 SNPs were genotyped in 806 COPD cases and 779 control subjects from Norway, and 2,484 SNPs were genotyped in 309 patients with severe COPD from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial and 330 community control subjects. Significant associations from the combined results across the two case-control studies were followed up in 1,839 individuals from 603 families from the International COPD Genetics Network (ICGN) and in 949 individuals from 127 families in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Merging the results of the two case-control analyses, 14 of the 790 overlapping SNPs had a combined P < 0.01. Two of these 14 SNPs were consistently associated with COPD in the ICGN families. The association with one SNP, located in the gene XRCC5, was replicated in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, with a combined P = 2.51 x 10(-5) across the four studies, which remains significant when adjusted for multiple testing (P = 0.02). Genotype imputation confirmed the association with SNPs in XRCC5. CONCLUSIONS By combining data from COPD genetic association studies conducted in four independent patient samples, we have identified XRCC5, an ATP-dependent DNA helicase, as a potential COPD susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Hersh
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cho MH, Washko GR, Hoffmann TJ, Criner GJ, Hoffman EA, Martinez FJ, Laird N, Reilly JJ, Silverman EK. Cluster analysis in severe emphysema subjects using phenotype and genotype data: an exploratory investigation. Respir Res 2010; 11:30. [PMID: 20233420 PMCID: PMC2850331 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between genetic markers and COPD, but results have been inconsistent. One reason may be heterogeneity in disease definition. Unsupervised learning approaches may assist in understanding disease heterogeneity. Methods We selected 31 phenotypic variables and 12 SNPs from five candidate genes in 308 subjects in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Genetics Ancillary Study cohort. We used factor analysis to select a subset of phenotypic variables, and then used cluster analysis to identify subtypes of severe emphysema. We examined the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of each cluster. Results We identified six factors accounting for 75% of the shared variability among our initial phenotypic variables. We selected four phenotypic variables from these factors for cluster analysis: 1) post-bronchodilator FEV1 percent predicted, 2) percent bronchodilator responsiveness, and quantitative CT measurements of 3) apical emphysema and 4) airway wall thickness. K-means cluster analysis revealed four clusters, though separation between clusters was modest: 1) emphysema predominant, 2) bronchodilator responsive, with higher FEV1; 3) discordant, with a lower FEV1 despite less severe emphysema and lower airway wall thickness, and 4) airway predominant. Of the genotypes examined, membership in cluster 1 (emphysema-predominant) was associated with TGFB1 SNP rs1800470. Conclusions Cluster analysis may identify meaningful disease subtypes and/or groups of related phenotypic variables even in a highly selected group of severe emphysema subjects, and may be useful for genetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Cho
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Two studies report genome-wide association studies for lung function, using cross-sectional spirometric measurements in healthy individuals. They identify six genetic loci newly associated to natural variation in lung function, which may have implications for the related airway diseases of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Weiss ST. What genes tell us about the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1170-3. [PMID: 20133923 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201001-0069pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently a series of genome-wide association study manuscripts in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been published. These papers suggest that, in part, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have a common genetic origin, and that this common origin is due to polymorphism in genes that are involved with the development of the lung. This Pulmonary Perspective discusses what we are learning from genome-wide association studies, where the field of genetics and genomics is headed, and how this knowledge will ultimately be put to use in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Weiss
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Srisuma S, Bhattacharya S, Simon DM, Solleti SK, Tyagi S, Starcher B, Mariani TJ. Fibroblast growth factor receptors control epithelial-mesenchymal interactions necessary for alveolar elastogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:838-50. [PMID: 20093646 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0544oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The mechanisms contributing to alveolar formation are poorly understood. A better understanding of these processes will improve efforts to ameliorate lung disease of the newborn and promote alveolar repair in the adult. Previous studies have identified impaired alveogenesis in mice bearing compound mutations of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors (FGFRs) 3 and 4, indicating that these receptors cooperatively promote postnatal alveolar formation. OBJECTIVES To determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms of FGF-mediated alveolar formation. METHODS Compound FGFR3/FGFR4-deficient mice were assessed for temporal changes in lung growth, airspace morphometry, and genome-wide expression. Observed gene expression changes were validated using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, tissue biochemistry, histochemistry, and ELISA. Autocrine and paracrine regulatory mechanisms were investigated using isolated lung mesenchymal cells and type II pneumocytes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Quantitative analysis of airspace ontogeny confirmed a failure of secondary crest elongation in compound mutant mice. Genome-wide expression profiling identified molecular alterations in these mice involving aberrant expression of numerous extracellular matrix molecules. Biochemical and histochemical analysis confirmed changes in elastic fiber gene expression resulted in temporal increases in elastin deposition with the loss of typical spatial restriction. No abnormalities in elastic fiber gene expression were observed in isolated mesenchymal cells, indicating that abnormal elastogenesis in compound mutant mice is not cell autonomous. Increased expression of paracrine factors, including insulin-like growth factor-1, in freshly-isolated type II pneumocytes indicated that these cells contribute to the observed pathology. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial/mesenchymal signaling mechanisms appear to contribute to FGFR-dependent alveolar elastogenesis and proper airspace formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorachai Srisuma
- Division of Neonatology and Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Gosselink JV, Hayashi S, Elliott WM, Xing L, Chan B, Yang L, Wright C, Sin D, Paré PD, Pierce JA, Pierce RA, Patterson A, Cooper J, Hogg JC. Differential expression of tissue repair genes in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 181:1329-35. [PMID: 20075389 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200812-1902oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The airflow limitation that defines severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by a combination of small airway obstruction and emphysematous lung destruction. OBJECTIVES To examine the hypothesis that small airway obstructive and emphysematous destructive lesions are produced by differential expression of genes associated with tissue repair. METHODS The expression of 54 genes associated with repair of repetitively damaged tissue was measured in 136 paired samples of small bronchioles and surrounding lung tissue separated by laser capture microdissection. These samples were collected from 63 patients at different levels of disease severity who required surgery for either lung cancer or lung transplantation for very severe COPD. Gene expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in these paired samples and compared with the FEV(1) by linear regression analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After corrections for false discovery rates, only 2 of 10 genes (serpin peptidase inhibitor/plasminogen activator inhibitor member 2 and matrix metalloproteinase [MMP] 10) increased, whereas 8 (MMP2, integrin-alpha1, vascular endothelial growth factor, a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 33, scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2, fibronectin, and collagen 3alpha1) decreased in small airways in association with FEV(1). In contrast, 8/12 genes (early growth response factor 1, MMP1, MMP9, MMP10, plasminogen activator urokinase, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor, tumor necrosis factor, and IL13) increased and 4/12 (MMP2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, collagen 1alpha1, and transforming growth factor-beta3) decreased in the surrounding lung tissue in association with progression of COPD. CONCLUSIONS The progression of COPD is associated with the differential expression of a cluster of genes that favor the degradation of the tissue surrounding the small conducting airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Gosselink
- The iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Cha SI, Kang HG, Choi JE, Kim MJ, Park J, Lee WK, Kim CH, Jung TH, Park JY. SERPINE2 polymorphisms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Korean Med Sci 2009; 24:1119-25. [PMID: 19949669 PMCID: PMC2775861 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2009.24.6.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of genome-wide linkage analyses have identified the 2q33.3-2q37.2 region as most likely to contain the genes that contribute to the susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It was hypothesized that the SERPINE2 gene, which is one of the genes located at the 2q33.3-2q37.2 region, may act as a low-penetrance susceptibility gene for COPD. To test this hypothesis, the association of four SERPINE2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs16865421A>G, rs7583463A>C, rs729631C>G, and rs6734100C>G) with the risk of COPD was investigated in a case-control study of 311 COPD patients and 386 controls. The SNP rs16865421 was associated with a significantly decreased risk of COPD in a dominant model for the polymorphic allele (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.45-0.97, P=0.03). In haplotype analysis, the GACC haplotype carrying the polymorphic allele at the rs16865421 was associated with a significantly decreased risk of COPD when compared to the AACC haplotype (adjusted OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.38-0.89, P=0.01), and this effect was evident in younger individuals (adjusted OR=0.30, 95% CI=0.14-0.64, P=0.002). This study suggests that the SERPINE2 gene contributes to the susceptibility to COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Ick Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo-Gyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jin Eun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Won Kee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Wood AM, Tan SL, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: towards pharmacogenetics. Genome Med 2009; 1:112. [PMID: 19951401 PMCID: PMC2808747 DOI: 10.1186/gm112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common problem worldwide, and it is recognized that the term encompasses overlapping sub-phenotypes of disease. The development of a sub-phenotype may be determined in part by an individual's genetics, which in turn may determine response to treatment. A growing understanding of the genetic factors that predispose to COPD and its sub-phenotypes and the pathophysiology of the condition is now leading to the suggestion of individualized therapy based on the patients' clinical phenotype and genotype. Pharmacogenetics is the study of variations in treatment response according to genotype and is perhaps the next direction for genetic research in COPD. Here, we consider how knowledge of the pathophysiology and genetic risk factors for COPD may inform future management strategies for affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Wood
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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68
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Sharma S, Tantisira K, Carey V, Murphy AJ, Lasky-Su J, Celedón JC, Lazarus R, Klanderman B, Rogers A, Soto-Quirós M, Avila L, Mariani T, Gaedigk R, Leeder S, Torday J, Warburton D, Raby B, Weiss ST. A role for Wnt signaling genes in the pathogenesis of impaired lung function in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 181:328-36. [PMID: 19926868 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200907-1009oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Animal models demonstrate that aberrant gene expression in utero can result in abnormal pulmonary phenotypes. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify genes that are differentially expressed during in utero airway development and test the hypothesis that variants in these genes influence lung function in patients with asthma. METHODS Stage 1 (Gene Expression): Differential gene expression analysis across the pseudoglandular (n = 27) and canalicular (n = 9) stages of human lung development was performed using regularized t tests with multiple comparison adjustments. Stage 2 (Genetic Association): Genetic association analyses of lung function (FEV(1), FVC, and FEV(1)/FVC) for variants in five differentially expressed genes were conducted in 403 parent-child trios from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP). Associations were replicated in 583 parent-child trios from the Genetics of Asthma in Costa Rica study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 1,776 differentially expressed genes between the pseudoglandular (gestational age: 7-16 wk) and the canalicular (gestational age: 17-26 wk) stages, we selected 5 genes in the Wnt pathway for association testing. Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms in three genes demonstrated association with lung function in CAMP (P < 0.05), and associations for two of these genes were replicated in the Costa Ricans: Wnt1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 with FEV(1) (combined P = 0.0005) and FVC (combined P = 0.0004), and Wnt inhibitory factor 1 with FVC (combined P = 0.003) and FEV(1)/FVC (combined P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Wnt signaling genes are associated with impaired lung function in two childhood asthma cohorts. Furthermore, gene expression profiling of human fetal lung development can be used to identify genes implicated in the pathogenesis of lung function impairment in individuals with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sharma
- Channing Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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69
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Sørheim IC, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS, Brøgger JC, Grydeland TB, Silverman EK. [Genetics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2009; 129:2104-7. [PMID: 19855448 DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Integration of genomic and genetic approaches implicates IREB2 as a COPD susceptibility gene. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:493-502. [PMID: 19800047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and is influenced by both genetic determinants and smoking. We identified genomic regions from 56 lung-tissue gene-expression microarrays and used them to select 889 SNPs to be tested for association with COPD. We genotyped SNPs in 389 severe COPD cases from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial and 424 cigarette-smoking controls from the Normative Aging Study. A total of 71 autosomal SNPs demonstrated at least nominal significance with COPD susceptibility (p = 3.4 x 10(-6) to 0.05). These 71 SNPs were evaluated in a family-based study of 127 probands with severe, early-onset COPD and 822 of their family members in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study. We combined p values from the case-control and family-based analyses, setting p = 5.60 x 10(-5) as a conservative threshold for significance. Three SNPs in the iron regulatory protein 2 (IREB2) gene met this stringent threshold for significance, and four other IREB2 SNPs demonstrated combined p < 0.02. We demonstrated replication of association for these seven IREB2 SNPs (all p values < or = 0.02) in a family-based study of 3117 subjects from the International COPD Genetics Network; combined p values across all cohorts for the main phenotype of interest ranged from 1.6 x 10(-7) to 6.4 x 10(-4). IREB2 protein and mRNA were increased in lung-tissue samples from COPD subjects in comparison to controls. In summary, gene-expression and genetic-association results have implicated IREB2 as a COPD susceptibility gene.
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71
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Array of hope: expression profiling identifies disease biomarkers and mechanism. Biochem Soc Trans 2009; 37:855-62. [PMID: 19614607 DOI: 10.1042/bst0370855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput, genome-wide analytical technologies are now commonly used in all fields of medical research. The most commonly applied of these technologies, gene expression microarrays, have been shown to be both accurate and precise when properly implemented. For over a decade, microarrays have provided novel insight into many complex human diseases. Microarray-based discovery can be classified into three components, biomarker detection, disease (sub)classification and identification of causal mechanism, in order of accomplishment. Within the respiratory system, the application of microarrays has achieved significant success in all components, particularly with respect to lung cancer. Numerous studies over the last half-decade have applied this technology to the characterization of non-malignant respiratory diseases, animal models of respiratory disease and normal developmental processes. Studies of obstructive lung diseases by many groups, including our own, have yielded not only disease biomarkers, but also some novel putative pathogenic mechanisms. We have successfully used an integrative genomics approach, combining microarray analysis with human genetics, to identify susceptibility genes for COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Interestingly, we find that the assessment of quantitative phenotypic variables enhances gene discovery. Our studies contribute to the identification of obstructive lung disease biomarkers, provide data associated with disease phenotypes and support the use of an integrated approach to move beyond marker identification to mechanism discovery.
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Abstract
Asthma and COPD are complex diseases with strong genetic and environmental components. These common pulmonary diseases have both different and similar clinical features. Molecular genetic techniques are being used to improve understanding of these common late onset disorders. Recently, several genes and genetic loci associated with increased susceptibility to asthma and COPD have been described. Many of these genes are expressed in the lung tissues, indicating that events in lung tissues might drive disease processes. Lung tissues are rich sources of innate danger signals, and an increased understanding of how the lung tissues communicate with the immune system to maintain healthy tissue might provide new insights into the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory lung diseases in which injury and repair are in disequilibrium. Given that the innate immune system is at the interface between the airways and environmental insults, genetic polymorphisms in genes related to the innate immune system are likely to affect susceptibility to both asthma and COPD. In addition, some findings from genetic studies provide molecular support for the point of view proposed in the Dutch hypothesis regarding the relationship between asthma and COPD, which highlights the complexity of the pathways that can induce small airway disease and suggests that there is a continuum between asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hizawa
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Bossé Y. Genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a succinct review, future avenues and prospective clinical applications. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:655-67. [PMID: 19374520 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. A large number of candidate gene-association studies and genome-wide linkage scans have been conducted to elucidate the genetic architecture underlying this disease. The compilation of these studies clearly revealed the complex genetic nature of COPD. Multiple genes acting on specific environmental backgrounds are likely to be the tenet of this multifactorial disorder. Encouragingly, reproducible susceptibility genes, such as SERPINE2, were recently identified. Advances in genomic research offer unprecedented capabilities to interrogate the human genome and are likely to accelerate the discovery of new genes. A comprehensive catalogue of genes implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD has great potential to lead to the development of new therapies and explain interindividual response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Pavillon Margeritte-d'Youville, Y4190, 2725, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada.
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Ngan DA, Vickerman SV, Granville DJ, Man SFP, Sin DD. The possible role of granzyme B in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2009; 3:113-29. [PMID: 19638369 DOI: 10.1177/1753465809341965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly prevalent inflammatory lung condition characterized by airways disease and emphysema, and the precise mechanism of pathogenesis is poorly understood. The consistent features of COPD include protease-antiprotease imbalance, inflammation and accelerated aging caused by apoptosis or senescence. One family of molecules involved in all of these processes is the granzymes, serine proteases with the best-known member being granzyme B (GzmB). The majority of GzmB is released unidirectionally towards target cells, but GzmB can also be released nonspecifically and escape into the extracellular environment. GzmB is capable of cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in vitro, and the accumulation of GzmB in the extracellular milieu during chronic inflammation in COPD could contribute to ECM degradation and remodelling and, consequently, the emphysematous phenotype in the lung. Preliminary studies suggest that increased GzmB expression is associated with increased COPD severity, and this may represent a promising new target for drug and biomarker discovery in COPD. In this paper, we review the potential pathogenic contributions of GzmB to the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ngan
- James Hogg Research Laboratories, Providence Heart + Lung Institute at St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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75
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Zhong L, Fu WP, Sun C, Dai LM, Zhang YP. Absence of association between SERPINE2 genetic polymorphisms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Han Chinese: a case-control cohort study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:66. [PMID: 19604412 PMCID: PMC2719615 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have proposed that the serine protease inhibitor E2 (SERPINE2) was a novel susceptibility gene for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Caucasians. However, this issue still remained controversial. Additional evidences from populations with different environments and/or genetic backgrounds, such as East Asian, would be helpful to elucidate the issue. METHODS In this study, five proposed causal SNPs in SERPINE2 were genotyped in 327 COPD patients and 349 controls, all of which belonged to the Han population sampled from Southwest China. The frequency of each SNP was compared both individually and in combination between patients and controls. The potential relationship between these SNPs and severity of COPD was also investigated. RESULTS Three SNPs (rs3795877, rs6747096, and rs3795879) showed complete linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 1), and the minor allele frequencies were 13.0% and 12.9% in case and control cohorts, respectively, with no significant difference observed (P = 0.96). We also failed to observe any significant correlation between these SNPs and COPD severity (P = 0.67). The other two SNPs (rs7579646 and rs840088) also presented a similar pattern. Moreover, four major haplotypes were observed in our sample but none showed a significant difference between case and control groups (P > 0.1). CONCLUSION Our results failed to obtain the evidence that these SNPs in SERPINE2 contributed to the COPD susceptibility in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China.
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Hersh CP, DeMeo DL, Raby BA, Litonjua AA, Sylvia JS, Sparrow D, Reilly JJ, Silverman EK. Genetic Linkage and Association Analysis of COPD-Related Traits on Chromosome 8p. COPD 2009; 3:189-94. [PMID: 17361499 DOI: 10.1080/15412550601009321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide linkage analysis in the Boston Early-Onset Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Study has demonstrated significant evidence of linkage to chromosome 8p for forced expiratory volume in 1 second, an important COPD-related phenotype. In this study, we sought to fine map the linkage peak and to test variants in two candidate genes for association with COPD and related traits. In a variance component linkage analysis on chromosome 8, including seven additional short tandem repeat markers, the logarithm of the odds of linkage score was reduced from 3.30 to 1.80 (at 1 cM). Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Defensin Beta-1 (DEFB1) were genotyped in the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study families; none was significantly associated. Four SNPs and an insertion-deletion polymorphism in Macrophage Scavenger Receptor-1 (MSR1) were also genotyped in the family-based study. A coding variant (Pro275Ala) was marginally associated with two qualitative airflow obstruction traits (p < or = 0.02). This SNP showed a trend toward association in a case-control study comparing participants in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial to smoker controls (p = 0.07). Despite the reduced support for linkage upon further analysis, it remains possible that chromosome 8p contains a gene that influences COPD susceptibility. There is marginal, though not convincing, evidence for association with MSR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Hersh
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Richens JL, Urbanowicz RA, Lunt EAM, Metcalf R, Corne J, Fairclough L, O'Shea P. Systems biology coupled with label-free high-throughput detection as a novel approach for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2009; 10:29. [PMID: 19386108 PMCID: PMC2678087 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a treatable and preventable disease state, characterised by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Although COPD is primarily a disease of the lungs there is now an appreciation that many of the manifestations of disease are outside the lung, leading to the notion that COPD is a systemic disease. Currently, diagnosis of COPD relies on largely descriptive measures to enable classification, such as symptoms and lung function. Here the limitations of existing diagnostic strategies of COPD are discussed and systems biology approaches to diagnosis that build upon current molecular knowledge of the disease are described. These approaches rely on new 'label-free' sensing technologies, such as high-throughput surface plasmon resonance (SPR), that we also describe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Richens
- Cell Biophysics Group, School of Biology, The University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Abstract
COPD is a complex disease with multiple pathological components, which we unfortunately tend to ignore when spirometry is used as the only method to evaluate the disorder. Additional measures are needed to allow a more complete and clinically relevant assessment of COPD. The earliest potential risk factors of disease in COPD are variations in the genetic background. Genetic variations are present from conception and can determine lifelong changes in enzyme activities and protein concentrations. In contrast, measurements in blood, sputum, exhaled breath, broncho-alveolar lavage, and lung biopsies may vary substantially over time. This review explores potential markers of early disease and prognosis in COPD by examining genetic markers in the α1-antitrypsin, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and MBL-2 genes, and by examining the biochemical markers fibrinogen and C-reactive protein (CRP), which correlate with degree of pulmonary inflammation during stable conditions of COPD. Chronic lung inflammation appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD, and markers of this process have promising predictive value in COPD. To implement markers for COPD in clinical practice, besides those already established for the α1-antitrypsin gene, further research and validation studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Dahl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wilk JB, Chen TH, Gottlieb DJ, Walter RE, Nagle MW, Brandler BJ, Myers RH, Borecki IB, Silverman EK, Weiss ST, O'Connor GT. A genome-wide association study of pulmonary function measures in the Framingham Heart Study. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000429. [PMID: 19300500 PMCID: PMC2652834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) is a measure used to diagnose airflow obstruction and is highly heritable. We performed a genome-wide association study in 7,691 Framingham Heart Study participants to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the FEV1/FVC ratio, analyzed as a percent of the predicted value. Identified SNPs were examined in an independent set of 835 Family Heart Study participants enriched for airflow obstruction. Four SNPs in tight linkage disequilibrium on chromosome 4q31 were associated with the percent predicted FEV1/FVC ratio with p-values of genome-wide significance in the Framingham sample (best p-value = 3.6e-09). One of the four chromosome 4q31 SNPs (rs13147758; p-value 2.3e-08 in Framingham) was genotyped in the Family Heart Study and produced evidence of association with the same phenotype, percent predicted FEV1/FVC (p-value = 2.0e-04). The effect estimates for association in the Framingham and Family Heart studies were in the same direction, with the minor allele (G) associated with higher FEV1/FVC ratio levels. Results from the Family Heart Study demonstrated that the association extended to FEV1 and dichotomous airflow obstruction phenotypes, particularly among smokers. The SNP rs13147758 was associated with the percent predicted FEV1/FVC ratio in independent samples from the Framingham and Family Heart Studies producing a combined p-value of 8.3e-11, and this region of chromosome 4 around 145.68 megabases was associated with COPD in three additional populations reported in the accompanying manuscript. The associated SNPs do not lie within a gene transcript but are near the hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) gene and several expressed sequence tags cloned from fetal lung. Though it is unclear what gene or regulatory effect explains the association, the region warrants further investigation. Cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor for impaired lung function, yet only 20% of smokers develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This observation, along with family studies of lung function and COPD, suggests that genetic factors influence susceptibility to cigarette smoke. We examined the relationship between common genetic variants and measures of lung function in a sample of 7,691 participants from the Framingham Heart Study and confirmed our observations in 835 participants from the Family Heart Study selected to include cases of airflow obstruction. We identified a variant on chromosome 4 that was strongly associated with FEV1/FVC in the Framingham Study and confirmed the association in the Family Heart Study. The accompanying manuscript identified the same region to be associated with COPD. Several interesting genes are present in the region that we identified, including a gene (HHIP) interacting with a biological pathway involved in lung development, but it is not yet clear which gene in the region explains the association. Our results identified a region of chromosome 4 that warrants further study to understand the genetic effects influencing lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma B Wilk
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Hersh CP, Hansel NN, Barnes KC, Lomas DA, Pillai SG, Coxson HO, Mathias RA, Rafaels NM, Wise RA, Connett JE, Klanderman BJ, Jacobson FL, Gill R, Litonjua AA, Sparrow D, Reilly JJ, Silverman EK. Transforming growth factor-beta receptor-3 is associated with pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:324-31. [PMID: 19131638 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0427oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome, including emphysema and airway disease. Phenotypes defined on the basis of chest computed tomography (CT) may decrease disease heterogeneity and aid in the identification of candidate genes for COPD subtypes. To identify these genes, we performed genome-wide linkage analysis in extended pedigrees from the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, stratified by emphysema status (defined by chest CT scans) of the probands, followed by genetic association analysis of positional candidate genes. A region on chromosome 1p showed strong evidence of linkage to lung function traits in families of emphysema-predominant probands in the stratified analysis (LOD score = 2.99 in families of emphysema-predominant probands versus 1.98 in all families). Association analysis in 949 individuals from 127 early-onset COPD pedigrees revealed association for COPD-related traits with an intronic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in transforming growth factor-beta receptor-3 (TGFBR3) (P = 0.005). This SNP was significantly associated with COPD affection status comparing 389 cases from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial to 472 control smokers (P = 0.04), and with FEV(1) (P = 0.004) and CT emphysema (P = 0.05) in 3,117 subjects from the International COPD Genetics Network. Gene-level replication of association with lung function was seen in 427 patients with COPD from the Lung Health Study. In conclusion, stratified linkage analysis followed by association testing identified TGFBR3 (betaglycan) as a potential susceptibility gene for COPD. Published human microarray and murine linkage studies have also demonstrated the importance of TGFBR3 in emphysema and lung function, and our group and others have previously found association of COPD-related traits with TGFB1, a ligand for TGFBR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig P Hersh
- Channing Laboratory and Center for Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Kim WJ, Hersh CP, DeMeo DL, Reilly JJ, Silverman EK. Genetic association analysis of COPD candidate genes with bronchodilator responsiveness. Respir Med 2008; 103:552-7. [PMID: 19111454 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Airflow limitation in COPD patients is not fully reversible. However, there may be large variability in bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) among COPD patients, and familial aggregation of BDR suggests a genetic component. Therefore, we investigated the association between six candidate genes and BDR in subjects with severe COPD. A total of 389 subjects from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) were analyzed. Bronchodilator responsiveness to albuterol was expressed in three ways: absolute change in FEV(1), change in FEV(1) as a percent of baseline FEV(1), and change in FEV(1) as a percent of predicted FEV(1). Genotyping was completed for 122 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six candidate genes (EPHX1, SFTPB, TGFB1, SERPINE2, GSTP1, ADRB2). Associations between BDR phenotypes and SNP genotypes were tested using linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, pack-years of smoking, and height. Genes associated with BDR phenotypes in the NETT subjects were assessed for replication in 127 pedigrees from the Boston Early-Onset COPD (EOCOPD) Study. Three SNPs in EPHX1 (p=0.009-0.04), three SNPs in SERPINE2 (p=0.004-0.05) and two SNPs in ADRB2 (0.04-0.05) were significantly associated with BDR phenotypes in NETT subjects. One SNP in EPHX1 (rs1009668, p=0.04) was significantly replicated in EOCOPD subjects. SNPs in SFTPB, TGFB1, and GSTP1 genes were not associated with BDR. In conclusion, a polymorphism of EPHX1 was associated with bronchodilator responsiveness phenotypes in subjects with severe COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Kim
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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84
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Castaldi PJ, Hersh CP, Reilly JJ, Silverman EK. Genetic associations with hypoxemia and pulmonary arterial pressure in COPD. Chest 2008; 135:737-744. [PMID: 19017876 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and pulmonary arterial hypertension are known complications of advanced COPD. We sought to identify genetic polymorphisms associated with these traits in a population of patients with severe COPD from the National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT). METHODS In 389 participants from the NETT Genetics Ancillary Study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in five candidate genes previously associated with COPD susceptibility (EPHX1, SERPINE2, SFTPB, TGFB1, and GSTP1). Linear regression models were used to test for associations among these SNPs and three quantitative COPD-related traits (Pao(2), Paco(2), and pulmonary artery systolic pressure). Genes associated with hypoxemia were tested for replication in probands from the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study. RESULTS In the NETT Genetics Ancillary Study population, SNPs in microsomal epoxide hydrolase (EPHX1) [p = 0.01 to 0.04] and serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade E, member 2 (SERPINE2) [p = 0.04 to 0.008] were associated with hypoxemia. One SNP within surfactant protein B (SFTPB) was associated with pulmonary artery systolic pressure (p = 0.01). In probands from the Boston Early-Onset COPD Study, SNPs in EPHX1 and in SERPINE2 were associated with the requirement for supplemental oxygen. CONCLUSIONS In participants with severe COPD, SNPs in EPHX1 and SERPINE2 were associated with hypoxemia in two separate study populations, and SNPs from SFTPB were associated with pulmonary artery pressure in the NETT participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Castaldi
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Craig P Hersh
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - John J Reilly
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Bhattacharya S, Srisuma S, Demeo DL, Shapiro SD, Bueno R, Silverman EK, Reilly JJ, Mariani TJ. Molecular biomarkers for quantitative and discrete COPD phenotypes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 40:359-67. [PMID: 18849563 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0114oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an inflammatory lung disorder with complex pathological features and largely unknown etiology. The identification of biomarkers for this disease could aid the development of methods to facilitate earlier diagnosis, the classification of disease subtypes, and provide a means to define therapeutic response. To identify gene expression biomarkers, we completed expression profiling of RNA derived from the lung tissue of 56 subjects with varying degrees of airflow obstruction using the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 array. We applied multiple, independent analytical methods to define biomarkers for either discrete or quantitative disease phenotypes. Analysis of differential expression between cases (n = 15) and controls (n = 18) identified a set of 65 discrete biomarkers. Correlation of gene expression with quantitative measures of airflow obstruction (FEV(1)%predicted or FEV(1)/FVC) identified a set of 220 biomarkers. Biomarker genes were enriched in functions related to DNA binding and regulation of transcription. We used this group of biomarkers to predict disease in an unrelated data set, generated from patients with severe emphysema, with 97% accuracy. Our data contribute to the understanding of gene expression changes occurring in the lung tissue of patients with obstructive lung disease and provide additional insight into potential mechanisms involved in the disease process. Furthermore, we present the first gene expression biomarker for COPD validated in an independent data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Division of Neonatology and Center for Pediatric Biomedical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Box 703, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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86
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Lee JM, Kang YR, Park SH, Cha SI, Kim JS, Kang HK, Lee WK, Kim MJ, Kim CH, Kim NS, Jung TH, Park JY. Polymorphisms in interleukin-1B and its receptor antagonist genes and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a Korean population: a case–control study. Respir Med 2008; 102:1311-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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87
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Abstract
Although a hereditary contribution to emphysema has been long suspected, severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency remains the only conclusively proven genetic risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Recently, genome-wide linkage analysis has led to the identification of two promising candidate genes for COPD: TGFB1 and SERPINE2. Like multiple other COPD candidate gene associations, even these positionally identified genes have not been universally replicated across all studies. Differences in phenotype definition may contribute to nonreplication in genetic studies of heterogeneous disorders such as COPD. The use of precisely measured phenotypes, including emphysema quantification on high-resolution chest computed tomography scans, has aided in the discovery of additional genes for clinically relevant COPD-related traits. The use of computed tomography scans to assess emphysema and airway disease as well as newer genetic technologies, including gene expression microarrays and genome-wide association studies, has great potential to detect novel genes affecting COPD susceptibility, severity, and response to treatment.
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88
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Rossiter HB, Scadeng M, Tang K, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Doxycycline treatment prevents alveolar destruction in VEGF-deficient mouse lung. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:525-35. [PMID: 18181212 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo lung-targeted VEGF gene inactivation results in pulmonary cell apoptosis, airspace enlargement, and increased lung compliance consistent with an emphysema-like phenotype. The predominant hypothesis for the cause of lung destruction in emphysema is an imbalance between active lung protease and anti-protease molecules. Therefore, we investigated the role of protease (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases--MMPs) and anti-protease (e.g., tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases--TIMPs) expression in contributing to the lung structural remodeling observed in pulmonary-VEGF-deficient mice. VEGFLoxP mice instilled through the trachea with an adeno-associated virus expressing Cre recombinase (AAV/Cre) manifest airspace enlargement and a greater (P < 0.05) mean linear intercept (MLI: 44.2 +/- 4.2 microm) compared to mice instilled with a control virus expressing LacZ (31.3 +/- 2.5 microm). Airspace enlargement was prevented by the continuous administration of the general MMP inhibitor, doxycycline (Dox) (Cre + Dox: 32.6 +/- 2.5 microm), and MLI values were not different from either control (LacZ + Dox: 30.5 +/- 1.2 microm). In situ magnetic resonance imaging of VEGF gene inactivated mouse lungs revealed uneven inflation, residual trapped gas volumes upon oxygen absorption deflation/re-inflation, and loss of parenchymal structure; effects that were largely prevented by Dox. Five weeks after AAV/Cre infection Western blot revealed a 9.9-fold increase in pulmonary MMP-3, and 2-fold increases in MMP-9 and TIMP-2. However, the increase in MMP-3 was prevented by Dox administration and was associated with a 2-fold increase in serpin b5 (Maspin) expression. These results suggest that doxycycline treatment largely prevents the aberrant lung remodeling response observed in VEGF-deficient mouse lungs and is associated with changes in protease and anti-protease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B Rossiter
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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89
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Laird NM, Lange C. Family-based methods for linkage and association analysis. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2008; 60:219-52. [PMID: 18358323 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(07)00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Traditional epidemiological study concepts such as case-control or cohort designs can be used in the design of genetic association studies, giving them a prominent role in genetic association analysis. A different class of designs based on related individuals, typically families, uses the concept of Mendelian transmission to achieve design-independent randomization, which permits the testing of linkage and association. Family-based designs require specialized analytic methods but they have distinct advantages: They are robust to confounding and variance inflation, which can arise in standard designs in the presence of population substructure; they test for both linkage and association; and they offer a natural solution to the multiple comparison problem. This chapter focuses on family-based designs. We describe some basic study designs as well as general approaches to analysis for qualitative, quantitative, and complex traits. Finally, we review available software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan M Laird
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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90
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Affiliation(s)
- William MacNee
- ELEGI Colt Research Labs, University of Edinburgh/MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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91
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Ammous Z, Hackett NR, Butler MW, Raman T, Dolgalev I, O'Connor TP, Harvey BG, Crystal RG. Variability in small airway epithelial gene expression among normal smokers. Chest 2008; 133:1344-1353. [PMID: 18339782 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite overwhelming data that cigarette smoking causes COPD, only a minority of long-term smokers are affected, strongly suggesting that genetic factors modify susceptibility to this disease. We hypothesized that individual variations exist in the response to cigarette smoking, with variability among smokers in expression levels of protective/susceptibility genes. METHODS Affymetrix arrays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the variability of gene expression in the small airway epithelium obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy of 18 normal nonsmokers, 18 normal smokers, and 18 smokers with COPD. RESULTS We identified 201 probe sets representing 152 smoking-responsive genes that were significantly up-regulated or down-regulated, and assessed the coefficient of variation in expression levels among the study population. Variation was a reproducible property of each gene as assessed by different microarray probe sets and real-time polymerase chain reaction, and was observed in both normal smokers and smokers with COPD. Greater individual variability was found in smokers with COPD than in normal smokers. The majority of these highly variable smoking-responsive genes were in the functional categories of signal transduction, xenobiotic degradation, metabolism, transport, oxidant related, and transcription. A similar pattern of the same highly variable genes was observed in an independent data set. CONCLUSIONS We propose that genetic diversity is likely within this subset of genes, with highly variable individual-to-individual responses of the small airway epithelium to smoking, and that this subset of genes represents putative candidates for assessment of susceptibility/protection from disease in future gene-based epidemiologic studies of smokers' risk for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ammous
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Neil R Hackett
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Marcus W Butler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Tina Raman
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Igor Dolgalev
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Timothy P O'Connor
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Ben-Gary Harvey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
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92
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Brehm JM, Celedón JC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hispanics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177:473-8. [PMID: 18029789 PMCID: PMC2258442 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200708-1274pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hispanics are individuals whose ancestry can be traced to Spain and/or areas previously under Spanish control (e.g., Mexico, Puerto Rico). They are a rapidly growing subset of the population of the United States and are quite diverse in their racial ancestry, country of origin, area of residence, socioeconomic status, tobacco use, and access to health care. Current evidence suggests that the prevalence and morbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) vary widely among Hispanic-American nations, with similar but limited findings among Hispanic subgroups in the United States. Potential reasons for such variation include differences in racial ancestry and genetic susceptibility, exposure to tobacco smoke and/or biomass smoke, access to health care, and disease management. Future studies of COPD in Hispanics should include large samples of subgroups that are well defined with regard to self-reported ethnicity, country of origin, area of residence, tobacco use, and socioeconomic status. Areas that need to be carefully examined include validation of COPD diagnoses for epidemiologic studies (e.g., by radiologic assessment), COPD in high-risk groups (e.g., Puerto Ricans), impact of biomass smoke (in rural areas) and air pollution (in urban areas) on COPD morbidity, effects of migration and acculturation on COPD prevalence and morbidity among Hispanic subgroups in the United States, development of reference values for spirometry, smoking cessation, and overcoming barriers to management. Public health measures, such as effective smoking prevention and cessation programs, reduction of air pollution and exposure to biomass smoke, and improved access to health care, would help reduce the burden of COPD among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Brehm
- Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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93
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Myerburg MM, McKenna EE, Luke CJ, Frizzell RA, Kleyman TR, Pilewski JM. Prostasin expression is regulated by airway surface liquid volume and is increased in cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L932-41. [PMID: 18310226 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00437.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway surface liquid (ASL) absorption is initiated by Na+ entry via epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC), which establishes an osmotic gradient that drives fluid from the luminal to serosal airway surface. We and others have recently reported that a protease/anti-protease balance regulates ENaC in human airway epithelial cells (HAEC) and provides a mechanism for autoregulation of ASL volume. In cystic fibrosis (CF), this balance is disturbed, leading to constitutive proteolytic activation of ENaC and the pathological Na+ hyperabsorption characteristic of this airway disease. Prostasin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored serine protease that activates ENaC and is expressed on the surface epithelium lining the airway. In this report we present evidence that prostasin expression is regulated by the ASL volume, allowing for increased proteolytic activation of ENaC when the ASL volume is high. Prostasin activity is further regulated by the cognate serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1), which is expressed in HAEC and inhibits Na+ absorption by forming an inactive complex with prostasin and preventing the proteolytic processing of prostasin. Whereas these mechanisms regulate prostasin expression in response to ASL volume in non-CF epithelia, HAEC cultured from CF patients express >50% more prostasin on the epithelial surface. These findings suggest that a proteolytic cascade involving prostasin, an upstream prostasin-activating protease, and PN-1 regulate Na+ absorption in the airway and that abnormal prostasin expression contributes to excessive proteolytic activation of ENaC in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike M Myerburg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Univ. of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 628 NW Montefiore Univ. Hospital, 3459 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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94
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Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Kouri I, Ioannidis JP. Pharmacogenetics of the response to beta 2 agonist drugs: a systematic overview of the field. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 8:933-58. [PMID: 17716228 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.8.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The response to beta2-agonist treatment shows large repeatability within individuals and may thus be determined by genetic influences. Here we present a systematic overview of the available genetic association and linkage data for beta2-agonist treatment response. Systematic searches identified 66 eligible articles, as of March 2007, pertaining either to B2AR gene polymorphisms and short-acting or long-acting beta2-agonists or to another 29 different genes. We systematize these study results according to gene, agent and type of outcomes addressed. The systematic review highlights major challenges in the field, including extreme multiplicity of analyses; lack of consensus for main phenotypes of interest; typically small sample sizes; and poor replicability of the proposed genetic variants. Future studies will benefit from standardization of analyses and outcomes, hypothesis-free genome-wide association testing platforms, potentially additional fine mapping around new discovered variants, and large-scale collaborative studies with prospective plans for replication among several teams, with transparent public recording of all data.
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95
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Abstract
Emphysema is one manifestation of a group of chronic, obstructive, and frequently progressive destructive lung diseases. Cigarette smoking and air pollution are the main causes of emphysema in humans, and cigarette smoking causes emphysema in rodents. This review examines the concept of a homeostatically active lung structure maintenance program that, when attacked by proteases and oxidants, leads to the loss of alveolar septal cells and airspace enlargement. Inflammatory and noninflammatory mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, as well as the role of the innate and adaptive immune systems, are being explored in genetically altered animals and in exposure models of this disease. These recent scientific advances support a model whereby alveolar destruction resulting from a coalescence of mechanical forces, such as hyperinflation, and more recently recognized cellular and molecular events, including apoptosis, cellular senescence, and failed lung tissue repair, produces the clinically recognized syndrome of emphysema.
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96
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Procoagulant signalling mechanisms in lung inflammation and fibrosis: novel opportunities for pharmacological intervention? Br J Pharmacol 2008; 153 Suppl 1:S367-78. [PMID: 18223674 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that uncontrolled activation of the coagulation cascade following lung injury contributes to the development of lung inflammation and fibrosis in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) and fibrotic lung disease. This article reviews our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to the activation of the coagulation cascade in response to lung injury and the evidence that excessive procoagulant activity is of pathophysiological significance in these disease settings. Current evidence suggests that the tissue factor-dependent extrinsic pathway is the predominant mechanism by which the coagulation cascade is locally activated in the lungs of patients with ALI/ARDS and pulmonary fibrosis. Whilst, fibrin deposition might contribute to the pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS following systemic insult; current evidence suggests that the cellular effects mediated via activation of proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) may be of particular importance in influencing inflammatory and fibroproliferative responses in experimental models involving direct injury to the lung. In this regard, studies in PAR(1) knockout mice have shown that this receptor plays a major role in orchestrating the interplay between coagulation, inflammation and lung fibrosis. This review will focus on our current understanding of excessive procoagulant signalling in acute and chronic lung injury and will highlight the novel opportunities that this may present for therapeutic intervention.
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97
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Manolov T, Tan TT, Forsgren A, Riesbeck K. Moraxella-dependent alpha 1-antichymotrypsin neutralization: a unique virulence mechanism. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:609-17. [PMID: 18096871 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0289oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute phase reactant and protease inhibitor alpha(1)-antichymotrypsin is considered to play a protective role in the airways, but whether it interacts with respiratory bacteria is not known. We analyzed whether the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and other bacterial species interact with antichymotrypsin. M. catarrhalis was the only species that bound antichymotrypsin among 25 bacterial species tested by flow cytometry and direct binding assay. We compared a series of clinical isolates in addition to wild-type and ubiquitous surface protein-deficient Moraxella to study the nature of antichymotrypsin binding by the bacteria. Experiments with Moraxella mutants revealed that ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2 were responsible for the interaction, and using recombinant fragments, a consensus sequence within ubiquitous surface proteins A1 and A2 was defined. Binding of iodine-labeled antichymotrypsin was dose dependent and strong (dissociation constant [K(d)] 24.9-44.8 nM). Moreover, a chymotrypsin activity assay showed that antichymotrypsin, when bound to the bacterial surface, was neutralized. Moraxella antichymotrypsin neutralization is a novel microbial virulence mechanism that may induce excessive inflammation resulting in more exposed extracellular matrix that is beneficial for bacterial colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Manolov
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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98
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Thorley AJ, Tetley TD. Pulmonary epithelium, cigarette smoke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2007; 2:409-28. [PMID: 18268916 PMCID: PMC2699967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease involving a wide variety of cells and inflammatory mediators. The most important etiological factor in the development of this disease is cigarette smoking. Much of the research into the mechanisms of COPD has been concerned with the induction of inflammation and the role of neutrophils and macrophages in the pathophysiology of the disease. The possible contribution of the epithelium to the development of COPD has only recently become apparent and remains unclear. In this article we review research into the effect of cigarette smoke on the pulmonary epithelium with particular emphasis on oxidative stress, proteolytic load, pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile and epithelial secretions. In addition, we have also reviewed how cigarette smoke may affect epithelial damage and repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Thorley
- Correspondence: Andrew J Thorley, Lung Cell Biology, Section of Airways Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom, Tel +44 207 351 8457, Fax +44 207 351 8445, Email
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99
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Wang IM, Stepaniants S, Boie Y, Mortimer JR, Kennedy B, Elliott M, Hayashi S, Loy L, Coulter S, Cervino S, Harris J, Thornton M, Raubertas R, Roberts C, Hogg JC, Crackower M, O'Neill G, Paré PD. Gene expression profiling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 177:402-11. [PMID: 17975202 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200703-390oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is a common and disabling lung disease for which there are few therapeutic options. OBJECTIVES We reasoned that gene expression profiling of COPD lungs could reveal previously unidentified disease pathways. METHODS Forty-eight human lung samples were obtained from tissue resected from five nonsmokers, 21 GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) stage 0, 9 GOLD stage 1, 10 GOLD stage 2, and 3 GOLD stage 3 patients. mRNA from the specimens was profiled using Agilent's Functional ID v2.0 array (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) containing 23,720 sequences. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The gene expression pattern was influenced by the percentage of the sample made up of parenchyma. Gene expression was related to forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of forced expiratory volume (FEF(25-75%) % predicted) revealing a signature gene set of 203 transcripts. Genes involved in extracellular matrix synthesis/degradation and apoptosis were among the up-regulated genes, whereas genes that participate in antiinflammatory responses were down-regulated. Immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (PLAU), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (PLAUR), and thrombospondin (THBS1) by alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Genes in this pathway have been shown to be involved in the activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and matrix metalloproteinases and are subject to inhibition by SERPINE2. Interestingly, both TGF-beta1 and SERPINE2 have been identified as candidate genes in COPD genetic linkage and association studies. CONCLUSIONS The results provide evidence that genes involved in tissue remodeling and repair are differentially regulated in the lungs of obstructed smokers and suggest that they are potential therapeutic targets. Data deposited in GEO at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE8500.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ming Wang
- McDonald Research Wing, Room 166, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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100
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Vansteelandt S, Demeo DL, Lasky-Su J, Smoller JW, Murphy AJ, McQueen M, Schneiter K, Celedon JC, Weiss ST, Silverman EK, Lange C. Testing and estimating gene-environment interactions in family-based association studies. Biometrics 2007; 64:458-67. [PMID: 17970814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2007.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We propose robust and efficient tests and estimators for gene-environment/gene-drug interactions in family-based association studies in which haplotypes, dichotomous/quantitative phenotypes, and complex exposure/treatment variables are analyzed. Using causal inference methodology, we show that the tests and estimators are robust against unmeasured confounding due to population admixture and stratification, provided that Mendel's law of segregation holds and that the considered exposure/treatment variable is not affected by the candidate gene under study. We illustrate the practical relevance of our approach by an application to a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease study. The data analysis suggests a gene-environment interaction between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the Serpine2 gene and smoking status/pack-years of smoking. Simulation studies show that the proposed methodology is sufficiently powered for realistic sample sizes and that it provides valid tests and effect size estimators in the presence of admixture and stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Vansteelandt
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S9, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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