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Gupta S, Kelow S, Wang L, Andrake MD, Dunbrack RL, Kruger WD. Mouse modeling and structural analysis of the p.G307S mutation in human cystathionine β-synthase ( CBS) reveal effects on CBS activity but not stability. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13921-13931. [PMID: 30030379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene are the cause of classical homocystinuria, the most common inborn error in sulfur metabolism. The p.G307S mutation is the most frequent cause of CBS deficiency in Ireland, which has the highest prevalence of CBS deficiency in Europe. Individuals homozygous for this mutation tend to be severely affected and are pyridoxine nonresponsive, but the molecular basis for the strong effects of this mutation is unclear. Here, we characterized a transgenic mouse model lacking endogenous Cbs and expressing human p.G307S CBS protein from a zinc-inducible metallothionein promoter (Tg-G307S Cbs-/-). Unlike mice expressing other mutant CBS alleles, the Tg-G307S transgene could not efficiently rescue neonatal lethality of Cbs-/- in a C57BL/6J background. In a C3H/HeJ background, zinc-induced Tg-G307S Cbs-/- mice expressed high levels of p.G307S CBS in the liver, and this protein variant forms multimers, similarly to mice expressing WT human CBS. However, the p.G307S enzyme had no detectable residual activity. Moreover, treating mice with proteasome inhibitors failed to significantly increase CBS-specific activity. These findings indicated that the G307S substitution likely affects catalytic function as opposed to causing a folding defect. Using molecular dynamics simulation techniques, we found that the G307S substitution likely impairs catalytic function by limiting the ability of the tyrosine at position 308 to assume the proper conformational state(s) required for the formation of the pyridoxal-cystathionine intermediate. These results indicate that the p.G307S CBS is stable but enzymatically inert and therefore unlikely to respond to chaperone-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Simon Kelow
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Liqun Wang
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Mark D Andrake
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
| | - Warren D Kruger
- From the Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111 and
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Hendrix P, Foreman PM, Harrigan MR, Fisher WS, Vyas NA, Lipsky RH, Lin M, Walters BC, Tubbs RS, Shoja MM, Pittet JF, Mathru M, Griessenauer CJ. Association of cystathionine beta-synthase polymorphisms and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2018; 128:1771-1777. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.2.jns162933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVECystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is involved in homocysteine and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism. Both products have been implicated in the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular diseases. The impact of CBS polymorphisms on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and its clinical sequelae is poorly understood.METHODSBlood samples from all patients enrolled in the CARAS (Cerebral Aneurysm Renin Angiotensin System) study were used for genetic evaluation. The CARAS study prospectively enrolled aSAH patients at 2 academic institutions in the United States from 2012 to 2015. Common CBS polymorphisms were detected using 5′exonuclease genotyping assays. Analysis of associations between CBS polymorphisms and aSAH was performed.RESULTSSamples from 149 aSAH patients and 50 controls were available for analysis. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the insertion allele of the 844ins68 CBS insertion polymorphism showed a dominant effect on aSAH. The GG genotype of the CBS G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs234706) was independently associated with unfavorable functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale Score 3–6) at discharge and last follow-up, but not clinical vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI).CONCLUSIONSThe insertion allele of the 844ins68 CBS insertion polymorphism was independently associated with aSAH while the GG genotype of rs234706 was associated with an unfavorable outcome both at discharge and last follow-up. Increased CBS activity may exert its neuroprotective effects through alteration of H2S levels, and independent of clinical vasospasm and DCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hendrix
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Paul M. Foreman
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mark R. Harrigan
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Winfield S. Fisher
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Nilesh A. Vyas
- 3Department of Neurosciences, Inova Health System, Falls Church
| | - Robert H. Lipsky
- 3Department of Neurosciences, Inova Health System, Falls Church
- 4Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Mingkuan Lin
- 4Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Beverly C. Walters
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
- 4Department of Molecular Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | | | - Mohammadali M. Shoja
- 6Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mali Mathru
- 7Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christoph J. Griessenauer
- 8Neurosurgical Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
- 9Department of Neurosurgery, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
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Tu Y, Kreinbring CA, Hill M, Liu C, Petsko GA, McCune CD, Berkowitz DB, Liu D, Ringe D. Crystal Structures of Cystathionine β-Synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: One Enzymatic Step at a Time. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3134-3145. [PMID: 29630349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key regulator of sulfur amino acid metabolism, taking homocysteine from the methionine cycle to the biosynthesis of cysteine via the trans-sulfuration pathway. CBS is also a predominant source of H2S biogenesis. Roles for CBS have been reported for neuronal death pursuant to cerebral ischemia, promoting ovarian tumor growth, and maintaining drug-resistant phenotype by controlling redox behavior and regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. The trans-sulfuration pathway is well-conserved in eukaryotes, but the analogous enzymes have different enzymatic behavior in different organisms. CBSs from the higher organisms contain a heme in an N-terminal domain. Though the presence of the heme, whose functions in CBSs have yet to be elucidated, is biochemically interesting, it hampers UV-vis absorption spectroscopy investigations of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) species. CBS from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yCBS) naturally lacks the heme-containing N-terminal domain, which makes it an ideal model for spectroscopic studies of the enzymological reaction catalyzed and allows structural studies of the basic yCBS catalytic core (yCBS-cc). Here we present the crystal structure of yCBS-cc, solved to 1.5 Å. Crystal structures of yCBS-cc in complex with enzymatic reaction intermediates have been captured, providing a structural basis for residues involved in catalysis. Finally, the structure of the yCBS-cc cofactor complex generated by incubation with an inhibitor shows apparent off-pathway chemistry not normally seen with CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Tu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cheryl A Kreinbring
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Megan Hill
- Department of Biology , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Cynthia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , New York 10021 , United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Dali Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Loyola University Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60660 , United States
| | - Dagmar Ringe
- Department of Biochemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States.,Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts 02454 , United States
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54
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Ibrahim S, Maqbool S, Azam M, Iqbal MP, Qamar R. CBS mutations and MTFHR SNPs causative of hyperhomocysteinemia in Pakistani children. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:353-360. [PMID: 29600437 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Three index patients with hyperhomocysteinemia and ocular anomalies were screened for cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms. Genotyping of hyperhomocysteinemia associated MTHFR polymorphisms C677T (rs1801133) and A1298C (rs1801131) was done by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Sanger sequencing was performed for CBS exonic sequences along with consensus splice sites. In the case of MTHFR polymorphisms, all the patients were heterozygous CT for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C677T and were therefore carriers of the risk allele (T), while the patients were homozygous CC for the risk genotype of the SNP A1298C. CBS sequencing resulted in the identification of two novel mutations, a missense change (c.467T>C; p.Leu156Pro) in exon 7 and an in-frame deletion (c.808_810del; p.Glu270del) in exon 10. In addition, a recurrent missense mutation (c.770C>T; p.Thr257Met) in exon 10 of the gene was also identified. The mutations were present homozygously in the patients and were inherited from the carrier parents. This is the first report from Pakistan where novel as well as recurrent CBS mutations causing hyperhomocysteinemia and lens dislocation in three patients from different families are being reported with the predicted effect of the risk allele of the MTHFR SNP in causing hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Ibrahim
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Maqbool
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Perwaiz Iqbal
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Raheel Qamar
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 45600, Pakistan.
- Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.
- Al-Nafees Medical College & Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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55
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Prabhudesai S, Koceja C, Dey A, Eisa-Beygi S, Leigh NR, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P, Ramchandran R. Cystathionine β-Synthase Is Necessary for Axis Development in Vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:14. [PMID: 29503817 PMCID: PMC5820354 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) is a critical enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway and is responsible for the synthesis of cystathionine from serine and homocysteine. Cystathionine is a precursor to amino acid cysteine. CBS is also responsible for generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cysteine. Mutation in CBS enzyme causes homocysteine levels to rise, and gives rise to a condition called hyperhomocysteinuria. To date, numerous mouse knockout models for CBS enzyme has been generated, which show panoply of defects, reflecting the importance of this enzyme in development. In zebrafish, we and others have identified two orthologs of cbs, which we call cbsa and cbsb. Previous gene knockdown studies in zebrafish have reported a function for cbsb ortholog in maintaining ion homeostasis in developing embryos. However, its role in maintaining H2S homeostasis in embryos is unknown. Here, we have performed RNA analysis in whole zebrafish embryos that showed a wide expression pattern for cbsa and cbsb primarily along the embryonic axis of the developing embryo. Loss-of-function analysis using a combination of approaches which include splice morpholinos and CRISPR/Cas9 genomic engineering show evidence that cbsb ortholog is responsible for anterior-posterior axis development, and cbsa function is redundant. Cbsb loss of function fish embryos show shortened and bent axis, along with less H2S and more homocysteine, effects resulting from loss of Cbsb. Using a chemical biology approach, we rescued the axis defects with betaine, a compound known to reduce homocysteine levels in plasma, and GYY4137, a long term H2S donor. These results collectively argue that cells along the axis of a developing embryo are sensitive to changes in homocysteine and H2S levels, pathways that are controlled by Cbsb, and thus is essential for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhangi Prabhudesai
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Chris Koceja
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Anindya Dey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Shahram Eisa-Beygi
- Pediatrics Radiology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Noah R. Leigh
- Milwaukee Health Department, City of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Pediatrics Radiology, Developmental Vascular Biology Program, Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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56
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Chi L, Gao B, Tu P, Liu CW, Xue J, Lai Y, Ru H, Lu K. Individual susceptibility to arsenic-induced diseases: the role of host genetics, nutritional status, and the gut microbiome. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:63-79. [PMID: 29429126 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in water or food is a global issue affecting hundreds of millions of people. Although As is classified as a group 1 carcinogen and is associated with multiple diseases, the individual susceptibility to As-related diseases is highly variable, such that a proportion of people exposed to As have higher risks of developing related disorders. Many factors have been found to be associated with As susceptibility. One of the main sources of the variability found in As susceptibility is the variation in the host genome, namely, polymorphisms of many genes involved in As transportation, biotransformation, oxidative stress response, and DNA repair affect the susceptibility of an individual to As toxicity and then influence the disease outcomes. In addition, lifestyles and many nutritional factors, such as folate, vitamin C, and fruit, have been found to be associated with individual susceptibility to As-related diseases. Recently, the interactions between As exposure and the gut microbiome have been of particular concern. As exposure has been shown to perturb gut microbiome composition, and the gut microbiota has been shown to also influence As metabolism, which raises the question of whether the highly diverse gut microbiota contributes to As susceptibility. Here, we review the literature and summarize the factors, such as host genetics and nutritional status, that influence As susceptibility, and we also present potential mechanisms of how the gut microbiome may influence As metabolism and its toxic effects on the host to induce variations in As susceptibility. Challenges and future directions are also discussed to emphasize the importance of characterizing the specific role of these factors in interindividual susceptibility to As-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chi
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Bei Gao
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Pengcheng Tu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yunjia Lai
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Hongyu Ru
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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57
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Chen Y, Shang X, Zhao X, Li J, Yuan J, Chen H, Zhang J, Wang T. Highly selective probes of copper(II) complexes for sulfide detection and cytotoxicity assay. J Sulphur Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2018.1425410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Probes, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefang Shang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Probes, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing Zhao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Probes, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Probes, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinlian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, People’s Republic of China
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58
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Li T, Gong L, Jiang G, Wang Y, Gupta VK, Qu H, Duan X, Wang J, Jiang Y. Carbon Sources Influence Fumonisin Production inFusarium proliferatum. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Guoxiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Zhong Shan Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau; Zhongshan P. R. China
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- School of Science; Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology ERA Chair of Green Chemistry; Tallinn University of Technology; Tallinn Estonia
| | - Hongxia Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xuewu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science College of Public Health; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Sustainable Utilization South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany South China Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou P. R. China
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Szabo C, Papapetropoulos A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H 2S Levels: H 2S Donors and H 2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:497-564. [PMID: 28978633 PMCID: PMC5629631 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as an important endogenous gasotransmitter in mammalian cells and tissues. Similar to the previously characterized gasotransmitters nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, H2S is produced by various enzymatic reactions and regulates a host of physiologic and pathophysiological processes in various cells and tissues. H2S levels are decreased in a number of conditions (e.g., diabetes mellitus, ischemia, and aging) and are increased in other states (e.g., inflammation, critical illness, and cancer). Over the last decades, multiple approaches have been identified for the therapeutic exploitation of H2S, either based on H2S donation or inhibition of H2S biosynthesis. H2S donation can be achieved through the inhalation of H2S gas and/or the parenteral or enteral administration of so-called fast-releasing H2S donors (salts of H2S such as NaHS and Na2S) or slow-releasing H2S donors (GYY4137 being the prototypical compound used in hundreds of studies in vitro and in vivo). Recent work also identifies various donors with regulated H2S release profiles, including oxidant-triggered donors, pH-dependent donors, esterase-activated donors, and organelle-targeted (e.g., mitochondrial) compounds. There are also approaches where existing, clinically approved drugs of various classes (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) are coupled with H2S-donating groups (the most advanced compound in clinical trials is ATB-346, an H2S-donating derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound naproxen). For pharmacological inhibition of H2S synthesis, there are now several small molecule compounds targeting each of the three H2S-producing enzymes cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase, and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Although many of these compounds have their limitations (potency, selectivity), these molecules, especially in combination with genetic approaches, can be instrumental for the delineation of the biologic processes involving endogenous H2S production. Moreover, some of these compounds (e.g., cell-permeable prodrugs of the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetate, or benserazide, a potentially repurposable CBS inhibitor) may serve as starting points for future clinical translation. The present article overviews the currently known H2S donors and H2S biosynthesis inhibitors, delineates their mode of action, and offers examples for their biologic effects and potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (C.S.); Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Greece (A.P.); and Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (A.P.)
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60
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Gupta S, Wang L, Kruger WD. The c.797 G>A (p.R266K) cystathionine β-synthase mutation causes homocystinuria by affecting protein stability. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:863-869. [PMID: 28488385 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene are the cause of classical homocystinuria, the most common inborn error in sulfur metabolism. The c.797 G>A (p.R266K) mutation in CBS was originally described in several Norwegian pyridoxine responsive CBS deficient patients, and heterologous gene expression studies have shown that the protein has near wild-type levels of enzyme activity. Here, we characterize a transgenic mouse lacking endogenous Cbs and expressing p.R266K human CBS protein from a zinc inducible metallothionein promoter (Tg-R266K Cbs-/- ). Unlike mice expressing other mutant CBS alleles, the Tg-R266K transgene is unable to efficiently rescue neonatal lethality of Cbs-/- on a C57BL/6J background. On a C3H/HeJ background, zinc-induced Tg-R266K Cbs-/- mice express CBS mRNA, but have very low levels of CBS protein and enzyme activity, resulting in extreme elevations in serum total homocysteine (tHcy). Treatment with pyridoxine did not have any appreciable effect on tHcy, indicating this allele is not pyridoxine responsive in mice. However, treatment with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib resulted in an 97% reduction in tHcy and a 2381% increase in liver CBS activity. These studies show that the p.R266K mutation causes increased proteasomal degradation in vivo, and that treatments that stabilize the protein can be used to reverse its effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liqun Wang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Warren D Kruger
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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61
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Xu J, Sinclair KD. One-carbon metabolism and epigenetic regulation of embryo development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 27:667-76. [PMID: 25710200 DOI: 10.1071/rd14377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One-carbon (1C) metabolism consists of an integrated series of metabolic pathways that include the folate cycle and methionine remethylation and trans-sulfuration pathways. Most, but not all, 1C metabolic enzymes are expressed in somatic cells of the ovary, mammalian oocytes and in preimplantation embryos. The metabolic implications of this, with regard to the provision of methyl donors (e.g. betaine) and 1C cofactors (e.g. vitamin B12), together with consequences of polymorphic variances in genes encoding 1C enzymes, are not fully understood but are the subject of ongoing investigations at the authors' laboratory. However, deficiencies in 1C-related substrates and/or cofactors during the periconception period are known to lead to epigenetic alterations in DNA and histone methylation in genes that regulate key developmental processes in the embryo. Such epigenetic modifications have been demonstrated to negatively impact on the subsequent health and metabolism of offspring. For this reason, parental nutrition around the time of conception has become a focal point of investigation in many laboratories with the aim of providing improved nutritional advice to couples. These issues are considered in detail in this article, which offers a contemporary overview of the effects of 1C metabolism on epigenetic programming in mammalian gametes and the early embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Kevin D Sinclair
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Engin AB, Engin A. The Interactions Between Kynurenine, Folate, Methionine and Pteridine Pathways in Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 960:511-527. [PMID: 28585214 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity activates both innate and adaptive immune responses in adipose tissue. Elevated levels of eosinophils with depression of monocyte and neutrophil indicate the deficiencies in the immune system of morbidly obese individuals. Actually, adipose tissue macrophages are functional antigen-presenting cells that promote the proliferation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing CD4+ T cells in adipose tissue of obese subjects. Eventually, diet-induced obesity is associated with the loss of tissue homeostasis and development of type 1 inflammatory responses in visceral adipose tissue. Activity of inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) plays a major role under pro-inflammatory, IFN-gamma dominated settings. One of the two rate-limiting enzymes which can metabolize tryptophan to kynurenine is IDO-1. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) correlates with IDO-1 in adipose compartments. Actually, IDO-1-mediated tryptophan catabolism due to chronic immune activation is the cause of reduced tryptophan plasma levels and be considered as the driving force for food intake in morbidly obese patients. Thus, decrease in plasma tryptophan levels and subsequent reduction in serotonin (5-HT) production provokes satiety dysregulation that leads to increased caloric uptake and obesity. However, after bariatric surgery, weight reduction does not lead to normalization of IDO-1 activity. Furthermore, there is a connection between arginine and tryptophan metabolic pathways in the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Hence, abdominal obesity is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability. IFN-gamma-induced activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and dissociation of endothelial adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK)- phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt)- endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) pathway enhances oxidative stress production secondary to high-fat diet. Thus, reduced endothelial NO availability correlates with the increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides levels. Additionally, in obese patients, folate-deficiency leads to hyperhomocysteinemia. Folic acid confers protection against hyperhomocysteinemia-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tomita M, Nagahara N, Ito T. Expression of 3-Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase in the Mouse. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121707. [PMID: 27973427 PMCID: PMC6273466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MST) is one of the principal enzymes for the production of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides in mammalians, and emerging evidence supports the physiological significance of MST. As a fundamental study of the physiology and pathobiology of MST, it is necessary to establish the tissue distribution of MST in mice. In the present study, the expression of MST in various organs of adult and fetal mice was analyzed by Western blotting and enzyme-immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the histology of MST gene-deficient mice was examined. Western blotting revealed that all organs examined had MST. The brain, liver, kidneys testes, and endocrine organs contained large amounts of MST, but the lungs, spleen, thymus, and small intestine did not. Immunohistochemically, the MST expression pattern varies in a cell-specific manner. In the brain, neural and glial cells are positively stained; in the lung, bronchiolar cells are preferentially stained; in the liver, hepatocytes around central veins are more strongly stained; renal convoluted cells are strongly stained; and pancreatic islets are strongly stained. Fetal tissues were studied, and MST expression was found to be similar before and after birth. Histological observation revealed no remarkable findings in MST gene-deficient mice. The present study revealed fundamental information regarding the MST expression of various organs in adult and fetal mice, and the morphological phenotype of MST gene-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tomita
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | - Noriyuki Nagahara
- Isotope Research Center, Nippon Medical School; Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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Druzhyna N, Szczesny B, Olah G, Módis K, Asimakopoulou A, Pavlidou A, Szoleczky P, Gerö D, Yanagi K, Törö G, López-García I, Myrianthopoulos V, Mikros E, Zatarain JR, Chao C, Papapetropoulos A, Hellmich MR, Szabo C. Screening of a composite library of clinically used drugs and well-characterized pharmacological compounds for cystathionine β-synthase inhibition identifies benserazide as a drug potentially suitable for repurposing for the experimental therapy of colon cancer. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:18-37. [PMID: 27521834 PMCID: PMC5107130 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) has been recently identified as a drug target for several forms of cancer. Currently no potent and selective CBS inhibitors are available. Using a composite collection of 8871 clinically used drugs and well-annotated pharmacological compounds (including the LOPAC library, the FDA Approved Drug Library, the NIH Clinical Collection, the New Prestwick Chemical Library, the US Drug Collection, the International Drug Collection, the ‘Killer Plates’ collection and a small custom collection of PLP-dependent enzyme inhibitors), we conducted an in vitro screen in order to identify inhibitors for CBS using a primary 7-azido-4-methylcoumarin (AzMc) screen to detect CBS-derived hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production. Initial hits were subjected to counterscreens using the methylene blue assay (a secondary assay to measure H2S production) and were assessed for their ability to quench the H2S signal produced by the H2S donor compound GYY4137. Four compounds, hexachlorophene, tannic acid, aurintricarboxylic acid and benserazide showed concentration-dependent CBS inhibitory actions without scavenging H2S released from GYY4137, identifying them as direct CBS inhibitors. Hexachlorophene (IC50: ∼60 μM), tannic acid (IC50: ∼40 μM) and benserazide (IC50: ∼30 μM) were less potent CBS inhibitors than the two reference compounds AOAA (IC50: ∼3 μM) and NSC67078 (IC50: ∼1 μM), while aurintricarboxylic acid (IC50: ∼3 μM) was equipotent with AOAA. The second reference compound NSC67078 not only inhibited the CBS-induced AzMC fluorescence signal (IC50: ∼1 μM), but also inhibited with the GYY4137-induced AzMC fluorescence signal with (IC50 of ∼6 μM) indicative of scavenging/non-specific effects. Hexachlorophene (IC50: ∼6 μM), tannic acid (IC50: ∼20 μM), benserazide (IC50: ∼20 μM), and NSC67078 (IC50: ∼0.3 μM) inhibited HCT116 colon cancer cells proliferation with greater potency than AOAA (IC50: ∼300 μM). In contrast, although a CBS inhibitor in the cell-free assay, aurintricarboxylic acid failed to inhibit HCT116 proliferation at lower concentrations, and stimulated cell proliferation at 300 μM. Copper-containing compounds present in the libraries, were also found to be potent inhibitors of recombinant CBS; however this activity was due to the CBS inhibitory effect of copper ions themselves. However, copper ions, up to 300 μM, did not inhibit HCT116 cell proliferation. Benserazide was only a weak inhibitor of the activity of the other H2S-generating enzymes CSE and 3-MST activity (16% and 35% inhibition at 100 μM, respectively) in vitro. Benserazide suppressed HCT116 mitochondrial function and inhibited proliferation of the high CBS-expressing colon cancer cell line HT29, but not the low CBS-expressing line, LoVo. The major benserazide metabolite 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzylhydrazine also inhibited CBS activity and suppressed HCT116 cell proliferation in vitro. In an in vivo study of nude mice bearing human colon cancer cell xenografts, benserazide (50 mg/kg/day s.q.) prevented tumor growth. In silico docking simulations showed that benserazide binds in the active site of the enzyme and reacts with the PLP cofactor by forming reversible but kinetically stable Schiff base-like adducts with the formyl moiety of pyridoxal. We conclude that benserazide inhibits CBS activity and suppresses colon cancer cell proliferation and bioenergetics in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo. Further pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and preclinical animal studies are necessary to evaluate the potential of repurposing benserazide for the treatment of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Druzhyna
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabor Olah
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Katalin Módis
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonia Asimakopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Greece; Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasia Pavlidou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Petra Szoleczky
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Domokos Gerö
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kazunori Yanagi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabor Törö
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Isabel López-García
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Mikros
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - John R Zatarain
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Greece; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; CBS Therapeutics Inc., Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; CBS Therapeutics Inc., Galveston, TX, USA.
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Wang X, Yue J, Ding C, Wang S, Liu B, Tian M, Yu S. Deletion of AS87_03730 gene changed the bacterial virulence and gene expression of Riemerella anatipestifer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22438. [PMID: 26928424 PMCID: PMC4772473 DOI: 10.1038/srep22438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is an important pathogen of waterfowl, which causes septicemia anserum exsudativa in ducks. In this study, an AS87_03730 gene deletion R. anatipestifer mutant Yb2ΔAS87_03730 was constructed to investigate the role of AS87_03730 on R. anatipestifer virulence and gene regulation. By deleting a 708-bp fragment from AS87_03730, the mutant Yb2ΔAS87_03730 showed a significant decreased growth rate in TSB and invasion capacity in Vero cells, compared to wild-type strain Yb2. Moreover, the median lethal dose (LD50) of Yb2ΔAS87_03730 was 1.24 × 107 colony forming units (CFU), which is about 80-fold attenuated than that of Yb2 (LD50 = 1.53 × 105 CFU). Furthermore, RNA-Seq analysis and Real-time PCR indicated 19 up-regulated and two down-regulated genes in Yb2ΔAS87_03730. Functional analysis revealed that 12 up-regulated genes were related to “Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis”, two were classified into “Cell envelope biogenesis, outer membrane”, one was involved in “Amino acid transport and metabolism”, and the other four had unknown functions. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis indicated that the AS87_03730 gene is highly conserved among R. anatipestifer strains, as the percent sequence identity was over 93.5%. This study presents evidence that AS87_03730 gene is involved in bacterial virulence and gene regulation of R. anatipestifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiaping Yue
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, P. R. China
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Gregory JF, DeRatt BN, Rios-Avila L, Ralat M, Stacpoole PW. Vitamin B6 nutritional status and cellular availability of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate govern the function of the transsulfuration pathway's canonical reactions and hydrogen sulfide production via side reactions. Biochimie 2016; 126:21-6. [PMID: 26765812 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The transsulfuration pathway (TS) acts in sulfur amino acid metabolism by contributing to the regulation of cellular homocysteine, cysteine production, and the generation of H2S for signaling functions. Regulation of TS pathway kinetics involves stimulation of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) by S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and oxidants such as H2O2, and by Michaelis-Menten principles whereby substrate concentrations affect reaction rates. Although pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) serves as coenzyme for both CBS and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), CSE exhibits much greater loss of activity than CBS during PLP insufficiency. Thus, cellular and plasma cystathionine concentrations increase in vitamin B6 deficiency mainly due to the bottleneck caused by reduced CSE activity. Because of the increase in cystathionine, the canonical production of cysteine (homocysteine → cystathionine → cysteine) is largely maintained even during vitamin B6 deficiency. Typical whole body transsulfuration flux in humans is 3-7 μmol/h per kg body weight. The in vivo kinetics of H2S production via side reactions of CBS and CSE in humans are unknown but they have been reported for cultured HepG2 cells. In these studies, cells exhibit a pronounced reduction in H2S production capacity and rates of lanthionine and homolanthionine synthesis in deficiency. In humans, plasma concentrations of lanthionine and homolanthionine exhibit little or no mean change due to 4-wk vitamin B6 restriction, nor do they respond to pyridoxine supplementation of subjects in chronically low-vitamin B6 status. Wide individual variation in responses of the H2S biomarkers to such perturbations of human vitamin B6 status suggests that the resulting modulation of H2S production may have physiological consequences in a subset of people. Supported by NIH grant DK072398. This paper refers to data from studies registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01128244 and NCT00877812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse F Gregory
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA.
| | - Barbara N DeRatt
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA
| | - Luisa Rios-Avila
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA
| | - Maria Ralat
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0370, USA
| | - Peter W Stacpoole
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Saha S, Chakraborty PK, Xiong X, Dwivedi SKD, Mustafi SB, Leigh NR, Ramchandran R, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R. Cystathionine β-synthase regulates endothelial function via protein S-sulfhydration. FASEB J 2016; 30:441-56. [PMID: 26405298 PMCID: PMC4684530 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-278648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies of the human cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) enzyme are characterized by a plethora of vascular disorders and hyperhomocysteinemia. However, several clinical trials demonstrated that despite reduction in homocysteine levels, disease outcome remained unaffected, thus the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction is poorly defined. Here, we show that the loss of CBS function in endothelial cells (ECs) leads to a significant down-regulation of cellular hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by 50% and of glutathione (GSH) by 40%. Silencing CBS in ECs compromised phenotypic and signaling responses to the VEGF that were potentiated by decreased transcription of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 and neuropilin (NRP)-1, the primary receptors regulating endothelial function. Transcriptional down-regulation of VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 was mediated by a lack in stability of the transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which is a sulfhydration target of H2S at residues Cys68 and Cys755. Reinstating H2S but not GSH in CBS-silenced ECs restored Sp1 levels and its binding to the VEGFR-2 promoter and VEGFR-2, NRP-1 expression, VEGF-dependent proliferation, and migration phenotypes. Thus, our study emphasizes the importance of CBS-mediated protein S-sulfhydration in maintaining vascular health and function.-Saha, S., Chakraborty, P. K., Xiong, X., Dwivedi, S. K. D., Mustafi, S. B., Leigh, N. R., Ramchandran, R., Mukherjee, P., Bhattacharya, R. Cystathionine β-synthase regulates endothelial function via protein S-sulfhydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounik Saha
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Prabir K Chakraborty
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xunhao Xiong
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Soumyajit Banerjee Mustafi
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Noah R Leigh
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- *Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Pathology, and Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA; and Developmental Vascular Biology Program and Zebrafish Drug Screening Core, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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Fialho MB, de Andrade A, Bonatto JMC, Salvato F, Labate CA, Pascholati SF. Proteomic response of the phytopathogen Phyllosticta citricarpa to antimicrobial volatile organic compounds from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Res 2015; 183:1-7. [PMID: 26805613 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibit plant pathogens, including the filamentous fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa, causal agent of citrus black spot. VOCs mediate relevant interactions between organisms in nature, and antimicrobial VOCs are promising, environmentally safer fumigants to control phytopathogens. As the mechanisms by which VOCs inhibit microorganisms are not well characterized, we evaluated the proteomic response in P. citricarpa after exposure for 12h to a reconstituted mixture of VOCs (alcohols and esters) originally identified in S. cerevisiae. Total protein was extracted and separated by 2D-PAGE, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. About 600 proteins were detected, of which 29 were downregulated and 11 were upregulated. These proteins are involved in metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, and transport. Enzymes related to energy-generating pathways, particularly glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were the most strongly affected. Thus, the data indicate that antimicrobial VOCs interfere with essential metabolic pathways in P. citricarpa to prevent fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Batista Fialho
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander de Andrade
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Matheus Camargo Bonatto
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Salvato
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Florentino Pascholati
- Departamento de Fitopatologia e Nematologia, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CP 09, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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Carter RN, Morton NM. Cysteine and hydrogen sulphide in the regulation of metabolism: insights from genetics and pharmacology. J Pathol 2015; 238:321-32. [PMID: 26467985 PMCID: PMC4832394 DOI: 10.1002/path.4659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes represent a significant and escalating worldwide health burden. These conditions are characterized by abnormal nutrient homeostasis. One such perturbation is altered metabolism of the sulphur‐containing amino acid cysteine. Obesity is associated with elevated plasma cysteine, whereas diabetes is associated with reduced cysteine levels. One mechanism by which cysteine may act is through its enzymatic breakdown to produce hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a gasotransmitter that regulates glucose and lipid homeostasis. Here we review evidence from both pharmacological studies and transgenic models suggesting that cysteine and hydrogen sulphide play a role in the metabolic dysregulation underpinning obesity and diabetes. We then outline the growing evidence that regulation of hydrogen sulphide levels through its catabolism can impact metabolic health. By integrating hydrogen sulphide production and breakdown pathways, we re‐assess current hypothetical models of cysteine and hydrogen sulphide metabolism, offering new insight into their roles in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. © 2015 The Authors. Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick N Carter
- Molecular Metabolism Group, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Molecular Metabolism Group, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
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70
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Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia occurs in chronic- and end-stage kidney disease at the time when dialysis or transplant becomes indispensable for survival. Excessive accumulation of homocysteine (Hcy) aggravates conditions associated with imbalanced homeostasis and cellular redox thereby resulting in severe oxidative stress leading to oxidation of reduced free and protein-bound thiols. Thiol modifications such as N-homocysteinylation, sulfination, cysteinylation, glutathionylation, and sulfhydration control cellular responses that direct complex metabolic pathways. Although cysteinyl modifications are kept low, under Hcy-induced stress, thiol modifications persist thus surpassing cellular proteostasis. Here, we review mechanisms of redox regulation and show how cysteinyl modifications triggered by excess Hcy contribute development and progression of chronic kidney disease. We discuss different signaling events resulting from aberrant cysteinyl modification with a focus on transsulfuration.
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71
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Hellmich MR, Coletta C, Chao C, Szabo C. The therapeutic potential of cystathionine β-synthetase/hydrogen sulfide inhibition in cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:424-48. [PMID: 24730679 PMCID: PMC4307161 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cancer represents a major socioeconomic problem; there is a significant need for novel therapeutic approaches targeting tumor-specific pathways. RECENT ADVANCES In colorectal and ovarian cancers, an increase in the intratumor production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) plays an important role in promoting the cellular bioenergetics, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. It also stimulates peritumor angiogenesis inhibition or genetic silencing of CBS exerts antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo, and potentiates the antitumor efficacy of anticancer therapeutics. CRITICAL ISSUES Recently published studies are reviewed, implicating CBS overexpression and H2S overproduction in tumor cells as a tumor-growth promoting "bioenergetic fuel" and "survival factor," followed by an overview of the experimental evidence demonstrating the anticancer effect of CBS inhibition. Next, the current state of the art of pharmacological CBS inhibitors is reviewed, with special reference to the complex pharmacological actions of aminooxyacetic acid. Finally, new experimental evidence is presented to reconcile a controversy in the literature regarding the effects of H2S donor on cancer cell proliferation and survival. FUTURE DIRECTIONS From a basic science standpoint, future directions in the field include the delineation of the molecular mechanism of CBS up-regulation of cancer cells and the delineation of the interactions of H2S with other intracellular pathways of cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. From the translational science standpoint, future directions include the translation of the recently emerging roles of H2S in cancer into human diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ciro Coletta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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72
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Zhang L, Zhu H, Li M, Gu X. A novel fluorescent probe for imaging endogenous hydrogen sulphide via the CSE enzymatic pathway. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13135-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03927d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The capability of monitoring endogenous H2Sviathe CSE enzymatic pathway was proved by utilizing a novel designed probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Huikun Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Mimi Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xianfeng Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai
- China
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73
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Chen D, Wu D, Chen X, Liu SH, Yin J. A fluorescent turn-on H2S-responsive probe: design, synthesis and application. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9760-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered as the third signaling moleculein vivoand it plays an important role in various physiological processes and pathological processesin vivo, such as vasodilation, apoptosis, neurotransmission, ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, insulin secretion and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
- P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- School of Engineering
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of the Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Central China Normal University
- Wuhan 430079
- P. R. China
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74
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Hensley K, Denton TT. Alternative functions of the brain transsulfuration pathway represent an underappreciated aspect of brain redox biochemistry with significant potential for therapeutic engagement. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:123-34. [PMID: 25463282 PMCID: PMC4280296 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scientific appreciation for the subtlety of brain sulfur chemistry has lagged, despite understanding that the brain must maintain high glutathione (GSH) to protect against oxidative stress in tissue that has both a high rate of oxidative respiration and a high content of oxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acids. In fact, the brain was long thought to lack a complete transsulfuration pathway (TSP) for cysteine synthesis. It is now clear that not only does the brain possess a functional TSP, but brain TSP enzymes catalyze a rich array of alternative reactions that generate novel species including the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the atypical amino acid lanthionine (Lan). Moreover, TSP intermediates can be converted to unusual cyclic ketimines via transamination. Cell-penetrating derivatives of one such compound, lanthionine ketimine (LK), have potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and antineuroinflammatory actions and mitigate diverse neurodegenerative conditions in preclinical rodent models. This review will explore the source and function of alternative TSP products, and lanthionine-derived metabolites in particular. The known biological origins of lanthionine and its ketimine metabolite will be described in detail and placed in context with recent discoveries of a GSH- and LK-binding brain protein called LanCL1 that is proving essential for neuronal antioxidant defense; and a related LanCL2 homolog now implicated in immune sensing and cell fate determinations. The review will explore possible endogenous functions of lanthionine metabolites and will discuss the therapeutic potential of lanthionine ketimine derivatives for mitigating diverse neurological conditions including Alzheimer׳s disease, stroke, motor neuron disease, and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99201, USA.
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75
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Yuan S, Patel RP, Kevil CG. Working with nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in biological systems. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L403-15. [PMID: 25550314 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00327.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gasotransmitter molecules important in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Although these molecules were first known as environmental toxicants, it is now evident that that they are intricately involved in diverse cellular functions with impact on numerous physiological and pathogenic processes. NO and H2S share some common characteristics but also have unique chemical properties that suggest potential complementary interactions between the two in affecting cellular biochemistry and metabolism. Central among these is the interactions between NO, H2S, and thiols that constitute new ways to regulate protein function, signaling, and cellular responses. In this review, we discuss fundamental biochemical principals, molecular functions, measurement methods, and the pathophysiological relevance of NO and H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; and
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana; and
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76
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Is development of high-grade gliomas sulfur-dependent? Molecules 2014; 19:21350-62. [PMID: 25532835 PMCID: PMC6270701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized γ-cystathionase, rhodanese and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase activities in various regions of human brain (the cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, cerebellum and subcortical nuclei) and human gliomas with II to IV grade of malignancy (according to the WHO classification). The human brain regions, as compared to human liver, showed low γ-cystathionase activity. The activity of rhodanese was also much lower and it did not vary significantly between the investigated brain regions. The activity of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase was the highest in the thalamus, hypothalamus and subcortical nuclei and essentially the same level of sulfane sulfur was found in all the investigated brain regions. The investigations demonstrated that the level of sulfane sulfur in gliomas with the highest grades was high in comparison to various human brain regions, and was correlated with a decreased activity of γ-cystathionase, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and rhodanese. This can suggest sulfane sulfur accumulation and points to its importance for malignant cell proliferation and tumor growth. In gliomas with the highest grades of malignancy, despite decreased levels of total free cysteine and total free glutathione, a high ratio of GSH/GSSG was maintained, which is important for the process of malignant cells proliferation. A high level of sulfane sulfur and high GSH/GSSG ratio could result in the elevated hydrogen sulfide levels. Because of the disappearance of γ-cystathionase activity in high-grade gliomas, it seems to be possible that 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase could participate in hydrogen sulfide production. The results confirm sulfur dependence of malignant brain tumors.
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77
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Bronowicka-Adamska P, Zagajewski J, Wróbel M. An application of RP-HPLC for determination of the activity of cystathionine β-synthase and γ-cystathionase in tissue homogenates. Nitric Oxide 2014; 46:186-91. [PMID: 25307719 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.09.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The RP-HPLC-based method of determination of the activity of cystathionine β-synthase and γ-cystathionase was undertaken in mouse liver, kidney and brain. Products of the reactions, such as cystathionine, α-ketobutyrate, cysteine and glutathione, were measured using the RP-HPLC method. A difference in the cystathionine level between homogenates with totally CTH-inhibiting concentrations of DL-propargylglycine and without the inhibitor was employed to evaluate the activity of cystathionine β-synthase. Gamma-cystathionase activity was measured using DL-homoserine as a substrate and a sensitive HPLC-based assay to measure α-ketobutyrate. The results confirmed high cystathionine β-synthase activity and no γ-cystathionase activity in brain, and high γ-cystathionase activity in mouse liver. The method presented here allows for evaluating the relative contribution of CBS and CTH to generation of H2S in tissues. Additionally, it provides results, which reflect the redox status (GSH/GSSG) of a tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek Zagajewski
- Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Wróbel
- Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
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78
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Hammers MD, Pluth MD. Ratiometric measurement of hydrogen sulfide and cysteine/homocysteine ratios using a dual-fluorophore fragmentation strategy. Anal Chem 2014; 86:7135-40. [PMID: 24934901 PMCID: PMC4100788 DOI: 10.1021/ac501680d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
is an integral signaling molecule
in biology with complex generation, translocation, and metabolism
processes that are intertwined with cellular thiols. Differentiating
the complex interplay between H2S and biological thiols,
however, remains challenging due to the difficulty of monitoring H2S and thiol levels simultaneously in complex redox environments.
As a step toward unraveling the complexities of H2S and
thiols in sulfur redox homeostasis, we present a dual-fluorophore
fragmentation strategy that allows for the ratiometric determination
of relative H2S and cysteine (Cys) or homocysteine (Hcy)
concentrations, two important metabolites in H2S biosynthesis.
The key design principle is based on a nitrobenzofurazan-coumarin
(NBD-Coum) construct, which fragments into spectroscopically
differentiable products upon nucleophilic aromatic substitution with
either H2S or Cys/Hcy. Measurement of the ratio of fluorescence
intensities from coumarin and the NBD-Cys or NBD-Hcy adducts generates
a sigmoidal response with a dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude.
The developed scaffold displays a rapid response (<1 min) and is
selective for sulfhydryl-containing nucleophiles over other reactive
sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen species, including alcohol- and amine-functionalized
amino acids, polyatomic anionic sulfur species, NO, and HNO. Additionally, NBD-Coum is demonstrated to differentiate and report on different
oxidative stress stimuli in simulated sulfur pools containing H2S, Cys, and cystine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hammers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Material Science Institute, 1253 University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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79
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Módis K, Coletta C, Asimakopoulou A, Szczesny B, Chao C, Papapetropoulos A, Hellmich MR, Szabo C. Effect of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), an allosteric activator of cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) on colorectal cancer cell proliferation and bioenergetics in vitro. Nitric Oxide 2014; 41:146-56. [PMID: 24667534 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent data show that colon cancer cells selectively overexpress cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), which produces hydrogen sulfide (H2S), to maintain cellular bioenergetics, support tumor growth and stimulate angiogenesis and vasorelaxation in the tumor microenvironment. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of the allosteric CBS activator S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) on the proliferation and bioenergetics of the CBS-expressing colon cancer cell line HCT116. The non-transformed, non-tumorigenic colon epithelial cell line NCM356 was used as control. For assessment of cell proliferation, the xCELLigence system was used. Bioenergetic function was measured by Extracellular Flux Analysis. Experiments using human recombinant CBS or HCT116 homogenates complemented the cell-based studies. SAM markedly enhanced CBS-mediated H2S production in vitro, especially when a combination of cysteine and homocysteine was used as substrates. Addition of SAM (0.1-3 mM) to HCT116 cells induced a concentration-dependent increase H2S production. SAM exerted time- and concentration-dependent modulatory effects on cell proliferation. At 0.1-1 mM SAM increased HCT116 proliferation between 0 and 12 h, while the highest SAM concentration (3 mM) inhibited proliferation. Over a longer time period (12-24 h), only the lowest concentration of SAM used (0.1 mM) stimulated cell proliferation; higher SAM concentrations produced a concentration-dependent inhibition. The short-term stimulatory effects of SAM were attenuated by the CBS inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) or by stable silencing of CBS. In contrast, the inhibitory effects of SAM on cell proliferation was unaffected by CBS inhibition or CBS silencing. In contrast to HCT116 cells, the lower rate of proliferation of the low-CBS expressor NCM356 cells was unaffected by SAM. Short-term (1 h) exposure of HCT116 cells to SAM induced a concentration-dependent increase in oxygen consumption and bioenergetic function at 0.1-1 mM, while 3 mM was inhibitory. Longer-term (72 h) exposure of HCT116 cells to all concentrations of SAM tested suppressed mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate, cellular ATP content and cell viability. The stimulatory effect of SAM on bioenergetics was attenuated in cells with stable CBS silencing, while the inhibitory effects were unaffected. In NCM356 cells SAM exerted smaller effects on cellular bioenergetics than in HCT116 cells. We have also observed a downregulation of CBS in response to prolonged exposure of SAM both in HCT116 and NCM356 cells. Taken together, the results demonstrate that H2S production in HCT116 cells is stimulated by the allosteric CBS activator, SAM. At low-to intermediate levels and early time periods the resulting H2S serves as an endogenous cancer cell growth and bioenergetic factor. In contrast, the inhibition of cell proliferation and bioenergetic function by SAM does not appear to relate to adverse autocrine effects of H2S resulting from CBS over-stimulation but, rather to CBS-independent pharmacological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Módis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ciro Coletta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Antonia Asimakopoulou
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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80
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Leikam C, Hufnagel A, Walz S, Kneitz S, Fekete A, Müller MJ, Eilers M, Schartl M, Meierjohann S. Cystathionase mediates senescence evasion in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Oncogene 2014; 33:771-82. [PMID: 23353821 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of malignant melanoma is a highly complex process, which is still poorly understood. A majority of human melanomas are found to express a few oncogenic proteins, such as mutant RAS and BRAF variants. However, these oncogenes are also found in nevi, and it is now a well-accepted fact that their expression alone leads to senescence. This renders the understanding of senescence escape mechanisms an important point to understand tumor development. Here, we approached the question of senescence evasion by expressing the transcription factor v-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (c-MYC), which is known to act synergistically with many oncogenes, in melanocytes. We observed that MYC drives the evasion of reactive-oxygen stress-induced melanocyte senescence, caused by activated receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. Conversely, MIZ1, the growth suppressing interaction partner of MYC, is involved in mediating melanocyte senescence. Both, MYC overexpression and Miz1 knockdown led to a strong reduction of endogenous reactive-oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage and senescence. We identified the cystathionase (CTH) gene product as mediator of the ROS-related MYC and MIZ1 effects. Blocking CTH enzymatic activity in MYC-overexpressing and Miz1 knockdown cells increased intracellular stress and senescence. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of CTH in human melanoma cells also reconstituted senescence in the majority of cell lines, and CTH knockdown reduced tumorigenic effects such as proliferation, H2O2 resistance and soft agar growth. Thus, we identified CTH as new MYC target gene with an important function in senescence evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Leikam
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - A Hufnagel
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - S Walz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - S Kneitz
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - A Fekete
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - M J Müller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - M Eilers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - M Schartl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - S Meierjohann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry I, Biocenter, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
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81
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Amer M, Qayyum R. The relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and homocysteine in asymptomatic adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:633-8. [PMID: 24276459 PMCID: PMC3913812 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for premature atherosclerosis and thromboembolism. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] may modulate the expression of genes involved in homocysteine metabolism. OBJECTIVE Little is known about the relationship between homocysteine and 25(OH)D. We hypothesized an inverse and nonlinear association between 25(OH)D and homocysteine. DESIGN We analyzed data from the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006 for asymptomatic adults (≥18 y). SETTING Linear regression models with spline adjusted for cardiovascular disease risk factors were used to explore nonlinearity. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE Mean change (β-coefficients with 95% confidence intervals) in homocysteine was reported per 10 ng/mL change in 25(OH)D. RESULTS Mean (SD) age and homocysteine levels of 14 630 participants were 47.2 (20) years and 8.8 (4.7) μmol/L, respectively, whereas the median (interquartile range) of 25(OH)D was 21 (15-27) ng/mL. Without using spline, we observed an inverse relation between homocysteine and 25(OH)D both in simple [-0.25 (-0.34 to -0.02) μmol/L] and multivariable [-0.13 (-0.18 to -0.01) μmol/L] regression. With spline, in a univariate model, an increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a significant decrease in homocysteine [-0.56 (-0.75 to -0.37) μmol/L] until 25(OH)D reaches but not if above its median (21 ng/mL). Similarly, in multivariable spline models, the inverse relationship between homocysteine and 25(OH)D remain significant [-0.49 (-0.67 to -0.31) μmol/L] only below the population median of 25(OH)D. CONCLUSIONS From a large community-based cohort of asymptomatic adults, we found an inverse relation between 25(OH)D and homocysteine among those with 25(OH)D concentration of 21 ng/mL or less. We did not observe any statistical decrease in homocysteine once 25(OH)D concentration rose above 21 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amer
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
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82
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Gu X, Zhu H, Yang S, Zhu YC, Zhu YZ. Development of a highly selective H2S fluorescent probe and its application to evaluate CSE inhibitors. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09066g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C359, a novel fluorescent probe for highly selective detection of H2S over biothiols, was applied to evaluate CSE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Huikun Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Suna Yang
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Chun Zhu
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology Shanghai College of Medicine
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Zhun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology
- School of Pharmacy
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
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83
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Devarie-Baez NO, Bagdon PE, Peng B, Zhao Y, Park CM, Xian M. Light-induced hydrogen sulfide release from "caged" gem-dithiols. Org Lett 2013; 15:2786-9. [PMID: 23697786 PMCID: PMC3701299 DOI: 10.1021/ol401118k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
"Caged" gem-dithiol derivatives that release H2S upon light stimulation have been developed. This new class of H2S donors was proven, by various spectroscopic methods, to generate H2S in an aqueous/organic medium as well as in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelmi O Devarie-Baez
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
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84
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Abstract
Sulfur is the seventh most abundant element measurable in the human body and is supplied mainly by the intake of methionine (Met), an indispensable amino acid found in plant and animal proteins. Met controls the initiation of protein synthesis, governs major metabolic and catalytic activities, and may undergo reversible redox processes safeguarding protein integrity. Withdrawal of Met from customary diets causes the greatest downsizing of lean body mass following either unachieved replenishment (malnutrition) or excessive losses (inflammation). These physiopathologically unrelated morbidities nevertheless stimulate comparable remethylation reactions from homocysteine, indicating that Met homeostasis benefits from high metabolic priority. Inhibition of cystathionine-β-synthase activity causes the upstream sequestration of homocysteine and the downstream drop in cysteine and glutathione. Consequently, the enzymatic production of hydrogen sulfide and the nonenzymatic reduction of elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide are impaired. Sulfur operates as cofactor of several enzymes critically involved in the regulation of oxidative processes. A combination of malnutrition and nutritional deprivation of sulfur maximizes the risk of cardiovascular disorders and stroke, constituting a novel clinical entity that threatens plant-eating population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Ingenbleek
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.
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85
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di Masi A, Ascenzi P. H2S: a "double face" molecule in health and disease. Biofactors 2013; 39:186-96. [PMID: 23233276 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
H2S is a colorless, poisonous, and flammable gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. H2S is present in effluent from hydrothermal vents and sulfur springs, which have been proposed to act as "pores" in the Earth surface, providing a source of energy in the form of reducing equivalents and of iron-sulfur centers. Remarkably, H2S-producing machineries or H2S-utilization capacity remain within a great diversity of microorganisms. In particular, two classes of bacteria have been identified, that is, sulfate- and sulfur-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, both contributing to the balance of the H2S level. The human body produces H2S and uses it as a signaling molecule in several physiological processes. However, many diseases, including neurological diseases, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, and metabolic disorders, have been linked to abnormal endogenous H2S functions and metabolism. Remarkably, in recent years, the therapeutic administration of H2S(-donors) appears relevant in the treatment of some diseases. Here, H2S metabolism, as well as its physiological and pathological roles in humans is reviewed. Furthermore, the therapeutic use of H2S is discussed.
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86
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Gu X, Zhu YZ. Therapeutic applications of organosulfur compounds as novel hydrogen sulfide donors and/or mediators. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 4:123-33. [PMID: 22115353 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide, once considered as toxic gas, is now recognized as an important biological mediator. The deficiency of hydrogen sulfide could lead to various pathological changes, such as arterial and pulmonary hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, gastric mucosal injury and liver cirrhosis. However, excessive production of hydrogen sulfide, by using inorganic hydrogen sulfide donors such as NaHS, may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, septic shock, cerebral stroke and mental retardation in patients with Down syndrome. Therefore, an increasing interest in organic molecules that are capable of regulating the formation of hydrogen sulfide has extended in recent years. Allium vegetables are one natural source of organic sulfur-containing compounds and have been widely investigated regarding their therapeutic applications, and it has been proven that the ingredients of garlic, such as diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide and S-ally cysteine act as hydrogen sulfide donors or mediators in pharmaceutical studies. In addition, S-propargyl cysteine (ZYZ-802) and S-propyl cysteine, two synthetic cysteine analogs, have been examined and could be used to treat ischemic heart disease via modulation of the hydrogen sulfide pathway. In addition, drugs containing hydrogen sulfide-releasing moieties have been synthesized and widely reported in recent years, such as S-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the derivative of Lawesson's reagents, which exhibit varied biological effects in experiments. As cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase are the enzymes that are able to catalyze the production of endogenous hydrogen sulfide from cysteine, their inhibitors, such as dl-propylargylglycine and β-cyanoalanine, have been frequently used in studies on the biological mechanism of hydrogen sulfide. All these hydrogen sulfide donors, mediators and inhibitors have provided useful tools in the research of a variety of biological effects and are promising drug candidates of hydrogen sulfide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Gu
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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87
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Ikeda S, Koyama H, Sugimoto M, Kume S. Roles of one-carbon metabolism in preimplantation period--effects on short-term development and long-term programming--. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:38-43. [PMID: 22450283 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2011-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One-carbon metabolism (OCM) can be seen as integrated metabolic pathways centered on the metabolism of two nutritional substances, folate and methionine. Mammalian oocytes and preimplantation embryos express almost all enzymes that participate in OCM, suggesting that they can independently metabolize OCM nutrients. A deficiency or excess of OCM nutrients and their metabolites during in vitro culture affects preimplantation development of mammalian embryos. Recent in vivo studies have demonstrated that specific OCM dietary interventions during the periconceptional (mainly oocyte growth and preimplantation) period can cause epigenetic alterations in DNA of offspring and program the long-term consequences in their health in adulthood. The epigenetic processes are likely to be implicated in the effects of OCM nutrients; however, understanding their effects at the level of specific genes and their implications in assisted reproductive technology will require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Ikeda
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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88
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Wang R. Physiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a whiff exploration that blossomed. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:791-896. [PMID: 22535897 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1372] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The important life-supporting role of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has evolved from bacteria to plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and finally to mammals. Over the centuries, however, H(2)S had only been known for its toxicity and environmental hazard. Physiological importance of H(2)S has been appreciated for about a decade. It started by the discovery of endogenous H(2)S production in mammalian cells and gained momentum by typifying this gasotransmitter with a variety of physiological functions. The H(2)S-catalyzing enzymes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular, neuronal, immune, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, liver, and endocrine systems and affect the functions of these systems through the production of H(2)S. The physiological functions of H(2)S are mediated by different molecular targets, such as different ion channels and signaling proteins. Alternations of H(2)S metabolism lead to an array of pathological disturbances in the form of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, inflammation, sepsis, neurodegenerative disease, erectile dysfunction, and asthma, to name a few. Many new technologies have been developed to detect endogenous H(2)S production, and novel H(2)S-delivery compounds have been invented to aid therapeutic intervention of diseases related to abnormal H(2)S metabolism. While acknowledging the challenges ahead, research on H(2)S physiology and medicine is entering an exponential exploration era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
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89
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Flores KG, Stidley CA, Mackey AJ, Picchi MA, Stabler SP, Siegfried JM, Byers T, Berwick M, Belinsky SA, Leng S. Sex-specific association of sequence variants in CBS and MTRR with risk for promoter hypermethylation in the lung epithelium of smokers. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1542-7. [PMID: 22665368 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene promoter hypermethylation is now regarded as a promising biomarker for the risk and progression of lung cancer. The one-carbon metabolism pathway is postulated to affect deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation because it is responsible for the generation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the methyl donor for cellular methylation reactions. This study investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six one-carbon metabolism-related genes with promoter hypermethylation in sputum DNA from non-Hispanic white smokers in the Lovelace Smokers Cohort (LSC) (n = 907). Logistic regression was used to assess the association of SNPs with hypermethylation using a high/low methylation cutoff. SNPs in the cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) genes were significantly associated with high methylation in males [CBS rs2850146 (-8283G > C), OR = 4.9; 95% CI: 1.98, 12.2, P = 0.0006] and low methylation in females [MTRR rs3776467 (7068A > G), OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.77, P = 0.0003]. The variant allele of rs2850146 was associated with reduced gene expression and increased plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations. Three plasma metabolites, Hcy, methionine and dimethylglycine, were associated with increased risk for gene methylation. These studies suggest that SNPs in CBS and MTRR have sex-specific associations with aberrant methylation in the lung epithelium of smokers that could be mediated by the affected one-carbon metabolism and transsulfuration in the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina G Flores
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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90
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91
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Bravo E, Palleschi S, Aspichueta P, Buqué X, Rossi B, Cano A, Napolitano M, Ochoa B, Botham KM. High fat diet-induced non alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats is associated with hyperhomocysteinemia caused by down regulation of the transsulphuration pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:60. [PMID: 21504583 PMCID: PMC3096990 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) causes increased oxidative stress and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Oxidative stress is now believed to be a major contributory factor in the development of non alcoholic fatty liver disease, the most common liver disorder worldwide. In this study, the changes which occur in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism in high fat-diet induced non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats were investigated. Methods and results After feeding rats a standard low fat diet (control) or a high fat diet (57% metabolisable energy as fat) for 18 weeks, the concentration of homocysteine in the plasma was significantly raised while that of cysteine was lowered in the high fat as compared to the control diet fed animals. The hepatic activities of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CGS), the enzymes responsible for the breakdown of homocysteine to cysteine via the transsulphuration pathway in the liver, were also significantly reduced in the high fat-fed group. Conclusions These results indicate that high fat diet-induced NAFLD in rats is associated with increased plasma Hcy levels caused by down-regulation of hepatic CBS and CGL activity. Thus, HHcy occurs at an early stage in high fat diet-induced NAFLD and is likely to contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease associated with the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bravo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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92
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Mudd SH. Hypermethioninemias of genetic and non-genetic origin: A review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 157C:3-32. [PMID: 21308989 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review covers briefly the major conditions, genetic and non-genetic, sometimes leading to abnormally elevated methionine, with emphasis on recent developments. A major aim is to assist in the differential diagnosis of hypermethioninemia. The genetic conditions are: (1) Homocystinuria due to cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency. At least 150 different mutations in the CBS gene have been identified since this deficiency was established in 1964. Hypermethioninemia is due chiefly to remethylation of the accumulated homocysteine. (2) Deficient activity of methionine adenosyltransferases I and III (MAT I/III), the isoenzymes the catalytic subunit of which are encoded by MAT1A. Methionine accumulates because its conversion to S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) is impaired. (3) Glycine N-methyltrasferase (GNMT) deficiency. Disruption of a quantitatively major pathway for AdoMet disposal leads to AdoMet accumulation with secondary down-regulation of methionine flux into AdoMet. (4) S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase (AHCY) deficiency. Not being catabolized normally, AdoHcy accumulates and inhibits many AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases, producing accumulation of AdoMet and, thereby, hypermethioninemia. (5) Citrin deficiency, found chiefly in Asian countries. Lack of this mitochondrial aspartate-glutamate transporter may produce (usually transient) hypermethioninemia, the immediate cause of which remains uncertain. (6) Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) deficiency (tyrosinemia type I) may lead to hypermethioninemia secondary either to liver damage and/or to accumulation of fumarylacetoacetate, an inhibitor of the high K(m) MAT. Additional possible genetic causes of hypermethioninemia accompanied by elevations of plasma AdoMet include mitochondrial disorders (the specificity and frequency of which remain to be elucidated). Non-genetic conditions include: (a) Liver disease, which may cause hypermethioninemia, mild, or severe. (b) Low-birth-weight and/or prematurity which may cause transient hypermethioninemia. (c) Ingestion of relatively large amounts of methionine which, even in full-term, normal-birth-weight babies may cause hypermethioninemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey Mudd
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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93
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Mutations in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and in cysthationine beta synthase: is there a link to homocysteine levels in peripheral arterial disease? Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:3361-6. [PMID: 21104445 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disturbance characterized by a progressive obstruction of lower limb arteries. Many risk factors associated with PAD development have being reported in the literature. The present study aimed to investigate whether mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) or in the cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) genes are associated with higher levels of homocysteine and the risk of PAD in patients from Brazil. This study analyzed 39 patients with PAD and 32 without PAD in whom risk factors and C677T mutations in the MTHFR gene and both 844ins68 and T833C mutations in the CBS gene were investigated. Although higher levels of homocysteine could be observed in patients with PAD compared to controls, no association between the increase of homocysteine and the frequency of C677T, 844ins68, and T833C mutations could be observed. The results suggest that these mutations do not appear to be related to either homocysteine levels or the development of the disease. However, hyperhomocysteinemia and smoking are important factors in PAD development.
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94
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Zhuo JM, Praticò D. Severe In vivo hyper-homocysteinemia is not associatedwith elevation of amyloid-beta peptides in the Tg2576 mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 21:133-40. [PMID: 20555139 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Since hyper-homocysteinemia (HHcy) was recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), many studies tried to induce HHcy in animal models to investigate its effect on amyloid-beta protein precursor (AbetaPP) metabolism. Previous reports found that HHcy induced in AD transgenic mouse models, by either feedina a methionine-enriched diet or vitamin Bs deficient diet, is associated with elevation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) levels. However, there is no data available on the effect of dietary intervention which combines both excessive methionine and low levels of vitamin Bs on amyloidogenesis in any of these models. In the current study, we investigated the effect of a combination diet, which was both enriched in methionine and deficient in folate, vitamin B6 and B12, in an AD mouse model, the Tg2576. We found that 7 months treatment of this diet induced severe HHcy in these mice with plasma homocysteine level higher than 150 microM. However, no difference was detected in brain Abeta levels or deposition between the diet-treated and control group. As shown by western blot, severe HHcy did not alter the steady state levels of proteins involved in AbetaPP metabolism, either. These results demonstrate that this combination diet-induced severe HHcy does not influence amyloidogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Zhuo
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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95
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Wei Q, Wang L, Wang Q, Kruger WD, Dunbrack RL. Testing computational prediction of missense mutation phenotypes: functional characterization of 204 mutations of human cystathionine beta synthase. Proteins 2010; 78:2058-74. [PMID: 20455263 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the phenotypes of missense mutations uncovered by large-scale sequencing projects is an important goal in computational biology. High-confidence predictions can be an aid in focusing experimental and association studies on those mutations most likely to be associated with causative relationships between mutation and disease. As an aid in developing these methods further, we have derived a set of random mutations of the enzymatic domains of human cystathionine beta synthase. This enzyme is a dimeric protein that catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to produce cystathionine. Yeast missing this enzyme cannot grow on medium lacking a source of cysteine, while transfection of functional human CBS into yeast strains missing endogenous enzyme can successfully complement for the missing gene. We used PCR mutagenesis with error-prone Taq polymerase to produce 948 colonies and compared cell growth in the presence or absence of a cysteine source as a measure of CBS function. We were able to infer the phenotypes of 204 single-site mutants, 79 of them deleterious and 125 neutral. This set was used to test the accuracy of six publicly available prediction methods for phenotype prediction of missense mutations: SIFT, PolyPhen, PMut, SNPs3D, PhD-SNP, and nsSNPAnalyzer. The top methods are PolyPhen, SIFT, and nsSNPAnalyzer, which have similar performance. Using kernel discriminant functions, we found that the difference in position-specific scoring matrix values is more predictive than the wild-type PSSM score alone, and that the relative surface area in the biologically relevant complex is more predictive than that of the monomeric proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wei
- Program in Molecular and Translational Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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96
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Sulfur amino acids in methionine-restricted rats: Hyperhomocysteinemia. Nutrition 2010; 26:1201-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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97
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Tang B, Mustafa A, Gupta S, Melnyk S, James SJ, Kruger WD. Methionine-deficient diet induces post-transcriptional downregulation of cystathionine β-synthase. Nutrition 2009; 26:1170-5. [PMID: 20036517 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for a variety of human diseases. Homocysteine is formed from methionine and has two primary metabolic fates: remethylation to form methionine or commitment to the transsulfuration pathway by the action of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). We have examined the metabolic response in mice of a shift from a methionine-replete to a methionine-free diet. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that shifting 3-mo-old C57BL6 mice to a methionine-free diet caused a transient increase in tHcy and an increase in the tHcy/methionine ratio. Because CBS is a key regulator of tHcy, we examined CBS protein levels and found that within 3 d on the methionine-deficient diet, animals had a 50% reduction in the levels of liver CBS protein and enzyme activity. Examination of CBS mRNA and studies of transgenic animals that express CBS from a heterologous promoter indicated that this reduction is occurring post-transcriptionally. Loss of CBS protein was unrelated to intracellular levels of S-adenosylmethionine, a known regulator of CBS activity and stability. CONCLUSION Our results imply that methionine deprivation induces a metabolic state in which methionine is effectively conserved in tissue by shutdown of the transsulfuration pathway by an S-adenosylmethionine-independent mechanism that signals a rapid downregulation of CBS protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqing Tang
- Cancer Genetics and Signaling Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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98
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One-carbon metabolism and schizophrenia: current challenges and future directions. Trends Mol Med 2009; 15:562-70. [PMID: 19896901 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disease generally considered to result from a combination of heritable and environmental factors. Although its pathophysiology has not been fully determined, biological studies support the involvement of several possible components including altered DNA methylation, abnormal glutamatergic transmission, altered mitochondrial function, folate deficiency and high maternal homocysteine levels. Although these factors have been explored separately, they all involve one-carbon (C1) metabolism. Furthermore, C1 metabolism is well positioned to integrate gene-environment interactions by influencing epigenetic regulation. Here, we discuss the potential roles of C1 metabolism in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Understanding the contribution of these mechanisms could yield new therapeutic approaches aiming to counteract disease onset or progression.
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99
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Holt TG, Choi BK, Geoghagen NS, Jensen KK, Luo Q, LaMarr WA, Makara GM, Malkowitz L, Ozbal CC, Xiong Y, Dufresne C, Luo MJ. Label-Free High-Throughput Screening via Mass Spectrometry: A Single Cystathionine Quantitative Method for Multiple Applications. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2009; 7:495-506. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. Holt
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Bernard K. Choi
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Neil S. Geoghagen
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Kristian K. Jensen
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Qi Luo
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
- BioTrove, Inc., Woburn, Massachusetts
| | | | - Gergely M. Makara
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Lorraine Malkowitz
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | | | - Yusheng Xiong
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Claude Dufresne
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
| | - Ming-Juan Luo
- FAST (Facility for Automation & Screening Technologies), Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey
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100
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Ozaki S, Nakahara A, Sakaguchi C. Mutagenesis of Gln-142 and Phe-143 of O-Acetylserine Sulfhydrylase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2009.117.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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