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Sahakian L, Filippone RT, Stavely R, Robinson AM, Yan XS, Abalo R, Eri R, Bornstein JC, Kelley MR, Nurgali K. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 Redox Signaling Alleviates Intestinal Dysfunction and Damage to Myenteric Neurons in a Mouse Model of Spontaneous Chronic Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 27:388-406. [PMID: 32618996 PMCID: PMC8287929 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associates with damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS), leading to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. Oxidative stress is important for the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced enteric neuropathy and GI dysfunction. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a dual functioning protein that is an essential regulator of the cellular response to oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to determine whether an APE1/Ref-1 redox domain inhibitor, APX3330, alleviates inflammation-induced oxidative stress that leads to enteric neuropathy in the Winnie murine model of spontaneous chronic colitis. METHODS Winnie mice received APX3330 or vehicle via intraperitoneal injections over 2 weeks and were compared with C57BL/6 controls. In vivo disease activity and GI transit were evaluated. Ex vivo experiments were performed to assess functional parameters of colonic motility, immune cell infiltration, and changes to the ENS. RESULTS Targeting APE1/Ref-1 redox activity with APX3330 improved disease severity, reduced immune cell infiltration, restored GI function ,and provided neuroprotective effects to the enteric nervous system. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling leading to reduced mitochondrial superoxide production, oxidative DNA damage, and translocation of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) was involved in neuroprotective effects of APX3330 in enteric neurons. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate inhibition of APE1/Ref-1's redox activity via APX3330 in an animal model of chronic intestinal inflammation. Inhibition of the redox function of APE1/Ref-1 is a novel strategy that might lead to a possible application of APX3330 for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon T Filippone
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ainsley M Robinson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xu Sean Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición y Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Médica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System at URJC, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- University of Tasmania, School of Health Sciences, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Program in Pediatric Molecular Oncology & Experimental Therapeutics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, USA
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University; Western Centre for Health, Research and Education, Sunshine Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Medicine Western Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute of Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Address correspondence to: Kulmira Nurgali, Level 4, Research Labs, Western Centre for Health Research & Education, Sunshine Hospital, 176 Furlong Road, St Albans, 3021, VIC, Australia. E-mail:
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Liu T, Son M, Diamond B. HMGB1 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1057. [PMID: 32536928 PMCID: PMC7267015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been shown to exert proinflammatory effects on many cells of the innate immune system. Originally identified as a nuclear protein, HMGB1 has been found to play an important role in mediating inflammation when released from apoptotic or necrotic cells as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of non-resolving inflammation, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies and systemic inflammation involving multiple organ systems. SLE patients have impaired clearance of apoptotic debris, which releases HMGB1 and other DAMPs extracellularly. HMGB1 activity is implicated in multiple disease phenotypes in SLE, including lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric lupus. Elucidating the various properties of HMGB1 in SLE provides a better understanding of the disease and opens up new opportunities for designing potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Liu
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Myoungsun Son
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
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53
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Regulation of Vascular Function and Inflammation via Cross Talk of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species from Mitochondria or NADPH Oxidase-Implications for Diabetes Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103405. [PMID: 32408480 PMCID: PMC7279344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role for the development of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurodegenerative disease. This concept has been proven by using the approach of genetic deletion of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) producing, pro-oxidant enzymes as well as by the overexpression of RONS detoxifying, antioxidant enzymes leading to an amelioration of the severity of diseases. Vice versa, the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases is aggravated by overexpression of RONS producing enzymes as well as deletion of RONS detoxifying enzymes. We have previously identified cross talk mechanisms between different sources of RONS, which can amplify the oxidative stress-mediated damage. Here, the pathways and potential mechanisms leading to this cross talk are analyzed in detail and highlighted by selected examples from the current literature and own data including hypoxia, angiotensin II (AT-II)-induced hypertension, nitrate tolerance, aging, and others. The general concept of redox-based activation of RONS sources via “kindling radicals” and enzyme-specific “redox switches” as well as the interaction with redox-sensitive inflammatory pathways are discussed. Here, we present evidence for the existence of such cross talk mechanisms in the setting of diabetes and critically assess their contribution to the severity of diabetic complications.
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54
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Zhu HL, Chen YQ, Zhang ZF. Downregulation of lncRNA ZFAS1 and upregulation of microRNA-129 repress endocrine disturbance, increase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in polycystic ovarian syndrome by downregulating HMGB1. Genomics 2020; 112:3597-3608. [PMID: 32320818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to find the role of long-non-coding RNA zinc finger antisense 1 (lncRNA ZFAS1)/microRNA (miR)-129/high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) axis in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS Ovarian granulosa cells from non-PCOS patients and PCOS patients were collected, and HMGB1, miR-129 and lncRNA ZFAS1 expression were detected. Ovarian granulosa cells were transfected with si-ZFAS1 or miR-129 mimics to verify their roles in P4 and E2 secretion, and the biological functions of ovarian granulosa cells. RESULTS LncRNA ZFAS1 and HMGB1 were elevated, while miR-129 was down-regulated in ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS patients. Down-regulated lncRNA ZFAS1 or overexpressed miR-129 could decrease HMGB1 expression, increase P4 and E2 secretion, promote proliferation activity while inhibit apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in PCOS. CONCLUSION LncRNA ZFAS1 could bind to miR-129 to promote HMGB1 expression, thereby affecting the endocrine disturbance, proliferation and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hangzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310010, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yue-Qun Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310010, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhi-Fen Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hangzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310010, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Alvarez F, Al-Aubodah TA, Yang YH, Piccirillo CA. Mechanisms of T REG cell adaptation to inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:559-571. [PMID: 32202345 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1mr0120-196r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an important defense mechanism. In this complex and dynamic process, drastic changes in the tissue micro-environment play key roles in dictating the nature of the evolving immune response. However, uncontrolled inflammation is detrimental, leading to unwanted cellular damage, loss of physiological functions, and even death. As such, the immune system possesses tools to limit inflammation while ensuring rapid and effective clearance of the inflammatory trigger. Foxp3+ regulatory T (TREG ) cells, a potently immunosuppressive CD4+ T cell subset, play a crucial role in immune tolerance by controlling the extent of the response to self and non-self Ags, all-the-while promoting a quick return to immune homeostasis. TREG cells adapt to changes in the local micro-environment enabling them to migrate, proliferate, survive, differentiate, and tailor their suppressive ability at inflamed sites. Several inflammation-associated factors can impact TREG cell functional adaptation in situ including locally released alarmins, oxygen availability, tissue acidity and osmolarity and nutrient availability. Here, we review some of these key signals and pathways that control the adaptation of TREG cell function in inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tho-Alfakar Al-Aubodah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yujian H Yang
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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HMGB1 Translocation in Neurons after Ischemic Insult: Subcellular Localization in Mitochondria and Peroxisomes. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030643. [PMID: 32155899 PMCID: PMC7140507 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), a nonhistone chromatin DNA-binding protein, is released from neurons into the extracellular space under ischemic, hemorrhagic, and traumatic insults. However, the details of the time-dependent translocation of HMGB1 and the subcellular localization of HMGB1 through the release process in neurons remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the subcellular localization of HMGB1 during translocation of HMGB1 in the cytosolic compartment using a middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion model in rats. Double immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that HMGB1 immunoreactivities were colocalized with MTCO1(mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I), a marker of mitochondria, and catalase, a marker of peroxisomes, but not with Rab5/Rab7 (RAS-related GTP-binding protein), LC3A/B (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3), KDEL (KDEL amino acid sequence), and LAMP1 (Lysosomal Associated Membrane Protein 1), which are endosome, phagosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosome markers, respectively. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that immune-gold particles for HMGB1 were present inside the mitochondria and peroxisomes. Moreover, HMGB1 was found to be colocalized with Drp1 (Dynamin-related protein 1), which is involved in mitochondrial fission. These results revealed the specific subcellular localization of HMGB1 during its release process under ischemic conditions.
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57
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Tajbakhsh A, Kovanen PT, Rezaee M, Banach M, Moallem SA, Sahebkar A. Regulation of efferocytosis by caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death in atherosclerosis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 120:105684. [PMID: 31911118 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During the growing process of the atherosclerotic lesions, lipid-filled macrophage foam cells form, accumulate, and ultimately undergo apoptotic death. If the apoptotic foam cells are not timely removed, they may undergo secondary necrosis, and form a necrotic lipid core which renders the plaque unstable and susceptible to rupture. Therefore, the non-lipid-filled fellow macrophages, as the main phagocytic cells in atherosclerotic lesions, need to effectively remove the apoptotic foam cells. In general, in apoptotic macrophages, caspases are the central regulators of several key processes required for their efficient efferocytosis. The processes include the generation of "Find-Me" signals (such as adenosine triphosphate/uridine triphosphate, fractalkine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate) for the recruitment of viable macrophages, generation of the "Eat-Me" signals (for example, phosphatidylserine) for the engulfment process, and, finally, release of anti-inflammatory mediators (including transforming factor β and interleukin-10) as a tolerance-enhancing and an anti-inflammatory response, and for the motile behavior of the apoptotic cell. The caspase-dependent mechanisms are operative also in apoptotic macrophages driving the atherogenesis. In this review, we explore the role of the molecular pathways related to the caspase-dependent events in efferocytosis in the context of atherosclerosis. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms of apoptotic cell death in atherosclerotic lesions is essential when searching for new leads to treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Al-Zahraa University, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Hameister R, Kaur C, Dheen ST, Lohmann CH, Singh G. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and oxidative stress in arthroplasty. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2073-2087. [PMID: 31898397 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between implant design, biomaterial characteristics, and the local microenvironment adjacent to the implant is of utmost importance for implant performance and success of the joint replacement surgery. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are among the various factors affecting the host as well as the implant components. Excessive formation of ROS and RNS can lead to oxidative stress, a condition that is known to damage cells and tissues and also to affect signaling pathways. It may further compromise implant longevity by accelerating implant degradation, primarily through activation of inflammatory cells. In addition, wear products of metallic, ceramic, polyethylene, or bone cement origin may also generate oxidative stress themselves. This review outlines the generation of free radicals and oxidative stress in arthroplasty and provides a conceptual framework on its implications for soft tissue remodeling and bone resorption (osteolysis) as well as implant longevity. Key findings derived from cell culture studies, animal models, and patients' samples are presented. Strategies to control oxidative stress by implant design and antioxidants are explored and areas of controversy and challenges are highlighted. Finally, directions for future research are identified. A better understanding of the host-implant interplay and the role of free radicals and oxidative stress will help to evaluate therapeutic approaches and will ultimately improve implant performance in arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Hameister
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaikali Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph H Lohmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gurpal Singh
- Centre for Orthopaedics Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
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Inhibition of HMGB1 Promotes Osseointegration under Hyperglycemic Condition through Improvement of BMSC Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1703709. [PMID: 31929852 PMCID: PMC6939424 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1703709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) participates actively in oxidative stress damage and the latter relates closely to diabetic complications, including poor implant osseointegration. This article is aimed at investigating the effects of HMGB1 on dysfunction of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and impaired osseointegration under diabetic environment. In vitro, BMSCs were treated with normal glucose (NG), high glucose (HG), and HG+glycyrrhizin (HMGB1 inhibitor, HG+GL). Cell proliferation, osteogenic behaviors, and oxidative stress were determined. In vivo, 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were categorized to control, streptozotocin-induced diabetic, and diabetic-GL groups. Rats received GL (50 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle treatment daily after titanium implants were planted into the tibiae. After 4 and 8 weeks, plasma lipoperoxide detection, μCT analysis, and histomorphometric evaluation were conducted. By these approaches, we demonstrated that inhibiting HMGB1 by GL significantly attenuated HG-induced upregulation of HMGB1, HMGB1 ligand receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and their interaction, relieved oxidative stress, and reversed the downregulation of osteogenic markers, resulting in improved osteogenic differentiation. In diabetic rats, GL administration suppressed the upregulation of HMGB1, attenuated the lipoperoxide, and ameliorated the impaired trabecular structure and osseointegration. Taken together, inhibiting HMGB1 can be an effective approach to relieve BMSC dysfunction and enhance osseointegration under diabetic environment.
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Abstract
Introduction: Protein thiols are susceptible to oxidation in health and disease. Redox proteomics methods facilitate the identification, quantification, and rationalization of oxidation processes including those involving protein thiols. These residues are crucial to understanding redox homeostasis underpinning normal cell functioning and regulation as well as novel biomarkers of pathology and promising novel drug targets.Areas covered: This article reviews redox proteomic approaches to study of protein thiols in some important human pathologies and assesses the clinical potential of individual Cys residues as novel biomarkers for disease detection and as targets for novel treatments.Expert commentary: Although protein thiols are not as routinely used as redox biomarkers as some other lesions such as carbonylation, there has been growing recent interest in their potential. Driven largely by developments in high-resolution mass spectrometry it is possible now to identify proteins that are redox modified at thiol groups or that interact with regulatory oxidoreductases. Thiols that are specifically susceptible to modification by reactive oxygen species can be routinely identified now and quantitative MS can be used to quantify the proportion of a protein that is redox modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sheehan
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Emergence of antibodies endowed with proteolytic activity against High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in patients surviving septic shock. Cell Immunol 2019; 347:104020. [PMID: 31767118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.104020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentration in serum or plasma has been proposed as an important biological marker in various inflammation-related pathologies. We previously showed that low titer autoantibodies against HMGB1 could emerge during the course of sepsis. Importantly their presence was positively related with patients' survival. In this study, we focused on plasma samples from 2 patients who survived sepsis and exhibited high titer antibodies to HMGB1. These antibodies were proved to be specific for HMGB1 since they did not bind to HMGB2 or to human serum albumin. Following IgG purification, it has shown that both patients secreted HMGB1-hydrolyzing autoantibodies in vitro. These findings suggested that proteolytic antibodies directed against HMGB1 can be produced in patients surviving septic shock.
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Wang M, Gauthier A, Daley L, Dial K, Wu J, Woo J, Lin M, Ashby C, Mantell LL. The Role of HMGB1, a Nuclear Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule, in the Pathogenesis of Lung Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:954-993. [PMID: 31184204 PMCID: PMC6765066 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: High-mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1), a ubiquitous nuclear protein, regulates chromatin structure and modulates the expression of many genes involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and many other lung diseases, including those that regulate cell cycle control, cell death, and DNA replication and repair. Extracellular HMGB1, whether passively released or actively secreted, is a danger signal that elicits proinflammatory responses, impairs macrophage phagocytosis and efferocytosis, and alters vascular remodeling. This can result in excessive pulmonary inflammation and compromised host defense against lung infections, causing a deleterious feedback cycle. Recent Advances: HMGB1 has been identified as a biomarker and mediator of the pathogenesis of numerous lung disorders. In addition, post-translational modifications of HMGB1, including acetylation, phosphorylation, and oxidation, have been postulated to affect its localization and physiological and pathophysiological effects, such as the initiation and progression of lung diseases. Critical Issues: The molecular mechanisms underlying how HMGB1 drives the pathogenesis of different lung diseases and novel therapeutic approaches targeting HMGB1 remain to be elucidated. Future Directions: Additional research is needed to identify the roles and functions of modified HMGB1 produced by different post-translational modifications and their significance in the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Such studies will provide information for novel approaches targeting HMGB1 as a treatment for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Alex Gauthier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - LeeAnne Daley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Katelyn Dial
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Joanna Woo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Mosi Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Charles Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
| | - Lin L. Mantell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York
- Center for Inflammation and Immunology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
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63
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Cheng KJ, Alshawsh MA, Mejia Mohamed EH, Thavagnanam S, Sinniah A, Ibrahim ZA. HMGB1: an overview of its versatile roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 43:177-193. [PMID: 31677065 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00477-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule, has been found to play multifunctional roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Although much attention has been given to the diagnostic and prognostic values of HMGB1 in colorectal cancer, the exact functional roles of the protein as well as the mechanistic pathways involved have remained poorly defined. This systematic review aims to discuss what is currently known about the roles of HMGB1 in colorectal cancer development, growth and progression, and to highlight critical areas for future investigations. To achieve this, the bibliographic databases Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and ScienceDirect were systematically screened for articles from inception till June 2018, which address associations of HMGB1 with colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 plays multiple roles in promoting the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, despite a few contradicting studies. HMGB1 may differentially regulate disease-related processes, depending on the redox status of the protein in colorectal cancer. Binding of HMGB1 to various protein partners may alter the impact of HMGB1 on disease progression. As HMGB1 is heavily implicated in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer, it is crucial to further improve our understanding of the functional roles of HMGB1 not only in colorectal cancer, but ultimately in all types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Jun Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Surendran Thavagnanam
- Paediatric Department, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Road, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Ajantha Sinniah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaridatul Aini Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Denning NL, Aziz M, Gurien SD, Wang P. DAMPs and NETs in Sepsis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2536. [PMID: 31736963 PMCID: PMC6831555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a deadly inflammatory syndrome caused by an exaggerated immune response to infection. Much has been focused on host response to pathogens mediated through the interaction of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are also activated by host nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytosolic proteins, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are released from cells during sepsis. Some well described members of the DAMP family are extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), histones, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). DAMPs are released from the cell through inflammasome activation or passively following cell death. Similarly, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released from neutrophils during inflammation. NETs are webs of extracellular DNA decorated with histones, myeloperoxidase, and elastase. Although NETs contribute to pathogen clearance, excessive NET formation promotes inflammation and tissue damage in sepsis. Here, we review DAMPs and NETs and their crosstalk in sepsis with respect to their sources, activation, release, and function. A clear grasp of DAMPs, NETs and their interaction is crucial for the understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis and for the development of novel sepsis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi-Liza Denning
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Steven D Gurien
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Surgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, United States
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65
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Khambu B, Yan S, Huda N, Yin XM. Role of High-Mobility Group Box-1 in Liver Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215314. [PMID: 31731454 PMCID: PMC6862281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a highly abundant DNA-binding protein that can relocate to the cytosol or undergo extracellular release during cellular stress or death. HMGB1 has a functional versatility depending on its cellular location. While intracellular HMGB1 is important for DNA structure maintenance, gene expression, and autophagy induction, extracellular HMGB1 acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule to alert the host of damage by triggering immune responses. The biological function of HMGB1 is mediated by multiple receptors, including the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are expressed in different hepatic cells. Activation of HMGB1 and downstream signaling pathways are contributing factors in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and drug-induced liver injury (DILI), each of which involves sterile inflammation, liver fibrosis, ductular reaction, and hepatic tumorigenesis. In this review, we will discuss the critical role of HMGB1 in these pathogenic contexts and propose HMGB1 as a bona fide and targetable DAMP in the setting of common liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilon Khambu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-317-274-1789; Fax: +1-317-491-6639
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66
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Wimmer K, Sachet M, Oehler R. Circulating biomarkers of cell death. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 500:87-97. [PMID: 31655053 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous disease states are associated with cell death. For many decades, apoptosis and accidental necrosis have been assumed to be the two ways how a cell can die. The recent discovery of additional cell death processes such as necroptosis, ferroptosis or pyroptosis revealed a complex interplay between cell death mechanisms and diseases. Depending on the particular cell death pathway, cells secrete distinct molecular patterns, which differ between cell death types. This review focusses on released molecules, detectable in the blood flow, and their potential role as circulating biomarkers of cell death. We elucidate the molecular background of different biomarkers and give an overview on their correlation with disease stage, therapy response and prognosis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wimmer
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Sachet
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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67
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Whittall-García LP, Torres-Ruiz J, Zentella-Dehesa A, Tapia-Rodríguez M, Alcocer-Varela J, Mendez-Huerta N, Gómez-Martín D. Neutrophil extracellular traps are a source of extracellular HMGB1 in lupus nephritis: associations with clinical and histopathological features. Lupus 2019; 28:1549-1557. [PMID: 31619143 DOI: 10.1177/0961203319883936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyze the expression of the high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) of patients with lupus nephritis (LN) and its association with clinical and histopathological features of the disease. METHODS Twenty-three patients with biopsy-confirmed LN and 14 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with active disease (SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score ≥ 6) and no evidence of LN were included. Clinical and laboratory features were recorded. NETs and the expression of HMGB1 were assessed by confocal microscopy, and serum HMGB1 levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS In comparison to patients without kidney disease, patients with LN had a higher expression of HMGB1 in spontaneous (57 vs. 30.4; p = 0.027) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced (55.8 vs. 24.9; p = 0.005) NETs. We found a positive correlation between serum HMGB1 and the expression of HMGB1 in LPS-induced NETs (r = 0.447, p = 0.017). The expression of HMGB1 in spontaneous NETs correlated with SLEDAI score (r = 0.514, p = 0.001), anti-dsDNA antibodies (r = 0.467, p = 0.004), the rate of glomerular filtration descent (r = 0.543, p = 0.001), and diverse histopathological components of active nephritis in the kidney biopsy, such as the activity index (r = 0.581, p = 0.004), fibrinoid necrosis (r = 0.603, p = 0.002), and cellular crescents (r = 0.486, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS In patients with SLE, NETs are a source of extracellular HMGB1. The expression of HMGB1 in NETs is higher among patients with LN, which correlates with clinical and histopathological features of active nephritis and suggest a possible role of this alarmin in the pathophysiology of kidney damage in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Whittall-García
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Torres-Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Emergency Medicine Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Zentella-Dehesa
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Tapia-Rodríguez
- Microscopy Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Alcocer-Varela
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - N Mendez-Huerta
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D Gómez-Martín
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Mexico.,Flow Cytometry Unit, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación. Coordinación de Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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68
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Lin Q, Fan C, Skinner JT, Hunter EN, Macdonald AA, Illei PB, Yamaji-Kegan K, Johns RA. RELMα Licenses Macrophages for Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Activation to Instigate Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2862-2871. [PMID: 31611261 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a debilitating disease characterized by remodeling of the lung vasculature. In rodents, resistin-like molecule-α (RELMα, also known as HIMF or FIZZ1) can induce PH, but the signaling mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we used human lung samples and a hypoxia-induced mouse model of PH. We found that the human homolog of RELMα, human (h) resistin, is upregulated in macrophage-like inflammatory cells from lung tissues of patients with idiopathic PH. Additionally, at PH onset in the mouse model, we observed RELMα-dependent lung accumulation of macrophages that expressed high levels of the key damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and its receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). In vitro, RELMα/hresistin-induced macrophage-specific HMGB1/RAGE expression and facilitated HMGB1 nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation and extracellular secretion. Mechanistically, hresistin promoted HMGB1 posttranslational lysine acetylation by preserving the NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuin (Sirt) 1 in human macrophages. Notably, the hresistin-stimulated macrophages promoted apoptosis-resistant proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in an HMGB1/RAGE-dependent manner. In the mouse model, RELMα also suppressed the Sirt1 signal in pulmonary macrophages in the early posthypoxic period. Notably, recruited macrophages in the lungs of these mice carried the RELMα binding partner Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK). hResistin also mediated the migration of human macrophages by activating BTK in vitro. Collectively, these data reveal a vascular-immune cellular interaction in the early PH stage and suggest that targeting RELMα/DAMP-driven macrophages may offer a promising strategy to treat PH and other related vascular inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Chunling Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - John T Skinner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Elizabeth N Hunter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Andrew A Macdonald
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Peter B Illei
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kazuyo Yamaji-Kegan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
| | - Roger A Johns
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and
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69
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Lin Q, Fan C, Gomez-Arroyo J, Van Raemdonck K, Meuchel LW, Skinner JT, Everett AD, Fang X, Macdonald AA, Yamaji-Kegan K, Johns RA. HIMF (Hypoxia-Induced Mitogenic Factor) Signaling Mediates the HMGB1 (High Mobility Group Box 1)-Dependent Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Crosstalk in Pulmonary Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2505-2519. [PMID: 31597444 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIMF (hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor; also known as FIZZ1 [found in inflammatory zone-1] or RELM [resistin-like molecule-α]) is an etiological factor of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in rodents, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. We investigated the immunomodulatory properties of HIMF signaling in PH pathogenesis. Approach and Results: Gene-modified mice that lacked HIMF (KO [knockout]) or overexpressed HIMF human homolog resistin (hResistin) were used for in vivo experiments. The pro-PH role of HIMF was verified in HIMF-KO mice exposed to chronic hypoxia or sugen/hypoxia. Mechanistically, HIMF/hResistin activation triggered the HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) pathway and RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) in pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs) of hypoxic mouse lungs in vivo and in human pulmonary microvascular ECs in vitro. Treatment with conditioned medium from hResistin-stimulated human pulmonary microvascular ECs induced an autophagic response, BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2) defects, and subsequent apoptosis-resistant proliferation in human pulmonary artery (vascular) smooth muscle cells in an HMGB1-dependent manner. These effects were confirmed in ECs and smooth muscle cells isolated from pulmonary arteries of patients with idiopathic PH. HIMF/HMGB1/RAGE-mediated autophagy and BMPR2 impairment were also observed in pulmonary artery (vascular) smooth muscle cells of hypoxic mice, effects perhaps related to FoxO1 (forkhead box O1) dampening by HIMF. Experiments in EC-specific hResistin-overexpressing transgenic mice confirmed that EC-derived HMGB1 mediated the hResistin-driven pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH. CONCLUSIONS In HIMF-induced PH, HMGB1-RAGE signaling is pivotal for mediating EC-smooth muscle cell crosstalk. The humanized mouse data further support clinical implications for the HIMF/HMGB1 signaling axis and indicate that hResistin and its downstream pathway may constitute targets for the development of novel anti-PH therapeutics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lin
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Chunling Fan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jose Gomez-Arroyo
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katrien Van Raemdonck
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Lucas W Meuchel
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - John T Skinner
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allen D Everett
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (A.D.E.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xia Fang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew A Macdonald
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kazuyo Yamaji-Kegan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Roger A Johns
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine (Q.L., C.F., J.G.-A., K.V.R., L.W.M., J.T.S., X.F., A.A.M., K.Y.-K., R.A.J.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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70
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Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Immunopathology of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Infections: New Aspects and Research Directions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2034. [PMID: 31555269 PMCID: PMC6722227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal infections (RVVI), a devastating group of mucosal infection, are severely affecting women's quality of life. Our understanding of the vaginal defense mechanisms have broadened recently with studies uncovering the inflammatory nature of bacterial vaginosis, inflammatory responses against novel virulence factors, innate Type 17 cells/IL-17 axis, neutrophils mediated killing of pathogens by a novel mechanism, and oxidative stress during vaginal infections. However, the pathogens have fine mechanisms to subvert or manipulate the host immune responses, hijack them and use them for their own advantage. The odds of hijacking increases, due to impaired immune responses, the net magnitude of which is the result of numerous genetic variations, present in multiple host genes, detailed in this review. Thus, by underlining the role of the host immune responses in disease etiology, modern research has clarified a major hypothesis shift in the pathophilosophy of RVVI. This knowledge can further be used to develop efficient immune-based diagnosis and treatment strategies for this enigmatic disease conditions. As for instance, plasma-derived MBL replacement, adoptive T-cell, and antibody-based therapies have been reported to be safe and efficacious in infectious diseases. Therefore, these emerging immune-therapies could possibly be the future therapeutic options for RVVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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71
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A key metabolic integrator, coenzyme A, modulates the activity of peroxiredoxin 5 via covalent modification. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 461:91-102. [PMID: 31375973 PMCID: PMC6790197 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03593-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs) are antioxidant enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of peroxides and regulate redox activity in the cell. Peroxiredoxin 5 (Prdx5) is a unique member of Prdxs, which displays a wider subcellular distribution and substrate specificity and exhibits a different catalytic mechanism when compared to other members of the family. Here, the role of a key metabolic integrator coenzyme A (CoA) in modulating the activity of Prdx5 was investigated. We report for the first time a novel mode of Prdx5 regulation mediated via covalent and reversible attachment of CoA (CoAlation) in cellular response to oxidative and metabolic stress. The site of CoAlation in endogenous Prdx5 was mapped by mass spectrometry to peroxidatic cysteine 48. By employing an in vitro CoAlation assay, we showed that Prdx5 peroxidase activity is inhibited by covalent interaction with CoA in a dithiothreitol-sensitive manner. Collectively, these results reveal that human Prdx5 is a substrate for CoAlation in vitro and in vivo, and provide new insight into metabolic control of redox status in mammalian cells.
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72
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Srinivas US, Tan BWQ, Vellayappan BA, Jeyasekharan AD. ROS and the DNA damage response in cancer. Redox Biol 2019; 25:101084. [PMID: 30612957 PMCID: PMC6859528 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 987] [Impact Index Per Article: 197.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of short-lived, highly reactive, oxygen-containing molecules that can induce DNA damage and affect the DNA damage response (DDR). There is unequivocal pre-clinical and clinical evidence that ROS influence the genotoxic stress caused by chemotherapeutics agents and ionizing radiation. Recent studies have provided mechanistic insight into how ROS can also influence the cellular response to DNA damage caused by genotoxic therapy, especially in the context of Double Strand Breaks (DSBs). This has led to the clinical evaluation of agents modulating ROS in combination with genotoxic therapy for cancer, with mixed success so far. These studies point to context dependent outcomes with ROS modulator combinations with Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, indicating a need for additional pre-clinical research in the field. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the effect of ROS in the DNA damage response, and its clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryce W Q Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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73
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Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Major Triggers for Cardiovascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7092151. [PMID: 31341533 PMCID: PMC6612399 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7092151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death and reduced quality of life, proven by the latest data of the Global Burden of Disease Study, and is only gaining in prevalence worldwide. Clinical trials have identified chronic inflammatory disorders as cardiovascular risks, and recent research has revealed a contribution by various inflammatory cells to vascular oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease are closely associated with inflammation, probably due to the close interaction of inflammation with oxidative stress. Classical therapies for inflammatory disorders have demonstrated protective effects in various models of cardiovascular disease; especially established drugs with pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties have proven beneficial cardiovascular effects; normalization of oxidative stress seems to be a common feature of these therapies. The close link between inflammation and redox balance was also supported by reports on aggravated inflammatory phenotype in the absence of antioxidant defense proteins (e.g., superoxide dismutases, heme oxygenase-1, and glutathione peroxidases) or overexpression of reactive oxygen species producing enzymes (e.g., NADPH oxidases). The value of immunomodulation for the treatment of cardiovascular disease was recently supported by large-scale clinical trials demonstrating reduced cardiovascular mortality in patients with established atherosclerotic disease when treated by highly specific anti-inflammatory therapies (e.g., using monoclonal antibodies against cytokines). Modern antidiabetic cardiovascular drugs (e.g., SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and GLP-1 analogs) seem to share these immunomodulatory properties and display potent antioxidant effects, all of which may explain their successful lowering of cardiovascular risk.
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74
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Fassi EMA, Sgrignani J, D'Agostino G, Cecchinato V, Garofalo M, Grazioso G, Uguccioni M, Cavalli A. Oxidation State Dependent Conformational Changes of HMGB1 Regulate the Formation of the CXCL12/HMGB1 Heterocomplex. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:886-894. [PMID: 31333815 PMCID: PMC6617219 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is an abundant protein present in all mammalian cells and involved in several processes. During inflammation or tissue damage, HMGB1 is released in the extracellular space and, depending on its redox state, can form a heterocomplex with CXCL12. The heterocomplex acts exclusively via the chemokine receptor CXCR4 enhancing leukocyte recruitment. Here, we used multi-microsecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the effect of the disulfide bond on the structure and dynamics of HMGB1. The results of the MD simulations show that the presence or lack of the disulfide bond between Cys23 and Cys45 modulates the conformational space explored by HMGB1, making the reduced protein more suitable to form a complex with CXCL12.
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Key Words
- CXCL12
- CXCL12, C-X-C motif chemokine 12
- CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
- Conformational ensemble
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, High-mobility Group Box 1
- MD, Molecular dynamics
- Molecular dynamics
- Protein-protein docking
- RMSD, Root mean square deviation
- RoG, Radius of gyration
- SASA, Solvent accessible surface area
- TLR2 or TLR4, Toll-like Receptor 2 or 4
- ds-HMGB1, Disulfide High-mobility Group Box 1
- fr-HMGB1, Full reduced High-mobility Group Box 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico M A Fassi
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Sgrignani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca D'Agostino
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cecchinato
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maura Garofalo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,University of Lausanne (UNIL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Grazioso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
Innate immune signaling is an important feature in the pathology of alcohol use disorders. Alcohol abuse causes persistent innate immune activation in the brain. This is seen in postmortem human alcoholic brain specimens, as well as in primate and rodent models of alcohol consumption. Further, in vitro models of alcohol exposure in neurons and glia also demonstrate innate immune activation. The activation of the innate immune system seems to be important in the development of alcohol use pathology, as anti-immune therapies reduce pathology and ethanol self-administration in rodent models. Further, innate immune activation has been identified in each of the stages of addiction: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/craving. This suggests that innate immune activation may play a role both in the development and maintenance of alcoholic pathology. In this chapter, we discuss the known contributions of innate immune signaling in the pathology of alcohol use disorders, and present potential therapeutic interventions that may be beneficial for alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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76
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Lu H, Zhang Z, Barnie PA, Su Z. Dual faced HMGB1 plays multiple roles in cardiomyocyte senescence and cardiac inflammatory injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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77
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Biguetti CC, Cavalla F, Silveira EV, Tabanez AP, Francisconi CF, Taga R, Campanelli AP, Trombone APF, Rodrigues DC, Garlet GP. HGMB1 and RAGE as Essential Components of Ti Osseointegration Process in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:709. [PMID: 31024546 PMCID: PMC6461067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of the prototypic DAMP High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) into extracellular environment and its binding to the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) has been described to trigger sterile inflammation and regulate healing outcome. However, their role on host response to Ti-based biomaterials and in the subsequent osseointegration remains unexplored. In this study, HMGB1 and RAGE inhibition in the Ti-mediated osseointegration were investigated in C57Bl/6 mice. C57Bl/6 mice received a Ti-device implantation (Ti-screw in the edentulous alveolar crest and a Ti-disc in the subcutaneous tissue) and were evaluated by microscopic (microCT [bone] and histology [bone and subcutaneous]) and molecular methods (ELISA, PCR array) during 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. Mice were divided into 4 groups: Control (no treatment); GZA (IP injection of Glycyrrhizic Acid for HMGB1 inhibition, 4 mg/Kg/day); RAP (IP injection of RAGE Antagonistic Peptide, 4 mg/Kg/day), and vehicle controls (1.5% DMSO solution for GZA and 0.9% saline solution for RAP); treatments were given at all experimental time points, starting 1 day before surgeries. HMGB1 was detected in the Ti-implantation sites, adsorbed to the screws/discs. In Control and vehicle groups, osseointegration was characterized by a slight inflammatory response at early time points, followed by a gradual bone apposition and matrix maturation at late time points. The inhibition of HMGB1 or RAGE impaired the osseointegration, affecting the dynamics of mineralized and organic bone matrix, and resulting in a foreign body reaction, with persistence of macrophages, necrotic bone, and foreign body giant cells until later time points. While Control samples were characterized by a balance between M1 and M2-type response in bone and subcutaneous sites of implantation, and also MSC markers, the inhibition of HMGB1 or RAGE caused a higher expression M1 markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well chemokines and receptors for macrophage migration until later time points. In conclusion, HMGB1 and RAGE have a marked role in the osseointegration, evidenced by their influence on host inflammatory immune response, which includes macrophages migration and M1/M2 response, MSC markers expression, which collectively modulate bone matrix deposition and osseointegration outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristina Biguetti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franco Cavalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elcia Varize Silveira
- Department of Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Universidade Sagrado Coração, Bauru, Brazil
| | - André Petenuci Tabanez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rumio Taga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Danieli C Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Gustavo Pompermaier Garlet
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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78
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Pan X, Song X, Wang C, Cheng T, Luan D, Xu K, Tang B. H 2Se Induces Reductive Stress in HepG2 Cells and Activates Cell Autophagy by Regulating the Redox of HMGB1 Protein under Hypoxia. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1794-1808. [PMID: 31037139 PMCID: PMC6485193 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Selenium has been shown to have chemotherapeutic effects against cancer. However, the anti-cancer mechanism of selenium is not fully understood, and the role of hydrogen selenide (H2Se), which is a common metabolite of dietary selenium compounds, has not been elucidated due to the lack of detection methods. In this study, we revealed a new anti-cancer mechanism of selenite with the help of a H2Se fluorescent probe. Methods: HepG2 cells were cultured under a simulated tumor hypoxic microenvironment. The H2Se and H2O2 levels were detected by fluorescent probes in living cells and in mice. Autophagic and apoptotic proteins were detected by Western blotting. The redox of HMGB1 protein were analyzed by non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results: After pharmacological doses of Na2SeO3 treatment of HepG2 cells under hypoxic conditions, high levels of H2Se were produced before cell death. The H2Se accumulation resulted in reductive stress instead of oxidative stress, which was induced by Na2SeO3 treatment under normoxic conditions. Furthermore, H2Se targeted the HMGB1 protein and induced cell autophagy. H2Se could interrupt the disulfide bond in HMGB1 and promote its secretion. The reduced HMGB1 outside the cells stimulated cell autophagy by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR axis. Here, autophagy played a dual role, i.e., mild autophagy inhibited apoptosis, while excessive autophagy led to autophagy-associated cell death. Conclusions: These results show that H2Se plays a key role during HepG2 cell death induced by selenite. Our findings reveal a new anti-cancer mechanism of selenite and provide a new research area for selenium studies.
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79
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Alnajjar KS, Sweasy JB. A new perspective on oxidation of DNA repair proteins and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 76:60-69. [PMID: 30818170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are formed as byproducts of many endogenous cellular processes, in response to infections, and upon exposure to various environmental factors. An increase in RONS can saturate the antioxidation system and leads to oxidative stress. Consequently, macromolecules are targeted for oxidative modifications, including DNA and protein. The oxidation of DNA, which leads to base modification and formation of abasic sites along with single and double strand breaks, has been extensively investigated. Protein oxidation is often neglected and is only recently being recognized as an important regulatory mechanism of various DNA repair proteins. This is a review of the current state of research on the regulation of DNA repair by protein oxidation with emphasis on the correlation between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh S Alnajjar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States.
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
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80
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Tang Z, Jiang M, Ou-Yang Z, Wu H, Dong S, Hei M. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) as biomarker in hypoxia-induced persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a clinical and in vivo pilot study. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1123-1131. [PMID: 31523175 PMCID: PMC6743282 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.34344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammation plays an important role in neonatal hypoxia-induced organ damage. Newborns with perinatal asphyxia often develop persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). The objective of this study was to explore changes in the pro-inflammatory high mobility group box-l (HMGB1) protein during hypoxia-induced PPHN clinically and in vivo. Methods: Serum samples were collected from full-term newborns at PPHN onset and remission. As controls, blood serum samples were collected from the umbilical arteries of healthy full-term newborns born in our hospital during the same period. Clinical data for neonates were collected and serum levels of HMGB1, IL-6, and TNF-α were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). An animal study compared a PPHN Sprague-Dawley rat model to healthy newborn control rats. Histopathology was used to evaluate changes in the pulmonary artery wall. ELISA and western blot analyses were used to examine HMGB1 levels in the serum and lungs. Results: Serum HMGB1 levels were significantly elevated in newborns with PPHN, compared to those in healthy controls, and decreased dramatically after PPHN resolution. HMGB1 changes were positively correlated with serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that the median wall thickness of pulmonary arterioles accounting for the percentage of pulmonary arteriole diameter (MT%) was not significantly different between PPHN and control groups 3 d after PPHN, although thickness of the small pulmonary arterial wall middle membrane and stenosis of the small pulmonary arteries. ELISA and western blot analyses showed similar trends between serum HMGB1 levels and HMGB1 protein expression in the lungs. Serum and lung HMGB1 levels were significantly elevated soon after PPHN onset, peaked after 24 h, and then decreased after 3 d, although they remained elevated compared to those in the control group. Conclusions: This study indicates that HMGB1 is related to hypoxia-induced PPHN pathogenesis. HMGB1 changes might thus be used as an early indicator to diagnose hypoxia-induced PPHN and evaluate its improvement. We also provide important evidence for the involvement of inflammation in the progression of hypoxia-induced PPHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013 China
| | - Min Jiang
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
| | - Zhicui Ou-Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013 China
| | - Hailan Wu
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
| | - Shixiao Dong
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
| | - Mingyan Hei
- Neonatal Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045 China
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81
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Chen H, Chen X, Luo Y, Shen J. Potential molecular targets of peroxynitrite in mediating blood–brain barrier damage and haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke with delayed tissue plasminogen activator treatment. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1220-1239. [PMID: 30468092 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1521519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, the People’s Hospital of Bao-an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, PR China
- The 8th People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, the Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- School of Chinese Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, PR China
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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82
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Chen X, Xu Y, Xiong P, Tan Z, Gong F, Hou X, Zheng F. Effects of mimicked acetylated HMGB1 on macrophages and dendritic cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5527-5535. [PMID: 30365069 PMCID: PMC6236298 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) serves a critical role in inflammatory diseases. HMGB1 is released into the extracellular environment mainly by passive release from necrotic cells or active secretion from monocytes/macrophages following stimulation. However, the translocation of actively secreted HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm with post‑translational modifications such as acetylation is required; HMGB1 is then released into the extracellular space. Whether acetylation influences the extracellular function of HMGB1 remains unknown. In the present study, an optimized method of gene mutation by using well‑designed primers in particular, which were employed to identify the mutant gene. The substitution of six lysine residues for glutamines was conducted to mimic acetylated HMGB1 (HMGB1‑M) and observe the effects of HMGB1‑M on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α production in RAW 264.7 cells was assessed by ELISA. The phagocytic potential of RAW 264.7 cells, DC maturation and CXCR4 expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. The results of the present study revealed that HMGB1‑M increased cytoplasmic translocation. Compared with HMGB1, HMGB1‑M increased TNF‑α production within RAW 264.7 cells and decreased the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of integrin α X, and the percentage and MFI of major histocompatibility complex‑II on DCs. HMGB1‑M exhibited no significant effects on phagocytosis of macrophages and expression frequency of cluster of differentiation 80 and chemokine receptor type 4 on DCs. These results suggested that HMGB1‑M may partly promote inflammation and decrease DC maturation. Thus, the findings of the present study may provide insight into the complex role of HMGB1 in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Feili Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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83
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Abstract
Necroptosis is an emerging form of programmed cell death occurring via active and well-regulated necrosis, distinct from apoptosis morphologically, and biochemically. Necroptosis is mainly unmasked when apoptosis is compromised in response to tumor necrosis factor alpha. Unlike apoptotic cells, which are cleared by macrophages or neighboring cells, necrotic cells release danger signals, triggering inflammation, and exacerbating tissue damage. Evidence increasingly suggests that programmed necrosis is not only associated with pathophysiology of disease, but also induces innate immune response to viral infection. Therefore, necroptotic cell death plays both physiological and pathological roles. Physiologically, necroptosis induce an innate immune response as well as premature assembly of viral particles in cells infected with virus that abrogates host apoptotic machinery. On the other hand, necroptosis per se is detrimental, causing various diseases such as sepsis, neurodegenerative diseases and ischemic reperfusion injury. This review discusses the signaling pathways leading to necroptosis, associated necroptotic proteins with target-specific inhibitors and diseases involved. Several studies currently focus on protective approaches to inhibiting necroptotic cell death. In cancer biology, however, anticancer drug resistance severely hampers the efficacy of chemotherapy based on apoptosis. Pharmacological switch of cell death finds therapeutic application in drug- resistant cancers. Therefore, the possible clinical role of necroptosis in cancer control will be discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sik Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
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84
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Yenkoyan K, Harutyunyan H, Harutyunyan A. A certain role of SOD/CAT imbalance in pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 123:85-95. [PMID: 29782990 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The real impact of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic inflammation on the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains unclear, and even controversial. In this study we compared the plasma levels of antioxidant enzymes and their cofactors, markers of oxidative damage, and the respiratory burst in peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) as surrogate marker of chronic inflammation obtained from 10 children (4-10 year old) who met DSM-5 criteria and their siblings. We demonstrated diminished superoxide dismutase (SOD) and enhanced catalase (CAT) activities resulting in a markedly decreased SOD/CAT ratio and enhanced carbonyl content in the plasma of ASD patients. A strong correlation was present between SOD and CAT activities in the control group, which was not noted in ASD patients. Moreover, in autistic patients, we observed negative correlation between SOD activity on one side, and carbonyl content in plasma, 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosin content in urine, and respiratory burst intensity in PMNL on the other side. At the same time, low SOD level in autistic children was positively correlated with the magnesium content in the packed RBCs, which might indicate the involvement of the mitochondrial MnSOD in ASD pathogenesis, and therefore the consequent partaking of mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of ASD. Altogether, these results indicate that decreased antioxidant capacity and increased oxidative stress in ASD patients may have functional consequence in terms of increased superoxide leakage, oxidative protein damage, chronic inflammatory response, and, finally, neuronal cell abnormal functioning or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Yenkoyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia; Laboratory of Biochemical and Biophysical Investigations, Scientific-Research Centre, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Hayk Harutyunyan
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Biophysical Investigations, Scientific-Research Centre, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Aida Harutyunyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
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85
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Oxidation Prevents HMGB1 Inhibition on PDGF-Induced Differentiation of Multipotent Vascular Stem Cells to Smooth Muscle Cells: A Possible Mechanism Linking Oxidative Stress to Atherosclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4019814. [PMID: 29951536 PMCID: PMC5989286 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4019814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered as a multifactorial disease in terms of the pathogenic mechanisms. Oxidative stress has been implicated in atherogenesis, and the putative mechanisms of its action include oxidative modification of redox-sensitive signaling factors. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a key inflammatory mediator in atherosclerosis, but if oxidized it loses its activity. Thus, whether and how it participates in oxidative stress-induced atherosclerosis are not clear. The current study found that exogenous HMGB1 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of multipotent vascular stem cells and their differentiation to smooth muscle cells induced by platelet-derived growth factor. But oxidative modification impaired the activity of HMGB1 to produce the effect. The stem cells were regarded as the source of smooth muscle cells in vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, the findings suggested that HMGB1 participated in oxidative stress-induced atherosclerosis presumably by targeting multipotent vascular stem cells.
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86
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Abstract
When apoptotic cells are not cleared in an efficient and timely manner, they progress to secondary necrosis and lose their membrane integrity. This results in a leakage of immunostimulatory, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), similar to accidental (or primary) necrosis. However, primary necrosis is a sudden event with an inadvertent release of almost unmodified DAMPs. Secondary necrotic cells, in contrast, have gone through various modifications during the process of apoptosis. Recent research revealed that the molecules released from the cytoplasm or exposed on the cell surface differ between primary necrosis, secondary necrosis, and regulated necrosis such as necroptosis. This review gives an overview of these differences and focusses their effects on the immune response. The implications to human physiology and diseases are manifold and will be discussed in the context of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sachet
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ying Yu Liang
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Oehler
- Surgical Research Laboratories, Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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87
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Wu XJ, Chen YY, Gong CC, Pei DS. The role of high-mobility group protein box 1 in lung cancer. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6354-6365. [PMID: 29665052 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group protein box 1(HMGB1)is a ubiquitous highly conserved nuclear protein. Acting as a chromatin-binding factor, HMGB1 binds to DNA and plays an important role in stabilizing nucleosome formation, facilitating gene transcription, DNA repairing, inflammation, cell differentiation, and regulating the activity of steroid hormone receptors. Currently, HMGB1 is discovered to be related to development, progression, and targeted therapy of lung cancer, which makes it an attractive biomarker, and therapeutic target. This review aims to encapsulate the relationship between HMGB1 and lung cancer, suggesting that HMGB1 plays a pivotal role in initiation, development, invasion, metastasis, and prognosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jin Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Xuzhou, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chan-Chan Gong
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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88
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Mori H, Murakami M, Tsuda T, Kameda K, Utsunomiya R, Masuda K, Shiraishi K, Dai X, Tohyama M, Nakaoka H, Sayama K. Reduced-HMGB1 suppresses poly(I:C)-induced inflammation in keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:154-165. [PMID: 29395576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that stabilizes DNA and facilitates gene transcription. Additionally, cell stress or death induces the release of HMGB1 outside the cell membrane, where HMGB1 functions as an alarmin, causing an inflammatory response in combination with other cytokines, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of reduced-HMGB1 (previously termed chemoattractive-HMGB1) on polyinosine-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)]-induced inflammation in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs). METHODS We focused on downstream components of the poly(I:C)-Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) pathways, including IκBα, nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and assessed whether these pathways are involved in the suppression of poly(I:C)-induced inflammation in NHKs by HMGB1. An immunoprecipitation was performed to know whether HMGB1 could bind to poly(I:C), and immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric analysis were performed to check whether reduced-HMGB interferes with cellular uptake of poly(I:C) translocation (possibly by endocytosis). RESULTS Application of exogenous HMGB1 before, but not after, exerted a suppressive effect on poly(I:C)-induced inflammation in NHKs. In addition, reduced-HMGB1, but not disulfide-HMGB1, exerted a suppressive effect on poly(I:C)-induced inflammation in NHKs, suggesting the importance of the redox status of exogenous HMGB1. Pre-treatment with reduced-HMGB1 inhibited the phosphorylation of IκBα, NF-κB p65, and IRF3 induced by poly(I:C) stimulation in NHKs; however, phosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was unaffected. Disulfide-HMGB1 formed a complex with poly(I:C), as did reduced- and oxidized-HMGB1, albeit to a lesser extent. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometric analysis indicated that reduced-HMGB interferes with cellular uptake of poly(I:C) translocation (possibly by endocytosis). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that pre-treatment with reduced-HMGB1 ameliorates poly(I:C)-mediated inflammation in NHKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Mori
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masamoto Murakami
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Teruko Tsuda
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kenji Kameda
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryo Utsunomiya
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kana Masuda
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ken Shiraishi
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Xiuju Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakaoka
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koji Sayama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
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Regulation of Tumor Progression by Programmed Necrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3537471. [PMID: 29636841 PMCID: PMC5831895 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3537471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly growing malignant tumors frequently encounter hypoxia and nutrient (e.g., glucose) deprivation, which occurs because of insufficient blood supply. This results in necrotic cell death in the core region of solid tumors. Necrotic cells release their cellular cytoplasmic contents into the extracellular space, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is a nonhistone nuclear protein, but acts as a proinflammatory and tumor-promoting cytokine when released by necrotic cells. These released molecules recruit immune and inflammatory cells, which exert tumor-promoting activity by inducing angiogenesis, proliferation, and invasion. Development of a necrotic core in cancer patients is also associated with poor prognosis. Conventionally, necrosis has been thought of as an unregulated process, unlike programmed cell death processes like apoptosis and autophagy. Recently, necrosis has been recognized as a programmed cell death, encompassing processes such as oncosis, necroptosis, and others. Metabolic stress-induced necrosis and its regulatory mechanisms have been poorly investigated until recently. Snail and Dlx-2, EMT-inducing transcription factors, are responsible for metabolic stress-induced necrosis in tumors. Snail and Dlx-2 contribute to tumor progression by promoting necrosis and inducing EMT and oncogenic metabolism. Oncogenic metabolism has been shown to play a role(s) in initiating necrosis. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic stress-induced programmed necrosis that promote tumor progression and aggressiveness.
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Ahmad A, Druzhyna N, Szabo C. Delayed Treatment with Sodium Hydrosulfide Improves Regional Blood Flow and Alleviates Cecal Ligation and Puncture (CLP)-Induced Septic Shock. Shock 2018; 46:183-93. [PMID: 26863032 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis is a serious medical condition, caused by a severe systemic infection resulting in a systemic inflammatory response. Recent studies have suggested the therapeutic potential of donors of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a novel endogenous gasotransmitter and biological mediator in various diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of H2S supplementation in sepsis, with special reference to its effect on the modulation of regional blood flow. We infused sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a compound that produces H2S in aqueous solution (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg/h, for 1 h at each dose level) in control rats or rats 24 h after CLP, and measured blood flow using fluorescent microspheres. In normal control animals, NaHS induced a characteristic redistribution of blood flow, and reduced cardiac, hepatic, and renal blood flow in a dose-dependent fashion. In contrast, in rats subjected to CLP, cardiac, hepatic, and renal blood flow was significantly reduced; infusion of NaHS (1 mg/kg/h and 3 mg/kg/h) significantly increased organ blood flow. In other words, the effect of H2S on regional blood flow is dependent on the status of the animals (i.e., a decrease in blood flow in normal controls, but an increase in blood flow in CLP). We have also evaluated the effect of delayed treatment with NaHS on organ dysfunction and the inflammatory response by treating the animals with NaHS (3 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) at 24 h after the start of the CLP procedure; plasma levels of various cytokines and tissue indicators of inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative stress were measured 6 h later. After 24 h of CLP, glomerular function was significantly impaired, as evidenced by markedly increased (over 4-fold over baseline) blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels; this increase was also significantly reduced by treatment with NaHS. NaHS also attenuated the CLP-induced increases in malondialdehyde levels (an index of oxidative stress) in heart as well as in liver and myeloperoxidase levels (an index of neutrophil infiltration) in heart and lung. Plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, TNF-α, and HMGB1 were attenuated by NaHS. Treatment of NaHS at 3 mg/kg i.p. (but not 1 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg), starting 24 h post-CLP, with dosing repeated every 6 h, improved the survival rate in CLP animals. In summary, treatment with 3 mg/kg H2S-when started in a delayed manner, when CLP-induced organ injury, inflammation and blood flow redistribution have already ensued-improves blood flow to several organs, protects against multiple organ failure, and reduces the plasma levels of multiple pro-inflammatory mediators. These findings support the view that H2S donation may have therapeutic potential in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ahmad
- *Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas †Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, Texas
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91
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Redox Regulation of Inflammatory Processes Is Enzymatically Controlled. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8459402. [PMID: 29118897 PMCID: PMC5651112 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8459402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation depends on the enzymatically controlled production and decay of redox active molecules. NADPH oxidases, superoxide dismutases, nitric oxide synthases, and others produce the redox active molecules superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide. These react with target proteins inducing spatiotemporal modifications of cysteine residues within different signaling cascades. Thioredoxin family proteins are key regulators of the redox state of proteins. They regulate the formation and removal of oxidative modifications by specific thiol reduction and oxidation. All of these redox enzymes affect inflammatory processes and the innate and adaptive immune response. Interestingly, this regulation involves different mechanisms in different biological compartments and specialized cell types. The localization and activity of distinct proteins including, for instance, the transcription factor NFκB and the immune mediator HMGB1 are redox-regulated. The transmembrane protein ADAM17 releases proinflammatory mediators, such as TNFα, and is itself regulated by a thiol switch. Moreover, extracellular redox enzymes were shown to modulate the activity and migration behavior of various types of immune cells by acting as cytokines and/or chemokines. Within this review article, we will address the concept of redox signaling and the functions of both redox enzymes and redox active molecules in innate and adaptive immune responses.
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92
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Wenzel P, Kossmann S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Redox regulation of cardiovascular inflammation - Immunomodulatory function of mitochondrial and Nox-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:48-60. [PMID: 28108279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major hallmark of cardiovascular diseases although a causal link was so far not proven by large clinical trials. However, there is a close association between oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing evidence for a causal role of (low-grade) inflammation for the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases, which may serve as the missing link between oxidative stress and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With the present review we would like to highlight the multiple redox regulated pathways in inflammation, discuss the sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are of interest for these processes and finally discuss the importance of angiotensin II (AT-II) as a trigger of cardiovascular inflammation and the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wenzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany.
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93
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Oxidative stress-dependent contribution of HMGB1 to the interplay between apoptosis and autophagy in diabetic rat liver. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:511-521. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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94
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Daiber A, Di Lisa F, Oelze M, Kröller‐Schön S, Steven S, Schulz E, Münzel T. Crosstalk of mitochondria with NADPH oxidase via reactive oxygen and nitrogen species signalling and its role for vascular function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1670-1689. [PMID: 26660451 PMCID: PMC5446573 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are associated with and/or caused by oxidative stress. This concept has been proven by using the approach of genetic deletion of reactive species producing (pro-oxidant) enzymes as well as by the overexpression of reactive species detoxifying (antioxidant) enzymes leading to a marked reduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and in parallel to an amelioration of the severity of diseases. Likewise, the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases is aggravated by overexpression of RONS producing enzymes as well as deletion of antioxidant RONS detoxifying enzymes. Thus, the consequences of the interaction (redox crosstalk) of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide produced by mitochondria with other ROS producing enzymes such as NADPH oxidases (Nox) are of outstanding importance and will be discussed including the consequences for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling as well as the redox regulation of the vascular function/tone in general (soluble guanylyl cyclase, endothelin-1, prostanoid synthesis). Pathways and potential mechanisms leading to this crosstalk will be analysed in detail and highlighted by selected examples from the current literature including hypoxia, angiotensin II-induced hypertension, nitrate tolerance, aging and others. The general concept of redox-based activation of RONS sources via "kindling radicals" and enzyme-specific "redox switches" will be discussed providing evidence that mitochondria represent key players and amplifiers of the burden of oxidative stress. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Center for Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Swenja Kröller‐Schön
- Center for Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Center for Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
- Center of Thrombosis and HemostasisMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Eberhard Schulz
- Center for Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Laboratory of Molecular CardiologyMedical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
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Chandrashekaran V, Seth RK, Dattaroy D, Alhasson F, Ziolenka J, Carson J, Berger FG, Kalyanaraman B, Diehl AM, Chatterjee S. HMGB1-RAGE pathway drives peroxynitrite signaling-induced IBD-like inflammation in murine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Redox Biol 2017; 13:8-19. [PMID: 28551086 PMCID: PMC5447385 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical studies found a strong association of colonic inflammation and Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like phenotype with NonAlcoholic Fatty liver Disease (NAFLD) yet the mechanisms remain unknown. The present study identifies high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a key mediator of intestinal inflammation in NAFLD and outlines a detailed redox signaling mechanism for such a pathway. NAFLD mice showed liver damage and release of elevated HMGB1 in systemic circulation and increased intestinal tyrosine nitration that was dependent on NADPH oxidase. Intestines from NAFLD mice showed higher Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation and proinflammatory cytokine release, an outcome strongly dependent on the existence of NAFLD pathology and NADPH oxidase. Mechanistically intestinal epithelial cells showed the HMGB1 activation of TLR-4 was both NADPH oxidase and peroxynitrite dependent with the latter being formed by the activation of NADPH oxidase. Proinflammatory cytokine production was significantly blocked by the specific peroxynitrite scavenger phenyl boronic acid (FBA), AKT inhibition and NADPH oxidase inhibitor Apocynin suggesting NADPH oxidase-dependent peroxynitrite is a key mediator in TLR-4 activation and cytokine release via an AKT dependent pathway. Studies to ascertain the mechanism of HMGB1-mediated NADPH oxidase activation showed a distinct role of Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) as the use of inhibitors targeted against RAGE or use of deformed HMGB1 protein prevented NADPH oxidase activation, peroxynitrite formation, TLR4 activation and finally cytokine release. Thus, in conclusion the present study identifies a novel role of HMGB1 mediated inflammatory pathway that is RAGE and redox signaling dependent and helps promote ectopic intestinal inflammation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Chandrashekaran
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ratanesh K Seth
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Diptadip Dattaroy
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Firas Alhasson
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Jacek Ziolenka
- Free Radical Research Center, Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James Carson
- Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Franklin G Berger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, SC 29208, USA
| | - Balaraman Kalyanaraman
- Free Radical Research Center, Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anna Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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96
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Crews FT, Walter TJ, Coleman LG, Vetreno RP. Toll-like receptor signaling and stages of addiction. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1483-1498. [PMID: 28210782 PMCID: PMC5420377 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athina Markou and her colleagues discovered persistent changes in adult behavior following adolescent exposure to ethanol or nicotine consistent with increased risk for developing addiction. Building on Dr. Markou's important work and that of others in the field, researchers at the Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies have found that persistent changes in behavior following adolescent stress or alcohol exposure may be linked to induction of immune signaling in brain. AIM This study aims to illuminate the critical interrelationship of the innate immune system (e.g., toll-like receptors [TLRs], high-mobility group box 1 [HMGB1]) in the neurobiology of addiction. METHOD This study reviews the relevant research regarding the relationship between the innate immune system and addiction. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence indicates that TLRs in brain, particularly those on microglia, respond to endogenous innate immune agonists such as HMGB1 and microRNAs (miRNAs). Multiple TLRs, HMGB1, and miRNAs are induced in the brain by stress, alcohol, and other drugs of abuse and are increased in the postmortem human alcoholic brain. Enhanced TLR-innate immune signaling in brain leads to epigenetic modifications, alterations in synaptic plasticity, and loss of neuronal cell populations, which contribute to cognitive and emotive dysfunctions. Addiction involves progressive stages of drug binges and intoxication, withdrawal-negative affect, and ultimately compulsive drug use and abuse. Toll-like receptor signaling within cortical-limbic circuits is modified by alcohol and stress in a manner consistent with promoting progression through the stages of addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulton T Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - T Jordan Walter
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Leon G Coleman
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ryan P Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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97
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Role of Protein Kinase C and Nox2-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species Formation in the Activation and Maturation of Dendritic Cells by Phorbol Ester and Lipopolysaccharide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4157213. [PMID: 28458776 PMCID: PMC5387830 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4157213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims. Activation/maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) plays a central role in adaptive immune responses by antigen processing and (cross-) activation of T cells. There is ongoing discussion on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these processes and with the present study we investigated this enigmatic pathway. Methods and Results. DCs were cultured from precursors in the bone marrow of mice (BM-DCs) and analyzed for ROS formation, maturation, and T cell stimulatory capacity upon stimulation with phorbol ester (PDBu) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS stimulation of BM-DCs caused maturation with moderate intracellular ROS formation, whereas PDBu treatment resulted in maturation with significant ROS formation. The NADPH oxidase inhibitors apocynin/VAS2870 and genetic gp91phox deletion both decreased the ROS signal in PDBu-stimulated BM-DCs without affecting maturation and T cell stimulatory capacity of BM-DCs. In contrast, the protein kinase C inhibitors chelerythrine/Gö6983 decreased PDBu-stimulated ROS formation in BM-DCs as well as maturation. Conclusion. Obviously Nox2-dependent ROS formation in BM-DCs is not always required for their maturation or T cell stimulatory potential. PDBu/LPS-triggered BM-DC maturation rather relies on phosphorylation cascades. Our results question the role of oxidative stress as an essential “danger signal” for BM-DC activation, although we cannot exclude contribution by other ROS sources.
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98
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Su Z, Ni P, She P, Liu Y, Richard SA, Xu W, Zhu H, Wang J. Bio-HMGB1 from breast cancer contributes to M-MDSC differentiation from bone marrow progenitor cells and facilitates conversion of monocytes into MDSC-like cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:391-401. [PMID: 27987020 PMCID: PMC11028758 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) constitute the major cell population that regulates immune responses. They are known to accumulate in tumors, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Previous data indicate that high mobility group box 1(HMGB1) facilitates MDSC differentiation from bone marrow, suppresses NK cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and is involved in cancer development. However, it remains unclear what potential mechanisms of HMGB1 facilitate MDSC differentiation. In the present work, we clearly demonstrate that HMGB1 secreted by cancer cells is N-glycosylated at Asn37, which facilitates monocytic (M)-MDSC differentiation from bone marrow via the p38/NFκB/Erk1/2 pathway and also contributes to conversion of monocytes into MDSC-like cells; HMGB1 blockade by a monoclonal antibody against the HMGB1 B box obviously reduced the accumulation of M-MDSC in tumor-bearing mice, delaying tumor growth and development; additionally, MDSC expansion and HMGB1 up-regulation were also found in breast cancer patients. All these data indicate that HMGB1 might be a potential tumor immunotherapy target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Su
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Ni
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng She
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Seidu A Richard
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenlin Xu
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- The Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jia Wang
- The Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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99
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The role of neuroimmune signaling in alcoholism. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122:56-73. [PMID: 28159648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol, signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), miRNAs, pro-inflammatory cytokines and their associated receptors involved in signaling between microglia, other glia and neurons. Repeated cycles of alcohol and stress cause a progressive, persistent induction of HMGB1, miRNA and TLR receptors in brain that appear to underlie the progressive and persistent loss of behavioral control, increased impulsivity and anxiety, as well as craving, coupled with increasing ventral striatal responses that promote reward seeking behavior and increase risk of developing alcohol use disorders. Studies employing anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and innate immune antagonists further link innate immune gene expression to addiction-like behaviors. Innate immune molecules are novel targets for addiction and affective disorders therapies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
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100
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Anggayasti WL, Mancera RL, Bottomley S, Helmerhorst E. The self-association of HMGB1 and its possible role in the binding to DNA and cell membrane receptors. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:282-294. [PMID: 28027393 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a chromatin protein, interacts with DNA and controls gene expression. However, when HMGB1 is released from apoptotic or damaged cells, it triggers proinflammatory reactions by interacting with various receptors, mainly receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptors (TLRs). The self-association of HMGB1 has been found to be crucial for its DNA-related biological functions. It is influenced by several factors, such as ionic strength, pH, specific divalent metal cations, redox environment and acetylation. This self-association may also play a role in the interaction with RAGE and TLRs and the concomitant inflammatory responses. Future studies should address the potential role of HMGB1 self-association on its interactions with DNA, RAGE and TLRs, as well as the influence of physicochemical factors in different cellular environments on these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wresti L Anggayasti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ricardo L Mancera
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Steve Bottomley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Erik Helmerhorst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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