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Factors Associated with Mental Health Service Utilization Among Ethiopian Immigrants and Refugees. J Immigr Minor Health 2021; 22:965-972. [PMID: 32130570 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-020-00984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study assesses factors associated with mental health service utilization by Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in the U.S. A cross-sectional survey, based on Anderson and Newman's Framework of Health Services, which examines facilitators and barriers of service utilization, was implemented to gather data from 297 Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in the U.S. from February to March 2018. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and logistic regression were calculated. Approximately 13.3% of participants sought mental health services from healthcare professionals; while 17.3% utilized non-healthcare professionals for mental health problems. A mental health need (depressive symptoms) was identified. A model containing predictors of mental health service use was statistically significant, with gender, marital status, and employment (full-time or part-time) as the strongest predictors. The findings suggest a need for the development of culturally appropriate interventions and implementation of policies to minimize barriers to mental health services among this under-researched population.
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Marshburn CK, Campos B. Seeking Just Us: A Mixed Methods Investigation of Racism-Specific Support Among Black College Students. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/00957984211034961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Social support is theorized to protect health against the negative effects of stress. However, findings are mixed regarding whether social support protects Black people’s psychological well-being against racism. The current mixed methods study examined racism-specific support (RSS)—social support in response to racism—in same- (Black/Black) and cross-race (Black/non-Black) friendships. We investigated whether 31 Black college students ( M age = 19.7, SD = 1.70; 74% women) had (1) racial preferences (same-vs. cross-race) for whom they sought RSS, and (2) whether perceptions of RSS’s helpfulness differed when provided by cross-race friends. Participants completed measures of emotional closeness to same- and cross-race friends and participated in focus group interviews discussing racism and RSS. Results found participants reported more emotional closeness to Black friends and non-Black friends of color relative to White friends. As predicted, 65% of participants preferred RSS from Black (vs. non-Black) friends. Participants’ qualitative responses ( n = 21–24) revealed Black (vs. non-Black) friends were perceived to better understand racism. These findings suggest RSS from Black friends, specifically, might benefit Black college students’ psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Belinda Campos
- Department of Chicano/Latino Studies, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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53
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Zahodne LB, Sharifian N, Kraal AZ, Zaheed AB, Sol K, Morris EP, Schupf N, Manly JJ, Brickman AM. Socioeconomic and psychosocial mechanisms underlying racial/ethnic disparities in cognition among older adults. Neuropsychology 2021; 35:265-275. [PMID: 33970660 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive aging are only partly attributable to socioeconomic indicators. Psychosocial factors, such as discrimination and perceived control, also differ across racial/ethnic groups, and emerging literature highlights their potential role in contributing to cognitive disparities in addition to socioeconomic status. Method: 1,463 older adults (51% Hispanic, 27% non-Hispanic Black, and 22% non-Hispanic White) in the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project completed cognitive and psychosocial measures, including a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, Everyday and Major Experiences of Lifetime Discrimination scales, and the Perceived Control scale. Mediation models quantified separate indirect effects of Black race and Hispanic ethnicity on global cognitive composite scores through education, income, discrimination, and external perceived control. Results: Educational attainment, income, and perceived control each mediated racial/ethnic disparities in global cognition. Socioeconomic indicators (i.e., lower education and lower income) explained approximately 50% of the Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities in global cognition, and more external perceived control explained an additional 5%-8%. Hispanics reported the lowest levels of discrimination, while non-Hispanic Blacks reported the highest levels. However, neither everyday nor major lifetime discrimination was associated with global cognition. Significant racial/ethnic disparities in global cognition remained after accounting for the included socioeconomic and psychosocial factors. Conclusions: This study suggests that psychosocial factors may explain racial/ethnic disparities in cognitive aging above and beyond socioeconomic indicators. More external perceived control, which could reflect chronic exposure to interpersonal and institutional marginalization, may be a particularly salient psychosocial risk factor for poorer cognitive aging among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic older adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ketlyne Sol
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
| | | | - Nicole Schupf
- Department of Neurology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University
| | - Jennifer J Manly
- Department of Neurology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Department of Neurology, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University
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54
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Han S, Hu Y, Wang L, Pei Y, Zhu Z, Qi X, Wu B. Perceived Discrimination and Symptoms of Cognitive Dysfuntion Among Middle-Age and Older Persons Living With HIV in China: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study of the Mediating Role of Mental Health Symptoms and Social Isolation. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2021; 32:442-452. [PMID: 33927145 DOI: 10.1097/jnc.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Perceived discrimination is associated with symptoms of cognitive dysfunction (SOCD) among middle-age and older persons living with HIV (PLWH). We aimed to explore how the association between perceived discrimination and SOCD was mediated by mental health symptoms and social isolation. The sample included 321 PLWH, ages 45 years and older, for a multicenter cross-sectional study. Structural equation modeling showed an acceptable model fit and a significant total indirect effect between perceived discrimination and SOCD. All three indirect effect pathways were significant, suggesting that perceived discrimination could influence SOCD through mental health symptoms, through social isolation, or through mental health symptoms and then social isolation. Our study demonstrates that perceived discrimination is a concern for the management of cognitive function among middle-age and older PLWH. Both mental health symptoms and social isolation are critical elements in the design and evaluation of interventions for promoting cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Han
- Shuyu Han, MSN, RN, is a Doctoral Candidate, School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Yan Hu, PhD, RN, FAAN, is a Professor and Dean, School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and is the Director of Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Shanghai, China. Lina Wang, PhD, RN, is a Professor, School of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China. Yaolin Pei, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Fellow, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, USA. Zheng Zhu, PhD, RN, is a Faculty Member, School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and a Core Researcher of Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Shanghai, China. Xiang Qi, BSN, RN, is a Doctoral Candidate, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, USA. Bei Wu, PhD, is the Dean's Professor in Global Health, the Director for Global Health and Aging Research, and the Director for Research, Hartford Institute for Geriatric Nursing, Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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55
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Feng Y, Cheon YM, Yip T, Cham H. Multilevel IRT analysis of the Everyday Discrimination Scale and the Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Index. Psychol Assess 2021; 33:637-651. [PMID: 33793262 PMCID: PMC8365779 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unfair treatment based on race is an unfortunate reality. While there is increasing interest in mapping the daily and longer-term impact of discrimination in psychology, studies that examine the psychometric properties of indicators spanning these timeframes are limited. Item response analysis examined the measurement characteristics of two daily measures of ethnic/racial discrimination: (a) the six-item Racial/Ethnic Discrimination Index (REDI), and (b) the modified five-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS; Williams et al., Journal of Health Psychology, 1997, 2, 335). This study investigated whether the two scales can be appropriately adapted to access adolescents' daily-level ethnic/racial discrimination experiences. Both measures were administered for 14 consecutive days in a sample of 350 adolescents attending public schools in a large, urban area. Results suggest that the REDI has high loading and high difficulty. All REDI items functioned similarly at daily and person levels, suggesting that any single REDI item measured on a single day is sufficient for measuring daily ethnic/racial discrimination experiences. The EDS also shows high loading and high difficulty. However, EDS items functioned differently at the daily and person levels. REDI items were invariant across gender and race/ethnicity (African Americans, Asians, and Latinx). Recommendations for measuring daily ethnic/racial discrimination are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Feng
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
| | - Yuen Mi Cheon
- Department of Child Development and Education, Myongji University
| | - Tiffany Yip
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University
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McKinnon II, Shah AJ, Lima B, Moazzami K, Young A, Sullivan S, Almuwaqqat Z, Garcia M, Elon L, Bremner JD, Raggi P, Quyyumi AA, Vaccarino V, Lewis TT. Everyday Discrimination and Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:432-439. [PMID: 34080584 PMCID: PMC8225242 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI), a transient myocardial ischemic response to mental stress, is associated with poorer outcomes among patients with coronary heart disease and is more likely to occur among women. However, predictors of MSIMI are not well explored. The current study investigated the association between experiences of everyday discrimination and MSIMI among patients with recent myocardial ischemia and contrasted the results with conventional stress-induced myocardial ischemia (CSIMI). We examined sex differences in associations. METHODS We studied 295 post-MI patients (145 women, 150 men). Provocation of myocardial ischemia with mental stress (speech task) and conventional stress (exercise or pharmacologic) was assessed by myocardial perfusion imaging. Frequency of exposure to everyday discrimination was assessed via questionnaire using the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS). RESULTS The mean age was 51 years in both women and men, and the EDS score ranged from 10 to 38 (mean [standard deviation] = 17 [6] years). After multivariable analysis, each standard deviation increase in the EDS score (more frequent exposure) was associated with an increased odds of MSIMI (odds ratio [OR] = 1.57 [1.10-2.23]). The EDS score was not associated with CSIMI (OR = 0.86 [0.64-1.17]). Women demonstrated a twofold increase (OR = 1.96 [1.13-3.38], p = .02) in the adjusted odds of MSIMI, with each standard deviation increase in the EDS score compared with a 1.4-fold increase (OR = 1.40 [0.80-2.44], p = .24) among men; however, interaction was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Among post-MI patients, everyday discrimination was positively associated with occurrence of MSIMI, but not with CSIMI; associations were more pronounced among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izraelle I. McKinnon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amit J. Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Bruno Lima
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kasra Moazzami
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - An Young
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Samaah Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Zakaria Almuwaqqat
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mariana Garcia
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa Elon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - J. Douglas Bremner
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Paolo Raggi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A. Quyyumi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tené T. Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Mekawi Y, Carter S, Brown B, Martinez de Andino A, Fani N, Michopoulos V, Powers A. Interpersonal Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Black Women: Does Racial Discrimination Matter? J Trauma Dissociation 2021; 22:154-169. [PMID: 33460354 PMCID: PMC9082823 DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2020.1869098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the more frequent, severe, and chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology experienced by Black compared to White individuals cannot be explained by disparities in socioeconomic status or trauma exposure. One factor that may be important to consider is racial discrimination, which is associated with numerous negative mental health outcomes yet has not been studied in the context of interpersonal traumas for Black women. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the independent and interactive roles of racial discrimination and interpersonal trauma in predicting PTSD symptoms in a community sample of trauma-exposed, Black women (n = 292). Consistent with the previous literature, we found that more frequent experiences of racial discrimination were associated with more severe PTSD symptoms overall (r = .34) and by symptom cluster. Furthermore, we found a significant interaction between experiences of racial discrimination and experiences of interpersonal trauma (b = .46, 95%CI[.04, .88], SE = .28; ΔR2 = .01, p = .03) such that the association between PTSD symptoms and interpersonal trauma was stronger at higher (+1 SD above the mean) levels of racial discrimination. This pattern was replicated for most PTSD symptom clusters. These results suggest that racial discrimination experiences exacerbate the association between interpersonal traumatic experiences and PTSD symptoms among Black women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Mekawi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sierra Carter
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brittney Brown
- College of Health Professions, Mercer University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ana Martinez de Andino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vasiliki Michopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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58
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Forde AT, Lewis TT, Kershaw KN, Bellamy SL, Diez Roux AV. Perceived Discrimination and Hypertension Risk Among Participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019541. [PMID: 33596667 PMCID: PMC8174295 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Black Americans have a higher risk of hypertension compared with White Americans. Perceived discrimination is a plausible explanation for these health disparities. Few studies have examined the impact of perceived discrimination on the incidence of hypertension among a racially diverse sample. Our study examined associations of everyday and lifetime discrimination with incidence of hypertension and whether these associations varied by sex, discrimination attribution, and racial residential segregation. Methods and Results The study included 3297 Black, Hispanic, Chinese, and White participants aged 45 to 84 years from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis who were without hypertension at exam 1 (2000–2002) and who completed at least 1 of 5 follow‐up exams (2002–2018). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate associations of perceived discrimination with incident hypertension. Over the follow‐up period, 49% (n=1625) of participants developed hypertension. After adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, hypertension risk factors, and study site, Black participants reporting any lifetime discrimination (compared with none) were more likely to develop hypertension (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07–1.69). In fully adjusted models, everyday discrimination (high versus low) was associated with a lower risk for hypertension among Hispanic participants (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55–0.98). Statistically significant interactions of perceived discrimination (everyday and lifetime) with sex, discrimination attribution, and racial residential segregation were not observed. Conclusions This study suggests that lifetime, but not everyday discrimination is associated with incident hypertension in Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allana T Forde
- Division of Intramural Research National Institute on Minority Health and Health DisparitiesNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health Philadelphia PA.,The Urban Health CollaborativeDrexel University Philadelphia PA
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology Emory University Rollins School of Public Health Atlanta GA
| | - Kiarri N Kershaw
- Department of Preventive Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL
| | - Scarlett L Bellamy
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health Philadelphia PA
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health Philadelphia PA.,The Urban Health CollaborativeDrexel University Philadelphia PA
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Lutterbach S, Beelmann A. How Refugees' Stereotypes Toward Host Society Members Predict Acculturation Orientations: The Role of Perceived Discrimination. Front Psychol 2021; 12:612427. [PMID: 33613392 PMCID: PMC7893138 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Refugee migration leads to increased diversity in host societies and refugees have to face many stereotyped attitudes in the host society. However, there has been little research on minority group stereotypes toward host society members and how these stereotypes relate to the acculturation-relevant attitudes of refugees in their first phase of acculturation. This study surveyed 783 refugees in Germany who had migrated mostly in the so-called "refugee crisis" between 2015 and 2016. At the time of the survey in 2018, they had been in Germany for an average of 27 months (SD = 15 months). These refugees reported their positive and negative sociability stereotypes toward German host society members, acculturation-related orientations, shared reality values, and perceived discrimination. Results showed that positive sociability stereotypes toward host society members were associated with increased cultural adoption and shared reality. In contrast, negative sociability stereotypes negatively affected cultural adoption and shared reality. However, stereotypes showed no association at all with cultural maintenance. Interactions between sociability stereotypes and discrimination experiences highlighted a disillusion effect, in the sense that discrimination reduced the motivation to adopt the host culture more strongly among refugees who held strongly positive sociability stereotypes. The study extends knowledge on the significance of minority group stereotypes in the context of refugee migration and reveals the maladaptive consequences of discriminatory behavior against refugees by host society members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lutterbach
- Department of Research Synthesis, Intervention and Evaluation, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Beelmann
- Department of Research Synthesis, Intervention and Evaluation, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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60
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Thurber KA, Walker J, Batterham PJ, Gee GC, Chapman J, Priest N, Cohen R, Jones R, Richardson A, Calear AL, Williams DR, Lovett R. Developing and validating measures of self-reported everyday and healthcare discrimination for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:14. [PMID: 33407521 PMCID: PMC7788827 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that racism is a fundamental contributor to poor health and inequities. There is consistent evidence of high exposure to discrimination among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (Indigenous Australian) peoples, but impacts have not been fully quantified, in part due to limited measurement tools. We aim to validate instruments developed to measure interpersonal discrimination. METHODS Instruments were discussed at five focus groups and with experts, and field tested in developing Mayi Kuwayu: The National Study of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing. Data from 7501 baseline survey participants were analysed. Acceptability was assessed according to extent of missingness, construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability using Cronbach's alpha. Associations between each instrument and outcomes conceptually understood to be closely (community-level racism) or less closely (family wellbeing) related were quantified to test convergent and discriminant validity. RESULTS An 8-item instrument captures experiences of discrimination in everyday life and a 4-item instrument experiences in healthcare, each followed by a global attribution item. Item missingness was 2.2-3.7%. Half (55.4%) of participants reported experiencing any everyday discrimination, with 65.7% attributing the discrimination to Indigeneity; healthcare discrimination figures were 34.1% and 51.1%. Items were consistent with two distinct instruments, differentiating respondents with varying experiences of discrimination. Scales demonstrated very good reliability and convergent and divergent validity. CONCLUSION These brief instruments demonstrate face validity and robust psychometric properties in measuring Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults' experiences of interpersonal discrimination in everyday life and in healthcare. They can be used to quantify population-level experiences of discrimination, and associated wellbeing consequences, and monitor change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Thurber
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Jennie Walker
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philip J Batterham
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 63 Eggleston Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Gilbert C Gee
- Department of Community Health, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jan Chapman
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Naomi Priest
- Centre for Social Research and Methods, College of Arts and Social Sciences, Australian National University, Ellery Crescent, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Population Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Rubijayne Cohen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Roxanne Jones
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Alice Richardson
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Alison L Calear
- Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 63 Eggleston Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Kresge Building, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Raymond Lovett
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, 54 Mills Road, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
- The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), 51 Lawson Cres, Acton ACT , 2601, Australia
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61
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Han S, Hu Y, Wang L, Pei Y, Zhu Z, Qi X, Wu B. Perceived discrimination and mental health symptoms among persons living with HIV in China: the mediating role of social isolation and loneliness. AIDS Care 2020; 33:575-584. [PMID: 33233938 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1847246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Perceived discrimination is significantly associated with mental health symptoms among persons living with HIV (PLWH). However, little is known about the factors mediating this relationship. We aimed to examine the mediating role of social isolation and loneliness in the association between perceived discrimination and mental health symptoms among PLWH. A multicenter (Shanghai, Kunming, Nanning, Hengyang, and Changning in China) cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017. Data from 883 PLWH were used for statistical analysis. Perceived discrimination, mental health symptoms, loneliness and social isolation were assessed through self-report questionnaires. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed a satisfactory model fit (CMIN/DF = 2.676, GFI = 0.998, CFI = 0.997, NFI = 0.995, TLI = 0.985, RMSEA = 0.044 [0.000, 0.090]) and a significant total indirect effect (β = 0.058, SE = 0.009, Z = 6.444, p < 0.01). Both loneliness (β = 0.042, SE = 0.008, Z = -5.250, p < 0.01) and social isolation (β = 0.016, SE = 0.004, Z = -4.000, p < 0.01) were determined to be significant mediators of the association between perceived discrimination and mental health symptoms. Interventions that combat loneliness and social isolation may help ameliorate the adverse consequences of perceived discrimination on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Han
- School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hu
- School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- School of Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaolin Pei
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zheng Zhu
- School of Nursing, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Fudan University Centre for Evidence-based Nursing: A Joanna Briggs Institute Centre of Excellence, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Qi
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bei Wu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Does the Everyday Discrimination Scale generate meaningful cross-group estimates? A psychometric evaluation. Soc Sci Med 2020; 265:113321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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63
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Mouzon DM, Taylor RJ, Nguyen AW, Ifatunji MA, Chatters LM. Everyday Discrimination Typologies Among Older African Americans: Gender and Socioeconomic Status. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 75:1951-1960. [PMID: 31294454 PMCID: PMC8060986 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Discrimination is associated with several negative social, economic, and health consequences. Past research focuses on the impact of discrimination while less is known about both the type and correlates of discrimination, particularly among older adults. METHODS Using the National Survey of American Life, we used latent class analysis to identify discrimination typologies (frequency and type) among African Americans aged 55 and older. We then used multinomial logistic regression to identify demographic correlates of discrimination types, including a statistical interaction between gender and educational attainment. RESULTS We identified three discrimination typologies. Increasing age was associated with lower probability of belonging to the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes. Men and non-Southern residents were most likely to belong in the high discrimination subtype. Higher levels of education increased the probability of belonging in the high discrimination and disrespect and condescension subtypes for older men, but not women. DISCUSSION Older African American men, particularly those with more education, are vulnerable to both high-frequency discrimination and discrimination characterized by disrespect and condescension. This finding suggests that, for men with more years of education, increased exposure to discrimination reflects efforts to maintain social hierarchies (male target hypothesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawne M Mouzon
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
| | - Robert Joseph Taylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Ann W Nguyen
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Mosi Adesina Ifatunji
- Department of Sociology, Institute for African American Research and Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Linda M Chatters
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- Institute for Social Research, Program for Research on Black Americans, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Luz PM, Torres TS, Almeida-Brasil CC, Marins LMS, Bezerra DRB, Veloso VG, Grinsztejn B, Harel D, Thombs BD. Translation and validation of the Short HIV Stigma scale in Brazilian Portuguese. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:322. [PMID: 33008400 PMCID: PMC7530962 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01571-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-related stigma, or the degree to which people living with HIV endorse negative stereotypes associated with HIV, is associated with poor continuum of care outcomes. We translated the 12-item Short HIV Stigma scale and evaluated its psychometric properties in a Brazilian context with regard to construct validity and reliability. METHODS The first step included translation, back-translation, evaluation, peer review, and pre-testing of the Short HIV Sigma scale developed by Reinius et al. (Health Qual Life Outcomes 15(1):115, 2017). The second step involved piloting the scale in three convenience samples of adults recruited online through advertisements on different platforms: Grindr (October/2019) and Hornet (February-March/2020), geospatial network apps for sexual encounters for gay, bisexuals and other men who have sex with men, and social media apps (Facebook and WhatsApp, October/2019). The psychometric evaluation included confirmatory factor analysis, differential item functioning using the Multiple-Indicator Multiple-Cause model, and correlations between subscale scores and antiretroviral treatment use and adherence. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, and ordinal alpha and omega from the polychoric correlation matrix. RESULTS In total, 114, 164, and 1824 participants completed the measure items through Grindr, social media, and Hornet, respectively. We confirmed a 4-factor structure with factors for personalized stigma (3 items), disclosure concerns (3 items), concerns with public attitudes (3 items), and negative self-image (3 items). Small differential item functioning with respect to sample was found for one item ("I feel guilty because I have HIV"), which did not substantively influence estimates of latent factor scores. Grindr and Hornet's participants scored significantly higher than social media participants on all factors except personalized stigma. Higher subscale scores correlated with antiretroviral treatment use among participants from Hornet and with lower treatment adherence in participants from Grindr and Hornet. Reliability as measured by Cronbach's alpha, ordinal alpha and omega were 0.83, 0.88 and 0.93 for the entire scale. DISCUSSION The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Short HIV Stigma scale had satisfactory psychometric properties with present results suggesting that scores from different samples may be compared without concern that measurement differences substantively influence results though further studies with greater representation of women and heterosexual men are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Luz
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil.
| | - Thiago S Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Luana M S Marins
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel R B Bezerra
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Valdilea G Veloso
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Daphna Harel
- Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Practice and Research and the Intersection of Information, Society, and Methodology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brett D Thombs
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Departments of Psychiatry; Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health; Medicine; Psychology; Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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65
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Lopez-Vergara HI, Rosales R, Scheuermann TS, Nollen NL, Leventhal AM, Ahluwalia JS. Social determinants of alcohol and cigarette use by race/ethnicity: Can we ignore measurement issues? Psychol Assess 2020; 32:1075-1086. [PMID: 32924524 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychometric critiques of cross-cultural research emphasize testing whether instruments measure the same construct across cultural groups. We tested for measurement invariance (by race/ethnicity) of instruments used to evaluate the relationship between alcohol and tobacco use with perceived discrimination and socioeconomic status (SES). Tests of psychometric equivalence across race/ethnicity focused on: the latent organization of constructs (configural invariance); if observed indicators have equal factor loadings or "true score" variance (metric invariance); and whether manifest indicators change uniformly contingent on change in the latent variable (scalar invariance). A cross-sectional survey of 2,376 cigarette smokers (794 Black, 786 Latinx, 796 White; mean age = 43 [SD = 12]; 58% female) was recruited via an online research panel. Discrimination was indicated by self-report; SES was indicated by self-reported education, employment, income, and the "SES Ladder;" alcohol use was indicated by frequency and typical quantity of drinking, and frequency of heavy drinking; tobacco use was indicated by frequency of smoking, cigarettes per smoking day, and time to first cigarette. All instruments demonstrated configural invariance; either full metric invariance (alcohol and discrimination) or partial metric invariance (tobacco and SES); and all constructs demonstrated partial scalar invariance. Results support psychometric critiques; for example, all of the SES indicators violated assumptions of classical measurement theory for valid between group comparisons. All of our instruments displayed some degree of systematic bias in measurement across race/ethnicity. Studies testing ethnic/racial differences may need to move beyond classical measurement theory, and may benefit from using statistical approaches that can test for (and model) bias in measurement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Rosales
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | - Nikki L Nollen
- Department of Population Health, University of Kansas Medical School
| | - Adam M Leventhal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California
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The Conceptualization of Everyday Racism in Research on the Mental and Physical Health of Ethnic and Racial Groups: a Systematic Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2020; 8:648-660. [DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Treharne GJ, Riggs DW, Ellis SJ, Flett JAM, Bartholomaeus C. Suicidality, self-harm, and their correlates among transgender and cisgender people living in Aotearoa/New Zealand or Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSGENDER HEALTH 2020; 21:440-454. [PMID: 34993522 PMCID: PMC8726598 DOI: 10.1080/26895269.2020.1795959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgender people experience high rates of suicidality and self-harm. Past research has established a range of correlates of suicidality/self-harm among transgender people but little is known about whether these correlates are similar for transgender and cisgender people. AIMS The aim of this study was to test whether a range of potential demographic and psychosocial correlates of suicidality/self-harm hold for both transgender and cisgender people living in Aotearoa/New Zealand and Australia. METHODS An online survey was completed by 700 adults living in Aotearoa/New Zealand (n = 328) or Australia (n = 372). Targeted advertising was used to recruit transgender respondents (n = 392) and cisgender respondents (n = 308). Participants completed questions about demographics, discrimination (the Everyday Discrimination Scale), distress (the Kessler-10 scale), social support (the Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), resilience (the Brief Resilience Scale), suicidality (the Suicidal Ideation Attributes Scale and other questions about ideation/attempts), and self-harm (the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory). RESULTS Lifetime suicidal ideation, lifetime suicide attempts, and lifetime self-harm were more common among transgender participants. Discrimination was associated with lifetime suicide attempts and lifetime self-harm, particularly for transgender participants. Distress was consistently associated with recent suicidality and self-harm for transgender participants. Younger cisgender participants were more likely to report lifetime self-harm. Recent suicidal ideation was associated with lower social support among transgender participants but with lower resilience among cisgender participants. DISCUSSION These findings reaffirm and expand on past research on suicidality/self-harm among transgender or cisgender people and demonstrate the relevance of tackling discrimination and distress experienced by transgender people. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of meeting additional social support needs among transgender people to help prevent suicide and self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damien W. Riggs
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sonja J. Ellis
- Te Kura Toi Tangata/School of Education, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Clare Bartholomaeus
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Moody DLB, Chang YF, Pantesco EJ, Darden TM, Lewis TT, Brown C, Bromberger JT, Matthews KA. Everyday Discrimination Prospectively Predicts Blood Pressure Across 10 Years in Racially/Ethnically Diverse Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Ann Behav Med 2020; 53:608-620. [PMID: 30247506 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interpersonal discrimination is linked to greater risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and this association varies by race/ethnicity. PURPOSE To examine whether exposure to everyday discrimination prospectively predicts elevated blood pressure (BP), whether this association differs by race/ethnicity, and is mediated by adiposity indices. METHODS Using data for 2,180 self-identified White, Black, Chinese, Japanese, and Hispanic participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, we examined associations among exposure to (higher vs. lower) everyday discrimination at baseline and BP and hypertension (HTN; systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥ 140 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥ 90 mmHg; or self-reported HTN medication use) risk over a 10 year period. Additionally, we used the bootstrap method to assess repeated, time-varying markers of central and overall adiposity (waist circumference and body mass index [BMI] (kg/m2), respectively) as potential mediators. RESULTS Exposure to everyday discrimination predicted increases in SBP and DBP over time, even after adjusting for known demographic, behavioral, or medical risk factors. However, greater waist circumference or BMI (examined separately) mediated these observations. Notably, there were no racial/ethnic differences in the observed association and HTN risk was not predicted. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that everyday discrimination may contribute to elevated BP over time in U.S. women, in part, through increased adiposity. These findings demonstrate the complexity of the linkage of discrimination to CVD risk and raise the need to closely examine biobehavioral pathways that may serve as potential mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue-Fang Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Elizabeth J Pantesco
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Villanova University, Villanova, PA
| | - Taylor M Darden
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD
| | - Tené T Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Charlotte Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Joyce T Bromberger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Beccia AL, Jesdale WM, Lapane KL. Associations between perceived everyday discrimination, discrimination attributions, and binge eating among Latinas: results from the National Latino and Asian American Study. Ann Epidemiol 2020; 45:32-39. [PMID: 32340835 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to quantify the association between perceived everyday discrimination and binge eating among Latinas in the United States. METHODS Participants included 1014 Latinas from the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study. Modified Poisson models with robust standard errors were used to estimate sociodemographic-adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of binge eating associated with overall and attribution-specific discrimination. RESULTS Approximately 7% of Latinas reported binge eating. Increased frequency of discrimination was associated with a higher prevalence of binge eating (aPR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23-2.06), and Latinas reporting frequencies of discrimination in the top tertile had the greatest prevalence elevation (aPR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.32-10.00). There were important differences by discrimination attribution: Latinas experiencing primarily height/weight-based or skin color-based discrimination had the greatest prevalence elevation relative to those reporting no discrimination (aPR, 10.24; 95% CI, 2.95-35.51; and aPR, 8.83; 95% CI, 2.08-37.54, respectively), whereas Latinas reporting primarily race-based discrimination had the lowest prevalence elevation (aPR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.47-5.69). CONCLUSIONS Discrimination may be an important social determinant of Latinas' binge eating. Future research should incorporate expanded conceptual models that account for Latinas' complex social environment, focusing on intersecting dimensions of identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Beccia
- Clinical and Population Health Research Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester.
| | - William M Jesdale
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Kate L Lapane
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine associations among race, the accumulation of multiple forms of discriminatory experiences (i.e., "pervasive discrimination"), and allostatic load (AL) in African Americans and whites in midlife. METHODS Using data collected in 2004 to 2006 from 226 African American and 978 white adults (57% female; mean [SD] age = 54.7 [0.11] years) in the Midlife in the United States II Biomarker Project, a pervasive discrimination score was created by combining three discrimination scales, and an AL score was created based on 24 biomarkers representing seven physiological systems. Linear regression models were conducted to examine the association between pervasive discrimination and AL, adjusting for demographics and medical, behavioral, and personality covariates. A race by pervasive discrimination interaction was also examined to determine whether associations varied by race. RESULTS African Americans had higher pervasive discrimination and AL scores than did whites. In models adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status, medications, health behaviors, neuroticism, and negative affect, a pervasive discrimination score of 2 versus 0 was associated with a greater AL score (b = 0.30, SE = 0.07, p < .001). Although associations seemed to be stronger among African Americans as compared with whites, associations did not statistically differ by race. CONCLUSIONS More pervasive discrimination was related to greater multisystemic physiological dysregulation in a cohort of African American and white adults. Measuring discrimination by combining multiple forms of discriminatory experiences may be important for studying the health effects of discrimination.
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Rogers CJ, Forster M, Vetrone S, Unger JB. The role of perceived discrimination in substance use trajectories in Hispanic young adults: A longitudinal cohort study from high school through emerging adulthood. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106253. [PMID: 31869743 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations between discrimination and substance use have been identified cross-sectionally in multiple populations including Hispanics. However, there is limited research exploring this phenomenon longitudinally in Hispanic youth over the transition from adolescence through emerging adulthood (EA). METHODS Hispanic youth in Southern California (n = 1457) completed surveys over 11 years, from 2006 to 2017, including three high school collection waves and five EA collection waves. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between perceived discrimination during high school and cigarette and marijuana use in both high school and EA, controlling for gender, socioeconomic status, acculturation, and EA discrimination. RESULTS Compared with those who never used cigarettes or marijuana in high school and EA, perceived discrimination in high school was a significant predictor of two patterns of use: high school initiators who discontinued use of smoking (RRR = 1.677, 95%CI = 1.292-2.176) and/or marijuana (RRR = 1.464, 95%CI = 1.162-1.844), and high school initiators who continued smoking (RRR = 1.492, 95%CI = 1.196-1.861) and/or marijuana use (RRR = 1.249, 95%CI = 1.052-1.482) into EA. For late initiators who did not use in high school but started in EA, perceived high school discrimination was a significant predictor for cigarette smoking (RRR = 1.193, 95%CI = 1.036-1.373) but not for marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS Perceived discrimination during adolescence is associated with substance use trajectories across both adolescence and EA. Culturally tailored prevention programs that provide training in skills to cope with psychosocial stressors could improve Hispanic adolescent health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Rogers
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge. 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330, United States
| | - Steven Vetrone
- Department of Health Sciences, California State University, Northridge. 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330, United States
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Zahodne LB, Sol K, Kraal Z. Psychosocial Pathways to Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Late-Life Memory Trajectories. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:409-418. [PMID: 28958051 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Blacks and Hispanics are at increased risk for dementia, even after socioeconomic and vascular factors are taken into account. This study tests a comprehensive model of psychosocial pathways leading to differences in longitudinal cognitive outcomes among older blacks and Hispanics, compared to non-Hispanic whites. METHODS Using data from 10,173 participants aged 65 and older in the Health and Retirement Study, structural equation models tested associations among race/ethnicity, perceived discrimination, depressive symptoms, external locus of control, and 6-year memory trajectories, controlling for age, sex, educational attainment, income, wealth, and chronic diseases. RESULTS Greater perceived discrimination among blacks was associated with lower initial memory level via depressive symptoms and external locus of control, and with faster memory decline directly. Greater depressive symptoms and external locus of control among Hispanics were each independently associated with lower initial memory, but there were no pathways from Hispanic ethnicity to memory decline. DISCUSSION Depression and external locus of control partially mediate racial/ethnic differences in memory trajectories. Perceived discrimination is a major driver of these psychosocial pathways for blacks, but not Hispanics. These results can inform the development of policies and interventions to reduce cognitive morbidity among racially/ethnically diverse older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ketlyne Sol
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Zarina Kraal
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Fang L. The well-being of China's rural to urban migrant children: Dual impact of discriminatory abuse and poverty. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104265. [PMID: 31756636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-migration experiences of discriminatory abuse and poverty have been recognized as key risk factors for psychopathology and health problems among children. However, little research has explored these associations among children participating in the internal migration process. Building on the stress and coping framework (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), this study investigated the influence of discriminatory abuse and poverty on depressive symptoms and health problems in a group of Chinese migrant children. It also examined how a culturally based meaning-focused coping, as measured by Chinese beliefs about adversity scale, moderates the stress-distress associations. PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1714 migrant youth (Mean Age = 13; Range = 10-16; 45.6 % Female). METHODS The latent variable interaction structural equation modeling was conducted to explore the main and interaction effects among studied variables. RESULTS High prevalence of depressive symptoms (49.6 %) was found for this sample. More than 90% of respondents reported on an average of 0-2 days as being sick over the past 30 days. Migrant youth were found to experience moderate levels of discriminatory abuse (M = 1.29, SD = 0.51; Range = 1-4) and economic stress (M = 1.38, SD = 1.25; Range = 1-4). The findings further revealed that discriminatory abuse and economic stress possessed severe consequences on their mental and physical health. The meaning-focused coping strategy weakened the relationship between discriminatory abuse and depressive symptoms (β=-0.07, p<.001). Among migrant youth who encountered discriminatory abuse those who adhered more to meaning-focused coping reported less depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Findings shed light on the protective role of cultural factors in stress management for young people from migrant backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Fang
- Asia Research Institute, Office 7.39, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, #07-01 AS8, 119260, Singapore.
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Salami TK, Carter SE, Cordova B, Flowers KC, Walker RL. The Influence of Race-Related Stress on Eating Pathology: The Mediating Role of Depression and Moderating Role of Cultural Worldview Among Black American Women. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798419887632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to advance the eating pathology literature through investigating the association between a salient stressor for Black American women (race-related stress) and eating pathology, while also examining the potential mediating role of depressive symptoms on this association. In addition, the study aimed to examine the potential protective role of cultural worldview in this model. A community sample of 119 Black women between the ages of 18 and 60 years ( M = 36.34, SD = 12.51) were recruited for the study. Results supported a significant indirect effect of race-related stress on eating pathology through depressive symptoms. Moderated mediation analyses revealed a conditional effect of depression at various levels of worldview. Contrary to our hypotheses, participants with a more collectivistic and spiritual worldview often engaged in more eating pathology as a result of self-reported depressive symptoms stemming from experiences of race-related stress. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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Keys HM, Noland GS, De Rochars MB, Taylor TH, Blount S, Gonzales M. Perceived discrimination in bateyes of the Dominican Republic: results from the Everyday Discrimination Scale and implications for public health programs. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1513. [PMID: 31718594 PMCID: PMC6852895 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrimination is a major driver of health disparities among minority groups and can impede the reach of public health programs. In the Dominican Republic, residents of bateyes, or agricultural 'company towns,' often face barriers to health care. This study examined the extent of perceived discrimination among batey populations and places the findings within the context of disease elimination efforts. METHODS In March-April 2016, a stratified, multi-stage cluster survey that included the 9-item Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) was conducted among residents (n = 768) of bateyes across the Dominican Republic. Exploratory factor analysis, differential item functioning, and linear and logistic regression were used to assess associations between EDS scores, ethnic group status, reasons for discrimination, and healthcare-seeking behavior. RESULTS Three ethnic groups were identified in the population: Haitian-born persons (42.5%), Dominican-born persons with Haitian descent (25.5%), and Dominican-born persons without Haitian descent (32.0%). Mean EDS scores (range 0-45) were highest among persons born in Haiti (18.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 16.4-20.1), followed by persons with Haitian descent (16.5, 95% CI = 14.9-18.0), and those without Haitian descent (13.3, 95% CI = 12.1-14.5). Higher EDS scores were significantly associated with Haitian birth (β = 6.8, 95% CI = 4.2-9.4; p < 0.001) and Haitian descent (β = 6.1, 95% CI = 3.2-9.0; p < 0.001). Most respondents (71.5%) had scores high enough to elicit reasons for their discrimination. Regardless of ethnic group, poverty was a common reason for discrimination, but Haitian-born and Haitian-descended people also attributed discrimination to their origin, documentation status, or skin color. EDS scores were not significantly associated with differences in reported care-seeking for recent fever (β = 1.7, 95% CI = - 1.4-4.9; p = 0.278). CONCLUSION Perceived discrimination is common among batey residents of all backgrounds but highest among Haitian-born people. Discrimination did not appear to be a primary barrier to care-seeking, suggesting other explanations for reduced care-seeking among Haitian populations. Public health community engagement strategies should avoid exacerbating stigma, build active participation in programs, and work towards community ownership of disease control and elimination goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter M. Keys
- Department of Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Building B-REC B 8.01, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Madsen Beau De Rochars
- Health Services Research, Management and Policy Department, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, HPNP 3101, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Thomas H. Taylor
- Division of Laboratory Systems, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA
| | - Stephen Blount
- The Carter Center, 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA
| | - Manuel Gonzales
- Centro de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades transmitidas por Vectores y Zoonosis, Av. Juan Pablo Duarte No. 269, 10301 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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76
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Brownlow BN, Sosoo EE, Long RN, Hoggard LS, Burford TI, Hill LK. Sex Differences in the Impact of Racial Discrimination on Mental Health Among Black Americans. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:112. [PMID: 31686220 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Greater racial discrimination is associated with poorer mental health among Black Americans; yet, there remains an incomplete understanding of sex differences in exposure to racial discrimination, and further, of how sex differences in coping with racial discrimination may heighten or diminish risk for poorer mental health. RECENT FINDINGS Black men may experience greater exposure to both structural and communal forms of racial discrimination, whereas Black women may face both a wider range of potential sources, as well as encounter greater variability in the subjective experience of racial discrimination. For both Black women and men, racial discrimination may be similarly associated with maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., emotional eating, rumination) that also are linked to poorer mental health; however, emerging findings suggest that mindfulness may partially buffer these deleterious effects. Overall, the recent literature reveals mixed findings with respect to sex differences in the experience and negative mental health impact of racial discrimination. Despite this heterogeneity, evidence documents sex differences in the settings, type, and qualitative experience of racial discrimination among Black Americans. Additionally, growing evidence indicating that racial discrimination is associated with physiological markers of stress reactivity and psychopathology risk further bolsters its characterization as a unique form of chronic stress among Black Americans and other minority groups in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana N Brownlow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Effua E Sosoo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Risa N Long
- Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lori S Hoggard
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tanisha I Burford
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - LaBarron K Hill
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Disparities Research, Duke University-Social Science Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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77
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Price M, Polk W, Hill NE, Liang B, Perella J. The intersectionality of identity-based victimization in Adolescence:A person-centered examination of mental health and academic achievement in a U.S. high school. J Adolesc 2019; 76:185-196. [PMID: 31539764 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growing evidence indicates that identity-based victimization (IBV; e.g., discrimination) is traumatic, and associated with mental health and academic concerns. Youth with multiple stigmatized identities face a higher risk of both victimization and poor mental health. The current study enhances a growing research base on intersectional IBV by examining 1) identity, rather than attribution, 2) a range of IBV experiences, 3) both mental health and academic achievement, 4) the mediating role of discrimination across multiple social identities, and 5) including gender expansive youth within a diverse sample representative of a high school population in the U.S. METHODS A cluster analysis was conducted to provide a nuanced depiction of intersectionality in a diverse sample of high school students (N = 946; ages 14-20, 44% cisgender boys, 53% cisgender girls, 3% gender expansive youth). Outcome and IBV differences across clusters were examined, in addition to the mediation of cluster membership and outcomes by discrimination. RESULTS Three distinct profiles of identity emerged: LGBTQ Youth (24%), Heterosexual Youth of Color (37%), and Heterosexual White Youth (39%). LGBTQ Youth and Heterosexual Youth of Color experienced the most IBV, and had higher levels of depression, lower wellbeing, and lower GPAs. Finally, discrimination partially mediated the association between identity and outcomes for LGBTQ youth, and fully mediated this association for Heterosexual Youth of Color. CONCLUSIONS The disproportionately of IBV, poor mental health, and lower academic achievement faced by LGBTQ youth and youth with intersecting stigmatized identities suggests that they may benefit from tailored and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggi Price
- Harvard University, United States; Boston College, United States.
| | | | | | | | - John Perella
- Medford Public Schools, Revere Public Schools, United States
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78
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Dusendang JR, Reeves AN, Karvonen-Gutierrez CA, Herman WH, Ylitalo KR, Harlow SD. The association between perceived discrimination in midlife and peripheral neuropathy in a population-based cohort of women: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Ann Epidemiol 2019; 37:10-16. [PMID: 31447292 PMCID: PMC6755046 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a highly prevalent condition with serious sequelae. Many studies of the condition have been restricted to populations with diabetes, limiting evidence of potential contributing risk factors including salient psychosocial risk factors such as discrimination. METHODS The longitudinal Study of Women's Health Across the Nation was used to assess the relationship between perceived discrimination and prevalent PN in 1718 ethnically diverse midlife women. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine the association between perceived discrimination (Detroit Area Study Everyday Discrimination Scale) and PN (symptom questionnaire and monofilament testing) and conducted an assessment of the mediating effects of body mass index (BMI). RESULTS The prevalence of PN was 26.1% in the total sample and 40.9% among women with diabetes. Women who reported perceived discrimination had 29% higher odds of PN compared with women who did not report perceived discrimination (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.66). Approximately 30% of the total effect of discrimination on PN was mediated indirectly by BMI. CONCLUSIONS More research is needed to determine the contributing factors to nondiabetic PN. Our findings reaffirm the impact of financial strain, BMI, and diabetes as significant correlates of PN and highlight discrimination as an important risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Dusendang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Alexis N Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - William H Herman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Siobán D Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
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79
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Saelee R, Vaccarino V, Sullivan S, Hammadah M, Shah A, Wilmot K, Abdelhadi N, Elon L, Pimple P, Kaseer B, Levantsevych O, Bremner JD, Lewis TT. Longitudinal associations between self-reported experiences of discrimination and depressive symptoms in young women and men post- myocardial infarction. J Psychosom Res 2019; 124:109782. [PMID: 31371836 PMCID: PMC6673666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Research suggests that following a myocardial infarction (MI), women under the age of 60 have more elevated depressive symptoms and adverse outcomes than similarly aged men. Identifying risk factors that contribute to gender differences in depressive symptoms among this group may be critical to the development of psychosocial interventions. Experiences of discrimination may be an important correlate of depressive symptoms in this group; however, studies of this relationship have largely been cross-sectional and focused on healthy populations. This study examines longitudinal associations among gender, discrimination, and depressive symptoms in a young post-MI cohort. Methods Participants were 313 adults from the Myocardial Infarction and Mental Stress Ischemia Study 2 of young (≤60 yrs) post-MI patients. At baseline and 6 month follow-up, depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II and discrimination was assessed with the 10-item version Everyday Discrimination scale. Linear regression models were used to assess the longitudinal association between reports of discrimination and depressive symptoms adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, psychosocial factors and health status indicators and tested for gender differences. Results The mean age was 51.2, 49.6% were women, and 69.5% were African-American. Although the discrimination-by-gender interaction was marginally significant (p=.09) in the fully adjusted model, findings suggest that the association between changes in reports of discrimination and depressive symptoms over time may be more pronounced for women (β=.61, standard error=.15, p<.001) than men (β=.27, standard error=.13, p=.033). Conclusion Our findings suggest that discrimination is a risk factor for depressive symptoms in young post-MI populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Saelee
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Samaah Sullivan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Muhammad Hammadah
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amit Shah
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kobina Wilmot
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Naser Abdelhadi
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lisa Elon
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Pratik Pimple
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Belal Kaseer
- Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - JD Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tené T. Lewis
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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80
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Group Prenatal Care Attendance and Women’s Characteristics Associated with Low Attendance: Results from Centering and Racial Disparities (CRADLE Study). Matern Child Health J 2019; 23:1371-1381. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-019-02784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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81
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Teacher Relationships and Adolescents Experiencing Identity-Based Victimization: What Matters for Whom Among Stigmatized Adolescents. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-019-09327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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82
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Harnois CE, Bastos JL, Campbell ME, Keith VM. Measuring perceived mistreatment across diverse social groups: An evaluation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale. Soc Sci Med 2019; 232:298-306. [PMID: 31121440 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research assessing the health-related consequences of perceived discrimination depends upon high quality measures of perceived discrimination. The Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) is among the most frequently used instruments to assess perceptions of discrimination in general, as well as specific types of discrimination (e.g., based on race/ethnicity or age). While numerous studies attest to its validity and reliability for racial/ethnic minority groups, no existing study has examined its psychometric equivalence across gender, age, or socio-economic groups. This study fills this gap. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that because social hierarchies of race/ethnicity, age, gender and class have different histories and are differently organized and institutionalized in contemporary United States, racial/ethnic, age, gender, and education-based groups differ in the types of discrimination they experience and perceive. As a result, the EDS may not be equivalent across these social groups. METHOD We test this hypothesis by analyzing data from the 2015 US Texas Diversity Study (N=1,049), a telephone survey of English- and Spanish-speaking adults. We examine two forms of the EDS - one focusing on discrimination regardless of attribution and one focusing specifically on discrimination attributed to respondents' race/ethnicity. RESULTS Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses revealed that neither version of the scale generates estimates of discrimination that can be meaningfully compared across all racial/ethnic, age, gender, and education-based groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results urge caution when drawing comparisons of perceived discrimination across diverse social groups based on the EDS and point to avenues for future scale development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João L Bastos
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mary E Campbell
- Department of Sociology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Verna M Keith
- Department of Sociology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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83
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Zahodne LB, Kraal AZ, Zaheed A, Farris P, Sol K. Longitudinal effects of race, ethnicity, and psychosocial disadvantage on systemic inflammation. SSM Popul Health 2019; 7:100391. [PMID: 31193191 PMCID: PMC6520605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Psychosocial factors likely contribute to racial and ethnic inequalities in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, precise social, psychological, and physiological pathways linking race and ethnicity to the development of CVDs are not well understood. Systemic inflammation, commonly indexed by C-reactive protein (CRP), is a biomarker for CVD risk and progression. The objective of this study was to identify mediating pathways from race and ethnicity to CRP through social, psychological, and behavioral variables. Methods Using data from 12,382 participants aged 51 and older in the Health and Retirement Study, structural equation models tested for direct and indirect effects of race and ethnicity on CRP measured over four years through educational disadvantage, everyday discrimination, depressive symptoms, external locus of control, and smoking. Results Educational disadvantage mediated Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities in baseline CRP directly, as well as indirectly through elevated depressive symptoms, higher external locus of control, and smoking. Educational disadvantage also mediated Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities in CRP change directly, as well as indirectly through higher external locus of control and smoking. Independent of education, discrimination mediated Black-White differences in baseline CRP via elevated depressive symptoms, higher external locus of control, and smoking. Discrimination also mediated Black-White disparities in CRP change via external locus of control. Conclusions Results from this population-based, longitudinal study support the view that racially patterned social disadvantage is prospectively associated with longitudinal inflammatory processes, and some of these effects are independently mediated by psychological and behavioral factors. Biopsychosocial pathways to health disparities also differ between minority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Zahodne
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A Zarina Kraal
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Afsara Zaheed
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Penelope Farris
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ketlyne Sol
- University of Michigan, 530 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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84
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Michaels E, Thomas M, Reeves A, Price M, Hasson R, Chae D, Allen A. Coding the Everyday Discrimination Scale: implications for exposure assessment and associations with hypertension and depression among a cross section of mid-life African American women. J Epidemiol Community Health 2019; 73:577-584. [PMID: 30894420 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2018-211230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that racial discrimination impacts health via biological dysregulation due to continual adaptation to chronic psychosocial stress. Therefore, quantifying chronicity is critical for operationalising the relevant aetiological exposure and hence maximising internal validity. Using one of the most common discrimination scales in the epidemiological literature, we develop a novel approach for more accurately assessing chronicity and compare it with conventional approaches to determine whether coding influences differential exposure classification and associations with hypertension and depression among African American women. METHODS Data are from a socioeconomically diverse cross section of 208 mid-life African American women in Northern California (data collection: 2012-2013). Racial discrimination was assessed using the Everyday Discrimination Scale (α=0.95), and was coded using two conventional approaches: (1) situation-based coding: number of different situations ever experienced; (2) frequency-based coding: sum of Likert scale responses ranging from 'never' to 'almost everyday'; and (3) a new chronicity-based coding approach: sum of responses, weighted to capture annual chronicity (eg, 'a few times a month'=3×12=36×/year). Outcomes are hypertension and depressive symptomatology (10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale). FINDINGS Exposure classification differed by coding approach, by up to 41%. There was a positive association between racial discrimination and hypertension prevalence for chronicity coding only (prevalence ratio=1.61, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.49). For depressive symptoms, a dose-response relationship of similar magnitude was observed for all three coding approaches. CONCLUSION Scale coding is an important methodological consideration for valid exposure assessment in epidemiological research. Coding can impact exposure classification and associations with important indicators of African American women's mental and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Michaels
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Marilyn Thomas
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alexis Reeves
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Melisa Price
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Hasson
- University of Michigan School of Kinesiology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Chae
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University College of Human Sciences, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Amani Allen
- Divisions of Epidemiology and Community Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
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85
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Zahodne LB, Kraal AZ, Sharifian N, Zaheed AB, Sol K. Inflammatory mechanisms underlying the effects of everyday discrimination on age-related memory decline. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:149-154. [PMID: 30367930 PMCID: PMC6279484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Previous research suggests that everyday discrimination is associated with worse episodic memory and partially mediates Black-White disparities in memory aging. The biological mechanisms underlying the link between everyday discrimination and memory are unclear but may involve inflammatory processes. This study aimed to determine whether systemic inflammation, indexed by blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), mediates associations between everyday discrimination and episodic memory over 6 years. DESIGN A longitudinal mediation model quantified associations between baseline everyday discrimination, 4-year change in CRP, and 6-year change in episodic memory. SETTING The Health and Retirement Study (HRS). PARTICIPANTS 12,624 HRS participants aged 51 and older. MEASUREMENTS Everyday Discrimination Scale, high-sensitivity CRP assays of dried blood spots, composite scores of immediate and delayed recall of a word list. RESULTS Black participants reported greater everyday discrimination. Greater discrimination was associated with lower baseline memory and faster memory decline. Higher CRP at baseline partially mediated the negative association between discrimination and baseline memory, but CRP change did not mediate the association between discrimination and memory decline. CONCLUSION This U.S.-representative longitudinal study provides evidence for deleterious effects of discrimination on subsequent episodic memory. The fact that elevated CRP only partially explained the concurrent association between discrimination and memory highlights the need for more comprehensive investigations of biological mechanisms underlying the link between social stress and age-related memory decline in order to better characterize potential intervention targets to reduce racial inequalities in memory aging.
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86
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Ong AD, Williams DR. Lifetime discrimination, global sleep quality, and inflammation burden in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged adults. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 25:82-90. [PMID: 30714770 PMCID: PMC6369702 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite considerable evidence that greater exposure to discrimination over the life course increases risk for systemic inflammation, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for this association. Here we examine the role of global sleep quality as a potential pathway by which self-reported experiences of discrimination contribute to inflammatory dysfunction in a multiethnic sample of middle-aged adults. METHOD Participants were 300 adults (36-85 years; 65% women) from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, a subset of the Midlife in the United States Study 2 (2004-2006). Racial/ethnic representation included African American (77.7%), Hispanic (12.7%), Asian/Pacific Islander (5.6%), and Native American (4.0%). Global sleep quality and perceptions of lifetime and daily discrimination were measured by questionnaire. A composite score of inflammation burden was computed as the sum of five markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, E-selectin, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). RESULTS Greater lifetime exposure to discrimination was associated with higher inflammation burden. This relationship remained significant after adjustments for potential confounding factors, including demographics, medication use, health behaviors, psychological distress, and daily discrimination. Mediation analyses suggested that poor global sleep quality was a key mechanism underlying the link between lifetime discrimination and inflammation burden. CONCLUSION These results add to a growing literature on the effects of bias and unfair treatment experienced by people of color and other marginalized groups by demonstrating how such experiences may be particularly consequential for sleep and physiological functioning in midlife. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College
| | - David R. Williams
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard University
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87
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Hernando Rovirola C, Gaillardin F, Ferrer Serret L, Cayuela Mateo A, Ronda Pérez E, Casabona Barbarà J. Facilitadores de la participación e implementación de la subcohorte PELFI de familias inmigrantes. GACETA SANITARIA 2019; 33:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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88
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Santos HP, Nephew BC, Bhattacharya A, Tan X, Smith L, Alyamani RAS, Martin EM, Perreira K, Fry RC, Murgatroyd C. Discrimination exposure and DNA methylation of stress-related genes in Latina mothers. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 98:131-138. [PMID: 30144780 PMCID: PMC6204298 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Latina mothers, who have the highest fertility rate among all ethnic groups in the US, are often exposed to discrimination. The epigenetic changes related to this discrimination are largely unknown. This study is the first to explore the relationship between discrimination and DNA methylation of stress regulatory genes in Latinas. Our sample was Latina women (n = 147) with a mean age of 27.6 years who were assessed at 24-32 weeks' gestation (T1) and 4-6 weeks postpartum (T2) and reside in the U.S. Blood was collected at T1, and the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) was administered at T1 and T2. DNA Methylation at candidate gene regions was determined by bisulphite pyrosequencing. Associations between EDS and DNA methylation were assessed via zero-inflated Poisson models, adjusting for covariates and multiple-test comparisons. Discrimination was negatively associated with methylation at CpG sites within the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genes that were consistent over time. In addition, discrimination was negatively associated with methylation of a CpG in the glucocorticoid binding protein (FKBP5) at T1 but not at T2. This study underscores associations between discrimination and epigenetic markers of DNA methylation in Latinas that warrant further investigation to better understand the biological pathways and psychopathological effects of discrimination on Latina mothers and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson P Santos
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States.
| | - Benjamin C Nephew
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Xianming Tan
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laura Smith
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elizabeth M Martin
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States
| | - Krista Perreira
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Rebecca C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Curriculum in Toxicology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Christopher Murgatroyd
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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89
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Lockwood KG, Marsland AL, Matthews KA, Gianaros PJ. Perceived discrimination and cardiovascular health disparities: a multisystem review and health neuroscience perspective. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:170-207. [PMID: 30088665 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There are distinct racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with Black individuals at much greater risk than White individuals. Although many factors contribute to these disparities, recent attention has focused on the role of discrimination as a stress-related factor that contributes to racial disparities in CVD. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which discrimination might affect CVD. Recent studies have examined these mechanisms by focusing on neurobiological mediators of CVD risk. Given this increase in studies, a systematic review of perceived discrimination and neurobiological mediators of CVD risk is warranted. Our review uses a multisystem approach to review studies on the relationship between perceived discrimination and (1) cardiovascular responses to stress, (2) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function, and (3) the immune system, as well as (4) the brain systems thought to regulate these parameters of peripheral physiology. In addition to summarizing existing evidence, our review integrates these findings into a conceptual model describing multidirectional pathways linking perceived discrimination with a CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G Lockwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna L Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen A Matthews
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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90
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Vang ZM, Chang Y. Immigrants’ Experiences of Everyday Discrimination in Canada: Unpacking the Contributions of Assimilation, Race, and Early Socialization. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0197918318764871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined perceptions of everyday discrimination among immigrants in Canada and in comparison to native-born Canadians using data from the 2013 Canadian Community Health Survey. We find that recent immigrants report less discrimination than native-born Canadians, ceteris paribus. Recent immigrants also report less discrimination than their fellow immigrants who had been residing in Canada for much longer durations. There were trivial differences in perceptions of everyday discrimination between native-born Canadians and midway and established immigrants, all else being equal. Additional analysis suggests that differences in age at arrival and associated early socialization experiences might explain variations in immigrants’ perceived discrimination.
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Chronic discrimination and bodily pain in a multiethnic cohort of midlife women in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Pain 2018; 158:1656-1665. [PMID: 28753588 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A growing literature links discrimination to key markers of biobehavioral health. While racial or ethnic differences in pain are seen in experimental and clinical studies, the authors were interested in how chronic discrimination contributes to pain within multiple racial or ethnic groups over time. Participants were 3056 African American, Caucasian, Chinese, Hispanic, and Japanese women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. The Everyday Discrimination Scale was assessed from baseline through 13 follow-up examinations. The bodily pain subscale of the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was assessed annually. There were large racial or ethnic differences in reports of discrimination and pain. Discrimination attributions also varied by race or ethnicity. In linear mixed model analyses, initially adjusted for age, education, and pain medications, chronic everyday discrimination was associated with more bodily pain in all ethnic groups (beta = -5.84; P < 0.002 for Japanese; beta = -6.17; P < 0.001 for African American; beta = -8.74; P < 0.001 for Chinese; beta = -10.54; P < 0.001 for Caucasians; beta = -12.82; P < 0.001 for Hispanic). Associations remained significant in all ethnic groups after adjusting for additional covariates in subsequent models until adding depressive symptoms as covariate; in the final fully-adjusted models, discrimination remained a significant predictor of pain for African American (beta = -4.50; P < 0.001), Chinese (beta = -6.62; P < 0.001), and Caucasian (beta = -7.86; P < 0.001) women. In this longitudinal study, experiences of everyday discrimination were strongly linked to reports of bodily pain for the majority of women. Further research is needed to determine if addressing psychosocial stressors, such as discrimination, with patients can enhance clinical management of pain symptoms.
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Who cares if “service with a smile” is authentic? An expectancy-based model of customer race and differential service reactions. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Francis B, Klebanoff M, Oza-Frank R. Racial discrimination and perinatal sleep quality. Sleep Health 2017; 3:300-305. [PMID: 28709519 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research examined the association between perceived everyday racial discrimination, as a psychosocial stressor, and perinatal sleep quality. DESIGN Cross-sectional (N=640) and longitudinal associations (N=133) between everyday experiences of discrimination and sleep quality were examined using a pregnancy and postpartum data registry. PARTICIPANTS We studied a sample of 640 unique women from the Perinatal Research Repository (PRR), a longitudinal study of mothers, fathers, and babies recruited from Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio. MEASUREMENTS Discrimination and sleep quality were assessed using the Experiences of Discrimination Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. RESULTS Overall, everyday discrimination was associated with poorer global sleep quality and all but three sleep sub-measures of the PSQI cross-sectionally, but not longitudinally. When stratified, the adverse effects of everyday discrimination varied by race and perinatal time period. Increases in everyday discrimination were independently associated with poorer sleep initiation, poorer sleep maintenance and poorer daytime dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the immediate stressors of everyday racial discrimination were independently associated with poorer sleep quality among pregnant women cross-sectionally. Poorer sleep quality has been associated with numerous adverse perinatal outcomes and this association may be important in understanding racial discrimination as a risk factor. Our failure to identify a longitudinal association makes the direction of causation uncertain, however. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to clarify the association, given the potential importance of poor sleep quality in the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Francis
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; College of Public Health, The Ohio State University; Ohio Perinatal Research Network.
| | - Mark Klebanoff
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; College of Public Health, The Ohio State University; Ohio Perinatal Research Network
| | - Reena Oza-Frank
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University; Ohio Perinatal Research Network
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Visser MJ, Ikram UZ, Derks EM, Snijder MB, Kunst AE. Perceived ethnic discrimination in relation to smoking and alcohol consumption in ethnic minority groups in The Netherlands: the HELIUS study. Int J Public Health 2017; 62:879-887. [PMID: 28508943 PMCID: PMC5641269 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-0977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the associations of perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) with smoking and alcohol consumption in ethnic minority groups residing in a middle-sized European city. METHODS Data were derived from the HELIUS study in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. We included 23,126 participants aged 18-70 years of Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish, and Moroccan origin. We collected self-reported data on PED, current smoking, heavy smoking, nicotine dependence, current drinking, excessive drinking, and alcohol dependence. Logistic regression was used. RESULTS In general, we observed positive associations in participants of African Surinamese and Ghanaian origin, but no associations in those of South-Asian Surinamese, Turkish, or Moroccan origin. In African Surinamese, the associations were positive for current smoking, nicotine, and alcohol dependence (odds ratios of 1.16; 95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.27, 1.34; 1.15-1.57 and 1.40; 1.20-1.64, respectively). In Ghanaians, positive association was observed for current drinking (1.21; 1.08-1.36). CONCLUSIONS The associations of PED with smoking and alcohol consumption considerably varied by ethnicity and outcome measure. This suggests that ethnic minority groups in Europe might use different behavioural strategies to cope with PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies J Visser
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umar Z Ikram
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eske M Derks
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,QIMR Berghofer, Translational Neurogenomics Group, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marieke B Snijder
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chen L, Crockett AH, Covington-Kolb S, Heberlein E, Zhang L, Sun X. Centering and Racial Disparities (CRADLE study): rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial of centeringpregnancy and birth outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2017; 17:118. [PMID: 28403832 PMCID: PMC5390374 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the United States, preterm birth (PTB) before 37 weeks gestational age occurs at an unacceptably high rate, and large racial disparities persist. To date, medical and public health interventions have achieved limited success in reducing rates of PTB. Innovative changes in healthcare delivery are needed to improve pregnancy outcomes. One such model is CenteringPregnancy group prenatal care (GPNC), in which individual physical assessments are combined with facilitated group education and social support. Most existing studies in the literature on GPNC are observational. Although the results are promising, they are not powered to detect differences in PTB, do not address the racial disparity in PTB, and do not include measures of hypothesized mediators that are theoretically based and validated. The aims of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) are to compare birth outcomes as well as maternal behavioral and psychosocial outcomes by race among pregnant women who participate in GPNC to their counterparts in individual prenatal care (IPNC) and to investigate whether improving women’s behavioral and psychosocial outcomes will explain the potential benefits of GPNC on birth outcomes and racial disparities. Methods/design This is a single site RCT study at Greenville Health System in South Carolina. Women are eligible if they are between 14–45 years old and enter prenatal care before 20 6/7 weeks of gestational age. Eligible, consenting women will be randomized 1:1 into GPNC group or IPNC group, stratified by race. Women allocated to GPNC will attend 2-h group prenatal care sessions according to the standard curriculum provided by the Centering Healthcare Institute, with other women due to deliver in the same month. Women allocated to IPNC will attend standard, traditional individual prenatal care according to standard clinical guidelines. Patients in both groups will be followed up until 12 weeks postpartum. Discussion Findings from this project will provide rigorous scientific evidence on the role of GPNC in reducing the rate of PTB, and specifically in reducing racial disparities in PTB. Establishing the improved effect of GPNC on pregnancy and birth outcomes can change the way healthcare is delivered, particularly with populations with higher rates of PTB. Trial registration NCT02640638 Date Registered: 12/20/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
| | - Amy H Crockett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, 29605, USA
| | - Sarah Covington-Kolb
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Greenville Health System, Greenville, SC, 29605, USA
| | - Emily Heberlein
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Xiaoqian Sun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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Ong AD, Williams DR, Nwizu U, Gruenewald TL. Everyday unfair treatment and multisystem biological dysregulation in African American adults. CULTURAL DIVERSITY & ETHNIC MINORITY PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 23:27-35. [PMID: 28045308 PMCID: PMC5443680 DOI: 10.1037/cdp0000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence suggests that chronic exposure to unfair treatment or day-to-day discrimination increases risk for poor health, but data on biological stress mechanisms are limited. This study examined chronic experiences of unfair treatment in relation to allostatic load (AL), a multisystem index of biological dysregulation. METHOD Data are from a sample of 233 African-American adults (37-85 years; 64% women). Perceptions of everyday unfair treatment were measured by questionnaire. An AL index was computed as the sum of 7 separate physiological system risk indices (cardiovascular regulation, lipid, glucose, inflammation, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis). RESULTS Adjusting for sociodemographics, medication use, smoking status, alcohol consumption, depressive symptoms, lifetime discrimination, and global perceived stress, everyday mistreatment was associated with higher AL. CONCLUSIONS The results add to a growing literature on the effects of chronic bias and discrimination by demonstrating how such experiences are instantiated in downstream physiological systems. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University
| | - Ujuonu Nwizu
- Africana Studies and Research Center, Cornell University
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Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and the Metabolic Syndrome in Ethnic Minority Groups: The Healthy Life in an Urban Setting Study. Psychosom Med 2017; 79:101-111. [PMID: 27359175 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome could be explained by perceived ethnic discrimination (PED). It is unclear whether PED is associated with the metabolic syndrome. We assessed this association and quantified the contribution of PED to the metabolic syndrome. METHODS Baseline data were used from the Healthy Life in an Urban Setting study collected in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2014. The population-based sample included South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish, and Moroccan participants (aged 18 to 70 years). PED was measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale. The metabolic syndrome was determined according to the harmonized definition of the International Diabetes Federation, American Heart Association, and others. Logistic regression was used for analysis. population-attributable fraction was used to calculate the contribution of PED. RESULTS PED was positively associated with the metabolic syndrome in South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, and Moroccan participants (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.13 [0.99-1.30], 1.15 [1.00-1.32], and 1.19 [1.03-1.38], respectively) after adjusting for potential confounders and mediators. No significant association was observed among Ghanaian and Turkish participants. For the individual components, the associations were statistically significant for blood pressure, fasting glucose, and waist circumference among Surinamese participants. PED was associated with dyslipidemia in Moroccan participants. The population-attributable fractions were 5% for South-Asian Surinamese and Moroccan participants, and 7% for African Surinamese participants. CONCLUSIONS We found a positive association of PED with the metabolic syndrome in some ethnic groups, with PED contributing around 5% to 7% to the metabolic syndrome among Surinamese and Moroccans. This suggests that PED might contribute to ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome.
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98
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Schmengler H, Ikram UZ, Snijder MB, Kunst AE, Agyemang C. Association of perceived ethnic discrimination with general and abdominal obesity in ethnic minority groups: the HELIUS study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:453-460. [PMID: 27965316 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-207875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discrimination is associated with obesity, but this may differ according to the type of obesity and ethnic group. This study examines the association of perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) with general and abdominal obesity in 5 ethnic minority groups. METHODS We used cross-sectional data from the HELIUS study, collected from 2011 to 2015. The study sample included 2297 Ghanaians, 4110 African Surinamese, 3021 South-Asian Surinamese, 3562 Turks and 3868 Moroccans aged 18-70 years residing in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Body mass index (BMI) was used as a measure for general obesity, and waist circumference (WC) for abdominal obesity. PED was measured using the Everyday Discrimination Scale. We used linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographics, psychosocial stressors and health behaviours. In additional analysis, we used standardised variables to compare the strength of the associations. RESULTS In adjusted models, PED was significantly, positively associated with BMI in the South-Asian Surinamese (β coefficient 0.338; 95% CI 0.106 to 0.570), African Surinamese (0.394; 0.171 to 0.618) and Turks (0.269; 0.027 to 0.510). For WC, a similar pattern was seen: positive associations in the South-Asian Surinamese (0.759; 0.166 to 1.353), African Surinamese (0.833; 0.278 to 1.388) and Turks (0.870; 0.299 to 1.440). When stratified by sex, we found positive associations in Surinamese women, Turkish men and Moroccan men. The strength of the associations with BMI and WC was comparable in the groups. Among the Ghanaians, no significant associations were observed. CONCLUSIONS Ethnic and sex variations are observed in the association of PED with both general and abdominal obesity. Further research on psychosocial buffers and underlying biological mechanisms might help in understanding these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Schmengler
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Umar Z Ikram
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke B Snijder
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Doyle DM, Molix L. Perceived Discrimination and Social Relationship Functioning among Sexual Minorities: Structural Stigma as a Moderating Factor. ANALYSES OF SOCIAL ISSUES AND PUBLIC POLICY : ASAP 2015; 15:357-381. [PMID: 26807046 PMCID: PMC4723102 DOI: 10.1111/asap.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Work on structural stigma shows how public policy affects health outcomes for members of devalued groups, including sexual minorities. In the current research, structural stigma is proposed as a moderating variable that strengthens deleterious associations between perceived discrimination and social relationship functioning. Hypotheses were tested in two cross-sectional studies, including both online (N = 214; Study 1) and community (N = 94; Study 2) samples of sexual minority men and women residing throughout the United States. Structural stigma was coded from policy related to sexual minority rights within each state. Confirming hypotheses, support for the moderating role of structural stigma was found via multilevel models across studies. Specifically, associations between perceived discrimination and friendship strain, loneliness (Study 1) and familial strain (Study 2) were increased for those who resided in states with greater levels of structural stigma and attenuated for those who resided in states with lesser levels. In Study 1, these results were robust to state-level covariates (conservatism and religiosity), but conservatism emerged as a significant moderator in lieu of structural stigma in Study 2. Results are discussed in the context of the shifting landscape of public policy related to sexual minority rights within the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Matthew Doyle
- Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to David Matthew Doyle, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 []
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Owens S, Kristjansson AL, Hunte HER. A Differential Item Functional Analysis by Age of Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination in a Multi-racial/ethnic Sample of Adults. Ethn Dis 2015; 25:479-86. [PMID: 26673317 DOI: 10.18865/ed.25.4.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether individual items on the nine item William's Perceived Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) functioned differently by age (<45 vs ≥ 45) within five racial groups in the United States: Asians (n=2,017); Hispanics (n=2,688); Black Caribbeans (n=1,377); African Americans (n=3,434); and Whites (n=854). We used data from the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Lives and the 2001-2003 National Latino and Asian Studies. Multiple-indicator, multiple-cause models (MIMIC) were used to examine differential item functioning (DIF) on the EDS by age within each racial/ethnic group. Overall, Asian and Hispanic respondents reported less discrimination than Whites; on the other hand, African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported more discrimination than Whites. Regardless of race/ethnicity, the younger respondents (aged <45 years) reported less discrimination than the older respondents (aged ≥ 45 years). In terms of age by race/ethnicity, the results were mixed for 19 out of 45 tests of DIF (40%). No differences in item function were observed among Black Caribbeans. "Being called names or insulted" and others acting as "if they are afraid" of the respondents were the only two items that did not exhibit differential item functioning by age across all racial/ethnic groups. Overall, our findings suggest that the EDS scale should be used with caution in multi-age multi-racial/ethnic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Owens
- 1. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University
| | - Alfgeir L Kristjansson
- 1. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University
| | - Haslyn E R Hunte
- 1. Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University
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