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Yang LY, Zhou H, Yang Y, Tong YN, Peng LS, Zhu BH, Diao WB, Zeng H, Sun HW, Zou QM. Protective effects of a nanoemulsion adjuvant vaccine (2C-Staph/NE) administered intranasally against invasive Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9996-10008. [PMID: 35540845 PMCID: PMC9078739 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
No licensed Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) vaccine is currently available. To develop an effective S. aureus vaccine, we selected the recombinant proteins staphylococcal enterotoxin B (rSEB) and manganese transport protein C (rMntC) as vaccine candidates and formulated a 2C-Staph vaccine. Based on the optimised formation of nanoemulsion (NE) technology, we constructed a novel NE adjuvant vaccine, 2C-Staph/NE. The 2C-Staph/NE particles showed a suitable diameter (24.9 ± 0.14 nm), a good protein structure of integrity and specificity, and high thermodynamic stability. 2C-Staph formulated with an NE adjuvant induced higher survival rates than a 2C-Staph/MF59 vaccine in sepsis and pneumonia models. Moreover, intramuscular vaccination with 2C-Staph/NE yielded protection efficacy in a sepsis model, and the intranasal vaccination route induced a potent protective effect in a pneumonia model. Intranasal vaccination with 2C-Staph/NE induced a strong mucosal response with high levels of IgA and IL-17A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the IgG levels in the BALF were comparable to those induced by the intramuscular vaccination route. Furthermore, the serum and BALF induced by intranasal administration showed potent opsonophagocytic activity against S. aureus. And, the IL-17A played a protective role in the pneumonia model demonstrated by a cytokine neutralization test. Taken together, our results showed that intranasal administration of 2C-Staph formulated with an NE adjuvant yielded ideal protection in a murine S. aureus pneumonia model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Yang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Heng Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Yun Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Tong
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Liu-Sheng Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Bao-Hang Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Wei-Bo Diao
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Hong-Wu Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University Chongqing 400038 PR China
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Yang L, Zhou H, Cheng P, Yang Y, Tong Y, Zuo Q, Feng Q, Zou Q, Zeng H. A novel bivalent fusion vaccine induces broad immunoprotection against Staphylococcus aureus infection in different murine models. Clin Immunol 2018; 188:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yu W, Yao D, Yu S, Wang X, Li X, Wang M, Liu S, Feng Z, Chen X, Li W, Wang L, Liu W, Ma J, Yu L, Tong C, Song B, Cui Y. Protective humoral and CD4 + T cellular immune responses of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine MntC in a murine peritonitis model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3580. [PMID: 29483570 PMCID: PMC5832154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause different types of diseases from mild skin infections to life-threatening sepsis worldwide. Owing to the emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant strains, developing an impactful immunotherapy especially vaccine control approach against S. aureus infections is increasingly encouraged and supported. S. aureus manganese transport protein C (MntC), which is a highly-conserved cell surface protein, can elicit protective immunity against S. aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. In this study, we evaluated the humoral immune response and CD4+ T cell-mediated immune responses in a mouse peritonitis model. The results showed that MntC-specific antibodies conferred an essential protection for mice to reduce invasion of S. aureus, which was corroborated via the opsonophagocytic killing assay and passive immunization experiment in mice, and moreover MntC-induced Th17 played a remarkable part in preventing S. aureus infection since the MntC-induced protective immunity decreased after neutralization of IL-17 by antibody in vivo and the Th17 adoptive transferred-mice could partly resist S. aureus challenge. In conclusion, we considered that the MntC-specific antibodies and MntC-specific Th17 cells play cooperative roles in the prevention of S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Di Yao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Simiao Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Xintong Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Zhenyue Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Wanyu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Lizi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, 163319, China.
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Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Induces Strain-Specific Suppression of Interleukin-17. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00834-17. [PMID: 29311230 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00834-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality. Nasal carriage is a major source of transmission and of endogenous infection. Persistent carriage is detected in ∼30% of healthy individuals. While Th17 cells have been shown to play a role in S. aureus infection and clearance, the immune response to carriage is not well understood. Here, we evaluate the Th17 response and its potential inhibitors during S. aureus carriage. We recruited 25 volunteers, of whom 11 were persistent carriers. Volunteers' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated with either their endogenous strain (a strain isolated from that carrier) or exogenous ones (strains not carried by that volunteer). Changes in Th17 cell frequency and numbers, interleukin-17 (IL-17) mRNA expression, and IL-17 protein abundance were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, real-time PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Similarly, responses of IL-17 suppressors (regulatory T cells [FOXP3], IL-10, IL-27, and IL-19) were measured. Th17 and IL-17 levels in response to stimulation with endogenous strains were significantly lower than those in response to stimulation with exogenous ones. Of the suppressive cytokines tested, only IL-19 exhibited a stronger response to endogenous than to exogenous strains. Addition of recombinant IL-19 to exogenous-strain-stimulated PBMCs caused decreased IL-17 expression, whereas addition of IL-19 antibodies to endogenous-strain-stimulated cells resulted in an increased IL-17 response. Together, our results suggest that S. aureus carriage induced a tolerogenic response to a carried strain that could be reproduced through the addition of recombinant IL-19 or prevented by the addition of IL-19 antibodies. This differential immune response may play a role in the determination of S. aureus carriage patterns.
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Abstract
Functioning as the exterior interface of the human body with the environment, skin acts as a physical barrier to prevent the invasion of foreign pathogens while providing a home to the commensal microbiota. The harsh physical landscape of skin, particularly the desiccated, nutrient-poor, acidic environment, also contributes to the adversity that pathogens face when colonizing human skin. Despite this, the skin is colonized by a diverse microbiota. In this Review, we describe amplicon and shotgun metagenomic DNA sequencing studies that have been used to assess the taxonomic diversity of microorganisms that are associated with skin from the kingdom to the strain level. We discuss recent insights into skin microbial communities, including their composition in health and disease, the dynamics between species and interactions with the immune system, with a focus on Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson L Byrd
- Microbial Genomics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program, Department of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Wang M, Zhai L, Yu W, Wei Y, Wang L, Liu S, Li W, Li X, Yu S, Chen X, Zhang H, Chen J, Feng Z, Yu L, Cui Y. Identification of a protective B-cell epitope of the Staphylococcus aureus GapC protein by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190452. [PMID: 29304128 PMCID: PMC5755776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of epidemic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on public health is increasing. Because of the abuse of antibiotics, the antibiotic resistance of S. aureus is increasing. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new immunotherapies and immunoprophylaxes. Previous studies showed that the GapC protein of S. aureus, which is a surface protein with high glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, transferrin binding activity, and other biological activities, is highly conserved. GapC induces an effective humoral immune response in vivo. However, the B-cell epitopes of S. aureus GapC have not been well identified. Here we used the bioinformatics tools to analyze the sequence of GapC, and we generated protective anti-GapC monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A protective mAb (1F4) showed strong specificity to GapC and the ability to induce macrophages to phagocytose S. aureus. We screened the motif 272GYTEDEIVSSD282, which was recognized by mAb 1F4, using a phage display system. Then, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify key amino acids in the motif. Residues G272 D276 E277 I278 and V279 formed the core of the 272GYTEDEIVSSD282 motif. In addition, we showed that this epitope peptide induced a protective humoral immune response against S. aureus infection in immunized mice. Our results will be useful for the further study of epitope-based vaccines against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Lizi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Wanyu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Simiao Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyue Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Liquan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
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57
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Kane TL, Carothers KE, Lee SW. Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus for Vaccine and Therapeutics. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 19:111-127. [PMID: 27894236 PMCID: PMC5957279 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666161128123536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections in humans from gastrointestinal disease, skin and soft tissue infections, to severe outcomes such as sepsis. Staphylococcal infections in humans can be frequent and recurring, with treatments becoming less effective due to the growing persistence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains. Due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and the current limitations on antibiotic development, an active and highly promising avenue of research has been to develop strategies to specifically inhibit the activity of virulence factors produced S. aureus as an alternative means to treat disease. OBJECTIVE In this review we specifically highlight several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus for which recent advances in antivirulence approaches may hold promise as an alternative means to treating diseases caused by this pathogen. Strategies to inhibit virulence factors can range from small molecule inhibitors, to antibodies, to mutant and toxoid forms of the virulence proteins. CONCLUSION The major prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus combined with the lack of new antibiotic discoveries highlight the need for vigorous research into alternative strategies to combat diseases caused by this highly successful pathogen. Current efforts to develop specific antivirulence strategies, vaccine approaches, and alternative therapies for treating severe disease caused by S. aureus have the potential to stem the tide against the limitations that we face in the post-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor L. Kane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Katelyn E. Carothers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Shaun W. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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58
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The Staphylococcus aureus Cell Wall-Anchored Protein Clumping Factor A Is an Important T Cell Antigen. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00549-17. [PMID: 28947645 PMCID: PMC5695125 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00549-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics, and vaccines offer a potential solution to this epidemic of antimicrobial resistance. Targeting of specific T cell subsets is now considered crucial for next-generation anti-S. aureus vaccines; however, there is a paucity of information regarding T cell antigens of S. aureus. This study highlights the importance of cell wall-anchored proteins as human CD4+ T cell activators capable of driving antigen-specific Th1 and Th17 cell activation. Clumping factor A (ClfA), which contains N1, N2, and N3 binding domains, was found to be a potent human T cell activator. We further investigated which subdomains of ClfA were involved in T cell activation and found that the full-length ClfA N123 and N23 were potent Th1 and Th17 activators. Interestingly, the N1 subdomain was capable of exclusively activating Th1 cells. Furthermore, when these subdomains were used in a model vaccine, N23 and N1 offered Th1- and Th17-mediated systemic protection in mice upon intraperitoneal challenge. Overall, however, full-length ClfA N123 is required for maximal protection both locally and systemically.
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Asgeirsson H, Thalme A, Weiland O. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and endocarditis - epidemiology and outcome: a review. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017; 50:175-192. [PMID: 29105519 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2017.1392039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) and endocarditis (SAE), and discuss the short- and long-term outcome. Materials and methods: A literature review of the epidemiology of SAB and SAE. RESULTS The reported incidence of SAB in Western countries is 16-41/100,000 person-years. Increasing incidence has been observed in many regions, in Iceland by 27% during 1995-2008. The increase is believed to depend on changes in population risk factors and possibly better and more frequent utilization of diagnostic procedures. S. aureus is now the leading causes of infective endocarditis (IE) in many regions of the world. It accounts for 15-40% of all IE cases, and the majority of cases in people who inject drugs (PWID). Recently, the incidence of SAE in PWID in Stockholm, Sweden, was found to be 2.5/1000 person-years, with an in-hospital mortality of 2.5% in PWID as compared to 15% in non-drug users. The 30-day mortality associated with SAB amounts to 15-25% among adults in Western countries, but is lower in children (0-9%). Mortality associated with SAE is high (generally 20-30% in-hospital mortality), and symptomatic cerebral embolizations are common (12-35%). The 1-year mortality reported after SAB and SAE is 19-62% and reflects deaths from underlying diseases and complications caused by the infection. In a subset of SAE cases, valvular heart surgery is needed (15-45%), but active intravenous drug use seems to be a reason to refrain from surgery. Despite its importance, there are insufficient data on the optimal management of SAB and SAE, especially on the required duration of antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: The epidemiology of SAB and SAE has been changing in the past decades. They still carry a substantial morbidity and mortality. Intensified studies on treatment are warranted for improving patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmir Asgeirsson
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anders Thalme
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ola Weiland
- a Department of Infectious Diseases , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.,b Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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Zhang F, Jun M, Ledue O, Herd M, Malley R, Lu YJ. Antibody-mediated protection against Staphylococcus aureus dermonecrosis and sepsis by a whole cell vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:3834-3843. [PMID: 28601365 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a very important human pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several vaccine clinical trials based on generating antibody against staphylococcal surface polysaccharides or proteins have been unsuccessful. A killed whole cell lysate preparation (SaWCA) was made by lysing a USA 300 strain with lysostaphin followed by sonication and harvest of the supernatant fraction. Immunization with SaWCA and cholera toxin (CT) generated robust IL-17A but relatively modest antibody responses, and provided protection in the skin abscess but not in the dermonecrosis or invasive infection model. In contrast, parenteral immunization with SaWCA and alum produced robust antibody and IL-17A responses and protected mice in all three models. Sera generated after immunization with SaWCA had measurable antibodies directed against six tested conserved surface proteins, and promoted opsonophagocytosis activity (OPA) against two S. aureus strains. Passive transfer of SaWCA-immune serum protected mice against dermonecrosis and invasive infection but provided no demonstrable effect against skin abscesses, suggesting that antibodies alone may not be sufficient for protection in this model. Thus, immunization with a SA lysate preparation generates potent antibody and T cell responses, and confers protection in systemic and cutaneous staphylococcal infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria Jun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Olivia Ledue
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Muriel Herd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard Malley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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61
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Cabral MP, García P, Beceiro A, Rumbo C, Pérez A, Moscoso M, Bou G. Design of live attenuated bacterial vaccines based on D-glutamate auxotrophy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15480. [PMID: 28548079 PMCID: PMC5458566 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development is a priority for global health due to the growing multidrug resistance in bacteria. D-glutamate synthesis is essential for bacterial cell wall formation. Here we present a strategy for generating effective bacterial whole-cell vaccines auxotrophic for D-glutamate. We apply this strategy to generate D-glutamate auxotrophic vaccines for three major pathogens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacterial vaccines show virulence attenuation and self-limited growth in mice, and elicit functional and cross-reactive antibodies, and cellular immunity. These responses correlate with protection against acute lethal infection with other strains of the same species, including multidrug resistant, virulent and/or high-risk clones such as A. baumannii AbH12O-A2 and Ab307-0294, P. aeruginosa PA14, and community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus USA300LAC. This approach can potentially be applied for the development of live-attenuated vaccines for virtually any other bacterial pathogens, and does not require the identification of virulence determinants, which are often pathogen-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Cabral
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC)–Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006
A Coruña, Spain
| | - Patricia García
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC)–Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006
A Coruña, Spain
| | - Alejandro Beceiro
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC)–Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006
A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Rumbo
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC)–Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006
A Coruña, Spain
| | - Astrid Pérez
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC)–Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006
A Coruña, Spain
| | - Miriam Moscoso
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC)–Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006
A Coruña, Spain
| | - Germán Bou
- Microbiology Department, University Hospital A Coruña (CHUAC)–Biomedical Research Institute A Coruña (INIBIC), 15006
A Coruña, Spain
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62
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François B, Barraud O, Jafri H. Antibody-based therapy to combat Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:219-221. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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Doctor A, Zimmerman J, Agus M, Rajasekaran S, Wardenburg JB, Fortenberry J, Zajicek A, Typpo K. Pediatric Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome: Promising Therapies. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18:S67-S82. [PMID: 28248836 PMCID: PMC5333132 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the state of the science, identify knowledge gaps, and offer potential future research questions regarding promising therapies for children with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome presented during the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Workshop on Pediatric Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (March 26-27, 2015). DATA SOURCES Literature review, research data, and expert opinion. STUDY SELECTION Not applicable. DATA EXTRACTION Moderated by an expert from the field, issues relevant to the association of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome with a variety of conditions were presented, discussed, and debated with a focus on identifying knowledge gaps and research priorities. DATA SYNTHESIS Summary of presentations and discussion supported and supplemented by relevant literature. CONCLUSIONS Among critically ill children, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is relatively common and associated with significant morbidity and mortality. For outcomes to improve, effective therapies aimed at preventing and treating this condition must be discovered and rigorously evaluated. In this article, a number of potential opportunities to enhance current care are highlighted including the need for a better understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications, the effect of early and optimized nutrition, and the impact of effective glucose control in the setting of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Additionally, a handful of the promising therapies either currently being implemented or developed are described. These include extracorporeal therapies, anticytokine therapies, antitoxin treatments, antioxidant approaches, and multiple forms of exogenous steroids. For the field to advance, promising therapies and other therapies must be assessed in rigorous manner and implemented accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Doctor
- Departments of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine) and Biochemistry, Washington University in Saint Louis
| | - Jerry Zimmerman
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Agus
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Surender Rajasekaran
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI
| | | | - James Fortenberry
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Anne Zajicek
- Obstetric and Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics Branch, NICHD
| | - Katri Typpo
- Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
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64
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Stentzel S, Hagl B, Abel F, Kahl BC, Rack-Hoch A, Bröker BM, Renner ED. Reduced Immunoglobulin (Ig) G Response to Staphylococcus aureus in STAT3 Hyper-IgE Syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64:1279-1282. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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65
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Innate Immune Memory Contributes to Host Defense against Recurrent Skin and Skin Structure Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00876-16. [PMID: 27849182 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00876-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of skin and skin structure infections (SSSI). The high frequency of recurring SSSI due to S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, despite high titers of specific antibodies and circulating T cells, implies that traditional adaptive immunity imparts incomplete protection. We hypothesized that innate immune memory contributes to the protective host defense against recurring MRSA infection. To test this hypothesis, SSSI was induced in wild-type and rag1-/- mice in the BALB/c and C57BL/6 backgrounds. Prior infection (priming) of wild-type and rag1-/- mice of either background afforded protection against repeat infection, as evidenced by reduced abscess severities and decreased CFU densities compared to those in naive controls. Interestingly, protection was greater on the previously infected flank than on the naive flank for wild-type and rag1-/- mice. For wild-type mice, protective efficacy corresponded to increased infiltration of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]), macrophages (MΦ), Langerin+ dendritic cells (LDC), and natural killer (NK) cells. Protection was associated with the induction of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-22, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) as well as the antimicrobial peptides CRAMP and mβD-3. Priming also protected rag1-/- mice against recurring SSSI, with increased MΦ and LDC infiltration and induction of IL-22, CRAMP, and mβD-3. These findings suggest that innate immune memory, mediated by specific cellular and molecular programs, likely contributes to the localized host defense in recurrent MRSA SSSI. These insights support the development of targeted immunotherapeutic strategies to address the challenge of MRSA infection.
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66
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Reiss-Mandel A, Regev-Yochay G. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae interaction and response to pneumococcal vaccination: Myth or reality? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:351-7. [PMID: 26905680 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1081321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
S. aureus and S. pneumoniae are both common pathogens that are also carried by a large proportion of healthy individuals in the nasal and nasopharyngeal spaces. A negative association between carriage of S. aureus and S. pneumoniae has been reported in children in various epidemiologic studies from different geographical regions. Most studies found that the negative association between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus was significant only for carriage of vaccine-type S. pneumoniae strains. In this review, we summarize the various suggested mechanisms of this suggested bacterial interference, and the clinical implications reported following PCV introduction to date in various geographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylana Reiss-Mandel
- a Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Section; Gertner Institute ; Tel-Hashomer , Israel.,b Infectious Dis. Unit; Sheba Medical Center; Ramat-Gan; Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University ; Tel Aviv , Israel
| | - Gili Regev-Yochay
- a Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Section; Gertner Institute ; Tel-Hashomer , Israel.,b Infectious Dis. Unit; Sheba Medical Center; Ramat-Gan; Affiliated to the Sackler School of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University ; Tel Aviv , Israel
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67
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Characterization of a vraG Mutant in a Genetically Stable Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variant and Preliminary Assessment for Use as a Live-Attenuated Vaccine against Intrammamary Infections. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166621. [PMID: 27855187 PMCID: PMC5113970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bovine intramammary infections (IMIs) that can evolve into difficult-to-treat chronic mastitis. To date, no vaccine formulation has shown high protective efficacy against S. aureus IMI, partly because this bacterium can efficiently evade the immune system. For instance, S. aureus small colony variants (SCVs) have intracellular abilities and can persist without producing invasive infections. As a first step towards the development of a live vaccine, this study describes the elaboration of a novel attenuated mutant of S. aureus taking advantage of the SCV phenotype. A genetically stable SCV was created through the deletion of the hemB gene, impairing its ability to adapt and revert to the invasive phenotype. Further attenuation was obtained through inactivation of gene vraG (SACOL0720) which we previously showed to be important for full virulence during bovine IMIs. After infection of bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T), the double mutant (ΔvraGΔhemB) was less internalized and caused less cell destruction than that seen with ΔhemB and ΔvraG, respectively. In a murine IMI model, the ΔvraGΔhemB mutant was strongly attenuated, with a reduction of viable counts of up to 5-log10 CFU/g of mammary gland when compared to the parental strain. A complete clearance of ΔvraGΔhemB from glands was observed whereas mortality rapidly (48h) occurred with the wild-type strain. Immunization of mice using subcutaneous injections of live ΔvraGΔhemB raised a strong immune response as judged by the high total IgG titers measured against bacterial cell extracts and by the high IgG2a/IgG1 ratio observed against the IsdH protein. Also, ΔvraGΔhemB had sufficient common features with bovine mastitis strains so that the antibody response also strongly recognized strains from a variety of mastitis associated spa types. This double mutant could serve as a live-attenuated component in vaccines to improve cell-mediated immune responses against S. aureus IMIs.
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68
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Stentzel S, Gläser R, Bröker BM. Elucidating the anti-Staphylococcus aureusantibody response by immunoproteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1011-1019. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stentzel
- Department of Immunology; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
| | - Regine Gläser
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Department of Immunology; University Medicine Greifswald; Greifswald Germany
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69
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The success of the vaccines available on the market has significantly increased interest in vaccine development. Areas covered: The main aim of this paper is to discuss the most important vaccines of pediatric interest that are currently being developed. New pneumococcal vaccines and vaccines against group B Streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus and respiratory syncytial virus are analyzed in detail. Expert commentary: Advances in understanding human immunology, including human monoclonal antibody identification, sequencing technology, and the ability to solve atomic level structures of vaccine targets have provided tools to guide the rational design of future vaccines. It is likely that some of these vaccines will reach the market in the future and will thus partially contribute to the prevention of very severe diseases that significantly affect the morbidity and mortality of children. However, further studies in animals and several clinical trials in children must be performed before new vaccines become licensed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- a Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation , Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
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70
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Rifampin Resistance rpoB Alleles or Multicopy Thioredoxin/Thioredoxin Reductase Suppresses the Lethality of Disruption of the Global Stress Regulator spx in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:2719-31. [PMID: 27432833 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00261-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Staphylococcus aureus is capable of causing a remarkable spectrum of disease, ranging from mild skin eruptions to life-threatening infections. The survival and pathogenic potential of S. aureus depend partly on its ability to sense and respond to changes in its environment. Spx is a thiol/oxidative stress sensor that interacts with the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase RpoA subunit, leading to changes in gene expression that help sustain viability under various conditions. Using genetic and deep-sequencing methods, we show that spx is essential in S. aureus and that a previously reported Δspx strain harbored suppressor mutations that allowed it to grow without spx One of these mutations is a single missense mutation in rpoB (a P-to-L change at position 519 encoded by rpoB [rpoB-P519L]) that conferred high-level resistance to rifampin. This mutation alone was found to be sufficient to bypass the requirement for spx The generation of rifampin resistance libraries led to the discovery of an additional rpoB mutation, R484H, which supported strains with the spx disruption. Other rifampin resistance mutations either failed to support the Δspx mutant or were recovered at unexpectedly low frequencies in genetic transduction experiments. The amino acid residues encoded by rpoB-P519L and -R484H map in close spatial proximity and comprise a highly conserved region of RpoB. We also discovered that multicopy expression of either trxA (encoding thioredoxin) or trxB (encoding thioredoxin reductase) supports strains with the deletion of spx Our results reveal intriguing properties, especially of RNA polymerase, that compensate for the loss of an essential gene that is a key mediator of diverse processes in S. aureus, including redox and thiol homeostasis, antibiotic resistance, growth, and metabolism. IMPORTANCE The survival and pathogenicity of S. aureus depend on complex genetic programs. An objective for combating this insidious organism entails dissecting genetic regulatory circuits and discovering promising new targets for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we discovered that Spx, an RNA polymerase-interacting stress regulator implicated in many stress responses in S. aureus, including responses to oxidative and cell wall antibiotics, is essential. We describe two mechanisms that suppress the lethality of spx disruption. One mechanism highlights how only certain rifampin resistance-encoding alleles of RpoB confer new properties on RNA polymerase, with important mechanistic implications. We describe additional stress conditions where the loss of spx is deleterious, thereby highlighting Spx as a multifaceted regulator and attractive drug discovery target.
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71
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Ramsey MM, Freire MO, Gabrilska RA, Rumbaugh KP, Lemon KP. Staphylococcus aureus Shifts toward Commensalism in Response to Corynebacterium Species. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1230. [PMID: 27582729 PMCID: PMC4988121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus-human interactions result in a continuum of outcomes from commensalism to pathogenesis. S. aureus is a clinically important pathogen that asymptomatically colonizes ~25% of humans as a member of the nostril and skin microbiota, where it resides with other bacteria including commensal Corynebacterium species. Commensal Corynebacterium spp. are also positively correlated with S. aureus in chronic polymicrobial diabetic foot infections, distinct from acute monomicrobial S. aureus infections. Recent work by our lab and others indicates that microbe-microbe interactions between S. aureus and human skin/nasal commensals, including Corynebacterium species, affect S. aureus behavior and fitness. Thus, we hypothesized that S. aureus interactions with Corynebacterium spp. diminish S. aureus virulence. We tested this by assaying for changes in S. aureus gene expression during in vitro mono- versus coculture with Corynebacterium striatum, a common skin and nasal commensal. We observed a broad shift in S. aureus gene transcription during in vitro growth with C. striatum, including increased transcription of genes known to exhibit increased expression during human nasal colonization and decreased transcription of virulence genes. S. aureus uses several regulatory pathways to transition between commensal and pathogenic states. One of these, the quorum signal accessory gene regulator (agr) system, was strongly inhibited in response to Corynebacterium spp. Phenotypically, S. aureus exposed to C. striatum exhibited increased adhesion to epithelial cells, reflecting a commensal state, and decreased hemolysin activity, reflecting an attenuation of virulence. Consistent with this, S. aureus displayed diminished fitness in experimental in vivo coinfection with C. striatum when compared to monoinfection. These data support a model in which S. aureus shifts from virulence toward a commensal state when exposed to commensal Corynebacterium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Ramsey
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MAUSA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MAUSA
| | - Marcelo O. Freire
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MAUSA
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MAUSA
| | - Rebecca A. Gabrilska
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TXUSA
| | - Kendra P. Rumbaugh
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TXUSA
| | - Katherine P. Lemon
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MAUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MAUSA
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72
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Zheng W, Cai X, Xie M, Liang Y, Wang T, Li Z. Structure-Based Identification of a Potent Inhibitor Targeting Stp1-Mediated Virulence Regulation in Staphylococcus aureus. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1002-13. [PMID: 27499528 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The increasing threats of antibiotic resistance urge the need for developing new strategies against bacterial infections. Targeting eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr phosphatase Stp1-mediated virulence regulation represents a promising approach for combating staphylococcal infection yet to be explored. Here, we report the 2.32-Å resolution crystal structure of Stp1. Stp1 binds an unexpected fourth metal ion, which is important for Stp1's enzymatic activity as demonstrated by amino acid substitution studies. Inspired by the structural details of Stp1, we identified a potent and selective Stp1 inhibitor, aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). Transcriptome analysis and biochemical studies supported Stp1 as the target of ATA inhibition within the pathogen, preventing upregulation of virulence genes. Notably, ATA did not affect in vitro growth of Staphylococcus aureus, while simultaneously attenuating staphylococcal virulence in mice. Our findings demonstrate that ATA is a potent anti-virulence compound against staphylococcal infection, laying the foundation for further developing new scaffolds for Stp1-targeted small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zheng
- Key Lab of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaodan Cai
- Key Lab of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingsheng Xie
- Key Lab of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Liang
- Key Lab of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518055, China; SZCDC-SUSTech Joint Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zigang Li
- Key Lab of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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73
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Walczak M, Grzywa R, Łupicka-Słowik A, Skoreński M, Bobrek K, Nowak D, Boivin S, Brown EL, Oleksyszyn J, Sieńczyk M. Method for generation of peptide-specific IgY antibodies directed to Staphylococcus aureus extracellular fibrinogen binding protein epitope. Biopolymers 2016; 104:552-9. [PMID: 26095000 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The IgY antibodies offer an attractive alternative to mammalian IgGs in research, diagnosis and medicine. The isolation of immunoglobulin Y from the egg yolks is efficient and economical, causing minimal suffering to animals. Here we present the methodology for the production of IgY antibodies specific to Staphylococcus aureus fibrinogen binding protein (Efb) and its peptidyl epitope (spanning residues 127-140). The Efb is an extracellular, adhesion protein which binds both human fibrinogen and complement C3 protein thus contributing to the high infectious potential of this pathogen. The selected epitope of Efb protein is responsible for the interaction with C3. The immunochemical characterization of both anti-Efb and epitope-specific IgY antibodies revealed their similar avidity, titer, and reactivity profile, although some differences in the hen's immune response to administered antigens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Walczak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łupicka-Słowik
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Skoreński
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Bobrek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Bird and Exotic Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pl. Grunwaldzki 45, 50-366, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Nowak
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Stephane Boivin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Hamburg Outstation, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric L Brown
- Center for Infectious Disease, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Józef Oleksyszyn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sieńczyk
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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74
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Selle M, Hertlein T, Oesterreich B, Klemm T, Kloppot P, Müller E, Ehricht R, Stentzel S, Bröker BM, Engelmann S, Ohlsen K. Global antibody response to Staphylococcus aureus live-cell vaccination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24754. [PMID: 27103319 PMCID: PMC4840433 DOI: 10.1038/srep24754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus causes a broad range of severe diseases and is feared for its ability to rapidly develop resistance to antibiotic substances. The increasing number of highly resistant S. aureus infections has accelerated the search for alternative treatment options to close the widening gap in anti-S. aureus therapy. This study analyses the humoral immune response to vaccination of Balb/c mice with sublethal doses of live S. aureus. The elicited antibody pattern in the sera of intravenously and intramuscularly vaccinated mice was determined using of a recently developed protein array. We observed a specific antibody response against a broad set of S. aureus antigens which was stronger following i.v. than i.m. vaccination. Intravenous but not intramuscular vaccination protected mice against an intramuscular challenge infection with a high bacterial dose. Vaccine protection was correlated with the strength of the anti-S. aureus antibody response. This study identified novel vaccine candidates by using protein microarrays as an effective tool and showed that successful vaccination against S. aureus relies on the optimal route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Selle
- University Würzburg, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Hertlein
- University Würzburg, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Babett Oesterreich
- University Würzburg, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Klemm
- University Würzburg, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peggy Kloppot
- University Greifswald, Institute for Microbiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Elke Müller
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany.,InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Alere Technologies GmbH, Jena, Germany.,InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Stentzel
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Immunology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- University Medicine Greifswald, Department of Immunology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanne Engelmann
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Mikrobielle Proteomik, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- University Würzburg, Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Würzburg, Germany
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75
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Moriarty TF, Kuehl R, Coenye T, Metsemakers WJ, Morgenstern M, Schwarz EM, Riool M, Zaat SA, Khana N, Kates SL, Richards RG. Orthopaedic device-related infection: current and future interventions for improved prevention and treatment. EFORT Open Rev 2016; 1:89-99. [PMID: 28461934 PMCID: PMC5367564 DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orthopaedic and trauma device-related infection (ODRI) remains one of the major complications in modern trauma and orthopaedic surgery.Despite best practice in medical and surgical management, neither prophylaxis nor treatment of ODRI is effective in all cases, leading to infections that negatively impact clinical outcome and significantly increase healthcare expenditure.The following review summarises the microbiological profile of modern ODRI, the impact antibiotic resistance has on treatment outcomes, and some of the principles and weaknesses of the current systemic and local antibiotic delivery strategies.The emerging novel strategies aimed at preventing or treating ODRI will be reviewed. Particular attention will be paid to the potential for clinical impact in the coming decades, when such interventions are likely to be critically important.The review focuses on this problem from an interdisciplinary perspective, including basic science innovations and best practice in infectious disease. Cite this article: Moriarty TF, Kuehl R, Coenye T, et al. Orthopaedic device related infection: current and future interventions for improved prevention and treatment. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:89-99. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000037.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nina Khana
- University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland
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76
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Utay NS, Roque A, Timmer JK, Morcock DR, DeLeage C, Somasunderam A, Weintrob AC, Agan BK, Estes JD, Crum-Cianflone NF, Douek DC. MRSA Infections in HIV-Infected People Are Associated with Decreased MRSA-Specific Th1 Immunity. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005580. [PMID: 27093273 PMCID: PMC4836670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
People with HIV infection are at increased risk for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Lower CD4 T-cell counts, higher peak HIV RNA levels and epidemiological factors may be associated with increased risk but no specific immune defect has been identified. We aimed to determine the immunologic perturbations that predispose HIV-infected people to MRSA SSTIs. Participants with or without HIV infection and with MRSA SSTI, MRSA colonization or negative for MRSA were enrolled. Peripheral blood and skin biopsies from study participants were collected. Flow cytometry, flow cytometry with microscopy, multiplex assays of cell culture supernatants and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the nature of the immune defect predisposing HIV-infected people to MRSA infections. We found deficient MRSA-specific IFNγ+ CD4 T-cell responses in HIV-infected people with MRSA SSTIs compared to MRSA-colonized participants and HIV-uninfected participants with MRSA SSTIs. These IFNγ+ CD4 T cells were less polyfunctional in HIV-infected participants with SSTIs compared to those without SSTIs. However, IFNγ responses to cytomegalovirus and Mycobacterium avium antigens and MRSA-specific IL-17 responses by CD4 T cells were intact. Upon stimulation with MRSA, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected participants produced less IL-12 and IL-15, key drivers of IFNγ production. There were no defects in CD8 T-cell responses, monocyte responses, opsonization, or phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Accumulation of CD3 T cells, CD4 T cells, IL-17+ cells, myeloperoxidase+ neutrophils and macrophage/myeloid cells to the skin lesions were similar between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected participants based on immunohistochemistry. Together, these results indicate that MRSA-specific IFNγ+ CD4 T-cell responses are essential for the control of initial and recurrent MRSA infections in HIV-infected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanya S. Utay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Annelys Roque
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Katherina Timmer
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David R. Morcock
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claire DeLeage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anoma Somasunderam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Weintrob
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Agan
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nancy F. Crum-Cianflone
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Infectious Disease Clinic, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Omics Approaches for the Study of Adaptive Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and the Selection of Vaccine Candidates. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010011. [PMID: 28248221 PMCID: PMC5217363 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen both in hospitals and in the community. Due to the crisis of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need for new strategies to combat S. aureus infections, such as vaccination. Increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms of protection will be key for the successful prevention or treatment of S. aureus invasion. Omics technologies generate a comprehensive picture of the physiological and pathophysiological processes within cells, tissues, organs, organisms and even populations. This review provides an overview of the contribution of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and immunoproteomics to the current understanding of S. aureus‑host interaction, with a focus on the adaptive immune response to the microorganism. While antibody responses during colonization and infection have been analyzed in detail using immunoproteomics, the full potential of omics technologies has not been tapped yet in terms of T-cells. Omics technologies promise to speed up vaccine development by enabling reverse vaccinology approaches. In consequence, omics technologies are powerful tools for deepening our understanding of the “superbug” S. aureus and for improving its control.
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Yang Y, Qian M, Yi S, Liu S, Li B, Yu R, Guo Q, Zhang X, Yu C, Li J, Xu J, Chen W. Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Staphylococcus aureus Surface Protein A (SasA) Protect Against Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis and Peritonitis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149460. [PMID: 26926145 PMCID: PMC4771200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) imposes an increasing impact on public health. Due to multi-antibiotics resistance in MRSA strains, there is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics such as effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against MRSA infections. Staphylococcus aureus surface protein A (SasA), a large surface-located protein (~240 kDa), is one of MSCRAMMs (microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules) and a potential target for immunotherapeutic approaches against S. aureus infections. In the present study, we analyzed the sequence of SasA with bioinformatics tools and generated a protective monoclonal antibody (2H7) targeting the conserved domain of SasA. 2H7 was shown to recognize wild-type S. aureus and promote opsonophagocytic killing of S. aureus. In both sepsis and peritoneal infection models, prophylactic administration of 2H7 improved the survival of BALB/c mice challenged by S. aureus strain USA300 and ST239 (prevalent MRSA clones in North America and Asian countries, respectively) and enhanced bacterial clearance in kidneys. Additionally, 2H7 prophylaxis prevented the formation of intraperitoneal abscess in a murine model of peritoneal infection and therapeutic administration of 2H7 showed protective efficacy in a murine sepsis model. Our results presented here provide supporting evidences that an anti-SasA mAb might be a potential component in an antibody-based immunotherapeutic treatment of MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Yang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mengying Qian
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shaoqiong Yi
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuling Liu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 306 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, PR China
| | - Rui Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changming Yu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Antibody Engineering, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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79
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Lacey KA, Geoghegan JA, McLoughlin RM. The Role of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factors in Skin Infection and Their Potential as Vaccine Antigens. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010022. [PMID: 26901227 PMCID: PMC4810143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes the vast majority of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in humans. S. aureus has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics and there is an urgent need for new strategies to tackle S. aureus infections. Vaccines offer a potential solution to this epidemic of antimicrobial resistance. However, the development of next generation efficacious anti-S. aureus vaccines necessitates a greater understanding of the protective immune response against S. aureus infection. In particular, it will be important to ascertain if distinct immune mechanisms are required to confer protection at distinct anatomical sites. Recent discoveries have highlighted that interleukin-17-producing T cells play a particularly important role in the immune response to S. aureus skin infection and suggest that vaccine strategies to specifically target these types of T cells may be beneficial in the treatment of S. aureus SSTIs. S. aureus expresses a large number of cell wall-anchored (CWA) proteins, which are covalently attached to the cell wall peptidoglycan. The virulence potential of many CWA proteins has been demonstrated in infection models; however, there is a paucity of information regarding their roles during SSTIs. In this review, we highlight potential candidate antigens for vaccines targeted at protection against SSTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan A Lacey
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
- Microbiology Department, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Joan A Geoghegan
- Microbiology Department, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Bao Y, Gao Y, Cui X. Effect of Shufeng Jiedu capsules as a broad-spectrum antibacterial. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:74-8. [PMID: 26875500 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study sought to investigate the broad-spectrum antibacterial action of an alternative medicine, Shufeng Jiedu capsules (SFJDC). Antibacterial testing was performed to determine whether SFJDC had broad-spectrum antibacterial action in vitro, and testing was performed to verify whether SFJDC prevented death due to a Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. Results of antibacterial testing suggested that SFJDC are a broad-spectrum antibacterial and that SFJDC are superior to Lianhua Qingwen capsules as a broad-spectrum antibacterial. Results of testing revealed that SFJDC lowered the mortality rate, it reduced mortality, it increased average survival time, and it increased the lifespan of mice dying due to a Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus infection. Thus, SFJDC could become a complement to broad-spectrum antimicrobials in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Bao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
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81
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Yang L, Cai C, Feng Q, Shi Y, Zuo Q, Yang H, Jing H, Wei C, Zhuang Y, Zou Q, Zeng H. Protective efficacy of the chimeric Staphylococcus aureus vaccine candidate IC in sepsis and pneumonia models. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20929. [PMID: 26865417 PMCID: PMC4750066 DOI: 10.1038/srep20929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes serious sepsis and necrotic pneumonia worldwide. Due to the spread of multidrug-resistant strains, developing an effective vaccine is the most promising method for combating S. aureus infection. In this study, based on the immune-dominant areas of the iron surface determinant B (IsdB) and clumping factor A (ClfA), we designed the novel chimeric vaccine IsdB151-277ClfA33-213 (IC). IC formulated with the AlPO4 adjuvant induced higher protection in an S. aureus sepsis model compared with the single components alone and showed broad immune protection against several clinical S. aureus isolates. Immunisation with IC induced strong antibody responses. The protective effect of antibodies was demonstrated through the opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) and passive immunisation experiment. Moreover, this new chimeric vaccine induced Th1/Th17-skewed cellular immune responses based on cytokine profiles and CD4+ T cell stimulation tests. Neutralisation of IL-17A alone (but not IFN-γ) resulted in a significant decrease in vaccine immune protection. Finally, we found that IC showed protective efficacy in a pneumonia model. Taken together, these data provide evidence that IC is a potentially promising vaccine candidate for combating S. aureus sepsis and pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Changzhi Cai
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China
| | - Yun Shi
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qianfei Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Huijie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Haiming Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Quanming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products &Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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82
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Mancini F, Monaci E, Lofano G, Torre A, Bacconi M, Tavarini S, Sammicheli C, Arcidiacono L, Galletti B, Laera D, Pallaoro M, Tuscano G, Fontana MR, Bensi G, Grandi G, Rossi-Paccani S, Nuti S, Rappuoli R, De Gregorio E, Bagnoli F, Soldaini E, Bertholet S. One Dose of Staphylococcus aureus 4C-Staph Vaccine Formulated with a Novel TLR7-Dependent Adjuvant Rapidly Protects Mice through Antibodies, Effector CD4+ T Cells, and IL-17A. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147767. [PMID: 26812180 PMCID: PMC4727907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapidly acting, single dose vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus would be highly beneficial for patients scheduled for major surgeries or in intensive care units. Here we show that one immunization with a multicomponent S. aureus candidate vaccine, 4C-Staph, formulated with a novel TLR7-dependent adjuvant, T7-alum, readily protected mice from death and from bacterial dissemination, both in kidney abscess and peritonitis models, outperforming alum-formulated vaccine. This increased efficacy was paralleled by higher vaccine-specific and α-hemolysin-neutralizing antibody titers and Th1/Th17 cell responses. Antibodies played a crucial protective role, as shown by the lack of protection of 4C-Staph/T7-alum vaccine in B-cell-deficient mice and by serum transfer experiments. Depletion of effector CD4+ T cells not only reduced survival but also increased S. aureus load in kidneys of mice immunized with 4C-Staph/T7-alum. The role of IL-17A in the control of bacterial dissemination in 4C-Staph/T7-alum vaccinated mice was indicated by in vivo neutralization experiments. We conclude that single dose 4C-Staph/T7-alum vaccine promptly and efficiently protected mice against S. aureus through the combined actions of antibodies, CD4+ effector T cells, and IL-17A. These data suggest that inclusion of an adjuvant that induces not only fast antibody responses but also IL-17-producing cell-mediated effector responses could efficaciously protect patients scheduled for major surgeries or in intensive care units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mancini
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Monaci
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lofano
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonina Torre
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Bacconi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Tavarini
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Sammicheli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Galletti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Donatello Laera
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Michele Pallaoro
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tuscano
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Fontana
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuliano Bensi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Sandra Nuti
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Ennio De Gregorio
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Bagnoli
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Soldaini
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, S.r.l., Research Center, Siena, Italy
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Ohsawa H, Baba T, Enami J, Hiramatsu K. Successful selection of an infection-protective anti-Staphylococcus aureus monoclonal antibody and its protective activity in murine infection models. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:183-92. [PMID: 25659598 PMCID: PMC5029779 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical trials to develop anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) therapeutic antibodies have met unsuccessful sequels. To develop more effective antibodies against MRSA infection, a panel of mAbs against S. aureus cell wall was generated and then screened for the most protective mAb in mouse infection models. Twenty-two anti-S. aureus IgG mAbs were obtained from mice that had been immunized with alkali-processed, deacetylated cell walls of S. aureus. One of these mAbs, ZBIA5H, exhibited life-saving effects in mouse models of sepsis caused by community-acquired MRSA strain MW2 and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus strain VRS1. It also had a curative effect in a MW2-caused pneumonia model. Curiously, the target of ZBIA5H was considered to be a conformational epitope of either the 1,4-β-linkage between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine or the peptidoglycan per se. Reactivity of ZBIA5H to S. aureus whole cells or purified peptidoglycan was weaker than that of most of the other mAbs generated in this study. However, the latter mAbs did not have the protective activities against S. aureus that ZBIA5H did. These data indicate that the epitopes that trigger production of high-yield and/or high-affinity antibodies may not be the most suitable epitopes for developing anti-infective antibodies. ZBIA5H or its humanized form may find a future clinical application, and its target epitope may be used for the production of vaccines against S. aureus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Ohsawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Zenyaku Kogyo, 2-33-7, Ohizumi-machi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, 178-0062; Department of Bacteriology, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunnkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
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84
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Wu Y, Wang C, Lin S, Wu M, Han L, Tian C, Zhang X, Zang J. Octameric structure of Staphylococcus aureus enolase in complex with phosphoenolpyruvate. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:2457-70. [PMID: 26627653 PMCID: PMC4667285 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715018830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium with strong pathogenicity that causes a wide range of infections and diseases. Enolase is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that plays a key role in energy production through glycolysis. Additionally, enolase is located on the surface of S. aureus and is involved in processes leading to infection. Here, crystal structures of Sa_enolase with and without bound phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) are presented at 1.6 and 2.45 Å resolution, respectively. The structure reveals an octameric arrangement; however, both dimeric and octameric conformations were observed in solution. Furthermore, enzyme-activity assays show that only the octameric variant is catalytically active. Biochemical and structural studies indicate that the octameric form of Sa_enolase is enzymatically active in vitro and likely also in vivo, while the dimeric form is catalytically inactive and may be involved in other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenglong Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changlin Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianye Zang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, People’s Republic of China
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Bhattacharya M, Wozniak DJ, Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L. Prevention and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1499-516. [PMID: 26646248 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
S. aureus colonizes both artificial and tissue surfaces in humans causing chronic persistent infections that are difficult to cure. It is a notorious pathogen due to its antibiotic recalcitrance and phenotypic adaptability, both of which are facilitated by its ability to develop biofilms. S. aureus biofilms challenge conventional anti-infective approaches, most notably antibiotic therapy. Therefore there is an unmet need to develop and include parallel approaches that target S. aureus biofilm infections. This review discusses two broad anti-infective strategies: (1) preventative approaches (anti-biofilm surface coatings, the inclusion of biofilm-specific vaccine antigens); and (2) approaches aimed at eradicating established S. aureus biofilms, particularly those associated with implant infections. Advances in understanding the distinct nature of S. aureus biofilm development and pathogenesis have led to growing optimism in S. aureus biofilm targeted anti-infective strategies. Further research is needed however, to see the successful administration and validation of these approaches to the diverse types of infections caused by S. aureus biofilms from multiple clinical strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Bhattacharya
- a Department of Microbiology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Daniel J Wozniak
- a Department of Microbiology , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA.,b Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,c The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Paul Stoodley
- b Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,c The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA.,d Department of Orthopedics , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,e Department of Engineering Sciences, National Centre for Advanced Tribology at Southampton (nCATS) , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Luanne Hall-Stoodley
- b Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity , The Ohio State University College of Medicine , Columbus , OH , USA.,c The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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86
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McNeely TB, Shah NA, Fridman A, Joshi A, Hartzel JS, Keshari RS, Lupu F, DiNubile MJ. Mortality among recipients of the Merck V710 Staphylococcus aureus vaccine after postoperative S. aureus infections: an analysis of possible contributing host factors. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3513-6. [PMID: 25483690 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a blinded randomized trial, preoperative receipt of the Merck V710 Staphylococcus aureus vaccine was associated with a higher mortality rate than placebo in patients who later developed postoperative S. aureus infections. Of the tested patients, all 12 V710 recipients (but only 1 of 13 placebo recipients) with undetectable serum IL2 levels prior to vaccination and surgery died after postoperative S. aureus infection. The coincidence of 3 factors (low prevaccination IL-2 levels, receipt of V710, and postoperative S. aureus infection) appeared to substantially increase mortality in our study population after major cardiothoracic surgery. Furthermore, 9 of the 10 V710 recipients with undetectable preoperative IL17a levels and postoperative S. aureus infections died. Although the current study is hypothesis-generating and the exact pathophysiology remains speculative, these findings raise concern that immune predispositions may adversely impact the safety and efficacy of staphylococcal vaccines actively under development. The potential benefits of an effective vaccine against S. aureus justify continued but cautious pursuit of this elusive goal.
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87
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Specific serum IgG at diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream invasion is correlated with disease progression. J Proteomics 2015; 128:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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88
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Raeisi J, Saifi M, Pourshafie MR, Asadi Karam MR, Mohajerani HR. Rapid Detection of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates by Turanose Fermentation Method. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e21198. [PMID: 26495105 PMCID: PMC4609385 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.21198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Raeisi
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahnaz Saifi
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vancomycin has been the cornerstone of treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. This review describes new MRSA-active antibiotics that have recently been introduced and highlights emerging resistance. RECENT FINDINGS Elevations in the vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration within the susceptible range are associated with treatment failure and mortality in the treatment of MRSA infections. Ceftaroline and ceftobiprole are anti-MRSA cephalosporins and are noninferior to comparator agents in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs) and pneumonia. Tedizolid is more potent than linezolid, has improved pharmacokinetics and reduced toxicity and is active against cfr-containing S. aureus. Telavancin now has approval for treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia, and recent phase 2 trial data showed similar cure rates in S. aureus bacteremia. Dalbavancin and oritavancin are administered once weekly and are noninferior to comparators for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Resistance has emerged against many new anti-MRSA antimicrobials including ceftaroline. Combination therapy of β-lactams with vancomycin or daptomycin is increasing. SUMMARY Several new MRSA-active agents are now approved for use, although much of the data is derived from treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections or pneumonia. Further studies are required for more invasive infections, such as bacteremia and endocarditis.
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90
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Veloso TR, Mancini S, Giddey M, Vouillamoz J, Que YA, Moreillon P, Entenza JM. Vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus experimental endocarditis using recombinant Lactococcus lactis expressing ClfA or FnbpA. Vaccine 2015; 33:3512-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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91
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Reddy PN, Paul S, Sripathy MH, Batra HV. Evaluation of recombinant SEA-TSST fusion toxoid for protection against superantigen induced toxicity in mouse model. Toxicon 2015; 103:106-13. [PMID: 26091873 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections has become complicated owing to growing antibiotic resistance mechanisms and due to the multitude of virulence factors secreted by this organism. Failures with traditional monovalent vaccines or toxoids have brought a shift towards the use of multivalent formulas and neutralizing antibodies to combat and prevent range of staphylococcal infections. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a fusion protein (r-ET) comprising truncated regions of staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) in generating neutralizing antibodies against superantigen induced toxicity in murine model. Serum antibodies showed specific reactivity to both SEA and TSST-1 native toxins. Hyperimmune serum from immunized animals protected cultured splenocytes from non-specific superantigen induced proliferation completely. Passive antibody administration prevented tissue damage from acute inflammation associated with superantigen challenge from S. aureus cell free culture supernatants. Approximately 80% and 50% of actively and passively immunized mice respectively were protected from lethal dose against S. aureus toxin challenge. This study revealed that r-ET protein is non-toxic and a strong immunogen which generated neutralizing antibodies and memory immune response against superantigen induced toxic effects in mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Paul
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India
| | - Murali H Sripathy
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India
| | - Harsh Vardhan Batra
- Department of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore 570011, India.
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92
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Which are important targets in development of S. aureus mastitis vaccine? Res Vet Sci 2015; 100:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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93
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Pozzi C, Lofano G, Mancini F, Soldaini E, Speziale P, De Gregorio E, Rappuoli R, Bertholet S, Grandi G, Bagnoli F. Phagocyte subsets and lymphocyte clonal deletion behind ineffective immune response to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:750-63. [PMID: 25994610 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of known mechanisms of protection against Staphylococcus aureus in humans is hindering development of efficacious vaccines. Preclinical as well as clinical data suggest that antibodies play an important role against S. aureus. For instance, certain hypogammaglobulinaemic patients are at increased risk of staphylococcal infections. However, development of effective humoral response may be dampened by converging immune-evasion mechanisms of S. aureus. We hypothesize that B-cell proliferation induced by staphylococcal protein A (SpA) and continuous antigen exposure, without the proper T-cell help and cytokine stimuli, leads to antigen-activated B-cell deletion and anergy. Recent findings suggest an important role of type I neutrophils (PMN-I) and conventionally activated macrophages (M1) against S. aureus, while alternatively activated macrophages (M2) favour biofilm persistence and sepsis. In addition, neutrophil-macrophage cooperation promotes extravasation and activation of neutrophils as well as clearance of bacteria ensnared in neutrophil extracellular traps. Activation of these processes is modulated by cytokines and T cells. Indeed, low CD4(+) T-cell counts represent an important risk factor for skin infections and bacteraemia in patients. Altogether, these observations could lead to the identification of predictive correlates of protection and ways for shifting the balance of the response to the benefit of the host through vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Pozzi
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lofano
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ennio De Gregorio
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sylvie Bertholet
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Grandi
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Bagnoli
- Novartis Vaccines, Research Center, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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94
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The bicomponent pore-forming leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:199-230. [PMID: 24847020 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00055-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to produce water-soluble proteins with the capacity to oligomerize and form pores within cellular lipid bilayers is a trait conserved among nearly all forms of life, including humans, single-celled eukaryotes, and numerous bacterial species. In bacteria, some of the most notable pore-forming molecules are protein toxins that interact with mammalian cell membranes to promote lysis, deliver effectors, and modulate cellular homeostasis. Of the bacterial species capable of producing pore-forming toxic molecules, the Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most notorious. S. aureus can produce seven different pore-forming protein toxins, all of which are believed to play a unique role in promoting the ability of the organism to cause disease in humans and other mammals. The most diverse of these pore-forming toxins, in terms of both functional activity and global representation within S. aureus clinical isolates, are the bicomponent leucocidins. From the first description of their activity on host immune cells over 100 years ago to the detailed investigations of their biochemical function today, the leucocidins remain at the forefront of S. aureus pathogenesis research initiatives. Study of their mode of action is of immediate interest in the realm of therapeutic agent design as well as for studies of bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an updated perspective on our understanding of the S. aureus leucocidins and their function, specificity, and potential as therapeutic targets.
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95
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Novel developments in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of periprosthetic joint infections. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2015; 23 Suppl:S32-43. [PMID: 25808968 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-14-00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most challenging complications compromising the outcome of an otherwise successful operation. Considerable efforts have been invested in the recent years to address paradigm shifts in our understanding of the complex microbiological phenomena that contribute to the pathophysiology of PJI, such as microbial adherence, biofilm formation, and resistance to antibiotics. This article is an introduction to some of the recent advancements in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of PJI. It describes how industry, academic researchers, and government are increasing collaboration to address PJI through development of novel technologies, therapeutic strategies, and regulatory science that specifically target the unique biofilm-associated aspects of its pathogenesis.
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96
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Vaccine composition formulated with a novel TLR7-dependent adjuvant induces high and broad protection against Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3680-5. [PMID: 25775551 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424924112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both active and passive immunization strategies against Staphylococcus aureus have thus far failed to show efficacy in humans. With the attempt to develop an effective S. aureus vaccine, we selected five conserved antigens known to have different roles in S. aureus pathogenesis. They include the secreted factors α-hemolysin (Hla), ess extracellular A (EsxA), and ess extracellular B (EsxB) and the two surface proteins ferric hydroxamate uptake D2 and conserved staphylococcal antigen 1A. The combined vaccine antigens formulated with aluminum hydroxide induced antibodies with opsonophagocytic and functional activities and provided consistent protection in four mouse models when challenged with a panel of epidemiologically relevant S. aureus strains. The importance of antibodies in protection was demonstrated by passive transfer experiments. Furthermore, when formulated with a toll-like receptor 7-dependent (TLR7) agonist recently designed and developed in our laboratories (SMIP.7-10) adsorbed to alum, the five antigens provided close to 100% protection against four different staphylococcal strains. The new formulation induced not only high antibody titers but also a Th1 skewed immune response as judged by antibody isotype and cytokine profiles. In addition, low frequencies of IL-17-secreting T cells were also observed. Altogether, our data demonstrate that the rational selection of mixtures of conserved antigens combined with Th1/Th17 adjuvants can lead to promising vaccine formulations against S. aureus.
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97
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Kolata JB, Kühbandner I, Link C, Normann N, Vu CH, Steil L, Weidenmaier C, Bröker BM. The Fall of a Dogma? Unexpected High T-Cell Memory Response to Staphylococcus aureus in Humans. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:830-8. [PMID: 25737563 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Though Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen, vaccine trials have failed. In contrast, class-switched antibodies specific to S. aureus are common, implying immune memory formation and suggesting a large pool of S. aureus-reactive helper T-cells. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the cellular arm of S. aureus-specific immune memory, the T-cell response in humans was characterized. METHODS The proliferative response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to S. aureus antigens and the frequency of S. aureus-specific T-cells were quantified by (3)H-thymidine incorporation; cytokine release was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus particles and extracellular proteins elicited pronounced proliferation in PBMCs of healthy adults. This reflected a memory response with high frequencies of T-cells being activated by single S. aureus antigens. The whole S. aureus-specific T-cell pool was estimated to comprise 3.6% of T-cells with 35-fold differences between individuals (range, 0.2%-5.7%). When exposed to S. aureus antigens, the T-cells released predominantly but not solely T helper (Th)1/Th17 cytokines. CONCLUSIONS The large number of S. aureus antigen-reactive memory T-lymphocytes is likely to influence the course of S. aureus infection. To enable rational vaccine design, the naturally acquired human T-cell memory needs to be explored at high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Kolata
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald
| | - Iris Kühbandner
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald
| | - Christopher Link
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald
| | - Nicole Normann
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald
| | - Chi Hai Vu
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald
| | - Leif Steil
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University of Greifswald
| | - Christopher Weidenmaier
- Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University, Germany
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald
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98
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Knop J, Hanses F, Leist T, Archin NM, Buchholz S, Gläsner J, Gessner A, Wege AK. Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Humanized Mice: A New Model to Study Pathogenicity Associated With Human Immune Response. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:435-44. [PMID: 25657257 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen among humans worldwide, with an increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance. The understanding of virulence factors inducing pathogenicity is still incomplete, and thus far the transfer of results from animal studies into successful clinical trials has been difficult. METHODS In this study, we established an S. aureus infection model in mice engrafted with a human immune system, compared it with infected wild-type and nonhumanized mice, and investigated pathogenesis in these models. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus infection was aggravated in humanized mice, compared with wild-type or nonengrafted mice. The humanized mice displayed a significantly reduced survival percentage, increased weight loss, and a more-rapid increase in bacterial burden. In addition, S. aureus infection induced T-cell activation, apoptosis, and Fas receptor expression in humanized but not wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the different pathogenetic mechanisms in wild-type and humanized mice and the possible benefit of including humanized mice in future studies involving S. aureus as a prior step to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janin Knop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
| | - Frank Hanses
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg
| | - Teresa Leist
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
| | - Nancie M Archin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
| | - Stefan Buchholz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
| | - Joachim Gläsner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - André Gessner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg
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99
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Rasigade JP, Trouillet-Assant S, Breurec S, Antri K, Lina G, Bes M, Tristan A, Badiou C, Bernelin M, Fall C, Ramdani-Bouguessa N, Etienne J, Vandenesch F, Laurent F. The levels of antibodies to Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) vary with PVL prevalence along a north-to-south gradient. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:927-33. [PMID: 25575949 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on Staphylococcus aureus vaccine development has focused on active immunization against Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), a potent leukotoxin associated with both superficial and severe deep-seated infections. PVL prevalence is highly variable worldwide, but it is unknown to what extent immunity to PVL varies between patients from geographic areas with different PVL-positive S. aureus prevalences. We conducted a retrospective multicentric study of anti-PVL and anti-alpha-toxin (Hla) antibody levels in uninfected adult patients from France (low PVL prevalence; n = 200), Algeria (moderate prevalence; n = 143), and Senegal (high prevalence; n = 228). The antibody levels were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. Because Hla is present in virtually all S. aureus strains, its corresponding antibody levels were considered to reflect population exposure to S. aureus. Compared with French participants, the average anti-PVL antibody levels were 2.5-fold and 8.2-fold higher in Algerian and Senegalese participants, respectively (p < 0.001). Conversely, anti-Hla antibody levels did not differ between participants from the three countries, suggesting that the observed differences in anti-PVL antibody levels were not biased by variations in population exposure to S. aureus. Hence, anti-PVL antibody levels in the general populations of France, Algeria, and Senegal vary widely and match variations in PVL-positive S. aureus strain prevalence, with an increasing north-to-south gradient. To conclude, immunity to PVL in a given population correlates with local PVL prevalence. This finding can help to inform PVL vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Rasigade
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France,
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Kim HK, Falugi F, Thomer L, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O. Protein A suppresses immune responses during Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in guinea pigs. mBio 2015; 6:e02369-14. [PMID: 25564466 PMCID: PMC4313907 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02369-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Staphylococcus aureus infection is not associated with the development of protective immunity, and disease relapses occur frequently. We hypothesize that protein A, a factor that binds immunoglobulin Fcγ and cross-links V(H)3 clan B cell receptors (IgM), is the staphylococcal determinant for host immune suppression. To test this, vertebrate IgM was examined for protein A cross-linking. High V(H)3 binding activity occurred with human and guinea immunoglobulin, whereas mouse and rabbit immunoglobulins displayed little and no binding, respectively. Establishing a guinea pig model of S. aureus bloodstream infection, we show that protein A functions as a virulence determinant and suppresses host B cell responses. Immunization with SpA(KKAA), which cannot bind immunoglobulin, elicits neutralizing antibodies that enable guinea pigs to develop protective immunity. IMPORTANCE Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of soft tissue and bloodstream infections; however, a vaccine with clinical efficacy is not available. Using mice to model staphylococcal infection, earlier work identified protective antigens; however, corresponding human clinical trials did not reach their endpoints. We show that B cell receptor (IgM) cross-linking by protein A is an important immune evasion strategy of S. aureus that can be monitored in a guinea pig model of bloodstream infection. Further, immunization with nontoxigenic protein A enables infected guinea pigs to elicit antibody responses that are protective against S. aureus. Thus, the guinea pig model may support preclinical development of staphylococcal vaccines.
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