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Novel triple-reassortant influenza viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:85. [PMID: 29765037 PMCID: PMC5953969 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Considered a “mixing vessel” for influenza viruses, pigs can give rise to new influenza virus reassortants that can threaten humans. During our surveillance of pigs in Guangxi, China from 2013 to 2015, we isolated 11 H1N1 and three H3N2 influenza A viruses of swine origin (IAVs-S). Out of the 14, we detected ten novel triple-reassortant viruses, which contained surface genes (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) from Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 or seasonal human-like H3N2, matrix (M) genes from H1N1/2009 pandemic or EA H1N1, nonstructural (NS) genes from classical swine, and the remaining genes from H1N1/2009 pandemic. Mouse studies indicate that these IAVs-S replicate efficiently without prior adaptation, with some isolates demonstrating lethality. Notably, the reassortant EA H1N1 viruses with EA-like M gene have been reported in human infections. Further investigations will help to assess the potential risk of these novel triple-reassortant viruses to humans.
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Virulent PB1-F2 residues: effects on fitness of H1N1 influenza A virus in mice and changes during evolution of human influenza A viruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7474. [PMID: 29749408 PMCID: PMC5945659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25707-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific residues of influenza A virus (IAV) PB1-F2 proteins may enhance inflammation or cytotoxicity. In a series of studies, we evaluated the function of these virulence-associated residues in the context of different IAV subtypes in mice. Here, we demonstrate that, as with the previously assessed pandemic 1968 (H3N2) IAV, PB1-F2 inflammatory residues increase the virulence of H1N1 IAV, suggesting that this effect might be a universal feature. Combining both inflammatory and cytotoxic residues in PB1-F2 enhanced virulence further, compared to either motif alone. Residues from these virulent motifs have been present in natural isolates from human seasonal IAV of all subtypes, but there has been a trend toward a gradual reduction in the number of virulent residues over time. However, human IAV of swine and avian origin tend to have more virulent residues than do the human-adapted seasonal strains, raising the possibility that donation of PB1 segments from these zoonotic viruses may increase the severity of some seasonal human strains. Our data suggest the value of surveillance of virulent residues in both human and animal IAV to predict the severity of influenza season.
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Lauterbach SE, Wright CM, Zentkovich MM, Nelson SW, Lorbach JN, Bliss NT, Nolting JM, Pierson RM, King MD, Bowman AS. Detection of influenza A virus from agricultural fair environment: Air and surfaces. Prev Vet Med 2018; 153:24-29. [PMID: 29653731 PMCID: PMC8611410 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural fairs facilitate an environment conducive to the spread of influenza A virus with large numbers of pigs from various different locales comingling for several days (5-8 days). Fairs are also associated with zoonotic transmission of influenza A virus as humans have unrestricted contact with potentially infected swine throughout the fair's duration. Since 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported 468 cases of variant influenza A virus, with most cases having had exposure to swine at agricultural fairs. Many mechanisms have been proposed as potential direct and indirect routes of transmission that may be enhancing intra- and inter-species transmission of influenza A virus at fairs. This study examines airborne respiratory droplets and portable animal-care items as potential routes of transmission that may be contributing to enhanced viral spread throughout the swine barn and the resulting variant cases of influenza A. Air samples were taken from inside swine barns at 25 fairs between the years 2013 and 2014. Influenza A virus was detected molecularly in 11 of 59 (18.6%) air samples, representing 4 of the 25 fairs. Viable H1N1 virus, matching virus recovered from swine at the fair, was recovered from the air at one fair in 2013. During the summer of 2016, 75 of 400 (18.8%) surface samples tested positive for molecular presence of influenza A virus and represented 10 of 20 fairs. Seven viral isolates collected from four fairs were recovered from the surfaces. Whole genome sequences of the viruses recovered from the surfaces are >99% identical to the viruses recovered from individual pigs at each respective fair. The detection and recovery of influenza A virus from both the air and surfaces found within the swine barn at agricultural fairs provide evidence for potential viral transmission through these routes, which may contribute to both intra- and inter-species transmission, threatening public health. These findings reinforce the need for new and improved mitigation strategies at agricultural fairs in order to reduce the risk to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lauterbach
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Courtney M Wright
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Michele M Zentkovich
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Sarah W Nelson
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Joshua N Lorbach
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Nola T Bliss
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
| | - Raymond M Pierson
- Northrop Grumman ES Homeland Defense Group, 7055 Troy Hill Drive S#300, Elkridge, MD, 21075, USA.
| | - Maria D King
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, 333 Spence Street, MS 2117, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, 1920 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA.
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Rajao DS, Anderson TK, Kitikoon P, Stratton J, Lewis NS, Vincent AL. Antigenic and genetic evolution of contemporary swine H1 influenza viruses in the United States. Virology 2018; 518:45-54. [PMID: 29453058 PMCID: PMC8608352 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Several lineages of influenza A viruses (IAV) currently circulate in North American pigs. Genetic diversity is further increased by transmission of IAV between swine and humans and subsequent evolution. Here, we characterized the genetic and antigenic evolution of contemporary swine H1N1 and H1N2 viruses representing clusters H1-α (1A.1), H1-β (1A.2), H1pdm (1A.3.3.2), H1-γ (1A.3.3.3), H1-δ1 (1B.2.2), and H1-δ2 (1B.2.1) currently circulating in pigs in the United States. The δ1-viruses diversified into two new genetic clades, H1-δ1a (1B.2.2.1) and H1-δ1b (1B.2.2.2), which were also antigenically distinct from the earlier H1-δ1-viruses. Further characterization revealed that a few key amino acid changes were associated with antigenic divergence in these groups. The continued genetic and antigenic evolution of contemporary H1 viruses might lead to loss of vaccine cross-protection that could lead to significant economic impact to the swine industry, and represents a challenge to public health initiatives that attempt to minimize swine-to-human IAV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S Rajao
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Pravina Kitikoon
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Jered Stratton
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Amy L Vincent
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, 1920 Dayton Avenue, PO Box 70, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Bowman AS, Walia RR, Nolting JM, Vincent AL, Killian ML, Zentkovich MM, Lorbach JN, Lauterbach SE, Anderson TK, Davis CT, Zanders N, Jones J, Jang Y, Lynch B, Rodriguez MR, Blanton L, Lindstrom SE, Wentworth DE, Schiltz J, Averill JJ, Forshey T. Influenza A(H3N2) Virus in Swine at Agricultural Fairs and Transmission to Humans, Michigan and Ohio, USA, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1551-1555. [PMID: 28820376 PMCID: PMC5572863 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, a total of 18 human infections with influenza A(H3N2) virus occurred after exposure to influenza-infected swine at 7 agricultural fairs. Sixteen of these cases were the result of infection by a reassorted virus with increasing prevalence among US swine containing a hemagglutinin gene from 2010–11 human seasonal H3N2 strains.
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56
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Belser JA, Lash RR, Garg S, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e220-e227. [PMID: 29477464 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian and human influenza A viruses alike have shown a capacity to use the eye as a portal of entry and cause ocular disease in human beings. However, whereas influenza viruses generally represent a respiratory pathogen and only occasionally cause ocular complications, the H7 virus subtype stands alone in possessing an ocular tropism. Clarifying what confers such non-respiratory tropism to a respiratory virus will permit a greater ability to identify, treat, and prevent zoonotic human infection following ocular exposure to influenza viruses; especially those within the H7 subtype, which continue to cause avian epidemics on many continents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - R Ryan Lash
- Travelers' Health Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lamont EA, Poulin E, Sreevatsan S, Cheeran MCJ. Major histocompatibility complex I of swine respiratory cells presents conserved regions of influenza proteins. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:303-308. [PMID: 29458525 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S) is a prevalent respiratory pathogen in pigs that has deleterious consequences to animal and human health. Pigs represent an important reservoir for influenza and potential mixing vessel for novel gene reassortments. Despite the central role of pigs in recent influenza outbreaks, much remains unknown about the impact of swine immunity on IAV-S transmission, pathogenesis, and evolution. An incomplete understanding of interactions between the porcine immune system and IAV-S has hindered development of new diagnostic tools and vaccines. In order to address this gap in knowledge, we identified swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) restricted IAV-S peptides presented by porcine airway epithelial cells using an immunoproteomics approach. The majority of MHC-associated peptides belonged to matrix 1, nucleoprotein and nonstructural 1 proteins. Future investigation of the potential cross-reactive nature of these peptides is needed to confirm antigen recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their utility as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A Lamont
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erin Poulin
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Krammer F, Smith GJD, Fouchier RAM, Peiris M, Kedzierska K, Doherty PC, Palese P, Shaw ML, Treanor J, Webster RG, García-Sastre A. Influenza. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4:3. [PMID: 29955068 PMCID: PMC7097467 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-018-0002-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 827] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease that, in humans, is caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses. Typically characterized by annual seasonal epidemics, sporadic pandemic outbreaks involve influenza A virus strains of zoonotic origin. The WHO estimates that annual epidemics of influenza result in ~1 billion infections, 3–5 million cases of severe illness and 300,000–500,000 deaths. The severity of pandemic influenza depends on multiple factors, including the virulence of the pandemic virus strain and the level of pre-existing immunity. The most severe influenza pandemic, in 1918, resulted in >40 million deaths worldwide. Influenza vaccines are formulated every year to match the circulating strains, as they evolve antigenically owing to antigenic drift. Nevertheless, vaccine efficacy is not optimal and is dramatically low in the case of an antigenic mismatch between the vaccine and the circulating virus strain. Antiviral agents that target the influenza virus enzyme neuraminidase have been developed for prophylaxis and therapy. However, the use of these antivirals is still limited. Emerging approaches to combat influenza include the development of universal influenza virus vaccines that provide protection against antigenically distant influenza viruses, but these vaccines need to be tested in clinical trials to ascertain their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Krammer
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- 0000 0001 2180 6431grid.4280.eDuke–NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore ,0000 0004 1936 7961grid.26009.3dDuke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Malik Peiris
- 0000000121742757grid.194645.bWHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China ,0000000121742757grid.194645.bCenter of Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- 0000 0001 2179 088Xgrid.1008.9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,0000 0001 0224 711Xgrid.240871.8Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Peter Palese
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA ,0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Megan L. Shaw
- 0000 0001 0670 2351grid.59734.3cDepartment of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - John Treanor
- 0000 0004 1936 9166grid.412750.5Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Robert G. Webster
- 0000 0001 0224 711Xgrid.240871.8Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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59
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Bliss N, Stull JW, Moeller SJ, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Bowman AS. Movement patterns of exhibition swine and associations of influenza A virus infection with swine management practices. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:706-713. [PMID: 28857695 DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.6.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the geographic distribution of exhibition swine in the Midwestern United States, characterize management practices used for exhibition swine, and identify associations between those practices and influenza A virus (IAV) detection in exhibition swine arriving at county or state agricultural fairs. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SAMPLE 480 swine exhibitors and 641 exhibition swine. PROCEDURES Inventories of swine exhibited at fairs in 6 selected Midwestern states during 2013 and of the total swine population (including commercial swine) in these regions in 2012 were obtained and mapped. In 2014, snout wipe samples were collected from swine on arrival at 9 selected fairs in Indiana (n = 5) and Ohio (4) and tested for the presence of IAV. Also at fair arrival, swine exhibitors completed a survey regarding swine management practices. RESULTS Contrary to the total swine population, the exhibition swine population was heavily concentrated in Indiana and Ohio. Many swine exhibitors reported attending multiple exhibitions within a season (median number, 2; range, 0 to 50), with exhibited swine often returned to their farm of origin. Rearing of commercial and exhibition swine on the same premises was reported by 13.3% (56/422) of exhibitors. Hosting an on-farm open house or sale was associated with an increased odds of IAV detection in snout wipe samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The exhibition swine population was highly variable and differed from the commercial swine population in terms of pig density across geographic locations, population integrity, and on-farm management practices. Exhibition swine may be important in IAV transmission, and identified biosecurity deficiencies may have important public and animal health consequences.
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60
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Nolting JM, Midla J, Whittington MS, Scheer SD, Bowman AS. Educating youth swine exhibitors on influenza A virus transmission at agricultural fairs. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e143-e147. [PMID: 29150910 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major zoonotic pathogen that threatens global public health. Novel strains of influenza A viruses pose a significant risk to public health due to their pandemic potential, and transmission of influenza A viruses from animals to humans is an important mechanism in the generation and introduction of IAVs that threaten human health. The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to develop real-life training scenarios to better inform swine exhibitors of the risks they may encounter when influenza A viruses are present in swine. Educational activities were implemented in five Ohio counties where exhibition swine had historically been shedding influenza A viruses during the county fair. A total of 146 youth swine exhibitors participated in the educational programme, and an increase in the knowledge base of these youth was documented. It is expected that educating youth exhibitors about exposure to influenza A virus infections in the swine they are exhibiting will result in altered behaviours and animal husbandry practices that will improve both human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Nolting
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Midla
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - S D Scheer
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A S Bowman
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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61
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Stewart RJ, Rossow J, Conover JT, Lobelo EE, Eckel S, Signs K, Stobierski MG, Trock SC, Fry AM, Olsen SJ, Biggerstaff M. Do animal exhibitors support and follow recommendations to prevent transmission of variant influenza at agricultural fairs? A survey of animal exhibitor households after a variant influenza virus outbreak in Michigan. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:195-201. [PMID: 29143461 PMCID: PMC6631301 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses circulate in swine and can spread rapidly among swine when housed in close proximity, such as at agricultural fairs. Youth who have close and prolonged contact with influenza-infected swine at agricultural fairs may be at increased risk of acquiring influenza virus infection from swine. Animal and human health officials have issued written measures to minimize influenza transmission at agricultural exhibitions; however, there is little information on the knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) of these measures among animal exhibitors. After an August 2016 outbreak of influenza A(H3N2) variant (“H3N2v”) virus infections (i.e., humans infected with swine influenza viruses) in Michigan, we surveyed households of animal exhibitors at eight fairs (including one with known H3N2v infections) to assess their KAP related to variant virus infections and their support for prevention measures. Among 170 households interviewed, most (90%, 151/167) perceived their risk of acquiring influenza from swine to be low or very low. Animal exhibitor households reported high levels of behaviours that put them at increased risk of variant influenza virus infections, including eating or drinking in swine barns (43%, 66/154) and hugging, kissing or snuggling with swine at agricultural fairs (31%, 48/157). Among several recommendations, including limiting the duration of swine exhibits and restricting eating and drinking in the animal barns, the only recommendation supported by a majority of households was the presence of prominent hand-washing stations with a person to monitor hand-washing behaviour (76%, 129/170). This is a unique study of KAP among animal exhibitors and highlights that animal exhibitor households engage in behaviours that could increase their risk of variant virus infections and have low support for currently recommended measures to minimize infection transmission. Further efforts are needed to understand the lack of support for recommended measures and to encourage healthy behaviours at fairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Stewart
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Rossow
- Epidemiology Elective Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.,University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J T Conover
- Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - E E Lobelo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Eckel
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - K Signs
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - M G Stobierski
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S C Trock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A M Fry
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S J Olsen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - M Biggerstaff
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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62
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Figueroa A, Gulati RK, Rainey JJ. Estimating the frequency and characteristics of respiratory disease outbreaks at mass gatherings in the United States: Findings from a state and local health department assessment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186730. [PMID: 29077750 PMCID: PMC5659613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass gatherings create environments conducive to the transmission of infectious diseases. Thousands of mass gatherings are held annually in the United States; however, information on the frequency and characteristics of respiratory disease outbreaks and on the use of nonpharmaceutical interventions at these gatherings is scarce. We administered an online assessment to the 50 state health departments and 31 large local health departments in the United States to gather information about mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks occurring between 2009 and 2014. The assessment also captured information on the use of nonpharmaceutical interventions to slow disease transmission in these settings. We downloaded respondent data into a SAS dataset for descriptive analyses. We received responses from 43 (53%) of the 81 health jurisdictions. Among these, 8 reported 18 mass gathering outbreaks. More than half (n = 11) of the outbreaks involved zoonotic transmission of influenza A (H3N2v) at county and state fairs. Other outbreaks occurred at camps (influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 [n = 2] and A (H3) [n = 1]), religious gatherings (influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 [n = 1] and unspecified respiratory virus [n = 1]), at a conference (influenza A (H1N1)pdm09), and a sporting event (influenza A). Outbreaks ranged from 5 to 150 reported cases. Of the 43 respondents, 9 jurisdictions used nonpharmaceutical interventions to slow or prevent disease transmission. Although respiratory disease outbreaks with a large number of cases occur at many types of mass gatherings, our assessment suggests that such outbreaks may be uncommon, even during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, which partially explains the reported, but limited, use of nonpharmaceutical interventions. More research on the characteristics of mass gatherings with respiratory disease outbreaks and effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions would likely be beneficial for decision makers at state and local health departments when responding to future outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Figueroa
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Reena K. Gulati
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeanette J. Rainey
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR for Simultaneous Surveillance of Influenza A and B Viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:3492-3501. [PMID: 28978683 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00957-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses are the causative agents of annual influenza epidemics that can be severe, and influenza A viruses intermittently cause pandemics. Sequence information from influenza virus genomes is instrumental in determining mechanisms underpinning antigenic evolution and antiviral resistance. However, due to sequence diversity and the dynamics of influenza virus evolution, rapid and high-throughput sequencing of influenza viruses remains a challenge. We developed a single-reaction influenza A/B virus (FluA/B) multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) method that amplifies the most critical genomic segments (hemagglutinin [HA], neuraminidase [NA], and matrix [M]) of seasonal influenza A and B viruses for next-generation sequencing, regardless of viral type, subtype, or lineage. Herein, we demonstrate that the strategy is highly sensitive and robust. The strategy was validated on thousands of seasonal influenza A and B virus-positive specimens using multiple next-generation sequencing platforms.
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Havers FP, Campbell AP, Uyeki TM, Fry AM. Commentary: A Historical Review of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Antiviral Treatment and Postexposure Chemoprophylaxis Guidance for Human Infections With Novel Influenza A Viruses Associated With Severe Human Disease. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S575-S580. [PMID: 28934460 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infections with novel influenza A viruses are of global public health concern, and antiviral medications have a potentially important role in treatment and prevention of human illness. Initial guidance was developed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention after the emergence of human infections with avian influenza A(H5N1) and has evolved over time, with identification of influenza A(H7N9) virus infections in humans, as well as detection of avian influenza viruses in birds in the United States. This commentary describes the historical context and current guidance for the use of influenza antiviral medications for treatment and post-exposure chemoprophylaxis of human infections with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human illness, or with the potential to cause severe human disease, and provides the scientific rationale behind current recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona P Havers
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Angela P Campbell
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alicia M Fry
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Liu F, Veguilla V, Gross FL, Gillis E, Rowe T, Xu X, Tumpey TM, Katz JM, Levine MZ, Lu X. Effect of Priming With Seasonal Influenza A(H3N2) Virus on the Prevalence of Cross-Reactive Hemagglutination-Inhibition Antibodies to Swine-Origin A(H3N2) Variants. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:S539-S547. [PMID: 28934461 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent outbreaks of swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) variant (H3N2v) viruses have raised public health concerns. Previous studies indicated that older children and young adults had the highest levels of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibodies to 2010-2011 H3N2v viruses. However, newly emerging 2013 H3N2v have acquired antigenic mutations in the hemagglutinin at amino acid position 145 (N145K/R). We estimated the levels of serologic cross-reactivity among humans primed with seasonal influenza A(H3N2) (sH3N2), using postinfection ferret antisera. We also explored age-related HI antibody responses to 2012-2013 H3N2v viruses. Methods Human and ferret antisera were tested in HI assays against 1 representative 2012 H3N2v (145N) and 2 2013 H3N2v (145K/R) viruses, together with 9 sH3N2 viruses circulating since 1968. Results Low levels of cross-reactivity between the H3N2v and sH3N2 viruses from the 1970s-1990s were observed using postinfection ferret antisera. The overall seroprevalence among the sH3N2-primed population against 2012-2013 H3N2v viruses was >50%, and age-related seroprevalence was observed. Seroprevalence was significantly higher to 2013 H3N2v than to 2012 H3N2v viruses among some children likely to have been primed with A/Sydney/5/97-like (145K) or A/Wuhan/359/95-like viruses (145K). Conclusions A single substitution (N145K/R) was sufficient to affect seropositivity to H3N2v viruses in some individuals. Insight into age-related antibody responses to newly emerging H3N2v viruses is critical for risk assessment and pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vic Veguilla
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - F Liaini Gross
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric Gillis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiuhua Lu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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66
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Bartenfeld MT, Griese SE, Krug SE, Andreadis J, Peacock G. Establishing a Hospital Response Network Among Children's Hospitals. Health Secur 2017; 15:118-122. [PMID: 28192049 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2016.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A timely and effective response to public health threats requires a broad-reaching infrastructure. Children's hospitals are focused on evaluating and managing some of the most vulnerable patients and thus have unique preparedness and response planning needs. A virtual forum was established specifically for children's hospitals during the 2014-15 Ebola outbreak, and it demonstrated the importance and utility of connecting these specialty hospitals to discuss their shared concerns. Developing a successful children's hospital response network could build the national infrastructure for addressing children's needs in preparedness and response and for enhancing preparedness and response to high-consequence pathogens. Using the Laboratory Response Network and tiered-hospital network as models, a network of children's hospitals could work together, and with government and nongovernment partners, to establish and refine best practices for treating children with pathogens of public health concern. This network could more evenly distribute hospital readiness and tertiary pediatric patient care capabilities for highly infectious diseases across the country, thus reducing the need to transport pediatric patients across the country and increasing the national capacity to care for children infected with high-consequence pathogens.
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67
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Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Baroi G, Sharp P, Onweh DH, Schley AW, Anderson WJ. Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 64:1-143. [PMID: 28796757 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6453a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015 (hereafter referred to as the summary) contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphical form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions in the United States for 2015. Unless otherwise noted, data are final totals for 2015 reported as of June 30, 2016. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by U.S. state and territories, New York City, and District of Columbia health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). This summary is available at https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/MMWR_nd/index.html. This site also includes summary publications from previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Adams
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Kimberly R Thomas
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Ruth Ann Jajosky
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Loretta Foster
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Gitangali Baroi
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Pearl Sharp
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Diana H Onweh
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Alan W Schley
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Willie J Anderson
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
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68
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Boedeker NC, Nelson MI, Killian ML, Torchetti MK, Barthel T, Murray S. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus infection associated with respiratory signs in sloth bears (Melursus ursinus
). Zoonoses Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. I. Nelson
- Fogarty International Center; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - M. L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories; USDA-APHIS; Ames IA USA
| | - M. K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories; USDA-APHIS; Ames IA USA
| | - T. Barthel
- Smithsonian National Zoo; Washington DC USA
| | - S. Murray
- Smithsonian Global Health Department; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; Front Royal VA USA
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69
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Uyeki TM, Katz JM, Jernigan DB. Novel influenza A viruses and pandemic threats. Lancet 2017; 389:2172-2174. [PMID: 28589883 PMCID: PMC6637738 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA.
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
| | - Daniel B Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA
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70
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Straus MR, Whittaker GR. A peptide-based approach to evaluate the adaptability of influenza A virus to humans based on its hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174827. [PMID: 28358853 PMCID: PMC5373629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein by host proteases is a crucial step in the infection process of influenza A viruses (IAV). However, IAV exists in eighteen different HA subtypes in nature and their cleavage sites vary considerably. There is uncertainty regarding which specific proteases activate a given HA in the human respiratory tract. Understanding the relationship between different HA subtypes and human-specific proteases will be valuable in assessing the pandemic potential of circulating viruses. Here we utilized fluorogenic peptides mimicking the HA cleavage motif of representative IAV strains causing disease in humans or of zoonotic/pandemic potential and tested them with a range of proteases known to be present in the human respiratory tract. Our results show that peptides from the H1, H2 and H3 subtypes are cleaved efficiently by a wide range of proteases including trypsin, matriptase, human airway tryptase (HAT), kallikrein-related peptidases 5 (KLK5) and 12 (KLK12) and plasmin. Regarding IAVs currently of concern for human adaptation, cleavage site peptides from H10 viruses showed very limited cleavage by respiratory tract proteases. Peptide mimics from H6 viruses showed broader cleavage by respiratory tract proteases, while H5, H7 and H9 subtypes showed variable cleavage; particularly matriptase appeared to be a key protease capable of activating IAVs. We also tested HA substrate specificity of Factor Xa, a protease required for HA cleavage in chicken embryos and relevant for influenza virus production in eggs. Overall our data provide novel tool allowing the assessment of human adaptation of IAV HA subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R. Straus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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71
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Lee CK, Lee HK, Ng CWS, Chiu L, Tang JWT, Loh TP, Koay ESC. Comparison of Luminex NxTAG Respiratory Pathogen Panel and xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel FAST Version 2 for the Detection of Respiratory Viruses. Ann Lab Med 2017; 37:267-271. [PMID: 28224774 PMCID: PMC5339100 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2017.37.3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to advancements in molecular diagnostics, recent years have seen an increasing number of laboratories adopting respiratory viral panels to detect respiratory pathogens. In December 2015, the NxTAG respiratory pathogen panel (NxTAG RPP) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. We compared the clinical performance of this new assay with that of the xTAG respiratory viral panel (xTAG RVP) FAST v2 using 142 clinical samples and 12 external quality assessment samples. Discordant results were resolved by using a laboratory-developed respiratory viral panel. The NxTAG RPP achieved 100% concordant negative results and 86.6% concordant positive results. It detected one coronavirus 229E and eight influenza A/H3N2 viruses that were missed by the xTAG RVP FAST v2. On the other hand, the NxTAG RPP missed one enterovirus/rhinovirus and one metapneumovirus that were detected by FAST v2. Both panels correctly identified all the pathogens in the 12 external quality assessment samples. Overall, the NxTAG RPP demonstrated good diagnostic performance. Of note, it was better able to subtype the influenza A/H3N2 viruses compared with the xTAG RVP FAST v2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Kiat Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hong Kai Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Lily Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Julian Wei Tze Tang
- Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity, Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Siew Chuan Koay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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72
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Environmental surfaces used in entry-day corralling likely contribute to the spread of influenza A virus in swine at agricultural fairs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e10. [PMID: 28223682 PMCID: PMC5322325 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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73
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Antiviral Resistance in Influenza Viruses: Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects. ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7122614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47266-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
There are three classes of antiviral drugs approved for the treatment of influenza: the M2 ion channel inhibitors (amantadine, rimantadine), neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (laninamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir, zanamivir), and the protease inhibitor (favipiravir); some of the agents are only available in selected countries [1, 2]. These agents are effective at treating the signs and symptoms of influenza in patients infected with susceptible viruses. Clinical failure has been demonstrated in patients infected with viruses with primary resistance, i.e., antivirals can be present in the virus initially infecting the patient, or resistance may emerge during the course of therapy [3–5]. NA inhibitors are active against all nine NA subtypes recognized in nature [6], including highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 and recent low-pathogenic avian influenza A/H7N9 viruses [7]. Since seasonal influenza is usually an acute, self-limited illness in which viral clearance usually occurs rapidly due to innate and adaptive host immune responses, the emergence of drug-resistant variants would be anticipated to have limited effect on clinical recovery in otherwise healthy patients, as has been demonstrated clinically [3, 8, 9]. Unfortunately, immunocompromised or immunologically naïve hosts, such as young children and infants or those exposed to novel strains, are more likely to have mutations that confer resistance emergence during therapy; such resistant variants may also result in clinically significant adverse outcomes [10–13].
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74
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Introduction, Evolution, and Dissemination of Influenza A Viruses in Exhibition Swine in the United States during 2009 to 2013. J Virol 2016; 90:10963-10971. [PMID: 27681134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01457-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The swine-human interface created at agricultural fairs, along with the generation of and maintenance of influenza A virus diversity in exhibition swine, presents an ongoing threat to public health. Nucleotide sequences of influenza A virus isolates collected from exhibition swine in Ohio (n = 262) and Indiana (n = 103) during 2009 to 2013 were used to investigate viral evolution and movement within this niche sector of the swine industry. Phylogenetic and Bayesian analyses were employed to identify introductions of influenza A virus to exhibition swine and study viral population dynamics. In 2013 alone, we identified 10 independent introductions of influenza A virus into Ohio and/or Indiana exhibition swine. Frequently, viruses from the same introduction were identified at multiple fairs within the region, providing evidence of rapid and widespread viral movement within the exhibition swine populations of the two states. While pigs moving from fair to fair to fair is possible in some locations, the concurrent detection of nearly identical strains at several fairs indicates that a common viral source was more likely. Importantly, we detected an association between the high number of human variant H3N2 (H3N2v) virus infections in 2012 and the widespread circulation of influenza A viruses of the same genotype in exhibition swine in Ohio fairs sampled that year. The extent of viral diversity observed in exhibition swine and the rapidity with which it disseminated across long distances indicate that novel strains of influenza A virus will continue to emerge and spread within exhibition swine populations, presenting an ongoing threat to humans. IMPORTANCE Understanding the underlying population dynamics of influenza A viruses in commercial and exhibition swine is central to assessing the risk for human infections with variant viruses, including H3N2v. We used viral genomic sequences from isolates collected from exhibition swine during 2009 to 2013 to understand how the peak of H3N2v cases in 2012 relates to long-term trends in the population dynamics of pandemic viruses recently introduced into commercial and exhibition swine in the United States. The results of our spatial analysis underscore the key role of rapid viral dispersal in spreading multiple genetic lineages throughout a multistate network of agricultural fairs, providing opportunities for divergent lineages to coinfect, reassort, and generate new viral genotypes. The higher genetic diversity of genotypes cocirculating in exhibition swine since 2013 could facilitate the evolution of new reassortants, potentially with even greater ability to cause severe infections in humans or cause human-to-human transmission, highlighting the need for continued vigilance.
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Lipsitch M, Barclay W, Raman R, Russell CJ, Belser JA, Cobey S, Kasson PM, Lloyd-Smith JO, Maurer-Stroh S, Riley S, Beauchemin CA, Bedford T, Friedrich TC, Handel A, Herfst S, Murcia PR, Roche B, Wilke CO, Russell CA. Viral factors in influenza pandemic risk assessment. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27834632 PMCID: PMC5156527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of an influenza A virus pandemic stems from continual virus spillovers from reservoir species, a tiny fraction of which spark sustained transmission in humans. To date, no pandemic emergence of a new influenza strain has been preceded by detection of a closely related precursor in an animal or human. Nonetheless, influenza surveillance efforts are expanding, prompting a need for tools to assess the pandemic risk posed by a detected virus. The goal would be to use genetic sequence and/or biological assays of viral traits to identify those non-human influenza viruses with the greatest risk of evolving into pandemic threats, and/or to understand drivers of such evolution, to prioritize pandemic prevention or response measures. We describe such efforts, identify progress and ongoing challenges, and discuss three specific traits of influenza viruses (hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity, hemagglutinin pH of activation, and polymerase complex efficiency) that contribute to pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lipsitch
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States
| | - Wendy Barclay
- Division of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Raman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Peter M Kasson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - James O Lloyd-Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,National Public Health Laboratory, Communicable Diseases Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, United States
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre For Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claus O Wilke
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Schicker RS, Rossow J, Eckel S, Fisher N, Bidol S, Tatham L, Matthews-Greer J, Sohner K, Bowman AS, Avrill J, Forshey T, Blanton L, Davis CT, Schiltz J, Skorupski S, Berman L, Jang Y, Bresee JS, Lindstrom S, Trock SC, Wentworth D, Fry AM, de Fijter S, Signs K, DiOrio M, Olsen SJ, Biggerstaff M. Outbreak of Influenza A(H3N2) Variant Virus Infections Among Persons Attending Agricultural Fairs Housing Infected Swine — Michigan and Ohio, July–August 2016. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2016; 65:1157-1160. [DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6542a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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77
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Takemae N, Shobugawa Y, Nguyen PT, Nguyen T, Nguyen TN, To TL, Thai PD, Nguyen TD, Nguyen DT, Nguyen DK, Do HT, Le TQA, Hua PT, Van Vo H, Nguyen DT, Nguyen DH, Uchida Y, Saito R, Saito T. Effect of herd size on subclinical infection of swine in Vietnam with influenza A viruses. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:227. [PMID: 27724934 PMCID: PMC5057248 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) cause acute and subclinical respiratory disease. To increase our understanding of the etiology of the subclinical form and thus help prevent the persistence of IAV-S in pig populations, we conducted active virologic surveillance in Vietnam, the second-largest pig-producing country in Asia, from February 2010 to December 2013. Results From a total of 7034 nasal swabs collected from clinically healthy pigs at 250 farms and 10 slaughterhouses, we isolated 172 IAV-S from swine at the weaning and early-fattening stages. The isolation rate of IAV-S was significantly higher among pigs aged 3 weeks to 4.5 months than in older and younger animals. IAV-S were isolated from 16 large, corporate farms and 6 family-operated farms from among the 250 farms evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that “having more than 1,000 pigs” was the most influential risk factor for IAV-S positivity. Farms affected by reassortant IAV-S had significantly larger pig populations than did those where A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were isolated, thus suggesting that large, corporate farms serve as sites of reassortment events. Conclusions We demonstrate the asymptomatic circulation of IAV-S in the Vietnamese pig population. Raising a large number of pigs on a farm has the strongest impact on the incidence of subclinical IAV-S infection. Given that only some of the corporate farms surveyed were IAV-S positive, further active monitoring is necessary to identify additional risk factors important in subclinical infection of pigs with IAV-S in Vietnam. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0844-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Takemae
- Influenza and Prion Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yugo Shobugawa
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Phuong Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Long To
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Duy Thai
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tho Dang Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dung Kim Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Thi Do
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Quynh Anh Le
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Phan Truong Hua
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hung Van Vo
- Department of Animal Health, Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Diep Thi Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Hoang Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yuko Uchida
- Influenza and Prion Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan.,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reiko Saito
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Influenza and Prion Diseases Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Ibaraki, Japan. .,Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand. .,United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Rainey JJ, Phelps T, Shi J. Mass Gatherings and Respiratory Disease Outbreaks in the United States - Should We Be Worried? Results from a Systematic Literature Review and Analysis of the National Outbreak Reporting System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160378. [PMID: 27536770 PMCID: PMC4990208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because mass gatherings create environments conducive for infectious disease transmission, public health officials may recommend postponing or canceling large gatherings during a moderate or severe pandemic. Despite these recommendations, limited empirical information exists on the frequency and characteristics of mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks occurring in the United States. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review to identify articles about mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks occurring in the United States from 2005 to 2014. A standard form was used to abstract information from relevant articles identified from six medical, behavioral and social science literature databases. We also analyzed data from the National Outbreaks Reporting System (NORS), maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 2009, to estimate the frequency of mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks reported to the system. RESULTS We identified 21 published articles describing 72 mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks. Of these 72, 40 (56%) were associated with agriculture fairs and Influenza A H3N2v following probable swine exposure, and 25 (35%) with youth summer camps and pandemic Influenza A H1N1. Outbreaks of measles (n = 1) and mumps (n = 2) were linked to the international importation of disease. Between 2009 and 2013, 1,114 outbreaks were reported to NORS, including 96 respiratory disease outbreaks due to Legionella. None of these legionellosis outbreaks was linked to a mass gathering according to available data. CONCLUSION Mass gathering-related respiratory disease outbreaks may be uncommon in the United States, but have been reported from fairs (zoonotic transmission) as well as at camps where participants have close social contact in communal housing. International importation can also be a contributing factor. NORS collects information on certain respiratory diseases and could serve as a platform to monitor mass gathering-related respiratory outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette J. Rainey
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tiffani Phelps
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Division of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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79
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Osbjer K, Berg M, Sokerya S, Chheng K, San S, Davun H, Magnusson U, Olsen B, Zohari S. Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1557-1568. [PMID: 27484711 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of influenza virus in humans and livestock is critical, given the worldwide public health threats and livestock production losses. Livestock farming involving close proximity between humans, pigs and poultry is often practised by smallholders in low-income countries and is considered an important driver of influenza virus evolution. This study determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard pigs and poultry in Cambodia. A total of 751 animals were tested by matrix gene-based rRT-PCR, and influenza virus was detected in 1.5% of sampled pigs, 1.4% of chickens and 1.0% of ducks, but not in pigeons. Full-length genome sequencing confirmed triple reassortant H3N2 in all IAV-positive pigs and various low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in poultry. Phylogenetic analysis of the swine influenza viruses revealed that these had haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes originating from human H3N2 viruses previously isolated in South-East Asia. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that several of the avian influenza subtypes detected were closely related to internal viral genes from highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 formerly sequenced in the region. High sequence homology was likewise found with influenza A viruses circulating in pigs, poultry and wild birds in China and Vietnam, suggesting transboundary introduction and cocirculation of the various influenza subtypes. In conclusion, highly pathogenic subtypes of influenza virus seem rare in backyard poultry, but virus reassortment, involving potentially zoonotic and pandemic subtypes, appears to occur frequently in smallholder pigs and poultry. Increased targeted surveillance and monitoring of influenza circulation on smallholdings would further improve understanding of the transmission dynamics and evolution of influenza viruses in humans, pigs and poultry in the Mekong subregion and could contribute to limit the influenza burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osbjer
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Sokerya
- Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - K Chheng
- National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - S San
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - H Davun
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - U Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Olsen
- Infectious Diseases, Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences and IMBIM, Uppsala University (UU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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80
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Fragaszy E, Ishola DA, Brown IH, Enstone J, Nguyen‐Van‐Tam JS, Simons R, Tucker AW, Wieland B, Williamson SM, Hayward AC, Wood JLN. Increased risk of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection in UK pig industry workers compared to a general population cohort. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:291-300. [PMID: 26611769 PMCID: PMC4910179 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are mixing vessels for influenza viral reassortment, but the extent of influenza transmission between swine and humans is not well understood. OBJECTIVES To assess whether occupational exposure to pigs is a risk factor for human infection with human and swine-adapted influenza viruses. METHODS UK pig industry workers were frequency-matched on age, region, sampling month, and gender with a community-based comparison group from the Flu Watch study. HI assays quantified antibodies for swine and human A(H1) and A(H3) influenza viruses (titres ≥ 40 considered seropositive and indicative of infection). Virus-specific associations between seropositivity and occupational pig exposure were examined using multivariable regression models adjusted for vaccination. Pigs on the same farms were also tested for seropositivity. RESULTS Forty-two percent of pigs were seropositive to A(H1N1)pdm09. Pig industry workers showed evidence of increased odds of A(H1N1)pdm09 seropositivity compared to the comparison group, albeit with wide confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted odds ratio after accounting for possible cross-reactivity with other swine A(H1) viruses (aOR) 25·3, 95% CI (1·4-536·3), P = 0·028. CONCLUSION The results indicate that A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was common in UK pigs during the pandemic and subsequent period of human A(H1N1)pdm09 circulation, and occupational exposure to pigs was a risk factor for human infection. Influenza immunisation of pig industry workers may reduce transmission and the potential for virus reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fragaszy
- Department of Infectious Disease InformaticsFarr Institute of Health Informatics ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - David A. Ishola
- Department of Infectious Disease InformaticsFarr Institute of Health Informatics ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Immunisation DepartmentPublic Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (formerly Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency)WeybridgeUK
| | - Joanne Enstone
- Health Protection and Influenza Research GroupDivision of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jonathan S. Nguyen‐Van‐Tam
- Health Protection and Influenza Research GroupDivision of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Robin Simons
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (formerly Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency)WeybridgeUK
| | - Alexander W. Tucker
- Disease Dynamics UnitDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Royal Veterinary CollegeNorth MymmsUK
- ILRI: International Livestock Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Susanna M. Williamson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (formerly Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency)WeybridgeUK
| | - Andrew C. Hayward
- Department of Infectious Disease InformaticsFarr Institute of Health Informatics ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics UnitDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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81
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Transmission and pathogenicity of novel reassortants derived from Eurasian avian-like and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses in mice and guinea pigs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27067. [PMID: 27252023 PMCID: PMC4890009 DOI: 10.1038/srep27067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the present extensive co-circulation in pigs of Eurasian avian-like (EA) swine H1N1 and 2009 pandemic (pdm/09) H1N1 viruses, reassortment between them is highly plausible but largely uncharacterized. Here, experimentally co-infected pigs with a representative EA virus and a pdm/09 virus yielded 55 novel reassortant viruses that could be categorized into 17 genotypes from Gt1 to Gt17 based on segment segregation. Majority of novel reassortants were isolated from the lower respiratory tract. Most of reassortant viruses were more pathogenic and contagious than the parental EA viruses in mice and guinea pigs. The most transmissible reassortant genotypes demonstrated in guinea pigs (Gt2, Gt3, Gt7, Gt10 and Gt13) were also the most lethal in mice. Notably, nearly all these highly virulent reassortants (all except Gt13) were characterized with possession of EA H1 and full complement of pdm/09 ribonucleoprotein genes. Compositionally, we demonstrated that EA H1-222G contributed to virulence by its ability to bind avian-type sialic acid receptors, and that pdm/09 RNP conferred the most robust polymerase activity to reassortants. The present study revealed high reassortment compatibility between EA and pdm/09 viruses in pigs, which could give rise to progeny reassortant viruses with enhanced virulence and transmissibility in mice and guinea pig models.
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82
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Harder T, Stech J, Abdelwhab ESM, Veits J, Conraths FJ, Beer M, Mettenleiter TC. A pallid rainbow: toward improved understanding of avian influenza biology. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (‘fowl plague’) has been known since the late 19th century as a devastating infection in poultry but of concern primarily to farmers and veterinarians. Mostly sporadic outbreaks occurred and, except for one episode, wild birds were unaffected. This situation changed drastically by the recognition that avian influenza viruses exhibit zoonotic potential leading to fatal infections in mammals including humans. Moreover, highly pathogenic avian influenza gained access to highly mobile, migratory wild bird populations resulting in unprecedented intercontinental spread. The rapid evolution of avian influenza viruses, their adaption to novel hosts and the resulting change in epidemiology are of major concern. Recent advances in understanding influenza virus biology at the interface between wild birds-terrestrial poultry-livestock and humans are highlighted here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - El-Sayed M Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology & Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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83
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Thulasi Raman SN, Zhou Y. Networks of Host Factors that Interact with NS1 Protein of Influenza A Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:654. [PMID: 27199973 PMCID: PMC4855030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are an important host of influenza A viruses due to their ability to generate reassortant viruses with pandemic potential. NS1 protein of influenza A viruses is a key virulence factor and a major antagonist of innate immune responses. It is also involved in enhancing viral mRNA translation and regulation of virus replication. Being a protein with pleiotropic functions, NS1 has a variety of cellular interaction partners. Hence, studies on swine influenza viruses (SIV) and identification of swine influenza NS1-interacting host proteins is of great interest. Here, we constructed a recombinant SIV carrying a Strep-tag in the NS1 protein and infected primary swine respiratory epithelial cells (SRECs) with this virus. The Strep-tag sequence in the NS1 protein enabled us to purify intact, the NS1 protein and its interacting protein complex specifically. We identified cellular proteins present in the purified complex by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and generated a dataset of these proteins. 445 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS and among them 192 proteins were selected by setting up a threshold based on MS parameters. The selected proteins were analyzed by bioinformatics and were categorized as belonging to different functional groups including translation, RNA processing, cytoskeleton, innate immunity, and apoptosis. Protein interaction networks were derived using these data and the NS1 interactions with some of the specific host factors were verified by immunoprecipitation. The novel proteins and the networks revealed in our study will be the potential candidates for targeted study of the molecular interaction of NS1 with host proteins, which will provide insights into the identification of new therapeutic targets to control influenza infection and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Thulasi Raman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada; Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada; Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
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84
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Rewar S, Mirdha D, Rewar P. Treatment and Prevention of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza. Ann Glob Health 2016; 81:645-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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85
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Abstract
This simple, additive, multiattribute assessment tool can evaluate the risk posed by novel influenza A viruses. Although predicting which influenza virus subtype will cause the next pandemic is not yet possible, public health authorities must continually assess the pandemic risk associated with animal influenza viruses, particularly those that have caused infections in humans, and determine what resources should be dedicated to mitigating that risk. To accomplish this goal, a risk assessment framework was created in collaboration with an international group of influenza experts. Compared with the previously used approach, this framework, named the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool, provides a systematic and transparent approach for assessing and comparing threats posed primarily by avian and swine influenza viruses. This tool will be useful to the international influenza community and will remain flexible and responsive to changing information.
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86
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Bowman AS, Nolting JM, Workman JD, Cooper M, Fisher AE, Marsh B, Forshey T. The Inability to Screen Exhibition Swine for Influenza A Virus Using Body Temperature. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:34-9. [PMID: 25884907 PMCID: PMC4609228 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural fairs create an unconventional animal-human interface that has been associated with swine-to-human transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) in recent years. Early detection of IAV-infected pigs at agricultural fairs would allow veterinarians to better protect swine and human health during these swine exhibitions. This study assessed the use of swine body temperature measurement, recorded by infrared and rectal thermometers, as a practical method to detect IAV-infected swine at agricultural fairs. In our first objective, infrared thermometers were used to record the body surface temperature of 1,092 pigs at the time of IAV nasal swab collection at the end of the exhibition period of 55 agricultural fairs. IAV was recovered from 212 (19.4%) pigs, and the difference in mean infrared body temperature measurement of IAV-positive and IAV-negative pigs was 0.83°C. In a second objective, snout wipes were collected from 1,948 pigs immediately prior to the unloading of the animals at a single large swine exhibition. Concurrent to the snout wipe collection, owners took the rectal temperatures of his/her pigs. In this case, 47 (2.4%) pigs tested positive for IAV before they entered the swine barn. The mean rectal temperatures differed by only 0.19°C between IAV-positive and IAV-negative pigs. The low prevalence of IAV among the pigs upon entry to the fair in the second objective provides evidence that limiting intraspecies spread of IAV during the fairs will likely have significant impacts on the zoonotic transmission. However, in both objectives, the high degree of similarity in the body temperature measurements between the IAV-positive and IAV-negative pigs made it impossible to set a diagnostically meaningful cut point to differentiate IAV status of the individual animals. Unfortunately, body temperature measurement cannot be used to accurately screen exhibition swine for IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacqueline M. Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Workman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Ohio State University Extension, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Cooper
- Indiana State Board of Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aaron E Fisher
- Indiana 4-H Youth Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bret Marsh
- Indiana State Board of Animal Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tony Forshey
- Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
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87
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Verhoeven D, Perry S, Pryharski K. Control of influenza infection is impaired by diminished interferon-γ secretion by CD4 T cells in the lungs of toddler mice. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:203-12. [PMID: 26823488 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a1014-497rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections, such as influenza, can lead to delayed viral clearance in toddlers, possibly exacerbating disease morbidity. We hypothesized that defective CD4 T cells in toddlers may contribute to a failure to clear virus at a similar rate to adults. Thus, we developed a young mouse model to examine potential divergent responses between toddlers and adults. We determined that young mice (toddler mice, 21 d old) were actively generating and recruiting effector/memory T cells, whereas memory populations were firmly established in older, adult mice (8-10 wk old). We infected toddler and adult mice with influenza A/PR8/34 (H1N1) and found young mice had elevated morbidity, as measured by enhanced weight loss and lower partial pressure of oxygen levels, throughout the infection, thus, modeling the higher morbidity observed in children (<2 y old) during infection. Early viral loads were comparable to adult mice, but toddler mice failed to clear virus by 10 d postinfection. This delayed clearance corresponded to poor lung recruitment of CD4 T cells, lower antiviral T cell responses, and lower B cell/antibodies in the lungs. Mechanistically, diminished interferon-γ was detected in the lungs of toddler mice throughout the infection and corresponded to intrinsic, rather than extrinsic, CD4 T cell limitations in interferon-γ transcription. Moreover, defects in interferon-γ production appeared downstream from signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 in the interleukin-12 signaling pathway, suggesting maturational delays different from neonates. Importantly, recombinant interferon-γ supplementation rescued CD4 T cell numbers in the lungs and influenza-specific antibody formation. This study highlights the intrinsic limitations in CD4 T cell effector functions that may arise in toddlers and contribute to disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Verhoeven
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA; and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Sheldon Perry
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA; and
| | - Karin Pryharski
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, New York, USA; and
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88
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Characterization of Viral Load, Viability and Persistence of Influenza A Virus in Air and on Surfaces of Swine Production Facilities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146616. [PMID: 26757362 PMCID: PMC4710569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Indirect transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) in swine is poorly understood and information is lacking on levels of environmental exposure encountered by swine and people during outbreaks of IAV in swine barns. We characterized viral load, viability and persistence of IAV in air and on surfaces during outbreaks in swine barns. IAV was detected in pigs, air and surfaces from five confirmed outbreaks with 48% (47/98) of oral fluid, 38% (32/84) of pen railing and 43% (35/82) of indoor air samples testing positive by IAV RT-PCR. IAV was isolated from air and oral fluids yielding a mixture of subtypes (H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2). Detection of IAV RNA from air was sustained during the outbreaks with maximum levels estimated between 7 and 11 days from reported onset. Our results indicate that during outbreaks of IAV in swine, aerosols and surfaces in barns contain significant levels of IAV potentially representing an exposure hazard to both swine and people.
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89
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Bliss N, Nelson SW, Nolting JM, Bowman AS. Prevalence of Influenza A Virus in Exhibition Swine during Arrival at Agricultural Fairs. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:477-85. [PMID: 26750204 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exhibition swine at agricultural fairs provides a critical human-swine interface that allows for the bidirectional transmission of influenza A virus (IAV). Previous IAV surveillance at the end of fairs has resulted in frequent detection of IAV-infected swine; little is known, however, about the frequency with which swine arrive at fairs already infected with IAV. We investigated the IAV prevalence among exhibition swine entering fairs to better understand the epidemiology of IAV in this unique human-swine interface. In 2014, snout wipes were collected from 3547 swine during the first day of nine agricultural exhibitions in Indiana and Ohio. Samples were screened for IAV using rRT-PCR and positive samples were inoculated into cultured cells for virus isolation. The overall IAV prevalence detected among swine arriving at exhibitions was 5.3% (188/3547) via rRT-PCR and 1.5% (53/3547) via virus isolation, with IAV being detected and recovered from swine at 5 of the 9 exhibitions. Within the fairs with IAV-positive swine, the individual exhibition IAV prevalence ranged from 0.2% (1/523) to 34.4% (144/419) using rRT-PCR and 0.2% (1/523) to 10.3% (43/419) with virus isolation. Single IAV subtypes were detected at three of the fairs but subtype diversity was detected among the pigs at two fairs as both H1N1 and H3N2 were recovered from incoming swine. At two of the exhibitions, a temporal relationship was observed between the order of the individual swine in sampling and the associated IAV rRT-PCR results, indicating the fomite transmission of IAV through common contact surfaces may occur. With the knowledge that a small proportion of swine arrive at fairs shedding IAV, resources should be directed towards preventive strategies focused on limiting transmission during fairs to protect swine and humans during exhibitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bliss
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S W Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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90
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Nolting JM, Szablewski CM, Edwards JL, Nelson SW, Bowman AS. Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine. J Vis Exp 2015:e53313. [PMID: 26709840 DOI: 10.3791/53313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and new strains are continually emerging. Swine are able to be infected by diverse lineages of influenza A virus making them important hosts for the emergence and maintenance of novel influenza A virus strains. Sampling pigs in diverse settings such as commercial swine farms, agricultural fairs, and live animal markets is important to provide a comprehensive view of currently circulating IAV strains. The current gold-standard ante-mortem sampling technique (i.e. collection of nasal swabs) is labor intensive because it requires physical restraint of the pigs. Nasal wipes involve rubbing a piece of fabric across the snout of the pig with minimal to no restraint of the animal. The nasal wipe procedure is simple to perform and does not require personnel with professional veterinary or animal handling training. While slightly less sensitive than nasal swabs, virus detection and isolation rates are adequate to make nasal wipes a viable alternative for sampling individual pigs when low stress sampling methods are required. The proceeding protocol outlines the steps needed to collect a viable nasal wipe from an individual pig.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jody L Edwards
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University
| | - Sarah W Nelson
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University;
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91
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Choi MJ, Torremorell M, Bender JB, Smith K, Boxrud D, Ertl JR, Yang M, Suwannakarn K, Her D, Nguyen J, Uyeki TM, Levine M, Lindstrom S, Katz JM, Jhung M, Vetter S, Wong KK, Sreevatsan S, Lynfield R. Live Animal Markets in Minnesota: A Potential Source for Emergence of Novel Influenza A Viruses and Interspecies Transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1355-62. [PMID: 26223994 PMCID: PMC4599395 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live animal markets have been implicated in transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animals to people. We sought to characterize IAVs at 2 live animal markets in Minnesota to assess potential routes of occupational exposure and risk for interspecies transmission. METHODS We implemented surveillance for IAVs among employees, swine, and environment (air and surfaces) during a 12-week period (October 2012-January 2013) at 2 markets epidemiologically associated with persons with swine-origin IAV (variant) infections. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), viral culture, and whole-genome sequencing were performed on respiratory and environmental specimens, and serology on sera from employees at beginning and end of surveillance. RESULTS Nasal swabs from 11 of 17 (65%) employees tested positive for IAVs by rRT-PCR; 7 employees tested positive on multiple occasions and 1 employee reported influenza-like illness. Eleven of 15 (73%) employees had baseline hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers ≥40 to swine-origin IAVs, but only 1 demonstrated a 4-fold titer increase to both swine-origin and pandemic A/Mexico/4108/2009 IAVs. IAVs were isolated from swine (72/84), air (30/45), and pen railings (5/21). Whole-genome sequencing of 122 IAVs isolated from swine and environmental specimens revealed multiple strains and subtype codetections. Multiple gene segment exchanges among and within subtypes were observed, resulting in new genetic constellations and reassortant viruses. Genetic sequence similarities of 99%-100% among IAVs of 1 market customer and swine indicated interspecies transmission. CONCLUSIONS At markets where swine and persons are in close contact, swine-origin IAVs are prevalent and potentially provide conditions for novel IAV emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Choi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Jeff B. Bender
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | - Jon R. Ertl
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - My Yang
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Kamol Suwannakarn
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | | | - Min Levine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Michael Jhung
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Karen K. Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
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92
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Novel reassortant influenza viruses between pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and other influenza viruses pose a risk to public health. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:62-72. [PMID: 26344393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is characterized by eight single-stranded, negative sense RNA segments, which allows for gene reassortment among different IAV subtypes when they co-infect a single host cell simultaneously. Genetic reassortment is an important way to favor the evolution of influenza virus. Novel reassortant virus may pose a pandemic among humans. In history, three human pandemic influenza viruses were caused by genetic reassortment between avian, human and swine influenza viruses. Since 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pdm/09 H1N1) influenza virus composed of two swine influenza virus genes highlighted the genetic reassortment again. Due to wide host species and high transmission of the pdm/09 H1N1 influenza virus, many different avian, human or swine influenza virus subtypes may reassert with it to generate novel reassortant viruses, which may result in a next pandemic among humans. So, it is necessary to understand the potential threat of current reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses to public health. This study summarized the status of the reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses of different species origins in natural and experimental conditions. The aim of this summarization is to facilitate us to further understand the potential threats of novel reassortant influenza viruses to public health and to make effective prevention and control strategies for these pathogens.
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93
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Blümel B, Schweiger B, Dehnert M, Buda S, Reuss A, Czogiel I, Kamtsiuris P, Schlaud M, Poethko-Müller C, Thamm M, Haas W. Age-related prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies against influenza A(H3N2) variant virus, Germany, 2003 to 2010. Euro Surveill 2015. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.32.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blümel
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Current affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology (PAE, German FETP), Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M Dehnert
- Current affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Buda
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Reuss
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Czogiel
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M Schlaud
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - M Thamm
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Haas
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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94
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Baranovich T, Bahl J. Influenza A Virus Diversity and Transmission in Exhibition Swine. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:169-70. [PMID: 26243316 PMCID: PMC4690153 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Baranovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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95
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Nelson MI, Wentworth DE, Das SR, Sreevatsan S, Killian ML, Nolting JM, Slemons RD, Bowman AS. Evolutionary Dynamics of Influenza A Viruses in US Exhibition Swine. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:173-82. [PMID: 26243317 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of exhibition swine in influenza A virus transmission was recently demonstrated by >300 infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant viruses among individuals who attended agricultural fairs. Through active influenza A virus surveillance in US exhibition swine and whole-genome sequencing of 380 isolates, we demonstrate that exhibition swine are actively involved in the evolution of influenza A viruses, including zoonotic strains. First, frequent introduction of influenza A viruses from commercial swine populations provides new genetic diversity in exhibition pigs each year locally. Second, genomic reassortment between viruses cocirculating in exhibition swine increases viral diversity. Third, viral migration between exhibition swine in neighboring states demonstrates that movements of exhibition pigs contributes to the spread of genetic diversity. The unexpected frequency of viral exchange between commercial and exhibition swine raises questions about the understudied interface between these populations. Overall, the complexity of viral evolution in exhibition swine indicates that novel viruses are likely to continually reemerge, presenting threats to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - David E Wentworth
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Infectious Disease Group, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Suman R Das
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Infectious Disease Group, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul
| | - Mary L Killian
- US Department of Agriculture National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, Iowa
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Richard D Slemons
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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96
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Goddard N, Rebelo-de-Andrade H, Meijer A, McCauley J, Daniels R, Zambon M. Future directions for the European influenza reference laboratory network in influenza surveillance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26250071 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.30.21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By defining strategic objectives for the network of influenza laboratories that have national influenza centre status or national function within European Union Member States, Iceland and Norway, it is possible to align their priorities in undertaking virological surveillance of influenza. This will help maintain and develop the network to meet and adapt to new challenges over the next 3-5 years and underpin a longer-term strategy over 5-10 years. We analysed the key activities undertaken by influenza reference laboratories in Europe and categorised them into a framework of four key strategic objectives areas: enhancing laboratory capability, ensuring laboratory capacity, providing emergency response and translating laboratory data into information for public health action. We make recommendations on the priority areas for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Goddard
- Public Health England (PHE), London, United Kingdom
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97
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Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Prospects for antibody-based universal influenza vaccines in the context of widespread pre-existing immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1227-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1068125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kenneth Wheatley
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 2 The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen John Kent
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 2 The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 3 Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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98
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Bowman AS, Nelson SW, Page SL, Nolting JM, Killian ML, Sreevatsan S, Slemons RD. Swine-to-human transmission of influenza A(H3N2) virus at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2012. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:1472-80. [PMID: 25148572 PMCID: PMC4178388 DOI: 10.3201/eid2009.131082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Local health care providers should be alerted to the possibility of human infection with variant influenza A viruses, especially during fairs. Agricultural fairs provide an opportunity for bidirectional transmission of influenza A viruses. We sought to determine influenza A virus activity among swine at fairs in the United States. As part of an ongoing active influenza A virus surveillance project, nasal swab samples were collected from exhibition swine at 40 selected Ohio agricultural fairs during 2012. Influenza A(H3N2) virus was isolated from swine at 10 of the fairs. According to a concurrent public health investigation, 7 of the 10 fairs were epidemiologically linked to confirmed human infections with influenza A(H3N2) variant virus. Comparison of genome sequences of the subtype H3N2 isolates recovered from humans and swine from each fair revealed nucleotide identities of >99.7%, confirming zoonotic transmission between swine and humans. All influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated in this study, regardless of host species or fair, were >99.5% identical, indicating that 1 virus strain was widely circulating among exhibition swine in Ohio during 2012.
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99
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Johnson C, Hohenboken M, Poling T, Jaehnig P, Kanesa-thasan N. Safety and Immunogenicity of Cell Culture-Derived A/H3N2 Variant Influenza Vaccines: A Phase I Randomized, Observer-Blind, Dose-Ranging Study. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:72-80. [PMID: 25538277 PMCID: PMC4542591 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A/H3N2 variant (H3N2v) influenza may sustain human-to-human transmission, and an available candidate vaccine would be important. METHODS In this phase I, randomized, observer-blind, dose-ranging study, 627 healthy subjects ≥ 3 years of age were randomized to receive 2 vaccinations with H3N2c cell-culture-derived vaccine doses containing 3.75 µg, 7.5 µg, or 15 µg hemagglutinin antigen of H3N2v with or without MF59 (registered trademark of Novartis AG) adjuvant (an oil-in-water emulsion). This paper reports Day 43 planned interim data. RESULTS Single MF59-adjuvanted H3N2c doses elicited immune responses in almost all subjects regardless of antigen and adjuvant dose; the Center for Biologics Evaluation Research and Review (CBER) licensure criteria were met for all groups. Subjects with prevaccination hemagglutination inhibition titers <10 and children 3-<9 years achieve CBER criteria only after receiving 2 doses of nonadjuvanted H3N2c vaccine. Highest antibody titers were observed in the 7.5 µg + 0.25 mL MF59 groups in all age cohorts. MF59-adjuvanted H3N2c vaccines showed the highest rates of solicited local and systemic events, predominately mild or moderate. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of H3N2c vaccine may be immunogenic and supports further development of MF59-adjuvanted H3N2c vaccines, especially for pediatric populations. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01855945 (http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01855945).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terry Poling
- Heartland Research Associates LLC, Wichita, Kansas
| | - Peter Jaehnig
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, GmbH, Marburg, Germany
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100
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Sanchez JL, Cooper MJ, Myers CA, Cummings JF, Vest KG, Russell KL, Sanchez JL, Hiser MJ, Gaydos CA. Respiratory Infections in the U.S. Military: Recent Experience and Control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 28:743-800. [PMID: 26085551 PMCID: PMC4475643 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00039-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review outlines the impact of military-relevant respiratory infections, with special attention to recruit training environments, influenza pandemics in 1918 to 1919 and 2009 to 2010, and peacetime operations and conflicts in the past 25 years. Outbreaks and epidemiologic investigations of viral and bacterial infections among high-risk groups are presented, including (i) experience by recruits at training centers, (ii) impact on advanced trainees in special settings, (iii) morbidity sustained by shipboard personnel at sea, and (iv) experience of deployed personnel. Utilizing a pathogen-by-pathogen approach, we examine (i) epidemiology, (ii) impact in terms of morbidity and operational readiness, (iii) clinical presentation and outbreak potential, (iv) diagnostic modalities, (v) treatment approaches, and (vi) vaccine and other control measures. We also outline military-specific initiatives in (i) surveillance, (ii) vaccine development and policy, (iii) novel influenza and coronavirus diagnostic test development and surveillance methods, (iv) influenza virus transmission and severity prediction modeling efforts, and (v) evaluation and implementation of nonvaccine, nonpharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Cooper
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James F Cummings
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly G Vest
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin L Russell
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Joyce L Sanchez
- Mayo Clinic, Division of General Internal Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michelle J Hiser
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Postgraduate Research Participation Program, U.S. Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte A Gaydos
- International STD, Respiratory, and Biothreat Research Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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