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Zhang X, Yang Z, Wu D, Yu F. RALF-FERONIA Signaling: Linking Plant Immune Response with Cell Growth. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100084. [PMID: 33367248 PMCID: PMC7747976 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants perceive various external and internal signals to self-modulate biological processes through members of the receptor-like kinase (RLK) family, among which Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) proteins with their ligands, rapid alkalinization factor (RALF) peptides, have attracted considerable interest. FERONIA (FER), a CrRLK1L member, was initially reported to act as a major plant cell growth modulator in distinct tissues. Subsequently, the RALF-FER pathway was confirmed to function as an essential regulator of plant stress responses, including but not limited to immune responses. Furthermore, the RALF-FER pathway modulates immune responses and cell growth in a context-specific manner, and the vital roles of this pathway are beginning to be appreciated in crop species. The recent remarkable advances in understanding the functions and molecular mechanisms of the RALF-FER pathway have also raised many interesting questions that need to be answered in the future. This review mainly focuses on the roles of FER and other CrRLK1L members in modulating immune responses in the context of cell growth in response to their RALF peptide ligands and presents a brief outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Zhuhong Yang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
| | - Dousheng Wu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, P.R. China
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52
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ELLIOTT L, KIRCHHELLE C. The importance of being edgy: cell geometric edges as an emerging polar domain in plant cells. J Microsc 2020; 278:123-131. [PMID: 31755561 PMCID: PMC7318577 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is an essential feature of multicellular organisms and underpins growth and development as well as physiological functions. In polyhedral plant cells, polar domains at different faces have been studied in detail. In recent years, cell edges (where two faces meet) have emerged as discrete spatial domains with distinct biochemical identities. Here, we review and discuss recent advances in our understanding of cell edges as functional polar domains in plant cells and other organisms, highlighting conceptual parallels and open questions regarding edge polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. ELLIOTT
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
| | - C. KIRCHHELLE
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordUK
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53
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Abstract
Cell polarity in plants operates across a broad range of spatial and temporal scales to control processes from acute cell growth to systemic hormone distribution. Similar to other eukaryotes, plants generate polarity at both the subcellular and tissue levels, often through polarization of membrane-associated protein complexes. However, likely due to the constraints imposed by the cell wall and their extremely plastic development, plants possess novel polarity molecules and mechanisms highly tuned to environmental inputs. Considerable progress has been made in identifying key plant polarity regulators, but detailed molecular understanding of polarity mechanisms remains incomplete in plants. Here, we emphasize the striking similarities in the conceptual frameworks that generate polarity in both animals and plants. To this end, we highlight how novel, plant-specific proteins engage in common themes of positive feedback, dynamic intracellular trafficking, and posttranslational regulation to establish polarity axes in development. We end with a discussion of how environmental signals control intrinsic polarity to impact postembryonic organogenesis and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Muroyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA; .,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
| | - Dominique Bergmann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA; .,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
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54
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Zhu S, Estévez JM, Liao H, Zhu Y, Yang T, Li C, Wang Y, Li L, Liu X, Pacheco JM, Guo H, Yu F. The RALF1-FERONIA Complex Phosphorylates eIF4E1 to Promote Protein Synthesis and Polar Root Hair Growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:698-716. [PMID: 31904511 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular links between extracellular signals and the regulation of localized protein synthesis in plant cells are poorly understood. Here, we show that in Arabidopsis thaliana, the extracellular peptide RALF1 and its receptor, the FERONIA receptor kinase, promote root hair (RH) tip growth by modulating protein synthesis. We found that RALF1 promotes FERONIA-mediated phosphorylation of eIF4E1, a eukaryotic translation initiation factor that plays a crucial role in the control of mRNA translation rate. Phosphorylated eIF4E1 increases mRNA affinity and modulates mRNA translation and, thus, protein synthesis. The mRNAs targeted by the RALF1-FERONIA-eIF4E1 module include ROP2 and RSL4, which are important regulators of RH cell polarity and growth. RALF1 and FERONIA are expressed in a polar manner in RHs, which facilitate eIF4E1 polar localization and thus may control local ROP2 translation. Moreover, we demonstrated that high-level accumulation of RSL4 exerts negative-feedback regulation of RALF1 expression by directly binding the RALF1 gene promoter, determining the final RH size. Our study reveals that the link between RALF1-FERONIA signaling and protein synthesis constitutes a novel component regulating cell expansion in these polar growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - José Manuel Estévez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago RM 8370146, Chile
| | - Hongdong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yonghua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, P.R. China
| | - Chiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Javier Martinez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Institute of Plant and Food Science, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, P.R. China.
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Méndez-Gómez M, Castro-Mercado E, Peña-Uribe CA, Reyes-de la Cruz H, López-Bucio J, García-Pineda E. TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN signaling plays a role in Arabidopsis growth promotion by Azospirillum brasilense Sp245. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 293:110416. [PMID: 32081264 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum brasilense colonizes plant roots and improves productivity, but the molecular mechanisms behind its phytostimulation properties remain mostly unknown. Here, we uncover an important role of TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) signaling on the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to A. brasilense Sp245. The effect of the bacterium on TOR expression was analyzed in the transgenic line TOR/tor-1, which carries a translational fusion with the GUS reporter protein, and the activity of TOR was assayed thought the phosphorylation of its downstream signaling target S6K protein. Besides, the role of TOR on plant growth in inoculated plants was assessed using the ATP-competitive inhibitor AZD-8055. A decrease in growth of the primary root correlates with an improved branching and absorptive capacity via lateral root and root hair proliferation 6 days after transplant to different concentrations of the bacterium (103 or 105 CFU/mL). Bacterization increased the expression of TOR in shoot and root apexes and promoted phosphorylation of S6K 3 days after transplant. The TOR inhibitor AZD-8055 (1 μM) inhibited plant growth and cell division in root meristems and in lateral root primordia, interfering with the phytostimulation by A. brasilense. In addition, the role of auxin produced by the bacterium to stimulate TOR expression was explored. Noteworthy, the A. brasilense mutant FAJ009, impaired in auxin production, was unable to elicit TOR signaling to the level observed for the wild-type strain, showing the importance of this phyhormone to stimulate TOR signaling. Together, our findings establish an important role of TOR signaling for the probiotic traits elicited by A. brasilense in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - Elda Castro-Mercado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - César Arturo Peña-Uribe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - Homero Reyes-de la Cruz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico
| | - Ernesto García-Pineda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. A1´, Morelia, Michoacán CP 58040, Mexico.
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Kim EJ, Park SW, Hong WJ, Silva J, Liang W, Zhang D, Jung KH, Kim YJ. Genome-wide analysis of RopGEF gene family to identify genes contributing to pollen tube growth in rice (Oryza sativa). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:95. [PMID: 32131749 PMCID: PMC7057574 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, the key roles played by RopGEF-mediated ROP signaling in diverse processes, including polar tip growth, have been identified. Despite their important roles in reproduction, a comprehensive analysis of RopGEF members has not yet been performed in rice (Oryza sativa). To determine whether RopGEF regulators are involved in rice pollen tube growth, we performed genome-wide analysis of this family in rice. RESULTS Phylogenomic and meta-expression analysis of eleven RopGEFs in rice showed that four genes were preferentially expressed in mature pollen. These four genes contain the plant-specific Rop nucleotide exchanger (PRONE) domain and possible phosphorylated residues, suggesting a conserved role in polar tip growth with Arabidopsis thaliana. In subcellular localization analysis of the four RopGEFs through tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) infiltration, four proteins were predominantly identified in plasma membrane. Moreover, double mutants of RopGEF2/8 exhibited reduced pollen germination, causing partial male sterility. These genes possess unique cis-acting elements in their promoters compared with the other RopGEF genes. CONCLUSIONS In this study, four RopGEF genes were identified as pollen-specific gene in eleven members of rice, and the expression pattern, promoter analysis, and evolutionary relationship of the RopGEF family were studied compared with Arabidopsis. Our study indicated that four RopGEF genes might function during pollen germination in distinct subcellular localization. Our study could provide valuable information on the functional study of RopGEF in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Hong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Jeniffer Silva
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Wanqi Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University–University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 South Korea
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57
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Tan YQ, Yang Y, Zhang A, Fei CF, Gu LL, Sun SJ, Xu W, Wang L, Liu H, Wang YF. Three CNGC Family Members, CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9, Are Required for Constitutive Growth of Arabidopsis Root Hairs as Ca 2+-Permeable Channels. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100001. [PMID: 33404548 PMCID: PMC7748020 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2019.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The genetic identities of Ca2+ channels in root hair (RH) tips essential for constitutive RH growth have remained elusive for decades. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three cyclic nucleotide-gated channel (CNGC) family members, CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9, as Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth in Arabidopsis. We found that the cngc5-1cngc6-2cngc9-1 triple mutant (designated shrh1) showed significantly shorter and branching RH phenotypes as compared with the wild type. The defective RH growth phenotype of shrh1 could be rescued by either the expression of CNGC5, CNGC6, or CNGC9 single gene or by the supply of high external Ca2+, but could not be rescued by external K+ supply. Cytosolic Ca2+ imaging and patch-clamp data in HEK293T cells showed that these three CNGCs all function as Ca2+-permeable channels. Cytosolic Ca2+ imaging in growing RHs further showed that the Ca2+ gradients and their oscillation in RH tips were dramatically attenuated in shrh1 compared with those in the wild type. Phenotypic analysis revealed that these three CNGCs are Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth, with different roles in RHs from the conditional player CNGC14. Moreover, we found that these three CNGCs are involved in auxin signaling in RHs. Taken together, our study identified CNGC5, CNGC6, and CNGC9 as three key Ca2+ channels essential for constitutive RH growth and auxin signaling in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Qiu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - An Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cui-Fang Fei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Li Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Jing Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Fei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- Corresponding author
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58
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Zhou X, Xiang Y, Li C, Yu G. Modulatory Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Root Development in Model Plant of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:485932. [PMID: 33042167 PMCID: PMC7525048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.485932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a type of oxygen monoelectronic reduction product, have a higher chemical activity than O2. Although ROS pose potential risks to all organisms via inducing oxidative stress, indispensable role of ROS in individual development cannot be ignored. Among them, the role of ROS in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is deeply studied. Mounting evidence suggests that ROS are essential for root and root hair development. In the present review, we provide an updated perspective on the latest research progress pertaining to the role of ROS in the precise regulation of root stem cell maintenance and differentiation, redox regulation of the cell cycle, and root hair initiation during root growth. Among the different types of ROS, O2 •- and H2O2 have been extensively investigated, and they exhibit different gradient distributions in the roots. The concentration of O2 •- decreases along a gradient from the meristem to the transition zone and the concentration of H2O2 decreases along a gradient from the differentiation zone to the elongation zone. These gradients are regulated by peroxidases, which are modulated by the UPBEAT1 (UPB1) transcription factor. In addition, multiple transcriptional factors, such as APP1, ABO8, PHB3, and RITF1, which are involved in the brassinolide signaling pathway, converge as a ROS signal to regulate root stem cell maintenance. Furthermore, superoxide anions (O2 •-) are generated from the oxidation in mitochondria, ROS produced during plasmid metabolism, H2O2 produced in apoplasts, and catalysis of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) in the cell membrane. Furthermore, ROS can act as a signal to regulate redox status, which regulates the expression of the cell-cycle components CYC2;3, CYCB1;1, and retinoblastoma-related protein, thereby controlling the cell-cycle progression. In the root maturation zone, the epidermal cells located in the H cell position emerge to form hair cells, and plant hormones, such as auxin and ethylene regulate root hair formation via ROS. Furthermore, ROS accumulation can influence hormone signal transduction and vice versa. Data about the association between nutrient stress and ROS signals in root hair development are scarce. However, the fact that ROBHC/RHD2 or RHD6 is specifically expressed in root hair cells and induced by nutrients, may explain the relationship. Future studies should focus on the regulatory mechanisms underlying root hair development via the interactions of ROS with hormone signals and nutrient components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guanghui Yu
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Yu, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-3174-1878
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Gronnier J, Legrand A, Loquet A, Habenstein B, Germain V, Mongrand S. Mechanisms governing subcompartmentalization of biological membranes. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:114-123. [PMID: 31546133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Membranes show a tremendous variety of lipids and proteins operating biochemistry, transport and signalling. The dynamics and the organization of membrane constituents are regulated in space and time to execute precise functions. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that shape and govern membrane subcompartmentalization and inter-organelle contact sites still remains limited. Here, we review some reported mechanisms implicated in regulating plant membrane domains including those of plasma membrane, plastids, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, we discuss several state-of-the-art methods that allow nowadays researchers to decipher the architecture of these structures at the molecular and atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gronnier
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Legrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), UMR 5200, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France; Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, All, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, All, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- Institute of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects (UMR5248 CBMN), IECB, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, All, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Pessac, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), UMR 5200, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), UMR 5200, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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60
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Vogler H, Santos-Fernandez G, Mecchia MA, Grossniklaus U. To preserve or to destroy, that is the question: the role of the cell wall integrity pathway in pollen tube growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:131-139. [PMID: 31648148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell-shape is defined by the cell wall, a complex network of polymers located outside the plasma membrane. During cell growth, cell wall properties have to be adjusted, assuring cell expansion without compromising cell integrity. Plasma membrane-located receptors sense cell wall properties, transducing extracellular signals into intracellular cascades through the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway that, in turn, leads to adjustments in the regulation and composition of the cell wall. Using pollen tube growth as a single celled model system, we describe the importance of RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR (RALF) peptides as sensors of cell wall integrity. RALF peptides can mediate the communication between cell wall components and plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) of the CrRLK1L family. The subsequent activation of intracellular pathways regulates H+, Ca2+, and ROS levels in the cell and apoplast, thereby modulating cell wall integrity. Interestingly, the RALF-CrRLK1L module and some of the components working up- and downstream of the RLK is conserved in many other developmental and physiological signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vogler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gorka Santos-Fernandez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin A Mecchia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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61
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Kato M, Tsuge T, Maeshima M, Aoyama T. Arabidopsis PCaP2 modulates the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate signal on the plasma membrane and attenuates root hair elongation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:610-625. [PMID: 30604455 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2 ] serves as a subcellular signal on the plasma membrane, mediating various cell-polarized phenomena including polar cell growth. Here, we investigated the involvement of Arabidopsis thaliana PCaP2, a plant-unique plasma membrane protein with phosphoinositide-binding activity, in PtdIns(4,5)P2 signaling for root hair tip growth. The long-root-hair phenotype of the pcap2 knockdown mutant was found to stem from its higher average root hair elongation rate compared with the wild type and to counteract the low average rate caused by a defect in the PtdIns(4,5)P2 -producing enzyme gene PIP5K3. On the plasma membrane of elongating root hairs, the PCaP2 promoter-driven PCaP2-green fluorescent protein (GFP), which complemented the pcap2 mutant phenotype, overlapped with the PtdIns(4,5)P2 marker 2xCHERRY-2xPHPLC in the subapical region, but not at the apex, suggesting that PCaP2 attenuates root hair elongation via PtdIns(4,5)P2 signaling on the subapical plasma membrane. Consistent with this, a GFP fusion with the PCaP2 phosphoinositide-binding domain PCaP2N23 , root hair-specific overexpression of which caused a low average root hair elongation rate, localized more intense to the subapical plasma membrane than to the apical plasma membrane similar to PCaP2-GFP. Inducibly overexpressed PCaP2-GFP, but not its derivative lacking the PCaP2N23 domain, replaced 2xCHERRY-2xPHPLC on the plasma membrane in root meristematic epidermal cells, and suppressed FM4-64 internalization in elongating root hairs. Moreover, inducibly overexpressed PCaP2 arrested an endocytic process of PIN2-GFP recycling. Based on these results, we conclude that PCaP2 functions as a negative modulator of PtdIns(4,5)P2 signaling on the subapical plasma membrane probably through competitive binding to PtdIns(4,5)P2 and attenuates root hair elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tsuge
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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62
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Denninger P, Reichelt A, Schmidt VAF, Mehlhorn DG, Asseck LY, Stanley CE, Keinath NF, Evers JF, Grefen C, Grossmann G. Distinct RopGEFs Successively Drive Polarization and Outgrowth of Root Hairs. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1854-1865.e5. [PMID: 31104938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Root hairs are tubular protrusions of the root epidermis that significantly enlarge the exploitable soil volume in the rhizosphere. Trichoblasts, the cell type responsible for root hair formation, switch from cell elongation to tip growth through polarization of the growth machinery to a predefined root hair initiation domain (RHID) at the plasma membrane. The emergence of this polar domain resembles the establishment of cell polarity in other eukaryotic systems [1-3]. Rho-type GTPases of plants (ROPs) are among the first molecular determinants of the RHID [4, 5], and later play a central role in polar growth [6]. Numerous studies have elucidated mechanisms that position the RHID in the cell [7-9] or regulate ROP activity [10-18]. The molecular players that target ROPs to the RHID and initiate outgrowth, however, have not been identified. We dissected the timing of the growth machinery assembly in polarizing hair cells and found that positioning of molecular players and outgrowth are temporally separate processes that are each controlled by specific ROP guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). A functional analysis of trichoblast-specific GEFs revealed GEF3 to be required for normal ROP polarization and thus efficient root hair emergence, whereas GEF4 predominantly regulates subsequent tip growth. Ectopic expression of GEF3 induced the formation of spatially confined, ROP-recruiting domains in other cell types, demonstrating the role of GEF3 to serve as a membrane landmark during cell polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Denninger
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Reichelt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa A F Schmidt
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar G Mehlhorn
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Y Asseck
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claire E Stanley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Agroecology and Environment Research Division, Agroscope, Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nana F Keinath
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Felix Evers
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Developmental Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Excellence Cluster CellNetworks, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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63
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Nakamasu A, Higaki T. Theoretical models for branch formation in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:325-333. [PMID: 31004242 PMCID: PMC7082385 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various branch architectures are observed in living organisms including plants. Branch formation has traditionally been an area of interest in the field of developmental biology, and theoretical approaches are now commonly used to understand the complex mechanisms involved. In this review article, we provide an overview of theoretical approaches including mathematical models and computer simulations for studying plant branch formation. These approaches cover a wide range of topics. In particular, we focus on the importance of positional information in branch formation, which has been especially revealed by theoretical research in plants including computations of developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakamasu
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuou-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
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64
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Laggoun F, Dardelle F, Dehors J, Falconet D, Driouich A, Rochais C, Dallemagne P, Lehner A, Mollet JC. A chemical screen identifies two novel small compounds that alter Arabidopsis thaliana pollen tube growth. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:152. [PMID: 31010418 PMCID: PMC6475968 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During sexual reproduction, pollen grains land on the stigma, rehydrate and produce pollen tubes that grow through the female transmitting-tract tissue allowing the delivery of the two sperm cells to the ovule and the production of healthy seeds. Because pollen tubes are single cells that expand by tip-polarized growth, they represent a good model to study the growth dynamics, cell wall deposition and intracellular machineries. Aiming to understand this complex machinery, we used a low throughput chemical screen approach in order to isolate new tip-growth disruptors. The effect of a chemical inhibitor of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthases, galvestine-1, was also investigated. The present work further characterizes their effects on the tip-growth and intracellular dynamics of pollen tubes. RESULTS Two small compounds among 258 were isolated based on their abilities to perturb pollen tube growth. They were found to disrupt in vitro pollen tube growth of tobacco, tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that these 3 compounds induced abnormal phenotypes (bulging and/or enlarged pollen tubes) and reduced pollen tube length in a dose dependent manner. Pollen germination was significantly reduced after treatment with the two compounds isolated from the screen. They also affected cell wall material deposition in pollen tubes. The compounds decreased anion superoxide accumulation, disorganized actin filaments and RIC4 dynamics suggesting that they may affect vesicular trafficking at the pollen tube tip. CONCLUSION These molecules may alter directly or indirectly ROP1 activity, a key regulator of pollen tube growth and vesicular trafficking and therefore represent good tools to further study cellular dynamics during polarized-cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdousse Laggoun
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Flavien Dardelle
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
- Present Address: LPS-BioSciences, Bâtiment 409, Université Paris-Sud, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jérémy Dehors
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Denis Falconet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS, CEA, INRA, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, CEA Grenoble, 38000 Grenoble, cedex 9 France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, CNRS 3038 INC3M, SFR ICORE, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Patrick Dallemagne
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Centre d’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie, CNRS 3038 INC3M, SFR ICORE, 14032, Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Lehner
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale EA4358, Fédération de Recherche “NORVEGE”- FED 4277, 76000 Rouen, France
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65
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Le Bail A, Schulmeister S, Perroud PF, Ntefidou M, Rensing SA, Kost B. Analysis of the Localization of Fluorescent PpROP1 and PpROP-GEF4 Fusion Proteins in Moss Protonemata Based on Genomic "Knock-In" and Estradiol-Titratable Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:456. [PMID: 31031790 PMCID: PMC6473103 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tip growth of pollen tubes, root hairs, and apical cells of moss protonemata is controlled by ROP (Rho of plants) GTPases, which were shown to accumulate at the apical plasma membrane of these cells. However, most ROP localization patterns reported in the literature are based on fluorescent protein tagging and need to be interpreted with caution, as ROP fusion proteins were generally overexpressed at undefined levels, in many cases without assessing effects on tip growth. ROP-GEFs, important regulators of ROP activity, were also described to accumulate at the apical plasma membrane during tip growth. However, to date only the localization of fluorescent ROP-GEF fusion proteins strongly overexpressed using highly active promoters have been investigated. Here, the intracellular distributions of fluorescent PpROP1 and PpROP-GEF4 fusion proteins expressed at essentially endogenous levels in apical cells of Physcomitrella patens "knock-in" protonemata were analyzed. Whereas PpROP-GEF4 was found to associate with a small apical plasma membrane domain, PpROP1 expression was below the detection limit. Estradiol-titratable expression of a fluorescent PpROP1 fusion protein at the lowest detectable level, at which plant development was only marginally affected, was therefore employed to show that PpROP1 also accumulates at the apical plasma membrane, although within a substantially larger domain. Interestingly, RNA-Seq data indicated that the majority of all genes active in protonemata are expressed at lower levels than PpROP1, suggesting that estradiol-titratable expression may represent an important alternative to "knock-in" based analysis of the intracellular distribution of fluorescent fusion proteins in protonemal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Le Bail
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sylwia Schulmeister
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Maria Ntefidou
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kost
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Friedrich–Alexander University Erlangen–Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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66
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Wang CX, Qi CY, Luo JH, Liu L, He Y, Chen LQ. Characterization of LRL5 as a key regulator of root hair growth in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:71-82. [PMID: 30556198 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Root hair, a special type of tubular-shaped cell, outgrows from the root epidermal cell and plays important roles in the acquisition of nutrients and water, as well as interactions with biotic and abiotic stresses. Studies in the model plant Arabidopsis have revealed that root-hair initiation and elongation are hierarchically regulated by a group of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors (TFs). However, knowledge regarding the regulatory pathways of these bHLH TFs in controlling root hair growth remains limited. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was conducted to profile the transcriptome in the elongating maize root hair and >1000 genes with preferential expression in root hair were identified. A consensus cis-element previously featured as the potential bHLH-TF binding sites was present in the regulatory regions for the majority of the root hair-preferentially expressed genes. In addition, an individual change in ZmLRL5, the highest-expressed bHLH-TF in maize root hair resulted in a dramatic reduction in the elongation of root hair, and rendered the growth of root hair hypersensitive to translational inhibition. Moreover, RNA-seq, yeast-one-hybrid and ribosome profile analysis suggested that ZmLRL5 may function as a key player in orchestrating the translational process by directly regulating the expression of translational processes/ribosomal genes during maize root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chuang-Ye Qi
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin-Hong Luo
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan He
- National Maize Improvement Center of China, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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67
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Gendre D, Baral A, Dang X, Esnay N, Boutté Y, Stanislas T, Vain T, Claverol S, Gustavsson A, Lin D, Grebe M, Bhalerao RP. Rho-of-plant activated root hair formation requires Arabidopsis YIP4a/b gene function. Development 2019; 146:dev.168559. [PMID: 30770391 PMCID: PMC6432664 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs are protrusions from root epidermal cells with crucial roles in plant soil interactions. Although much is known about patterning, polarity and tip growth of root hairs, contributions of membrane trafficking to hair initiation remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the trans-Golgi network-localized YPT-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4a and YPT-INTERACTING PROTEIN 4b (YIP4a/b) contribute to activation and plasma membrane accumulation of Rho-of-plant (ROP) small GTPases during hair initiation, identifying YIP4a/b as central trafficking components in ROP-dependent root hair formation. Summary: YPT-interacting proteins 4a and 4b (YIP4a/b) contribute to activation and plasma membrane accumulation of Rho-of-plant (ROP) small GTPases during hair initiation, identifying YIP4a/b as central trafficking components in ROP-dependent root hair formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Gendre
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anirban Baral
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Nicolas Esnay
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon 33140, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- CNRS-University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200 Membrane Biogenesis Laboratory, INRA Bordeaux Aquitaine, Villenave d'Ornon 33140, France
| | - Thomas Stanislas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Thomas Vain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Plateforne Protéome, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France
| | - Anna Gustavsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany .,Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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Li J, Kim T, Szymanski DB. Multi-scale regulation of cell branching: Modeling morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:40-52. [PMID: 30529250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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69
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Zhai L, Sun C, Feng Y, Li D, Chai X, Wang L, Sun Q, Zhang G, Li Y, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Wang Y, Han Z. At
ROP
6
is involved in reactive oxygen species signaling in response to iron‐deficiency stress in
Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3446-3459. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Zhai
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Chaohua Sun
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Yi Feng
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Duyue Li
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Xiaofen Chai
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Qiran Sun
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Guifen Zhang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture China Agricultural University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Fruit Trees in Beijing Municipality China Agricultural University Beijing China
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70
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Salem MA, Li Y, Bajdzienko K, Fisahn J, Watanabe M, Hoefgen R, Schöttler MA, Giavalisco P. RAPTOR Controls Developmental Growth Transitions by Altering the Hormonal and Metabolic Balance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:565-593. [PMID: 29686055 PMCID: PMC6001337 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vegetative growth requires the systemic coordination of numerous cellular processes, which are controlled by regulatory proteins that monitor extracellular and intracellular cues and translate them into growth decisions. In eukaryotes, one of the central factors regulating growth is the serine/threonine protein kinase Target of Rapamycin (TOR), which forms complexes with regulatory proteins. To understand the function of one such regulatory protein, Regulatory-Associated Protein of TOR 1B (RAPTOR1B), in plants, we analyzed the effect of raptor1b mutations on growth and physiology in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by detailed phenotyping, metabolomic, lipidomic, and proteomic analyses. Mutation of RAPTOR1B resulted in a strong reduction of TOR kinase activity, leading to massive changes in central carbon and nitrogen metabolism, accumulation of excess starch, and induction of autophagy. These shifts led to a significant reduction of plant growth that occurred nonlinearly during developmental stage transitions. This phenotype was accompanied by changes in cell morphology and tissue anatomy. In contrast to previous studies in rice (Oryza sativa), we found that the Arabidopsis raptor1b mutation did not affect chloroplast development or photosynthetic electron transport efficiency; however, it resulted in decreased CO2 assimilation rate and increased stomatal conductance. The raptor1b mutants also had reduced abscisic acid levels. Surprisingly, abscisic acid feeding experiments resulted in partial complementation of the growth phenotypes, indicating the tight interaction between TOR function and hormone synthesis and signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Yan Li
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Harigaya W, Takahashi H. Effects of glucose and ethylene on root hair initiation and elongation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:543-554. [PMID: 29236179 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-1003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Root hair formation occurs in lettuce seedlings after transfer to an acidic medium (pH 4.0). This process requires cortical microtubule (CMT) randomization in root epidermal cells and the plant hormone ethylene. We investigated the interaction between ethylene and glucose, a new signaling molecule in plants, in lettuce root development, with an emphasis on root hair formation. Dark-grown seedlings were used to exclude the effect of photosynthetically produced glucose. In the dark, neither root hair formation nor the CMT randomization preceding it occurred, even after transfer to the acidic medium (pH 4.0). Adding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic-acid (ACC) to the medium rescued the induction, while adding glucose did not. Although CMT randomization occurred when glucose was applied together with ACC, it was somewhat suppressed compared to that in ACC-treated seedlings. This was not due to a decrease in the speed of randomization, but due to lowering of the maximum degree of randomization. Despite the negative effect of glucose on ACC-induced CMT randomization, the density and length of ACC-induced root hairs increased when glucose was also added. The hair-cell length of the ACC-treated seedlings was comparable to that in the combined-treatment seedlings, indicating that the increase in hair density caused by glucose results from an increase in the root hair number. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that glucose suppressed ethylene signaling. These results suggest that glucose has a negative and positive effect on the earlier and later stages of root hair formation, respectively, and that the promotion of the initiation and elongation of root hairs by glucose may be mediated in an ethylene-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakana Harigaya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan.
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72
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Nakamura M, Grebe M. Outer, inner and planar polarity in the Arabidopsis root. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 41:46-53. [PMID: 28869926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots control uptake of water and nutrients and cope with environmental challenges. The root epidermis provides the first selective interface for nutrient absorption, while the endodermis produces the main apoplastic diffusion barrier in the form of a structure called the Casparian strip. The positioning of root hairs on epidermal cells, and of the Casparian strip around endodermal cells, requires asymmetries along cellular axes (cell polarity). Cell polarity is termed planar polarity, when coordinated within the plane of a given tissue layer. Here, we review recent molecular advances towards understanding both the polar positioning of the proteo-lipid membrane domain instructing root hair initiation, and the cytoskeletal, trafficking and polar tethering requirements of proteins at outer or inner plasma membrane domains. Finally, we highlight progress towards understanding mechanisms of Casparian strip formation and underlying endodermal cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Nakamura
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden.
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73
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Desgroux A, Baudais VN, Aubert V, Le Roy G, de Larambergue H, Miteul H, Aubert G, Boutet G, Duc G, Baranger A, Burstin J, Manzanares-Dauleux M, Pilet-Nayel ML, Bourion V. Comparative Genome-Wide-Association Mapping Identifies Common Loci Controlling Root System Architecture and Resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches in Pea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2195. [PMID: 29354146 PMCID: PMC5761208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Combining plant genetic resistance with architectural traits that are unfavorable to disease development is a promising strategy for reducing epidemics. However, few studies have identified root system architecture (RSA) traits with the potential to limit root disease development. Pea is a major cultivated legume worldwide and has a wide level of natural genetic variability for plant architecture. The root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches is a major limiting factor of pea crop yield. This study aimed to increase the knowledge on the diversity of loci and candidate genes controlling RSA traits in pea and identify RSA genetic loci associated with resistance to A. euteiches which could be combined with resistance QTL in breeding. A comparative genome wide association (GWA) study of plant architecture and resistance to A. euteiches was conducted at the young plant stage in a collection of 266 pea lines contrasted for both traits. The collection was genotyped using 14,157 SNP markers from recent pea genomic resources. It was phenotyped for ten root, shoot and overall plant architecture traits, as well as three disease resistance traits in controlled conditions, using image analysis. We identified a total of 75 short-size genomic intervals significantly associated with plant architecture and overlapping with 46 previously detected QTL. The major consistent intervals included plant shoot architecture or flowering genes (PsLE, PsTFL1) with putative pleiotropic effects on root architecture. A total of 11 genomic intervals were significantly associated with resistance to A. euteiches confirming several consistent previously identified major QTL. One significant SNP, mapped to the major QTL Ae-Ps7.6, was associated with both resistance and RSA traits. At this marker, the resistance-enhancing allele was associated with an increased total root projected area, in accordance with the correlation observed between resistance and larger root systems in the collection. Seven additional intervals associated with plant architecture overlapped with GWA intervals previously identified for resistance to A. euteiches. This study provides innovative results about genetic interdependency of root disease resistance and RSA inheritance. It identifies pea lines, QTL, closely-linked markers and candidate genes for marker-assisted-selection of RSA loci to reduce Aphanomyces root rot severity in future pea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Desgroux
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
- Agroécologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terre Inovia, Le Rheu, France
| | - Valentin N. Baudais
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Véronique Aubert
- Agroécologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gwenola Le Roy
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terre Inovia, Le Rheu, France
| | - Henri de Larambergue
- Agroécologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Henri Miteul
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terre Inovia, Le Rheu, France
| | - Grégoire Aubert
- Agroécologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gilles Boutet
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terre Inovia, Le Rheu, France
| | - Gérard Duc
- Agroécologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Baranger
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terre Inovia, Le Rheu, France
| | - Judith Burstin
- Agroécologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Maria Manzanares-Dauleux
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Marie-Laure Pilet-Nayel
- Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, Université Rennes 1, Le Rheu, France
- PISOM, UMT INRA/Terre Inovia, Le Rheu, France
| | - Virginie Bourion
- Agroécologie, INRA, AgroSup Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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74
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Feiguelman G, Fu Y, Yalovsky S. ROP GTPases Structure-Function and Signaling Pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:57-79. [PMID: 29150557 PMCID: PMC5761820 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between receptor like kinases and guanyl nucleotide exchange factors together with identification of effector proteins reveal putative ROP GTPases signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Feiguelman
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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75
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Nakamura M, Claes AR, Grebe T, Hermkes R, Viotti C, Ikeda Y, Grebe M. Auxin and ROP GTPase Signaling of Polar Nuclear Migration in Root Epidermal Hair Cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:378-391. [PMID: 29084900 PMCID: PMC5761770 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polar nuclear migration is crucial during the development of diverse eukaryotes. In plants, root hair growth requires polar nuclear migration into the outgrowing hair. However, knowledge about the dynamics and the regulatory mechanisms underlying nuclear movements in root epidermal cells remains limited. Here, we show that both auxin and Rho-of-Plant (ROP) signaling modulate polar nuclear position at the inner epidermal plasma membrane domain oriented to the cortical cells during cell elongation as well as subsequent polar nuclear movement to the outer domain into the emerging hair bulge in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Auxin signaling via the nuclear AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7)/ARF19 and INDOLE ACETIC ACID7 pathway ensures correct nuclear placement toward the inner membrane domain. Moreover, precise inner nuclear placement relies on SPIKE1 Rho-GEF, SUPERCENTIPEDE1 Rho-GDI, and ACTIN7 (ACT7) function and to a lesser extent on VTI11 vacuolar SNARE activity. Strikingly, the directionality and/or velocity of outer polar nuclear migration into the hair outgrowth along actin strands also are ACT7 dependent, auxin sensitive, and regulated by ROP signaling. Thus, our findings provide a founding framework revealing auxin and ROP signaling of inner polar nuclear position with some contribution by vacuolar morphology and of actin-dependent outer polar nuclear migration in root epidermal hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritaka Nakamura
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andrea R Claes
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Tobias Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hermkes
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Corrado Viotti
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yoshihisa Ikeda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
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76
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Abstract
Auxin triggers diverse responses in plants, and this is reflected in quantitative and qualitative diversity in the auxin signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottoline Leyser
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
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77
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Corrected and Republished from: Activation Status-Coupled Transient S-Acylation Determines Membrane Partitioning of a Plant Rho-Related GTPase. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00333-17. [PMID: 28894027 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00333-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ROPs or RACs are plant Rho-related GTPases implicated in the regulation of a multitude of signaling pathways that function at the plasma membrane via posttranslational lipid modifications. The relationships between ROP activation status and membrane localization has not been established. Here, we show that endogenous ROPs, as well as a transgenic His6-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-Arabidopsis thaliana ROP6 (AtROP6) fusion protein, were partitioned between Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble membranes. In contrast, the His6-GFP-Atrop6CA activated mutant accumulated exclusively in detergent-resistant membranes. GDP induced accumulation of ROPs in Triton-soluble membranes, whereas GTPγS induced accumulation of ROPs in detergent-resistant membranes. Recombinant wild-type and constitutively active AtROP6 proteins were purified from Arabidopsis plants, and in turn, their lipids were cleaved and analyzed by gas chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry. In Triton-soluble membranes, the wild-type AtROP6 was only prenylated, primarily by geranylgeranyl. The activated AtROP6 that accumulated in detergent-resistant membranes was modified by prenyl and acyl lipids, identified as palmitic and stearic acids. Consistently, activated His6-GFP-Atrop6CAmS156, in which C156 was mutated into serine, accumulated in Triton-soluble membranes. These findings show that upon GTP binding and activation, AtROP6, and possibly other ROPs, are transiently S-acylated, inducing their partitioning into detergent-resistant membranes.
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78
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79
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Kang E, Zheng M, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Yalovsky S, Zhu L, Fu Y. The Microtubule-Associated Protein MAP18 Affects ROP2 GTPase Activity during Root Hair Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:202-222. [PMID: 28314794 PMCID: PMC5411128 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Establishment and maintenance of the polar site are important for root hair tip growth. We previously reported that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN18 (MAP18) functions in controlling the direction of pollen tube growth and root hair elongation. Additionally, the Rop GTPase ROP2 was reported as a positive regulator of both root hair initiation and tip growth in Arabidopsis. Both loss of function of ROP2 and knockdown of MAP18 lead to a decrease in root hair length, whereas overexpression of either MAP18 or ROP2 causes multiple tips or a branching hair phenotype. However, it is unclear whether MAP18 and ROP2 coordinately regulate root hair growth. In this study, we demonstrate that MAP18 and ROP2 interact genetically and functionally. MAP18 interacts physically with ROP2 in vitro and in vivo and preferentially binds to the inactive form of the ROP2 protein. MAP18 promotes ROP2 activity during root hair tip growth. Further investigation revealed that MAP18 competes with RhoGTPase GDP DISSOCIATION INHIBITOR1/SUPERCENTIPEDE1 for binding to ROP2, in turn affecting the localization of active ROP2 in the plasma membrane of the root hair tip. These results reveal a novel function of MAP18 in the regulation of ROP2 activation during root hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (E.K., M.Z., Y.Z., L.Z., Y.F.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (S.Y.)
| | - Mingzhi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (E.K., M.Z., Y.Z., L.Z., Y.F.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (S.Y.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (E.K., M.Z., Y.Z., L.Z., Y.F.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (S.Y.)
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (E.K., M.Z., Y.Z., L.Z., Y.F.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (S.Y.)
| | - Shaul Yalovsky
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (E.K., M.Z., Y.Z., L.Z., Y.F.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (S.Y.)
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (E.K., M.Z., Y.Z., L.Z., Y.F.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (S.Y.)
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (E.K., M.Z., Y.Z., L.Z., Y.F.); and
- Department of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel (S.Y.)
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80
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Dalla Via V, Traubenik S, Rivero C, Aguilar OM, Zanetti ME, Blanco FA. The monomeric GTPase RabA2 is required for progression and maintenance of membrane integrity of infection threads during root nodule symbiosis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:549-562. [PMID: 28074430 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Progression of the infection canal that conducts rhizobia to the nodule primordium requires a functional Rab GTPase located in Golgi/trans-Golgi that also participate in root hair polar growth. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) symbiotically associates with its partner Rhizobium etli, resulting in the formation of root nitrogen-fixing nodules. Compatible bacteria can reach cortical cells in a tightly regulated infection process, in which the specific recognition of signal molecules is a key step to select the symbiotic partner. In this work, we show that RabA2, a monomeric GTPase from common bean, is required for the progression of the infection canal, referred to as the infection thread (IT), toward the cortical cells. Expression of miss-regulated mutant variants of RabA2 resulted in an increased number of abortive infection events, including bursting of ITs and a reduction in the number of nodules. Nodules formed in these plants were small and contained infected cells with disrupted symbiosome membranes, indicating either early senescence of these cells or defects in the formation of the symbiosome membrane during bacterial release. RabA2 localized to mobile vesicles around the IT, but mutations that affect GTP hydrolysis or GTP/GDP exchange modified this localization. Colocalization of RabA2 with ArfA1 and a Golgi marker indicates that RabA2 localizes in Golgi stacks and the trans-Golgi network. Our results suggest that RabA2 is part of the vesicle transport events required to maintain the integrity of the membrane during IT progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Dalla Via
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico y Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, calle 115 y 49 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Soledad Traubenik
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico y Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, calle 115 y 49 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Claudio Rivero
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico y Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, calle 115 y 49 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - O Mario Aguilar
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico y Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, calle 115 y 49 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Zanetti
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico y Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, calle 115 y 49 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Flavio Antonio Blanco
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Centro Científico y Tecnológico-La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, calle 115 y 49 s/n, CP 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
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81
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Wan ZY, Chai S, Ge FR, Feng QN, Zhang Y, Li S. Arabidopsis PROTEIN S-ACYL TRANSFERASE4 mediates root hair growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:249-260. [PMID: 28107768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polar growth of root hairs is critical for plant survival and requires fine-tuned Rho of plants (ROP) signaling. Multiple ROP regulators participate in root hair growth. However, protein S-acyl transferases (PATs), mediating the S-acylation and membrane partitioning of ROPs, are yet to be found. Using a reverse genetic approach, combining fluorescence probes, pharmacological drugs, site-directed mutagenesis and genetic analysis with related root-hair mutants, we have identified and characterized an Arabidopsis PAT, which may be responsible for ROP2 S-acylation in root hairs. Specifically, functional loss of PAT4 resulted in reduced root hair elongation, which was rescued by a wild-type but not an enzyme-inactive PAT4. Membrane-associated ROP2 was significantly reduced in pat4, similar to S-acylation-deficient ROP2 in the wild type. We further showed that PAT4 and SCN1, a ROP regulator, additively mediate the stability and targeting of ROP2. The results presented here indicate that PAT4-mediated S-acylation mediates the membrane association of ROP2 at the root hair apex and provide novel insights into dynamic ROP signaling during plant tip growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
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82
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Qi J, Greb T. Cell polarity in plants: the Yin and Yang of cellular functions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:105-110. [PMID: 27918938 PMCID: PMC7212042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spatial organization is fundamental for the performance of living organisms and is reflected in a distinct distribution of structures and molecules down to the subcellular level. In particular, eukaryotic cells harbor a vast range of possibilities for distributing organelles, the cytoskeleton or the extracellular matrix in an active and highly regulated manner. An asymmetric or polar distribution is rather the rule than the exception and often reflects a particular position or orientation of a cell within a multicellular body. Here, we highlight recent insights into the regulation of cell polarity in plants and reveal the interactive nature of underlying molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Qi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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83
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Liu M, Liu XX, He XL, Liu LJ, Wu H, Tang CX, Zhang YS, Jin CW. Ethylene and nitric oxide interact to regulate the magnesium deficiency-induced root hair development in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1242-1256. [PMID: 27775153 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene respond to biotic and abiotic stresses through either similar or independent processes. This study examines the mechanism underlying the effects of NO and ethylene on promoting root hair development in Arabidopsis under magnesium (Mg) deficiency. The interaction between NO and ethylene in the regulation of Mg deficiency-induced root hair development was investigated using NO- and ethylene-related mutants and pharmacological methods. Mg deficiency triggered a burst of NO and ethylene, accompanied by a stimulated development of root hairs. Interestingly, ethylene facilitated NO generation by activation of both nitrate reductase and nitric oxide synthase-like (NOS-L) in the roots of Mg-deficient plants. In turn, NO enhanced ethylene synthesis through stimulating the activities of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase and ACC synthase (ACS). These two processes constituted an NO-ethylene feedback loop. Blocking either of these two processes inhibited the stimulation of root hair development under Mg deficiency. In conclusion, we suggest that Mg deficiency increases the production of NO and ethylene in roots, each influencing the accumulation and role of the other, and thus these two signals interactively regulate Mg deficiency-induced root hair morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Xing Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Lin He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Juan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cai Xian Tang
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Vic., 3086, Australia
| | - Yong Song Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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84
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Yoo CM, Naramoto S, Sparks JA, Khan BR, Nakashima J, Fukuda H, Blancaflor EB. Deletion analysis of AGD1 reveals domains crucial for its plasma membrane recruitment and function in root hair polarity. J Cell Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AGD1, a plant ACAP-type ADP-ribosylation factor-GTPase activating protein (ARF-GAP), functions in specifying root hair polarity in Arabidopsis thaliana. To better understand how AGD1 modulates root hair growth, we generated full length and domain-deleted AGD1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) constructs, and followed their localization during root hair development. AGD1-GFP localized to the cytoplasm and was recruited to specific regions of the root hair plasma membrane (PM). Distinct PM AGD1-GFP signal was first detected along the site of root hair bulge formation. The construct continued to mark the PM at the root hair apical dome but only during periods of reduced growth. During rapid tip-growth, AGD1-GFP labeled the PM of the lateral flanks and dissipated from the apical-most PM. Deletion analysis and a single domain GFP fusion revealed that the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain is the minimal unit required for recruitment of AGD1 to the PM. Our results indicate that differential recruitment of AGD1 to specific PM domains is an essential component of the membrane trafficking machinery that facilitates root hair developmental phase transitions and responses to changes in the root microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Min Yoo
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- Present address: Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, FL 33598, USA
| | - Satoshi Naramoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aobaku, Japan
| | - J. Alan Sparks
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jin Nakashima
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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85
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Tan K, Wen C, Feng H, Chao X, Su H. Nuclear dynamics and programmed cell death in Arabidopsis root hairs. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:77-85. [PMID: 27968999 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we demonstrate the coupling of nuclear migration to the base of Arabidopsis root hairs with programmed cell death (PCD). Nuclear migration and positioning are fundamental processes of eukaryotic cells. To date, no evidence for a direct connection between nucleus migration and PCD has been described in the literature. Based on the findings of our previous study, we hereby further establish the regulatory role of caspase-3-like/DEVDase in root hair death and demonstrate nuclear migration to a position close to the root hair basement during PCD. In addition, continuous observation and statistical analysis have revealed that the nucleus disengages from the root hair tip and moves back to the root after the root hair grows to a certain length. Finally, pharmacological studies have shown that the meshwork of actin filaments surrounding the nucleus plays a pivotal role in nuclear movement during root hair PCD, and the basipetal movement of the nucleus is markedly inhibited by the caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chenxi Wen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hualing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Hui Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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86
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Honkanen S, Dolan L. Growth regulation in tip-growing cells that develop on the epidermis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 34:77-83. [PMID: 27816817 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants develop tip-growing extensions-root hairs and rhizoids-that initiate as swellings on the outer surface of individual epidermal cells. A conserved genetic mechanism controls the earliest stages in the initiation of these swellings. The same mechanism controls the formation of multicellular structures that develop from swellings on epidermal cells in early diverging land plants. Details of the molecular events that regulate the positioning of the swellings involve sterols and phosphatidylinositol phosphates. The final length of root hairs is determined by the intensity of a pulse of transcription factor synthesis. Genes encoding similar transcription factors control root hair development in cereals and are potential targets for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Honkanen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Liam Dolan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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87
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Ke D, Li X, Han Y, Cheng L, Yuan H, Wang L. ROP6 is involved in root hair deformation induced by Nod factors in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:488-498. [PMID: 27592173 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Roots of leguminous plants perceive Nod factor signals, and then root hair deformation responses such as swelling and curling are activated. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms of such root hair deformation. We have previously shown that LjROP6, a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, was identified as an NFR5 (Nod Factor Receptor 5)-interacting protein and participated in symbiotic nodulation in Lotus japonicus. In this study, we identified ten LjROP GTPases including LjROP6, and they were distributed into groups II, III, IV but not group I by phylogenetic analysis. The expression profiles of ten LjROP genes during nodulation were examined. LjROP6 belonged to group IV and interacted with NFR5 in a GTP-dependent manner. Overexpression of either wild-type ROP6 or a constitutively active mutant (ROP6-CA) generated root hair tip growth depolarization, while overexpression of a dominant negative mutant (ROP6-DN) exhibited normal root hair growth. After inoculating with Mesorhizobium loti or adding Nod factors to hairy roots, overexpression of ROP6 and ROP6-CA exhibited extensive root hair deformation, while overexpression of ROP6-DN inhibited root hair deformation. The infection event and nodule number were increased in ROP6 and ROP6-CA overexpressing transgenic plants; but decreased in ROP6-DN overexpressing transgenic plants. These studies provide strong evidence that ROP6 GTPase, which binds NFR5 in a GTP-dependent manner, is involved in root hair development as well as root hair deformation responses induced by NFs in the early stage of symbiotic interaction in L. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxia Ke
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Xiangyong Li
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yapeng Han
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences & Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
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88
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Wang H, Zhuang X, Wang X, Law AHY, Zhao T, Du S, Loy MMT, Jiang L. A Distinct Pathway for Polar Exocytosis in Plant Cell Wall Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1003-1018. [PMID: 27531442 PMCID: PMC5047090 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Post-Golgi protein sorting and trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM) is generally believed to occur via the trans-Golgi network (TGN). In this study using Nicotiana tabacum pectin methylesterase (NtPPME1) as a marker, we have identified a TGN-independent polar exocytosis pathway that mediates cell wall formation during cell expansion and cytokinesis. Confocal immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy studies demonstrated that Golgi-derived secretory vesicles (GDSVs) labeled by NtPPME1-GFP are distinct from those organelles belonging to the conventional post-Golgi exocytosis pathway. In addition, pharmaceutical treatments, superresolution imaging, and dynamic studies suggest that NtPPME1 follows a polar exocytic process from Golgi-GDSV-PM/cell plate (CP), which is distinct from the conventional Golgi-TGN-PM/CP secretion pathway. Further studies show that ROP1 regulates this specific polar exocytic pathway. Taken together, we have demonstrated an alternative TGN-independent Golgi-to-PM polar exocytic route, which mediates secretion of NtPPME1 for cell wall formation during cell expansion and cytokinesis and is ROP1-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Angus Ho Yin Law
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Teng Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Shengwang Du
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Michael M T Loy
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China (H.W., X.Z., X.W., A.H.Y.L., L.J.);College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (H.W.);Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (T.Z., S.D., M.M.T.L.);Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China (S.D.); andCUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China (L.J.)
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89
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Uemura T. Physiological Roles of Plant Post-Golgi Transport Pathways in Membrane Trafficking. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:2013-2019. [PMID: 27649735 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is the fundamental system through which proteins are sorted to their correct destinations in eukaryotic cells. Key regulators of this system include RAB GTPases and soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). Interestingly, the numbers of RAB GTPases and SNAREs involved in post-Golgi transport pathways in plant cells are larger than those in animal and yeast cells, suggesting that plants have evolved unique and complex post-Golgi transport pathways. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is an important organelle that acts as a sorting station in the post-Golgi transport pathways of plant cells. The TGN also functions as the early endosome, which is the first compartment to receive endocytosed proteins. Several endocytosed proteins on the plasma membrane (PM) are initially targeted to the TGN/EE, then recycled back to the PM or transported to the vacuole for degradation. The recycling and degradation of the PM localized proteins is essential for the development and environmental responses in plant. The present review describes the post-Golgi transport pathways that show unique physiological functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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90
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Chai S, Ge FR, Feng QN, Li S, Zhang Y. PLURIPETALA mediates ROP2 localization and stability in parallel to SCN1 but synergistically with TIP1 in root hairs. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:413-25. [PMID: 27037800 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation, the post-translational attachment of prenyl groups to substrate proteins, can affect their distribution and interactomes. Arabidopsis PLURIPETALA (PLP) encodes the shared α subunit of two heterodimeric protein isoprenyltransferases, whose functional loss provides a unique opportunity to study developmental and cellular processes mediated by its prenylated substrates, such as ROP GTPases. As molecular switches, the distribution and activation of ROPs are mediated by various factors, including guanine nucleotide exchange factors, GTPase activating proteins, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs), prenylation, and S-acylation. However, how these factors together ensure that dynamic ROP signalling is still obscure. We report here that a loss-of-function allele of PLP resulted in cytoplasmic accumulation of ROP2 in root hairs and reduced its stability. Consequently, two downstream events of ROP signalling, i.e. actin microfilament (MF) organization and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), were compromised. Genetic, cytological and biochemical evidence supports an additive interaction between prenylation and RhoGDI1/SCN1 in ROP2 distribution and stability whereas PLP acts synergistically with the protein S-acyl transferase TIP GROWTH DEFECTIVE1 during root hair growth. By using root hair growth as a model system, we uncovered complex interactions among prenylation, RhoGDIs, and S-acylation in dynamic ROP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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91
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Scheler B, Schnepf V, Galgenmüller C, Ranf S, Hückelhoven R. Barley disease susceptibility factor RACB acts in epidermal cell polarity and positioning of the nucleus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3263-75. [PMID: 27056842 PMCID: PMC4892720 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RHO GTPases are regulators of cell polarity and immunity in eukaryotes. In plants, RHO-like RAC/ROP GTPases are regulators of cell shaping, hormone responses, and responses to microbial pathogens. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) RAC/ROP protein RACB is required for full susceptibility to penetration by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh), the barley powdery mildew fungus. Disease susceptibility factors often control host immune responses. Here we show that RACB does not interfere with early microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered immune responses such as the oxidative burst or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. RACB also supports rather than restricts expression of defence-related genes in barley. Instead, silencing of RACB expression by RNAi leads to defects in cell polarity. In particular, initiation and maintenance of root hair growth and development of stomatal subsidiary cells by asymmetric cell division is affected by silencing expression of RACB. Nucleus migration is a common factor of developmental cell polarity and cell-autonomous interaction with Bgh RACB is required for positioning of the nucleus near the site of attack from Bgh We therefore suggest that Bgh profits from RACB's function in cell polarity rather than from immunity-regulating functions of RACB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Scheler
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Vera Schnepf
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Carolina Galgenmüller
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ranf
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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92
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Chou M, Xia C, Feng Z, Sun Y, Zhang D, Zhang M, Wang L, Wei G. A translationally controlled tumor protein gene Rpf41 is required for the nodulation of Robinia pseudoacacia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 90:389-402. [PMID: 26711634 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is fundamental for the regulation of development and general growth in eukaryotes. Its multiple functions have been deduced from its involvement in several cell pathways, but its potential involvement in symbiotic nodulation of legumes cannot be suggested a priori. In the present work, we identified and characterized from the woody leguminous tree Robinia pseudoacacia a homolog of TCTP, Rpf41, which was up-regulated in the infected roots at 15 days post-inoculation but decreased in the matured nodules. Subcellular location assay showed that Rpf41 protein was located in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and also maybe in cytoskeleton. Knockdown of Rpf41 via RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in the impaired development of both nodule and root hair. Compared with wild plants, the root and stem length, fresh weight and nodule number per plant was decreased dramatically in Rpf41 RNAi plants. The number of ITs or nodule primordia was also significantly reduced in the Rpf41 RNAi roots. The analyses of nodule ultrastructure showed that the infected cell development in Rpf41 RNAi nodules remained in zone II, which had fewer infected cells. Furthermore, the symbiosomes displayed noticeable shrinkage of bacteroid and peribacteroid space enlargement in the infected cells of Rpf41 RNAi nodules. In the deeper cell layers, a more remarkable aberration of the infected cell ultrastructure was observed, and electron-transparent lesions in the bacteroid cytoplasm were detected. These results identify TCTP as an important regulator of symbiotic nodulation in legume for the first time, and it may be involved in symbiotic cell differentiation and preventing premature aging of the young nodules in R. pseudoacacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Congcong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Dehui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mingzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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93
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Feng QN, Kang H, Song SJ, Ge FR, Zhang YL, Li E, Li S, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis RhoGDIs Are Critical for Cellular Homeostasis of Pollen Tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:841-56. [PMID: 26662604 PMCID: PMC4734571 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Rhos of plants (ROPs) play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, especially in tip-growing pollen tubes and root hairs, by regulating an array of intracellular activities such as dynamic polymerization of actin microfilaments. ROPs are regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RopGEFs), GTPase activating proteins (RopGAPs), and guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs). RopGEFs and RopGAPs play evolutionarily conserved function in ROP signaling. By contrast, although plant RhoGDIs regulate the membrane extraction and cytoplasmic sequestration of ROPs, less clear are their positive roles in ROP signaling as do their yeast and metazoan counterparts. We report here that functional loss of all three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) GDIs (tri-gdi) significantly reduced male transmission due to impaired pollen tube growth in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that ROPs were ectopically activated at the lateral plasma membrane of the tri-gdi pollen tubes. However, total ROPs were reduced posttranslationally in the tri-gdi mutant, resulting in overall dampened ROP signaling. Indeed, a ROP5 mutant that was unable to interact with GDIs failed to induce growth, indicating the importance of the ROP-GDI interaction for ROP signaling. Functional loss of GDIs impaired cellular homeostasis, resulting in excess apical accumulation of wall components in pollen tubes, similar to that resulting from ectopic phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate signaling. GDIs and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate may antagonistically coordinate to maintain cellular homeostasis during pollen tube growth. Our results thus demonstrate a more complex role of GDIs in ROP-mediated pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shi-Jian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fu-Rong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yu-Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - En Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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94
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Krupinski P, Bozorg B, Larsson A, Pietra S, Grebe M, Jönsson H. A Model Analysis of Mechanisms for Radial Microtubular Patterns at Root Hair Initiation Sites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1560. [PMID: 27840629 PMCID: PMC5083785 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells have two main modes of growth generating anisotropic structures. Diffuse growth where whole cell walls extend in specific directions, guided by anisotropically positioned cellulose fibers, and tip growth, with inhomogeneous addition of new cell wall material at the tip of the structure. Cells are known to regulate these processes via molecular signals and the cytoskeleton. Mechanical stress has been proposed to provide an input to the positioning of the cellulose fibers via cortical microtubules in diffuse growth. In particular, a stress feedback model predicts a circumferential pattern of fibers surrounding apical tissues and growing primordia, guided by the anisotropic curvature in such tissues. In contrast, during the initiation of tip growing root hairs, a star-like radial pattern has recently been observed. Here, we use detailed finite element models to analyze how a change in mechanical properties at the root hair initiation site can lead to star-like stress patterns in order to understand whether a stress-based feedback model can also explain the microtubule patterns seen during root hair initiation. We show that two independent mechanisms, individually or combined, can be sufficient to generate radial patterns. In the first, new material is added locally at the position of the root hair. In the second, increased tension in the initiation area provides a mechanism. Finally, we describe how a molecular model of Rho-of-plant (ROP) GTPases activation driven by auxin can position a patch of activated ROP protein basally along a 2D root epidermal cell plasma membrane, paving the way for models where mechanical and molecular mechanisms cooperate in the initial placement and outgrowth of root hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Krupinski
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Pawel Krupinski
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - André Larsson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
| | - Stefano Pietra
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Markus Grebe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
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95
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Balcerowicz D, Schoenaers S, Vissenberg K. Cell Fate Determination and the Switch from Diffuse Growth to Planar Polarity in Arabidopsis Root Epidermal Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1163. [PMID: 26779192 PMCID: PMC4688357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots fulfill important functions as they serve in water and nutrient uptake, provide anchorage of the plant body in the soil and in some species form the site of symbiotic interactions with soil-living biota. Root hairs, tubular-shaped outgrowths of specific epidermal cells, significantly increase the root's surface area and aid in these processes. In this review we focus on the molecular mechanisms that determine the hair and non-hair cell fate of epidermal cells and that define the site on the epidermal cell where the root hair will be initiated (=planar polarity determination). In the model plant Arabidopsis, trichoblast and atrichoblast cell fate results from intra- and intercellular position-dependent signaling and from complex feedback loops that ultimately regulate GL2 expressing and non-expressing cells. When epidermal cells reach the end of the root expansion zone, root hair promoting transcription factors dictate the establishment of polarity within epidermal cells followed by the selection of the root hair initiation site at the more basal part of the trichoblast. Molecular players in the abovementioned processes as well as the role of phytohormones are discussed, and open areas for future experiments are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerpen, Belgium
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96
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Stanislas T, Hüser A, Barbosa ICR, Kiefer CS, Brackmann K, Pietra S, Gustavsson A, Zourelidou M, Schwechheimer C, Grebe M. Arabidopsis D6PK is a lipid domain-dependent mediator of root epidermal planar polarity. NATURE PLANTS 2015; 1:15162. [PMID: 27251533 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Development of diverse multicellular organisms relies on coordination of single-cell polarities within the plane of the tissue layer (planar polarity). Cell polarity often involves plasma membrane heterogeneity generated by accumulation of specific lipids and proteins into membrane subdomains. Coordinated hair positioning along Arabidopsis root epidermal cells provides a planar polarity model in plants, but knowledge about the functions of proteo-lipid domains in planar polarity signalling remains limited. Here we show that Rho-of-plant (ROP) 2 and 6, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 3 (PIP5K3), DYNAMIN-RELATED PROTEIN (DRP) 1A and DRP2B accumulate in a sterol-enriched, polar membrane domain during root hair initiation. DRP1A, DRP2B, PIP5K3 and sterols are required for planar polarity and the AGCVIII kinase D6 PROTEIN KINASE (D6PK) is a modulator of this process. D6PK undergoes phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate- and sterol-dependent basal-to-planar polarity switching into the polar, lipid-enriched domain just before hair formation, unravelling lipid-dependent D6PK localization during late planar polarity signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stanislas
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Anke Hüser
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Inês C R Barbosa
- Technische Universität München, Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4,DE-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christian S Kiefer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Klaus Brackmann
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefano Pietra
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustavsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Melina Zourelidou
- Technische Universität München, Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4,DE-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Technische Universität München, Plant Systems Biology, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4,DE-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Markus Grebe
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-90 187 Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, DE-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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97
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Burkart GM, Baskin TI, Bezanilla M. A family of ROP proteins that suppresses actin dynamics, and is essential for polarized growth and cell adhesion. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2553-64. [PMID: 26045445 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.172445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, the ROP family of small GTPases has been implicated in the polarized growth of tip-growing cells, such as root hairs and pollen tubes; however, most of the data derive from overexpressing ROP genes or constitutively active and dominant-negative isoforms, whereas confirmation by using loss-of-function studies has generally been lacking. Here, in the model moss Physcomitrella patens, we study ROP signaling during tip growth by using a loss-of-function approach based on RNA interference (RNAi) to silence the entire moss ROP family. We find that plants with reduced expression of ROP genes, in addition to failing to initiate tip growth, have perturbed cell wall staining, reduced cell adhesion and have increased actin-filament dynamics. Although plants subjected to RNAi against the ROP family also have reduced microtubule dynamics, this reduction is not specific to loss of ROP genes, as it occurs when actin function is compromised chemically or genetically. Our data suggest that ROP proteins polarize the actin cytoskeleton by suppressing actin-filament dynamics, leading to an increase in actin filaments at the site of polarized secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham M Burkart
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 611 N. Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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98
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Qin Y, Dong J. Focusing on the focus: what else beyond the master switches for polar cell growth? MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:582-94. [PMID: 25744359 PMCID: PMC5124495 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity, often associated with polarized cell expansion/growth in plants, describes the uneven distribution of cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, signaling molecules, vesicles, cytoskeletal elements, and organelles, which may ultimately modulate cell shape, structure, and function. Pollen tubes and root hairs are model cell systems for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying sustained tip growth. The formation of intercalated epidermal pavement cells requires excitatory and inhibitory pathways to coordinate cell expansion within single cells and between cells in contact. Strictly controlled cell expansion is linked to asymmetric cell division in zygotes and stomatal lineages, which require integrated processes of pre-mitotic cellular polarization and division asymmetry. While small GTPase ROPs are recognized as fundamental signaling switches for cell polarity in various cellular and developmental processes in plants, the broader molecular machinery underpinning polarity establishment required for asymmetric division remains largely unknown. Here, we review the widely used ROP signaling pathways in cell polar growth and the recently discovered feedback loops with auxin signaling and PIN effluxers. We discuss the conserved phosphorylation and phospholipid signaling mechanisms for regulating uneven distribution of proteins, as well as the potential roles of novel proteins and MAPKs in the polarity establishment related to asymmetric cell division in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; The Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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99
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Lei MJ, Wang Q, Li X, Chen A, Luo L, Xie Y, Li G, Luo D, Mysore KS, Wen J, Xie ZP, Staehelin C, Wang YZ. The small GTPase ROP10 of Medicago truncatula is required for both tip growth of root hairs and nod factor-induced root hair deformation. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:806-22. [PMID: 25794934 PMCID: PMC4558664 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.135210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobia preferentially enter legume root hairs via infection threads, after which root hairs undergo tip swelling, branching, and curling. However, the mechanisms underlying such root hair deformation are poorly understood. Here, we showed that a type II small GTPase, ROP10, of Medicago truncatula is localized at the plasma membrane (PM) of root hair tips to regulate root hair tip growth. Overexpression of ROP10 and a constitutively active mutant (ROP10CA) generated depolarized growth of root hairs, whereas a dominant negative mutant (ROP10DN) inhibited root hair elongation. Inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti, the depolarized swollen and ballooning root hairs exhibited extensive root hair deformation and aberrant infection symptoms. Upon treatment with rhizobia-secreted nodulation factors (NFs), ROP10 was transiently upregulated in root hairs, and ROP10 fused to green fluorescent protein was ectopically localized at the PM of NF-induced outgrowths and curls around rhizobia. ROP10 interacted with the kinase domain of the NF receptor NFP in a GTP-dependent manner. Moreover, NF-induced expression of the early nodulin gene ENOD11 was enhanced by the overexpression of ROP10 and ROP10CA. These data suggest that NFs spatiotemporally regulate ROP10 localization and activity at the PM of root hair tips and that interactions between ROP10 and NF receptors are required for root hair deformation and continuous curling during rhizobial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Juan Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Aimin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yajun Xie
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Guan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Da Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
| | - Zhi-Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Christian Staehelin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan-Zhang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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100
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Yalovsky S. Protein lipid modifications and the regulation of ROP GTPase function. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1617-24. [PMID: 25711710 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the RHO superfamily of small G-proteins is implicated in the regulation of cell polarity and growth. Rho of Plants (ROPs)/RACs are plant-specific Rho family proteins that have been shown to regulate cell polarity, auxin transport and responses, ABA signalling, and response to pathogens. A hallmark of ROP/RAC function is their localization in specific plasma membrane domains. This short review focuses on the mechanisms responsible for membrane interactions of ROPs/RACs and how they affect ROP/RAC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaul Yalovsky
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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